Technical T heme Topics
Christos Christopoulos, Associate Editor
he chosen theme for this issue is Conducted Interference in
Power Electronics. The attention paid to this area has been
on the increase over many years due to the use of electron­
ic switching to condition power, e.g. for rectification, voltage level
changes, etc. This causes high rates of change for voltage and
current thus contributing significantly to EMC problems.
T
The first paper by Leferink provides a broad overview of conduct­
ed interference, including the relevant standards. It is followed by
the paper by Luszcz and Smolenski covering harmonics generat­
ed by PWM converters. Finally, the use of filtering techniques to
reduce EMI on power electronic interfaces is addressed in the
paper by Smolenski et al.
Applications such as Smart Grids have brought electronic switch­
ing techniques into conventional power networks with the atten­
dant EMI problems.
The three papers taken together offer a balanced view of this
EMC topic of growing importance.
Conducted Interference, Challenges and
Interference Cases
Frank Leferink is with the University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands, and
with Thales Nederland B.lI., Hengelo, The Netherlands
History
between electrical equipment including networks". The energy
distribution companies were then strongly involved, as can also be
Conducted interference is one of the oldest types of interference,
observed from the 555 series of standards on harmonics and flick­
but the interest in this topic is rapidly increasing due to the intro­
er. These were changed in the 90's to the IEC 61000-3 series. The
duction of new technologies. Already in 1892 a Law on Telegraphy
energy distribution companies moved their interest to IEC TC8,
Installations [1] was published in Germany, to prevent interference
"Systems aspects for electrical energy supply", and published for
between power lines and telegraph lines. After a few decades
instance the EN 50160 [3]. Now TCn, SCnA covers EMC below 9
wireless, or radio, became important. URSI was established in the
kHz and SCnB above 9 kHz. Both added a Note in their scope
1920s and CISPR in the 1930, both on radio-communication. The
mentioning that the frequency range can be higher or lower than 9
Professional Technical Group (PTG) on RFI (Radio Frequency Inter­
kHz, respectively.
ference) of the lEE, the precursor of the IEEE EMC Society, was
created in 1957. These groups were interested in radio interfer­
For conducted interference standards the conventional victim was
ence (only). The military standards published in the 1950's covered
the distribution grid, and the basic standards focused on harmon­
also conducted interference but the objective (then) was still to
ics and flicker. Voltage dip due to inrush currents was not consid­
protect the radio spectrum. In 1963 the PTG-RFI was changed to
ered as an EMI issue. Basic conducted, low-frequency, phenome­
PTG-Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)' and conducted effects
na are shown in Figure 1.
via power supply networks were included. The MIL-STD 461
(1967) also added conducted emission and susceptibility effects on
power supply and interfaces, starting at 30 Hz up to the MHz
region [2]. IEC TCn was established in 1973 and tasked for "EMC
EMI over more than a century:
( )
a
(b)
( )
(e)
(f)
e
In the past conducted interference was mains hum,
then power supply distortion due to harmonics and
Time
flicker, then single (transient) effects causing com­
puter interference. Now it is rather continuous, non­
stationary, switching of all kind of non-linear elec­
tronic devices.
78
(d)
Figure 1: Basic conducted phenomena: voltage dip (a), surge (b),
fluctuations( c), harmonic voltage distortion (d), transient voltage (e) and
unbalance in three-phase supply if) [4J
©2015 I EEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Magazine - Volume
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- Quarter 1
The introduction of computers in common living environments
Table I: Number of transients observed in 4 different environments
sparked the interest for surges and transients, resulting in the so­
Environment
called CBEMA curve, published by the Computer and Business
#
points
Equipment Manufacturers' Association in the 1970's. This curve
# surges/
transients
Time [hr]
Average
rate [l/hr]
basically states that the voltage needs to remain within the upper
and lower curves. A working group of the CBEMA formed the
Industrial
14
23054
1317
17.5
Business
9
3401
1202
2.8
Laboratory
11
1069
462
2.3
Domestic
6
287
447
0.6
Information Technology Industry Council (lTI) in 1994. They devel­
oped the ITI curve, which is now in IEC 61000-2-14 [5], and shown
in Figure 2. These levels are for equipment terminals.
