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ing na
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sequen
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te
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Spend
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15
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4
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s
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ishedin1994
.AstheCoo
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id
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18
in1998
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4
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ftheCoo
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ve
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l
readybeguntoimp
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tan
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r
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tin
s
t
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tu
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:
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r
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rmancespec
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:inAp
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thef
i
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17
H
ighwa
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l Repo
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18
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.
19
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ighwaysAgency
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inespend
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:H
ighwaysAgencyan
t
ic
ipa
tedspend
ing2015
/16to2024
/25
£m(F
igu
resinnom
ina
lp
r
ices
,nond
iscoun
ted
)
15
/16
16
/17
17
/18
18
/19
19
/20
20
/21
21
/22
22
/23
23
/24
24
/25
10Y
rTo
ta
l
Cap
i
ta
l
Cap
i
ta
l
HA Ma
in
tenance-Renewa
ls
440
451
462
474
485
497
506
514
523
532
4
,884
HA Ma
in
tenance-Resu
r
fac
ing
289
297
304
312
319
327
-
-
-
-
1
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To
ta
lHA Ma
in
tenance
729
748
766
786
804
824
506
514
523
532
6
,732
HA Ma
jo
rs&o
the
rnon ma
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tenancep
rog
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1
,071
1
,120
1
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1
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2
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3
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3
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3
,736
3
,753
3
,817
26
,732
To
ta
lHACap
i
ta
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t
1
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1
,869
2
,376
2
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3
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4
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4
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4
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4
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4
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Resou
rce
33
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Resou
rce
HARoadsPF
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rv
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ts
426
458
479
467
474
567
515
545
550
643
HA O
the
rnonPF
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538
548
557
566
576
586
596
606
616
627
5
,124
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To
ta
lHAP
rog
rammeResou
rce
964
1
,006
1
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1
,034
1
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1
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1
,111
1
,151
1
,166
1
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10
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No
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ingupto2020
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9
4
.1
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ssump
t
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su
sedtogene
ra
tetheba
se
l
inespend
ingle
ve
la
re
:
• F
rom2015
/16to2020
/21th
isre
f
le
c
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t
ic
ipa
tedH
ighwa
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ceda
t
Spend
ingRound2013andIn
ve
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t
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r
i
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’
sFu
tu
r
e:
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. Cap
i
ta
lfund
ingannoun
cedfo
rpe
r
iodf
rom2015
/16to2020
/21.
b
. Re
sou
r
cefund
ingfo
r2015
/16
,kep
tcon
s
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la
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in
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.
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:
a
. Re
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r
cef
igu
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skep
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s
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r
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)fo
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ingthe
secon
t
ra
c
ts
c
. Cap
i
ta
l ma
in
tenan
cerenewa
lsa
rea
s
sumedtocon
t
inuea
tthesamerea
lle
ve
l
,bu
tthe
re
su
r
fa
c
ingp
rog
ramme
isa
s
sumedtobecomp
le
teb
y2020
/21sonofu
r
the
rspend
in
c
luded
d
. Ma
jo
rs
cheme
s(non ma
in
tenan
cecap
i
ta
lp
rog
ramme
s
) re
f
le
c
t
stheGo
ve
rnmen
t
’s
amb
i
t
ionfo
rupg
rad
ingtheSRNb
y
in
ve
s
t
inginto
ta
lbe
tween£30b
i
l
l
ionand£50
b
i
l
l
iono
ve
ra1015yea
rpe
r
iod
,a
ss
ta
tedinIn
ve
s
t
inginB
r
i
ta
in
’
sFu
tu
re
.
4
.1
.7 Th
isba
se
l
inea
l
ready
in
c
lude
s man
yan
t
ic
ipa
tede
f
f
ic
ien
cy mea
su
re
swh
ich
theH
ighway
sAgen
cy
w
i
l
la
imtode
l
ive
rwhe
the
rthe
sere
fo
rmshappeno
rno
t.Howe
ve
rthere
fo
rm mea
su
re
sd
is
cu
s
sed
be
lowwou
ldin
c
rea
sethece
r
ta
in
tythe
ycou
ldbede
l
ive
red
. Wed
is
cu
s
sth
is
intheana
ly
s
iso
f
op
t
ions
.
