Vehicle Propulsion Systems
Introduction
Team
• Chris Onder
onder@ethz.ch
ML K37.2, +41 44 63 2 2466
• Philipp Elbert
elbertp@ethz.ch
ML K39, +41 44 63 2 7316
• Andreas Ritter
anritter@idsc.mavt.ethz.ch
ML K39, +41 44 63 2 8066
Course Website
www.idsc.ethz.ch
Education
Lectures
VPS
 Slides, exercises,
solutions,
announcements,…
Textbook
L. Guzzella, A. Sciarretta
Vehicle Propulsion Systems
Introduction to Modeling and
Optimization
Third Edition, 2013
Springer
ISBN 978-3-642-35912-5
Oral Exams
• Oral exam in „Prüfungssession“
• 30 minutes, no notes
• Questions very similar to the ones discussed in
the lecture
• BSc & MSc students receive a grade
• PhD students need to pass the exam,
but do not receive a grade
Relevant Material
• All material presented in the
lectures is relevant for the exam.
• Chapters that have not been
covered in the lecture are not
relevant for the exam.
• Check the Course Webpage for
an exhaustive list.
How to benefit from lecture
•
•
•
•
•
•
Focus on comprehension, not memorization
Ask questions during lecture
Participate in discussions
Team up to solve quick checks
Don’t be afraid of errors/mistakes
Practice verbalization of knowledge
Evaluation
• Do not forget to participate in the evaluation
of this course:
Learning Goal
+ −
Teacher
Lecture
Problems
Evaluation
Students
Learned material
Exercise Lecture
• Location:
CNH E46
• Time:
Every Friday 12:00 to 13:30
Mode of Exercises
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
no standard calculation tasks
rather vaguely described tasks
many unknowns
assumptions necessary
several solutions possible
similar to “real” engineering work
work in teams → distribute work
 One exercise lasts ~2-3 weeks
 Every week we check your progress via a milestone
 After 2-3 weeks:
each group presents own solution in a 5 min presentation
Planning of Lectures and Exercises:
Week
Lecture, Friday, 8:15-10:00, ML F34
Book
chp.
Exercise , Friday, 12:00-13:30,
CHN E46
38, 23.9.2016
Introduction, goals, overview propulsion
systems and options
1
Introduction
39, 30.9.2016
Fuel consumption prediction I
2
Exercise I, Milestone 1
40, 7.10.2016
Fuel consumption prediction II
2
Exercise I, Milestone 2
41, 14.10.2016
IC engine propulsion systems I
3
Exercise I, Presentation
42, 21.10.2016
IC engine propulsion systems II
3
Exercise II, Milestone 1
43, 28.10.2016
Hybrid electric propulsion systems I
4
Exercise II, Milestone 2
44, 4.11.2016
Hybrid electric propulsion systems II
4
Exercise II, Presentation
45, 11.11.2016
Hybrid electric propulsion systems III
4
Exercise III, Milestone 1
46, 18.11.2016
Non-electric hybrid propulsion systems
5
Exercise III, Milestone 2
47, 25.11.2016
Supervisory Control Algorithms I
7
Exercise III, Presentation
48, 2.12.2016
Optimal Control Theory
49, 9.12.2016
Supervisory Control Algorithms II
50, 16.12.2016
Case Study
51, 23.12.2016
Tutorial Lecture, Q & A
App.I&II
Exercise IV, Milestone 1
7
Exercise IV, Milestone 2
Exercise IV, Presentation
Vehicle Density (2015)
900
USA
800
Autos pro 1000 Einwohner
700
Italien
Japan
600
Polen
Deutschland
Schweiz
Frankreich
500
Korea
400
Russland
300
Brasilien
BRICS
200
China
100
Indien
0
0
10
Source: Wikipedia
20
30
40
BIP (PPP) pro Kopf in k$
50
60
70
Vehicle Production (2014)
Automobilproduktion
25
China
Deutschland
Indien
Japan
USA
Fahrzeuge in Mio.
20
15
10
5
0
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
Quelle: International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers
Source: International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers
Greenhouse Gas Emissions (2005)
Transportation is
responsible for ~15% of
the total GHG
emissions.
Source: Wikimedia Commons
Future?
warmgloblog.blogspot.com
What can we do?
Plan of Action
Basic
research
Specific
research
Industry
collaboration
Education
Product
develop
ment
Air-to-fuel ratio control
Gasoline Engines:
3-way catalyst requires precise
metering of air and fuel:
Control algorithm developed
at IDSC is running on >1mio
vehicles
Zürich NO2 Concentration
1991
2001
2011
𝑐𝑁𝑂2 = µg/m3
Limit for yearly average
Quelle: Umwelt- und Gesundheitsschutz Zürich (UGZ)
19
Zürich Particulate Matter
1991
2001
2011
𝑐pm10 = µg/m3
Limit for yearly average
Quelle: Umwelt- und Gesundheitsschutz Zürich (UGZ)
20
Predictive Control of a Hybrid Vehicle
energy loss
altitude
profile
& battery
energy
standard control
predictive
control
distance
PAC-Car II
The worlds most fuel efficient vehicle: 5385 km/l gasoline equiv.
AHEAD
10
5
0
15
SORT 1
35
SORT 2
Simulation
HESS Hybrid
Dieselbus
Simulation
HESS Hybrid
Dieselbus
Treibstoffverbrauch in l/100km
45
-27.5%
40
-22.6%
30
25
20
Optimale Lösung
Fuel Consumption Comparison
50
SwissTrolley+
Battery-assisted
trolley bus:
Reduce grid
maintenance cost
Extend bus lines
Reduce energy
demand by 15%
Formula Electric
Acceleration: 0-100 in under 2 seconds
Endurance: minimize finish time with constrained energy budget
Formula One
• F1 powertrain = hybrid electric
• Find time-optimal energy management strategies
Diesel-Ignited Natural Gas Engine
Natural gas contains
less carbon per unit
energy.
-> lower CO2
emissions
Diesel Engine Exhaust Aftertreatment
Diesel-engines still
have a large market
share, and are
necessary for heavy
duty applications.
Optimal control and
calibration of SCRSystems
Emission Strategies for Diesel Engines
Best Trade-off
between emissions
and fuel
consumption.
Methods
Systematic Methods from
• Control Systems Engineering
– Feedback Control
– Disturbance rejection
– Stability, Robustness
• Optimization
–
–
–
–
–
Feedforward Control
Predictive Control
Learning Control
Offline / Online
….
Criterion
Optimal
Feedforward
Control
𝑒
𝑦ref
+
−
𝑢𝐹𝐹
Feedback
Control
𝑢𝐹𝐵 +
+
𝑢
𝑦
Plant
Future Scenarios
• It is difficult to make predictions, especially
about the future
Motivation
cars per 1000 inhabitants
Vehicle density (2005)
800
USA
I
600
F
D
J
UK
400
Poland
Russia
Korea
200
India
Brazil
China
GDP per capita (US $)
10000
20000
30000
40000
Source: OECD/IEA (2006)
H.E. Friedrich, Market Shares of Various Powertrains, Scenarios
Till 2030, DLR Stuttgart, ATZ autotechnology 04/2010 volume 10
H.E. Friedrich, Market Shares of Various Powertrains, Scenarios
Till 2030, DLR Stuttgart, ATZ autotechnology 04/2010 volume 10
H.E. Friedrich, Market Shares of Various Powertrains, Scenarios
Till 2030, DLR Stuttgart, ATZ autotechnology 04/2010 volume 10
Energy carrier system
Energy carrier
Upstream
processes