500
\
\
\
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
8
Voltage
tolerance
envelope
I
I
Prohibited
Region
I
I
\
\
\
\
I
I
The surges and transients are categorized according to maximum
peak amplitude in the transient in excess of the mains voltage, as
shown in Figure 3.
100
50
o
0,001
0,Q1
0.1
10
I
No damage region
I
100
1 000
The surges and transients result mainly from lightning and (relay)
I
10 000
100 000
Duration of disturbance (ms)
switching events. IEC TC65, on "Industrial process measurement
and control", published the 801 series from 1988, on ESD , RF
fields, transients and surges, for example 801-5 [7]. These have
Fig. 2: IT! curve as published in severalIEC standards source:IEC
been changed first to 1000 series, and then 61000 series such as
In 1987 a comprehensive study has been published on the
European EMC Directive [9] these standards are used for most
[8], and transferred to TCn. Since the first publication of the
occurrence of surges and transients [6]. D uring 3400 hours
equipment, and as a result all electronic equipment in use is pro­
nearly 28000 surges and transients, appearing at 40 measuring
tected against electrical fast transients, bursts as well as surges.
places, were measured on low-voltage supply networks
In the last few years measurements have been performed using
between line and protective earth, so this was non-symmetrical
equipment according IEC 61000-4-30 [10], for more than 2000 h, at
voltage. These have been categorized in four different environ­
9 different locations. Not any surge or transient was measured
ments. The total number of surges and transients for the envi­
anymore! [4]. Because the test setup can measure up to 12.5
ronments is shown in Table 1.
kHz, additional measurements with a bandwidth of> 100 MHz
10000
VI
Q)
u
1000
c
�
::J
u
U
0
4-
0
•
Industrial
•
Business
•
La b o rat o ry
•
Domestic
100
"-
Q)
..c
E
::J
z
10
1
100
140
180
230 300 390
500
650
840 1000 1400 1800 23003000
Voltage [V]
Figure 3: Number of transients on x-axis, measured in industrial, business, laboratory and domestic environments.
©2015 IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Magazine - Volume
4
- Quarter 1
79
To show the increasing interest of conducted phe­
nomena by other IEEE societies, we counted the num­
From Mains Hum, Harmonics, Transients and Surges
to Power Quality for Smart Cities
ber of papers with EMC, EMI or Electromagnetic
Smart Cities and Smart Grids are buzz words used by many peo­
Compatibility or Interference in the title, published in
ple. For EMC engineers it corresponds to the widespread use of
the IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics and IEEE
power electronics, often operating in the 2-150 kHz band, com­
Transactions on Industrial Electronics, between 2000
and end of 2014, which is shown in the figure below.
25
�
15
�
10
§
5
.0
z
impedance - non-stationary: time dependent) while conventional
20
III
o
The equipment which is, and will be, connected to the power lines
is non-linear, and non-stationary (non-linear: have voltage-varying
<II
�
bined with some kind of communication system.
equipment with linear (resistive) load impedance, which also act
as a damper, is decreasing. That means that the mains impedance
varies and interference effects become difficult to predict. Sarah
Ronnberg [11] showed this in nice viewgraphs, as shown in Figure
4. The upper figure is the voltage supplied and the current drawn
by a LED, as function of time. The lower figure shows the Fast Fou­
o
Lf)
a
a
N
<.D
a
a
N
r-a
a
N
00
a
a
N
(j)
a
a
N
a
.-I
a
N
.-I
.-I
a
N
N
.-I
a
N
M
.-I
a
N
Year
rier Transform (FFT) as function of the time. The current is non­
sinusoidal and contains thus harmonics, but also higher frequen­
cies are visible in the lower graph due to the switching frequency
of the converter. The time-varying emission spectrum can also be
have been performed during 200 h, and again, no surge or tran­
sient was observed [4]. We presume that the surge and transient
protection in one equipment works also for other equipment con­
nected in parallel. The disadvantage is that the interaction with
neighboring equipment can cause resonance and compensating
currents between equipment. This effect is also important when
considering the effects of power line telecommunication (PLT)
and interference because a filter in one equipment will shunt the
PLT for other equipment. The shunting also results in mode con­
version, for instance due to varistor clamping, from differential
mode (symmetrical) and unsymmetrical currents, to common
mode (asymmetrical).