4
.2Op
t
ionone –Ins
t
i
tu
t
iona
lre
fo
rm w
i
thleg
is
la
t
ion
4
.2
.1 Weha
vebu
i
l
tonthere
commenda
t
ion
s
inthe Coo
kRev
iewto
iden
t
i
f
yapa
ckageo
f
in
te
r
conne
c
tedre
fo
rm mea
su
re
s
,a
l
lo
fwh
ichcou
ldbeunde
rp
innedo
rsuppo
r
tedb
y
leg
is
la
t
ion
. Man
y
o
fthe
se mea
su
re
scou
ldintheo
rybede
l
ive
redsepa
ra
te
ly
;howe
ve
rtheapp
ra
isa
lse
c
t
iono
fth
isIA
e
xp
la
in
showthere
fo
rmsa
redeep
lyin
te
r
re
la
ted
.Hen
ceweha
veana
lysedthepa
ckageinthe
round
,andwhe
repo
s
s
ib
lep
ick
edou
twhe
retheco
s
tsandbene
f
i
tsapp
lytothepa
r
t
icu
la
re
lemen
ts.
Re
fo
rmo
ftheH
ighwa
y
sAgen
c
y
4
.2
.2 Unde
rth
isop
t
iontheHAwou
ldbeco
rpo
ra
t
ised–tha
tis
,anewpub
l
ic
lyownedcompan
ywou
ld
bec
rea
tedto managetheSRNandta
keo
ve
rthero
le
so
ftheHA
.
4
.2
.3 Thecompan
yw
i
l
lbecon
s
t
i
tu
tedunde
rtheCompan
ie
sAc
t
,w
i
thgo
ve
rnan
cea
r
rangemen
ts
in
p
la
cetode
l
ive
rthene
ce
ssa
r
yba
lan
ceo
ff
le
x
ib
i
l
i
ty
,go
ve
rnmen
tcon
t
ro
landpub
l
i
ca
c
coun
tab
i
l
i
tya
s
de
s
c
r
ibedintheapp
ra
isa
lo
fop
t
ion
sbe
low
.
4
.2
.4 Thecompan
ywou
ldbeg
ivenarangeo
fdu
t
ie
sandpowe
r
sfo
radm
in
is
te
r
ing mo
to
rwa
y
sand
t
run
kroad
sunde
rtheH
ighwa
y
sAc
t1980(ando
the
rapp
rop
r
ia
te
leg
is
la
t
ion
)
.L
eg
is
la
tionw
i
l
lenab
le
theSe
c
re
ta
ryo
fS
ta
tetoc
rea
tea
l
icen
cewh
ichw
i
l
len
t
i
t
lethebod
yco
rpo
ra
te(a
s
l
icen
ceho
lde
r
)to
u
ses
ta
tu
to
r
ypowe
r
s
,andp
la
cece
r
ta
inre
spons
ib
i
l
i
t
ie
sanddu
t
ie
suponi
t
.Th
iswou
ldenab
le
i
tto
ope
ra
teandsub
con
t
ra
c
toni
tsownau
tho
r
i
ty
,w
i
thou
tapp
ro
va
lf
rom m
in
is
te
r
s
in mo
s
tca
se
s
.
