Atoms Atoms
advertisement
11/29/13 Earth Materials ESS 212 Instructor: Michael Brown <brown@ess.washington.edu> ! ! Learning Goals! • Ions of common elements – RelaDonships of periodic table of elements – Charge and size Earth Materials! ESS 212 Week One! • Course Organization! • Earth’s Origin, Composition,and Structure! • Chemistry, Classification, and Properties of Minerals ! • Rocks, Textures, Heat, and Rock “Factories”! Instructor: Michael Brown • Minerals – DefiniDon – IntroducDon to chemistry and structure – ClassificaDons – Physical properDes brown@ess.washington.edu Earth Materials ESS 212 Instructor: Michael Brown <brown@ess.washington.edu> ! ! Atoms Earth Materials ESS 212 Instructor: Michael Brown <brown@ess.washington.edu> ! ! Atoms Shells and subshells s subshell: 2 electrons p subshell: 6 electrons d subshell: 10 electrons 1st shell: s, (total of 2) 2nd shell: s + p, (total of 8) 3rd shell: s+p+d, (total of 18) 1 11/29/13 Earth Materials ESS 212 Instructor: Michael Brown <brown@ess.washington.edu> ! ! Filing s-­‐shells Valance states Filling p-­‐shells TransiDon metals are variable: Mn: +2, +3, +4, +5 Fe: +2, +3 TransiDon Metals Filling d-­‐shells +1 +2 S: +6 and -­‐2 +3 +4 +5 -­‐2 -­‐1 Earth Materials ESS 212 Instructor: Michael Brown <brown@ess.washington.edu> ! 0 ! Ion “Size”! • Neutral atoms – No disDnct edge – High atomic number elements are “larger” • more electrons, more filled shells -­‐> extends farther out • Ions – CaDons are “smaller” • excess posiDve charge in nucleous pull elctrons closer – Anions are” larger” • Excess negaDve charge “pushes” electrons farther out Earth Materials ESS 212 Instructor: Michael Brown <brown@ess.washington.edu> ! ! Definition of a Mineral! • Naturally occurring • Homogeneous (single phase) • Crystalline – Ordered, repeated arrangement of atoms/ions • Definite (but generally not fixed) chemical composition, – fixed stochiometry – Neutral Charge Earth Materials ESS 212 Instructor: Michael Brown <brown@ess.washington.edu> ! ! Classifications of Mineral! • By Composition (Chemistry) • By Structure (atomic arrangement) • By (identifying) “Physical Properties” • *[inorganic] – This property is often included in the definition but many organisms secrete minerals such as calcite and aragonite into their tests and shells, forming minerals no different from their inorganic equivalents. 2 11/29/13 Earth Materials ESS 212 Instructor: Michael Brown <brown@ess.washington.edu> ! ! Mineral Compositional Classifications! NaDve elements Sulfides Sulfates Sulfosalts Oxides Earth Materials ESS 212 Instructor: Michael Brown <brown@ess.washington.edu> ! ! Hydroxides Halides Carbonates Phosphates Tungstanates Silicates NaCl 1*(+1)+1*(-­‐1) = 0 Earth Materials ESS 212 Instructor: Michael Brown <brown@ess.washington.edu> ! Mineral Examples! Earth Materials ESS 212 Instructor: Michael Brown <brown@ess.washington.edu> ! ! Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 ! Talc 3*(+2) + 4*(+4) + 10*(-­‐2) + 2*(-­‐2+1)=0 SiO2 +4 + 2*(-­‐2) = 0 3 11/29/13 Earth Materials ESS 212 Instructor: Michael Brown <brown@ess.washington.edu> ! Earth Materials ESS 212 Instructor: Michael Brown <brown@ess.washington.edu> ! ! ! ChrysoDle Mg3Si2O5(OH)4 3*(+2) + 2*(+4) + 5*(-­‐2) + 4*(-­‐2+1)=0 Nearly same chemistry but very different physical properDes! Earth Materials ESS 212 Instructor: Michael Brown <brown@ess.washington.edu> ! ! Minerals! • 4150 named minerals • 1140 are silicates • Roughly 100 are “common” • About ten (groups) are the primary rock-­‐forming minerals Earth Materials ESS 212 Instructor: Michael Brown <brown@ess.washington.edu> ! ! The Top Ten Groups! Name (Group) Chemical components Structural group Quartz Silica (based on SiO4-­‐4 tetrahedron) Framework Feldspar K, Na, Ca, Al silica Framework Pyroxene Fe, Mg, silica (+ Al, Na, Ca) Single chain Amphibole Fe, Mg, Al, silica hydroxide(+ Na, Ca) Double chain Mica K, Al, Fe, Mg, silica hydroxide Sheet Clay Al silica hydroxide (+ K, Na) Sheet Garnet Mg, Fe, Ca, Al, silica Isolated Olivine Mg, Fe, silica Isolated Calcite/Dolomite Ca, Mg carbonate carbonates Gypsum sulfates Ca sulfate + water 4 11/29/13 Earth Materials ESS 212 Instructor: Michael Brown <brown@ess.washington.edu> ! The “Top 104”! ! Silica Quartz Tridymite Cristobalite Coesite Stishovite Opal Feldspar Anorthite Albite Orthoclase Feldspathoids Leucite Nepheline Sodalite Mica Group Muscovite Biotite Phlogopite Annite Clay Group Smectite Illite Kaolinite Serpentine Group Chrysotile Lizardite Antigorite Chlorite Group Orthopyroxene Augite Enstatite Orthoferrosilite Clinopyroxene Diopside Hedenbergite Amphibole Group Tremolite Actinolite Glaucophane Arfvedsonite Hornblende Anthrophyllite Cummingtonite Olivine Group Forsterite Fayalite Garnet Spessartine Almandine Pyrope Grossular Silicates (61) Earth Materials ESS 212 Instructor: Michael Brown <brown@ess.washington.edu> ! ! Other Nesosilicates Titanite (sphene) Zircon Staurolite Aluminosilicates Andalusite Sillimanite Kyanite Hydrated Aluminosilicate Zeolite Group Cyclosilicates Corderite Beryl Sorosilicates Lawsonite Epidote Hemimorphite Deep Mantle Minerals Ringwoodite Wadsleyite Majorite Silicate Perovskite Ferropericlase Talc Topaz Tourmaline Group Phosphates Apatite Monazite Carbonates Dolomite Aragonite Calcite Siderite Magnesite Copper Carbonates Malachite Azurite Sulfates Gypsum Anhydrite Barite Halides Halite Sylvite Fluorite Sulfides Pyrite Chalcopyrite Earth Materials ESS 212 Instructor: Michael Brown <brown@ess.washington.edu> ! ! Identifying Properties! • Mineral shape • Density • Mechanical properDes – Hardness – Cleavage and fracture • Color properDes • Color, luster, streak • Other properDes The “Top 104”! Chalcocite Molybdenite Arsenopyrite Marcasite Galena Stibnite Orpiment Realgar Cinnabar Covellite Sphalerite Bornite Oxides Goethite Diaspore (Bauxite) Chromite Cassiterite Magnetite Hematite Rutile Ilmenite Corundum Cuprite Native Elements Gold Silver Diamond Graphite! Non-­‐silicates (43) Earth Materials ESS 212 Instructor: Michael Brown <brown@ess.washington.edu> ! ! The End! Coming Up Rocks, Textures, and Rock “Factories” – MagneDc properDes, electrical properDes, smell and taste 5