recognized.
i�:��1
f: �
·500
o
o
Time (ms)
5
10
15
20
Time (ms)
25
30
35
40
So, did the publication of the EMC Directive solve all EMI problems? No.
Figure 4. Current consumption of a LED and the corresponding harmonics and emission level for various frequencies, as function of time
We are observing a rapidly increasing number of serious EMI
(from Sarah Ronnberg [11])
issues due to conducted interference effects. Especially in the frequency range 2-150 kHz, where only a few standards exists and
In [12] several conducted EMI cases have been described. The
nearly no requirements are taken into account.
NTT Customer Complaint database of complaints shows that the
majority of the complaints are between DC and 150 kHz, as shown
There is a strong need for further and more research on effects,
in Figure 5.
on technology, on better balance in standards, and test techniques. The effects we have to consider should not be examined
1MHz)
in the frequency domain but in the time domain, because we have
to respect non-linear effects, and time-dependent, or non-station­
ary, effects.
The term smart grid to describe an electric grid, has
been in use since at least October 1997, when the
0.15-1MHz
article "Grids get smart protection and control" was
published in IEEE Computer Applications in Power.
Then it was for Self-Managing And Reliable Transmis­
sion Grid (SMARTGrid).
Figure 5: Noise frequencies that cause equipment malfunction, from the
NTT Customer Complaint Database [12J
80
©2015 I EEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Magazine - Volume
4
- Quarter 1
The Smart Cities will result in many interconnected power elec­
tronic devices, while the same Smart Cities need power line tele­
communication (PLT) for, for instance, automatic meter reading,
Diffusion of activities or increased interest in EMI
and control. PLT has been in use for decades. At certain times of
Originally IEC TC77 was established for "EMC
the day, one can detect on the electrical supply network the pres­
between electrical equipment, including networks".
ence of signals whose frequency varies between roughly 100 Hz
The energy distribution companies were originally
and a few kHz. They are used to control different loads of func­
strongly involved, but moved their interest to IEC TC8,
tions as: street lighting, tools and machines, water heating, venti­
lations, storage heathers, building lighting, pumping plants, tariff
changeover, and other special tasks. Interest in PLT has grown
"Systems aspects for electrical energy supply". TC65
(" Industrial-process measurement, control and auto­
substantially because there is an interest in obtaining fresh data
mation") developed the 801 series of standards on
from all metered points in order to better control and operate the
surge, burst and transients, which merged into the
system. Power line telecommunication is sensitive to interference
IEC 61000 series. The IEC 61000 series is now covered
but is also causing interference. PLT is described in many stan­
by TC77. The European committee for Electrotechni­
dards. EN 50160 [3] and IEC 61000-2-5 [13] call it mains signaling
voltage, and define it as "signal superimposed on the supply volt­
age for the purpose of transmission of information in the public
cal standardization CENELEC, Technical Committee
210- EMC, organized workshops in 2013 with CEN,
distribution network and to network users' premises". Three types
CENELEC, ESM IG, Eurelectric and ORGAL IME. Conve­
of signals in the public distribution network can be classified:
nors of CLC/TC 13, CLC/TC 22, CLC/TC 57, CLC/TC82,
CLC/TC 210, CLC/SC 205A were invited, but the topic
- ripple control signals: superimposed sinusoidal voltage sig­
nals in the range of 110 Hz to 3 000 Hz;
- power-line-carrier signals: superimposed sinusoidal voltage
signals in the range between 3 kHz to 148,5 kHz;
also is of interest for TC40 and TC82.