4
.2
.5 Ba
sedonthele
ve
lo
fpub
l
icse
c
to
rcon
t
ro
l
,thecompan
y
is
l
ike
lytobec
la
s
s
i
f
iedtothecen
t
ra
l
go
ve
rnmen
tse
c
to
rfo
rna
t
iona
la
ccoun
tingpu
rpo
se
s
.U
sua
l
ly
,th
is mean
s
i
twou
ldbesub
je
c
tto
s
ta
nda
rdcen
t
ra
lgo
ve
rnmen
tcon
t
ro
lsontheu
seo
fpub
l
ic mone
y
.Insome
in
s
tan
ce
s
,theHA
cu
r
ren
t
lyha
sde
lega
t
ionstha
ta
l
lowi
ttoe
x
ceedno
rma
ll
im
i
ts
,fo
re
xamp
leonte
chn
ica
lse
r
v
ice
sand
somec
r
i
t
i
ca
lte
chno
log
y
;the
sewou
ldcon
t
inue
.Asde
s
c
r
ibedintheop
t
ion
sapp
ra
isa
l
,fu
r
the
rwo
r
k
w
i
l
lbeunde
r
ta
kentof
indthebe
s
tcon
t
ro
lsa
r
rangemen
t
.
RoadIn
ve
s
tmen
tS
t
ra
teg
y andfund
ingce
r
ta
in
t
y
4
.2
.6 Fo
l
low
ingre
commenda
t
ion
s
intheCoo
kRe
v
iew,theGo
ve
rnmen
tag
reedthef
i
r
s
tpe
r
fo
rman
ce
spe
c
i
f
ica
t
ionfo
rtheHAandtheSRNtoco
ve
rthepe
r
iod2013to2015
.Ba
sedonou
tpu
tse
xpe
c
ted,
th
isapp
roa
chw
i
l
lcon
t
inuetofo
rmtheba
s
isfo
raRoadIn
ve
s
tmen
tS
t
ra
tegy(R
IS
)
.TheR
IS w
ou
ldbe
bu
i
l
ta
roundfou
rco
ree
lemen
ts
:
10
• AS
t
ra
teg
icV
is
ionco
ve
r
ingthef
i
r
s
tth
reeRoadsPe
r
iods(w
i
thea
chpe
r
iode
xpe
c
tedtobe5
yea
rs
long
)ou
t
l
in
ingtheGo
ve
rnmen
t
’s med
iumte
rme
xpe
c
ta
t
ion
s(
i
.e
.thef
i
r
s
to
fth
reepe
r
iods
)
,
andlongte
rma
sp
i
ra
t
ion
sfo
rtheSRN(
the
la
t
te
rtwope
r
iod
s
,andbe
yond
)
.
• AS
ta
temen
to
fFund
sAva
i
lab
le
,se
t
t
ingou
tandgua
ran
tee
ingtheamoun
ttha
tcanbespen
tb
y
thecompan
y
.
• Afund
ingandin
ve
s
tmen
tp
lan
,se
t
t
ingou
thowth
isfund
ingisa
l
lo
ca
tedtode
l
ive
rthe
Go
ve
rnmen
t
’se
xpe
c
ta
t
ion
s
.Among
s
to
the
rth
ing
s
,th
isw
i
l
lco
ve
r ma
in
tenan
ceandenhan
cemen
t
wo
r
k
s
,a
swe
l
la
s
iden
t
i
f
y
ingsomespe
c
i
f
ic ma
jo
rs
cheme
stobede
l
ive
red
.
• Ape
r
fo
rman
cespe
c
i
f
ica
t
ionfo
rtheSRNandthecompan
y
,a
r
t
icu
la
t
ingtheGo
ve
rnmen
t
’s
amb
i
t
ionfo
rthes
t
ra
teg
icroadne
two
r
kandse
t
t
ingou
tspe
c
i
f
ice
xpe
c
ta
t
ion
sfo
rfu
tu
rede
l
ive
ry
,
in
c
lud
ing me
t
r
i
csandke
ype
r
fo
rman
ce
ind
ica
to
r
s
.Inadd
i
t
iontoco
ve
r
ingissue
sa
roundne
two
r
k
pe
r
fo
rman
ce
,th
isw
i
l
la
lsoneedtose
tc
lea
rrequ
i
remen
tsa
roundc
ru
c
ia
lcon
s
ide
ra
t
ionssu
cha
s
sa
fe
tyandtheenv
i
ronmen
t
.
4
.2
.7 The
in
ten
tistha
tthe
in
ve
stmen
tp
lanw
i
l
ld
rawone
v
iden
cef
rom Rou
teS
t
ra
teg
ie
s(
wh
i
chfo
cu
s
onspe
c
i
f
ics
t
re
tche
so
froadso
rjun
c
t
ion
sw
i
th
intheSRN
,e
va
lua
t
ingp
rob
lemsandiden
t
i
f
y
ing
so
lu
t
ions
)
,a
s
se
tcond
i
t
ion
,andg
o
ve
rnmen
t
’sp
r
io
r
i
t
ie
s.There
su
l
twou
ldbeacomm
i
tmen
tto
in
ve
s
tmen
tinthere
le
van
tRoad
sPe
r
iod
,se
tw
i
th
ina
longe
r
te
rmv
is
ion
.I
t
i
s
im
po
r
tan
ttono
tetha
t
an
ys
chemeo
rp
rog
rammeo
fwo
r
kwou
ldneedtopa
ssanyre
le
van
tte
s
ts(e
.g
.bu
s
ine
s
sca
seand
en
v
i
ronmen
ta
lte
s
ts
)be
fo
rede
l
ive
r
ycommen
ced
.
4
.2
.8 Ween
v
isagetha
tthep
ro
ce
s
sfo
rde
ve
lop
ingtheR
ISw
i
l
lre
semb
lethep
ro
ce
sstode
ve
lopthe
f
ive
yea
rfund
ingse
t
t
lemen
tfo
rtheRa
i
lse
c
to
r
,w
i
thanob
l
iga
t
ionfo
rgo
ve
rnmen
ttop
ro
v
idea
s
ta
temen
tabou
tob
je
c
t
ive
sfund
ingcomm
i
tmen
tsen
sh
r
inedinleg
is
la
t
ion
,a
ndsuppo
r
tedb
yo
the
r
do
cumen
ta
t
ionsu
cha
stheL
icen
cefo
rthenewcompan
y.Th
is mean
sthe
rewou
ldbeas
ta
tu
to
r
y
ob
l
iga
t
ionontheSe
c
re
ta
r
yo
fS
ta
tefo
rT
ran
spo
r
ttopub
l
ishaR
ISw
i
thap
reannoun
ced–mo
s
tl
ike
ly
f
ive
yea
r–cy
c
leo
fre
v
iew(a
s
inthera
i
lse
c
to
r
)
.Thes
cheme
s
,pe
r
fo
rman
cespe
c
i
f
ica
t
ionand
fund
ingse
tou
tintheR
ISwou
ldon
lybere
v
isab
lew
i
th
intho
secy
c
le
sb
ywa
yo
fane
x
ten
s
iveand
t
ran
spa
ren
tre
v
iew
.The
rewou
ldbesomechange me
chan
ismintheca
seo
fe
x
cep
t
iona
l
c
i
r
cums
tan
ce
s
.
4
.2
.9 A
tthe2013Spend
ingRoundi
twa
sannoun
cedtha
tthenewcompan
yw
i
l
lbeg
ivenf
le
x
ib
i
l
i
tyto
manage i
ts
f
inan
ce
sbe
tweenyea
r
s
.I
tw
i
l
lha
vetheab
i
l
i
tyto mo
veupto10%o
f
i
tscap
i
ta
lbudge
t
be
tweenyea
rstoen
su
retha
tthecap
i
ta
lspend
ingp
ro
f
i
le
isef
f
ic
ien
t
.Th
isdoe
sno
trequ
i
re
leg
is
la
t
ion
tobede
l
ive
red
,bu
tisane
ce
s
sa
ry mea
su
retorea
l
isebene
f
i
tsf
romthece
r
ta
in
tyo
ftheR
IS(a
s
e
xp
la
inedintheop
t
ion
sapp
ra
isa
l
,be
low
)
.Endyea
rf
le
x
ib
i
l
i
ty
isuno
r
thodo
x
ingo
ve
rnmen
t
a
ccoun
t
ing
,andHMT
rea
su
ryha
s madec
lea
rth
is
isdependen
tono
the
rre
fo
rm mea
su
re
sbe
ing
ca
r
r
iedou
t
,the
re
fo
re
i
ton
lyfo
rmspa
r
to
fop
t
ionone
.