TC22, dealing with for instance active infeed invert­
ers, would like to have very high emission levels.
- mains marking signals: superimposed short time alterations
(transients) at selected points of the voltage waveform.
SC205A would like to have a very low level to allow
power line telecommunication ( PLT).
Many standards dealing with voltage levels in the frequency range
Equipment for professional use have to fulfil standards like MIL-STD,
30 Hz to 150 kHz describe levels
STANAG AECTp, RTCA 00160 or EUROCAE, while contractual require­
ments are stated in standards from Boeing, Airbus, Ford, Chrysler, VW,
•
due to intentional emissions (PLT)
•
due to unintentional emissions
PSA, Mitsubishi, etc. All these standards describe conducted emission
•
for testing
and susceptibility/immunity tests starting at DC, or 30Hz, up to 100MHz
100
- -
--
�
-
--
-
-
--
---
--
-
--
-
1
1
10
______ -
-- ---
- -
-- ---,
-
�
OJ)
�
.....
"0
;;.
- EN50160
�
- EN 50065-1, lEC 61000-3-8
a.
.9-
- lEC 61000-4-19
�
-
MIL-STD 461-C CSOI
-
MIL-STD 461-C CS02
-
AECTP500 NCSOI
I
I
,
- - lEC TS 62749
- -CISPR 14-1, 15
0.1
0.1
10
"
"
"
"
100
1000
Frequency [kHz]
Figure 6: Voltage levels according some standards, for intentional (green), unintentional emission (blue), and test levels (red). This is a summary,
and not complete because the standards describe different methods.
©2015 IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Magazine - Volume
4
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81
or even higher. The power line characteristics vary: 12 V to 48 V direct
standards (TC 22, TC 13, TC57, TC 34), are committed to review the
current (DC) in automotive, 115 V / 400 Hz in aerospace, and 115 V up to
existing standards or developing new ones in view of covering as
440 V, 50 - 60 Hz in military systems. The power line impedance also
soon as possible the current gap (target: 2014). The task of proposing
varies, as well as the protection for power systems. As an example, in
compatibility levels between 2 and 150 kHz has been given to TC77/
isolated power systems (IT) the impedance to ground has to be mini­
SC77A/WG8, as part of the maintenance work on IEC 61000-2-2 and
mized [14] which is causing a huge burden on the design of power line
IEC 61000-2-12. SC77A/WG8 has been working on this since Septem­
filters. Decades of experience with conducted interference require­
ber 2011. But there is a fundamental problem: by adding filters in
ments in the frequency range below 150 kHz resulted in few interfer­
equipment to reduce unintentional emissions, the intentional signal is
ence issues in these domains [15], but the fast introduction of all kind of
also filtered away because equipment is connected in parallel. This is
non-stationary and non-linear loads will pose new challenges.
the so-called shunting effect. Actually, the same happened with over­
voltage protection devices in one equipment which is protecting
On the other hand, civil standards published by IEC and CENELEC,
neighboring equipment which is described earlier in this article. The
in general applicable to equipment which can be connected to
mutual influence, i.e. neighboring equipment interacting with your
public mains, do not cover the whole spectrum. The generic range
equipment, can also result in equalizations currents, or resonances.
is limited to 150 kHz - 30 MHz and the gap between 2 kHz and 150
kHz is now under investigation by many committees. The frequen­
cy range 9 kHz-150 kHz is covered in only a few civil standards [16]
[171, and the level mentioned herein is rather high. TC22 proposed
Cases
even higher levels, upto 10V [18].
We experience many EMI cases and, as usual, the stakeholders do
For intentional emission, the CLC/TC205 reserved the so-called
not appreciate publication. But some cases are described hereafter.