Co
s
t mon
i
to
randroadu
se
rwa
t
chdog
4
.2
.10Toen
su
rethea
ccoun
tab
i
l
i
tyo
fthecompan
ytobo
ththeta
xpa
ye
r
,fo
ri
tsu
seo
ffund
s
,androad
u
se
rs,fo
rthese
r
v
icep
ro
v
ided
,the
rea
retwoco
rero
le
sneeded
:
• Awa
tchdog ga
the
r
ingthev
iewso
fa
l
lroadu
se
r
sabou
thow we
l
lthenewcompan
y
ispe
r
fo
rm
ing
.
Th
is
in
vo
lve
swo
r
k
inga
long
s
idebu
tindependen
t
lyf
romin
te
re
s
tg
roup
sandu
s
ingna
t
iona
lsu
r
ve
ys
to
in
fo
rmcon
c
lu
s
ion
s
,andp
ro
v
id
ingad
v
icetogo
ve
rnmen
tonke
y me
t
r
icsandKP
Iso
fthe
pe
r
fo
rman
cef
ramewo
r
k
,ind
i
ca
t
inghowfa
rthe
yre
f
le
c
troadu
se
rs
’p
r
io
r
i
t
ie
sandneed
s.
• Amon
i
to
ra
sse
s
s
ingtheco
s
tpe
r
fo
rman
ceandde
l
ive
ryo
fthenewcompan
yandre
spon
s
ib
lefo
r
app
ly
ingregu
la
to
r
ytoo
lstod
r
ivepe
r
fo
rman
ce.Themon
i
to
rwou
ldben
chma
r
kde
l
ive
r
y
pe
r
fo
rman
ce
,pa
r
t
icu
la
r
lyonco
s
tande
f
f
ic
ien
cy
,in
c
lud
ingaga
in
s
tdome
s
t
icandin
te
rna
t
iona
l
compa
ra
to
r
swhe
rea
va
i
lab
le
,che
ck
ingtoseetha
ttheSHCisde
l
ive
r
ingwha
tisrequ
i
redunde
r
theRoadIn
ve
s
tmen
tS
t
ra
teg
yandu
s
ingth
istop
ro
v
ideadv
icetogo
ve
rnmen
tone
f
f
ic
ien
cyta
rge
ts
andpe
r
fo
rman
cea
s
se
ssmen
t
.The mon
i
to
rw
i
l
lbere
spon
s
ib
lefo
rta
k
ingregu
la
to
rya
c
t
ionto
en
cou
rage
imp
ro
vedpe
r
fo
rman
ce-in
c
lud
ingis
su
ingd
i
re
c
to
rde
r
so
rsan
c
t
ion
swhe
reapp
rop
r
ia
te
11
–andwou
lden
su
rethe
re
isac
lea
rd
is
t
in
c
t
ionbe
tweent
ruee
f
f
ic
ien
cy
,a
soppo
sedtoredu
ced
qua
l
i
tyo
rs
copeo
fde
l
ive
ry
.
4
.2
.11The
rea
reanumbe
ro
fwa
y
s
inwh
i
chthe
setworo
le
scou
ldbede
l
ive
redandthe
ycou
ldbe
d
is
cha
rgedb
y mo
rethanonebod
y(wh
ich
isa
l
read
ythep
ra
c
t
ice
ino
the
rse
c
to
r
s
)
.Ine
xam
in
ing
po
ten
t
ia
lop
t
ions
,weloo
keda
ttho
setha
tcou
ldbe
imp
lemen
tedint
imefo
rwhenthecompan
y
is
c
rea
tedandwesough
ttoa
voiddup
l
ica
t
ionandtota
kefu
l
lad
van
tageo
fs
k
i
l
lsandknow
ledgewh
i
ch
a
l
read
ye
x
is
tbe
yondcen
t
ra
lgo
ve
rnmen
t
.Th
iscou
ldbeth
rough
:
• Anex
is
t
ingD
fTsponso
redpane
l –Th
iscand
rawone
x
is
t
inge
xpe
r
ien
ce
,know
ledgeands
k
i
l
ls
o
ftho
se
intheroad
sse
c
to
r
,in
c
lud
ingd
i
re
c
tl
in
k
sw
i
the
x
is
t
ingu
se
rande
xpe
r
tg
roups
. One
e
xamp
le
isthe Mo
to
r
is
ts’Fo
rum–ag
roupse
tupb
ytheDepa
r
tmen
twhe
rethehead
so
fg
roup
s
l
iketheRAC
,AAandFTAregu
la
r
ly mee
ttod
is
cu
s
stheG
o
ve
rnmen
t’s
roadspo
l
ic
ie
s
.
• Anex
is
tingregu
la
to
r–Th
isw
i
l
lha
vea
cce
s
stoarangeo
fe
xpe
r
ts
k
i
l
ls
,a
swe
l
la
sa
la
rge
amoun
to
ffo
rma
lindependen
ce
.TheO
f
f
iceo
ftheRa
i
lRegu
la
to
rcu
r
ren
t
lyben
chma
r
k
sco
s
t
pe
r
fo
rman
cea
tNe
two
r
kRa
i
landha
sregu
la
to
rypowe
rs
;o
the
rregu
la
to
rsca
r
ryou
ts
im
i
la
rwo
r
kfo
r
the
i
rre
spe
c
t
ivese
c
to
r
s
.Th
isop
t
ionwou
lda
l
lowasha
r
ingo
fe
xpe
r
t
isew
i
th
inthewa
tchdogo
r
mon
i
to
r.
• Anex
is
t
inguse
rbody –Th
iswou
ldp
ro
v
idebo
thindependen
ceande
xpe
r
ien
ceo
frep
re
sen
t
ing
pa
ssenge
rin
te
re
s
tsw
i
thin
f
ra
s
t
ru
c
tu
recompan
ie
s
.Fo
re
xamp
le
,Pa
s
senge
rFo
cu
scu
r
ren
t
ly
rep
re
sen
tsthe
in
te
re
s
tso
fra
i
l
,bu
sandcoa
chpa
s
senge
rs
,andregu
la
r
lydea
lsw
i
tht
ra
inope
ra
to
r
s
andbu
scompan
ie
s
.
4
.2
.12Ou
rp
re
fe
ren
ceha
sbeentota
keadvan
tageo
f
in
cumben
te
xpe
r
t
ise
,redu
cepo
ten
t
ia
lt
ran
s
i
t
iona
l
co
s
ts
,andtosuppo
r
ttheGo
ve
rnmen
t
’ss
ta
tedpo
l
icyonl
im
i
t
ingthenumbe
ro
fnewa
rm
’s
leng
th
bod
ie
s
.Fo
rthe
serea
son
s
,theGo
ve
rnmen
tannoun
cedtha
ti
t
in
tend
stog
ivethero
leo
fwa
tchdogto
a‘RoadU
se
rFo
cu
s
’un
i
tw
i
th
inPa
s
senge
rFo
cu
sandthero
leo
fthemon
i
to
rtoa ‘
S
t
ra
teg
icRoad
Ne
two
r
kMon
i
to
r
’un
i
tw
i
th
intheO
f
f
iceo
fRa
i
lRegu
la
t
ion(ORR
)
.Toensu
ret
ran
spa
ren
cytothe
pub
l
ic
,e
f
fe
c
t
ives
c
ru
t
in
yo
froad
sanda
vo
idpo
ten
t
ia
lcon
f
l
ic
ts
ingo
ve
rnan
ce
,the
sefun
c
t
ion
sw
i
l
l
ha
vead
is
t
in
c
te
x
is
ten
ceandgo
ve
rnan
cet
rea
tmen
tw
i
th
inthe
i
rpa
ren
to
rgan
isa
t
ions
.