CENELEC A band of 3-95 kHz for PLT by the utilities. IEC 62054-11
[19] states that an amplitude of 4% is normal, and for a 230V sys­
Two neighboring farmers installed the same Photo Voltaic system
tem this is 10V (RMS). This level is comparable to the level of unin­
(PV). When the sun was shining with high intensity, the first farmer
tentional emissions. A more extensive overview of standardization
generated only 40% compared to the power generated by his
issues is presented in a recent article in this magazine titled Stan­
neighbor. No one could explain the difference. Was it black magic?
dards for Supraharmonics (2-150 kHz) [20].
After performing some measurements it appeared that during
sunny weather the fans, for supplying fresh air in the barn, of the
Some voltage levels between line and neutral, or line to line, for inten­
first farmer were operating at full speed. The fans were controlled
tional (green), unintentional emission (blue), and test levels (red) are
by a power drive system (PDS) which was generating a high volt­
drawn in Figure 6, as an indication, because a strict comparison is dif­
age of 7 Vpk, as shown in Figure 7. This is actually the pulse
ficult and because the standards describe different methods. The test
response of the system: the power drive system generates a fast­
levels for conducted susceptibility tests according MIL-STD and
rise-time common mode voltage and a common mode current is
AECTP tests CS01, CS02 and NCS01 are also shown in Figure 6.
flowing dependent of the common mode loop impedance, which
includes the neighboring environment.
In 2009 a Call for proposals was published by the European Com­
Vh�PE-NI
mission (EC), combining ICT and Energy: FP7-ICT-ENERGY-2009-1.
At the Broker's day the challenges of EMI were presented [211, but
6·
the EC did not appreciate any proposal taking EMI into account
and requested explicitly (! ) not to submit any EMI related project
4·
proposal. Five years later we observe many interference cases,
i
and the introduction of smart meters is severely hampered due to
·
111/1\1111
the conducted interference problems.
We observe huge non-intentional emission (disturbance) levels, as
well as intentional emission levels which are higher than the test
levels. In [11] it is mentioned that many different types of end-user
equipment have been measured in the frequency range 9-95 kHz,
-6-
but PLT is, by far, the strongest source of disturbance found, and any
1.5
future immunity standards should therefore be based on permitted
lime (seconds)
levels for the communication. PLT is mainly differential mode (sym­
2.5
-3
x 10
metrical), while emission test levels are mostly non-symmetrical, i.e.
Figure 7: Non-symmetrical voltage due to the power drive system for the
between line and ground. The IEC 61000-4-19 immunity test, also
ventilation system
symmetrical, is in the voting stage. The level mentioned in this standard is for open circuit, and will thus decrease when injecting.
Due to the high interference level caused by the power drive systems
for the fans, the electronic energy meter only measured approximate-
82
IEC TC77 and CISPR Committees (and CENELEC TC210), as well as
Iy 60% of the actual level. Imagine what could happen if the "smart"
those Product Committees defining EMC requirements in their product
grid would use this faulty value for controlling the energy balance in
©2015 I EEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Magazine - Volume
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- Quarter 1
the grid. Standard commercial off the shelf filters for the 2-150 kHz
400
frequency range are not readily available, so the power drive system
was changed. That solved the problem. The funny observation is that
300
both power drives had a CE mark, showing compliance with the
200
essential requirements of the European EMC Directive, affixed.
Many conducted EMI problems are caused by power drive systems.
�
The suppliers have written their own standard [22] without proper con­
.!'l
sultation with TCn and CISPR. This is the main cause of increase of
approximately 40 dB in radiated man-made noise levels [23] from 100
kHz to beyond 100 MHz. In the PDS standard [22] is written Where a
Q)
Cl
a
>
100
0
-100
-200
PDS does not comply with the limits of category Cl, the following warn­
-300
ing shall be included in the instructions for use: Warning: In a domestic
-400
10
environment, this product may cause radio interference, in which case
product not produce interference in other environments than the
30
20
40
Time (ms)
supplementary mitigation measures may be required'. Does such a
Figure 9: High level of harmonic distortion
domestic environment? For equipment of category C2 an 'information
requirement' has been added: 'If a PDS does not meet the limits of cate­
gory Cl or C2, a warning shall be included in the instructions for use
stating that: this type of PDS is not intended to be used on a low-voltage
public network which supplied domestic premises; radio frequency
A typical conducted noise pattern in time domain caused by a PDS
is shown in Figure 8. Conducted emission exceeded the EN 55011
limits from 150 kHz (tens of dB) upto and beyond 30 MHz.