4
.2
.13Regu
la
to
rsp
la
yava
luab
lero
le
ind
r
iv
inge
f
f
ic
ien
cyands
t
ronge
rpe
r
fo
rmanceandweha
ve
de
c
idedtota
kethe mo
s
tre
le
van
te
lemen
tsf
romthewo
r
ldo
fregu
la
t
ionandapp
lythemdi
re
c
t
lyto
road
s
.Thee
xamp
le
sse
tb
yanumbe
ro
fregu
la
to
r
sha
vebeencen
t
ra
ltothede
s
igno
fthe mon
i
to
r
and
,wh
i
ls
ta
la
rgepa
r
to
f
i
tsro
lew
i
l
lbetoad
v
isetheSe
c
re
ta
r
yo
fS
ta
teonthepe
r
fo
rman
ceand
e
f
f
ic
ien
cyo
ftheSHC,the mon
i
to
rw
i
l
lha
veanumbe
ro
fs
ta
tu
to
r
ypowe
r
sa
va
i
lab
le.The mon
i
to
rw
i
l
l
ha
ves
ta
tu
to
r
ypowe
r
stono
t
i
f
yandSHCo
fanycon
t
ra
ven
t
ionso
ftheR
ISo
rthe
l
i
cen
ceandto
iden
t
i
f
ythes
tep
srequ
i
redtore
so
lve
them
.S
im
i
la
r
ly
,the mon
i
to
rw
i
l
lha
vethepowe
rtorequ
i
rethe
compan
ytopa
yaf
inetotheSe
c
re
ta
r
yo
fS
ta
te
,depend
ingonthese
r
iou
sne
sso
fan
y
con
t
ra
ven
t
ions
.The
sesan
c
t
ion
sw
i
l
len
cou
ragetheSHCtofu
l
f
i
le
xpe
c
ta
t
ion
sanddea
lw
i
thpoo
r
pe
r
fo
rman
ce
;en
fo
r
cemen
ta
c
t
iondoe
sno
trep
re
sen
tapun
ishmen
t,i
tshou
ldbe
ta
kena
san
in
cen
t
iveontheSHCtochange
i
tsbeha
v
iou
rsotha
ti
tbe
come
scomp
l
ian
tw
i
ththe mon
i
to
r
’sand
sha
reho
lde
r
’se
xpe
c
ta
t
ion
s
.
4
.2
.14Toen
su
rethecompan
yp
ro
v
ide
sthewa
tchdogand mon
i
to
rw
i
th
in
fo
rma
t
iona
srequ
i
red
,the
mon
i
to
rw
i
l
lha
vea
lega
lrigh
ttorequ
i
rethecompan
ytod
is
c
lo
se
in
fo
rma
t
ionunde
rs
ta
tu
te
.Th
isw
i
l
l
enab
letheben
chma
r
kingo
f
co
s
tsbe
tweend
i
f
fe
ren
tSRNreg
ion
sandcompa
rab
le
lo
ca
lau
tho
r
i
t
ie
s
,
o
rin
te
rna
t
iona
l
ly.Bo
ththeroadu
se
rwa
tchdogand mon
i
to
rw
i
l
lu
seth
is
in
fo
rma
t
iontoa
c
ta
sa
sou
r
ceo
fe
xpe
r
tad
v
icefo
rgo
ve
rnmen
t
,he
lp
ingtode
te
rm
inetheR
IS
,andtopub
l
ishrepo
r
tsonthe
compan
y
’spe
r
fo
rman
cetha
twou
ldbea
va
i
lab
letothepub
l
ic
.