interference is expected if used on such a network. The manufacturer
There are also conducted interference cases where the power
shall provide a guide for installation and use, including recommended
drive system is not the cause. Within a period of 27 months, 20
mitigation devices'. We asked a manufacturer for the recommended
hospitals in The Netherlands had problems with the emergency
mitigation devices. The answer by the manufacturer was that such a fil­
generators [25]. Detailed investigations learned that the problems
ter did not exist. A similar approach can be found in IEC 62040-2, and
were caused by the increasing number of modern (non-linear)
was also proposed for active infeed converters [18].
equipment. This kind of equipment have a high crest factor (peak­
to-average), and are demanding a high inrush current due to the
initial charging current for capacitors. This inrush current caused
the emergency generators to shut off immediately after energizing
the power to the equipment.
The mandatory emergency generator tests are now performed
only after the electronic equipment is manually switched off.
Imagine what will happen if the power from the grid is really fail­
ing: would the personnel in the operation room know they have to
switch off the (already de-energised) equipment?
Diesel generators are commonly used as power generators at festi­
vals. The conventional approach is to use kVA
=
1.2 x 1.2 x kW. The
first 20% is for the inrush current, and the second for the conven­
tional cos 8. When the disc jockey switched on all disco lights, huge
inrush currents resulted. Because there is a sneaky paragraph in
IEC 61000-3-2, stating that for equipment consuming more than 1 kW
no harmonic distortion requirements are applicable, the disco lights
are using conventional peak rectifiers. The high inrush current,
combined with the high crest factor, caused the generator to switch
off. This resulted in damage because there was no cooling of hot
lights, and finally in a very expensive court case. The lesson learned
is: use a diesel generator with a rated power kVA
=
5 x kW.
A new building, 36.000m2, was built at our university. It is very
energy efficient and as far as we could find, there are no linear
loads, except for one single incandescent light bulb in our lab. The
effect of energy-efficient, but nonlinear, electronic equipment was
underestimated in the design phase of the building due to the fact
that the design was based on the conventional assumptions of cos
8 and linear loads. The resulting voltage waveform distortion at
Figure 8: Line voltage without and with the PDS, 400V 50Hz. Figures
from Kees Post [24J .
socket level is shown Figure 9. As a consequence transformers
got overheated. The simplest, but costly, solution was to install 2
©2015 IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Magazine - Volume
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83
additional transformers of 1.6 MVA each. Now the total supply
apparent power is 7.2 MVA, while on completion of the building it
was 4.0 MVA. The real power consumption is still about 3.0 MW.
PLT as Source
A windfarm consisting of 12 windmills, each 96 meter high, see
Figure 10, and delivering a maximum power of 900 kVA had unex­
plained serious damage. Various parts were sometimes broken
due to overvoltage effects. The most serious problem was a defect
generator, which happened 9 times in a period of a few years. A
picture of a damaged generator is shown in Figure 11.
Figure 12: The three line voltages and the resonance caused by the PLT
signal
Cases Reported by SC205A
The CENELEC SC205A reported [26] many interference problems to
equipment in the frequency range 2 kHz-150 kHz, such as uninten­
tional switching of street lighting, malfunction of traffic lights and
traffic control system for public transportation buses, self-restart
after end of operation phase of washing machines, switching to
permanent operation of automatic urinal water control, audible
noise (up to 20 kHz) of TV and radio receiver, disturbed reception
of distant transmitters by amateur radio, incorrect control lamp
function of coffee cooker, etc.
Electricity meters EMI cases have been observed and investigated in
Germany and Sweden. These interferences led to abnormal meter
register values during exposure. The causing disturbances are conducted high frequency current in the frequency range 2 kHz - 150 kHz
due to PV inverters, frequency converters (PDS), heat pumps, domes­
tic electronic equipment, compact lamps, TV equipment, (defective)
power supplies, automatic garage doors, refrigerators etc. In Germa­
ny measurements showed that in a period of one week, the electronic
meter displayed an energy level of
N
18, 5% below the real energy fed
into the public grid by the photovoltaic (PV) inverter.
Conclusion
Conducted interference has become increasingly problematic in
the past few years, especially within the 2-150 kHz band. The high
Figure 10: Windmill, 96 meter tall
Figure 11: Damaged stator wiring due to overvoltage
penetration of non-linear loads, combined with distributed genera­
tion, will influence the voltage profile, i.e. the power quality. New
technologies will introduce new types of interference. Protection
One of the PLT signals (around 400 Hz) used in The Netherlands is
84
devices like varistors and filters in one equipment will also influ­
causing a resonance in the windmill electronic system, but only if
ence the impact on neighboring equipment, shunting intentional
the power rating was between 175-200 kVA. The resonance
signals or causing resonances, resulting in high currents between
caused overvoltage (line-ground) upto 3kV which was damaging
equipment. Due to the lack of (and interest in) standards, the 2-150
components, including the generator. The effect is shown in Figure
kHz has been the garbage bin for power electronics. Communica­
12. The court case is still continuing.
tion problems as well as interference problems are occurring
©2015 I EEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Magazine - Volume
4
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already and are delaying the introduction of systems. Interference
is not caused by some single types of equipment such as power
[26]CENELEC SC 205A Study Report on Electromagnetic Interference between
Electrical Equipment/Systems in the Frequency Range below 150 kHz,March
2013,SC205A/Sec0329/DC
drive systems, but relates to a quite larger spectrum of electrical
equipment, including intentional signals which also cause interfer­
ence challenges.
Biography
References
Frank Leferink (M'91-SM'08) received his B. Sc
in 1984, M.Sc. in 1992 and his Ph.D. in 2001, all
[1] Gesetz Uber das Telegraphenwesen des Deutschen Reichs,Deutsches
Reichsgesetzblatt Band 1892,Nr. 21,Seite 467 - 470,6 April 1892
[2] MIL-STD 461,Electromagnetic Interference Characteristics Requirements for
Equipment, 31 July 1967
[3] EN 50160,Voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public distribu­
tion networks, 2007
[4] R.B. Timens, Electromagnetic Interference of Equipment in Power Supply
Networks, PhD thesis University of Twente,2013,ISBN 978-90-365-0719-6
[5] IEC/TR 61000-2-14,Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)- Part 2-14 Environ­
ment - Overvoltages on public electricity distribution networks,2006
[6] J. Goedbloed,Transients in low-voltage supply networks,IEEE Transactions
on Electromagnetic Compatibility,vol. EMC-29,no. 2,pp. 104-115,May 1987.
[7] IEC 801-5: Electromagnetic compatibility for industrial-process measurement
and control equipment - Powerline surges,Ed. 1,
electrical engineering, at the University of
Twente, Enschede, T he Netherlands. He has
been with THALES in Hengelo, T he Nether­
lands since 1984 and is now the Technical
Authority EMC. He is also manager of the Net­
work of Excellence on EMC of the THALES Group, with over 100
EMC engineers scattered over more than 20 units worldwide. In
2003 he was appointed as (part-time, full research) professor,
Chair for EMC at the University of Twente, while still being
employed by THALES. At the University of Twente he lectures the
courses Transmission Media, and EMC, and manages several
[8] IEC 61000-4-5: Testing and measurement techniques - Surge immunity test,
research projects, with two researchers and six Ph.D. student­
International,Ed. 1 1995,Ed. 2,2005.
[9] Council Directive 89/336/EEC of 3 May 1989 on the approximation of the
laws of the Member States relating to Electromagnetic Compatibility, OJ L
researchers. He has contributed over 200 papers to international
139 of 23 May 1989
[10]IEC 61000-4-30: Testing and measurement techniques - Power quality mea­
surement methods,IEC,Edition 2.0, October 2008.
[11] S Rbnnberg,Emission and Interaction from Domestic Installations in the
Low Voltage Electricity Network,up to 150 kHz, PhD thesis,Lulea University
of Technology,Sweden,2013
[12]K. Murakawa,H. Hirasawa,H. Ito,Y. Ogura,Electromagnetic Interference
Examples of Telecommunications System in the Frequency Range from 2kHz
to 150kHz,EMC'14,Tokyo,pp. 581-584
[13]IEC/TR 61000-2-5: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)- Part 2-5: Environment
- Description and classification of electromagnetic environments,ed.2,2011
[14] P.KA van Vugt,R. Bijman,R.B. Timens, F.B.J. Leferink, Impact of grounding
and filtering on power insulation monitoring in insulated terrestrial power
networks,2013 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility
(EMC Europe). 2-6 Sept 2013,Brugge,Belgium. pp. 472-477
[15]R. Bijman,R.B. Timens, F.B.J. Leferink,Effect of integrated mast on power
quality of naval vessel in island configuration,2013 International Symposium
on Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC Europe). 2-6 Sept 2013,Brugge,Bel­
conferences or published in peer reviewed journals, and he holds
five patents. Being active in the defense electronics industry for
platforms operating in island power configuration, he has been
involved in many conducted interference projects at THALES in
various applications. At the University of Twente several
researchers obtained their Ph.D. degree, while their research was
being funded by the Dutch /oP-EMVT program, which was created
in 1999, with three themes: Power Electronics, EMC, and Smart
Grids. A new project was granted recently by the national science
foundation NWO, on "EMC in Smart Grids".
Prof. Dr. Leferink is past-president of the Dutch EMC-ESD Associa­
tion, Chair of the IEEE EMC Benelux Chapter, member of the Inter­
national Steering Committee of EMC Europe, and associate editor
of the IEEE Transactions on EMC.
gium. pp. 489-493
[16]EN 55014-1: Electromagnetic compatibility - Requirements for household
appliances,electric tools and similar apparatus -- Part 1: Emission,tAl,tA2
[17]EN 55015: Limits and methods of measurement of radio disturbance charac­
teristics of electrical lighting and similar equipment . 2006 t Al:2007 t
A2 2009
[18]IEC/TS 62578- Active infeed converters, Power electronics systems and
equipment - Technical Specification: Operation conditions and characteris­
tics of active infeed converter applications including recommendations for
emission limits below 150 kHz (TC22) (ed 2 is withdrawn)
[19]IEC 62054-11: Electricity metering (a.c.)- Tariff and load control- Part 11:
Particular requirements for electronic ripple control receivers, First edition
2004-05
[20]M. Bollen,M. Olofsson, A. Larsson,S. Rbnnberg, M. Lundmark, Standards
for Supraharmonics (2-150 kHz). IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Maga­
zine,2014,Vol. 2, Ql,pp. 114-119
[21]http://ec.eur 0pa.euIresearch/conferences/2 009/ict-energy/pd f/fr ank_1 efer­
ink_en.pdf
[22]IEC 61800-3: Adjustable speed electrical power drive systems - Part 3: EMC
requirements and specific test methods,ed. 2.0,2004
[23]Frank Leferink, Ferran Silva ,Johan Catrysse,Sven Battermann,Veronique
Beauvois,Anne Roc'h,Man-Made noise in our living environments, URSI
Radio Science Bulletin no. 334,sept. 2010,ISSN 1024-4530,pp. 49-57
[24]CF. Post,EMC design considerations for medium to large variable speed
drives in industry, URSI General Assembly 2014,Beijing
[25]http://www.cobouw nl/nieuws/tech niek/2012/03/07/sluipmoordenaar-Ioer­
topnoodstroom-ziekenhuizen
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