4
.3Op
t
iontwo –Ins
t
i
tu
t
iona
lre
fo
rm w
i
thou
tleg
is
la
t
ion
4
.3
.1 There
fo
rm mea
su
re
sou
t
l
inedabo
vecou
ldfea
s
ib
lybe
imp
lemen
tedw
i
thou
tleg
is
la
t
ion
.Theke
y
d
i
f
fe
ren
ce
swou
ldbe
:
• Acompan
yunde
rpub
l
icowne
r
sh
ipcou
ldbec
rea
tedunde
rtheCompan
ie
sAc
tbu
tw
i
thou
tan
y
t
ran
s
fe
ro
fs
ta
tu
to
r
yfun
c
t
ion
sf
romtheSe
c
re
ta
ryo
fS
ta
te
.
12
• TheR
IScou
ldbec
rea
tedw
i
ththesamecomponen
ts
,bu
tw
i
thou
tas
ta
tu
to
r
yp
ro
ce
sswh
i
ch
in
vo
lve
sac
lea
rcomm
i
tmen
ttothede
l
ive
r
yo
fs
cheme
sandthea
s
so
c
ia
tedfund
ingcon
ta
inedin
theR
ISse
t
t
lemen
t
.
• Asd
is
cu
s
sedabo
ve
,the
rea
rese
ve
ra
l mean
sb
ywh
i
chtoc
reatetheco
s
t mon
i
to
r
ingandroad
u
se
rwa
tchdogfun
c
t
ion
s
.There
spon
s
ib
i
l
i
tytop
ro
v
ide
in
fo
rma
t
ioncou
ldbec
rea
teda
spa
r
to
fthe
Framewo
r
kAg
reemen
t
.
5
.Op
t
ionsApp
ra
isa
l
5
.1App
ra
isa
lpa
rame
te
rs
5
.1
.1 Toapp
ra
isethe
impa
c
to
fthere
fo
rmsweu
sethefo
l
low
ingpa
rame
te
r
s
:
• Animp
lemen
ta
t
ionpe
r
iodo
f2013
/142014
/15du
r
ingwh
i
cht
ran
s
i
t
iona
lco
s
tsa
re
in
cu
r
red.
• F
i
r
s
tfu
l
lyea
ro
fthe
impa
c
to
fthere
fo
rms
in2015
/16
,w
i
thanapp
ra
isa
lpe
r
iodo
f10yea
rs
fo
l
low
ing(weu
se10yea
r
sa
sthere
cen
tSpend
ingRoundannoun
cedfund
ingto2020
/21anda
p
lanfo
rafu
r
the
rin
c
rea
sedle
ve
lo
f
in
ve
s
tmen
tfo
rthene
x
t1015yea
rs
;wedon
’
tu
sea
longe
r
pe
r
ioda
swea
reapp
ra
is
ingthede
l
ive
r
yo
froadin
f
ra
s
t
ru
c
tu
re
,no
tthe
impa
c
tso
ftha
t
in
f
ra
s
t
ru
c
tu
rewh
i
chwou
ldu
sua
l
ly
beapp
ra
isedo
ve
ra60yea
rpe
r
iod
).
• Ap
r
i
ceba
seo
f2013
/14
,u
s
ingtheT
rea
su
ryGDPde
f
la
to
rse
r
ie
stocon
ve
r
tco
s
tsandbene
f
i
tsto
thesamep
r
iceba
se
.Be
lowtheba
s
iso
fa
l
lf
igu
re
sa
requo
ted
.
• Ap
re
sen
tva
lueba
seyea
ro
f2013
/14(a
sth
is
isthecu
r
ren
tyea
r
)
,u
s
ingtheTrea
su
r
yG
reen
Boo
kd
is
coun
tra
teo
f3
.5%tod
is
coun
tco
s
tsandbene
f
i
ts.
• Weu
sef
inan
c
ia
lyea
r
stof
i
tw
i
thHAf
inan
c
ia
lda
ta.
5
.1
.2 These
c
t
ion
sbe
lowe
xp
la
inthee
v
iden
ceba
seanda
s
sump
t
ion
sfo
rou
re
s
t
ima
te
sandno
tethe
p
r
iceba
seandwhe
the
rf
igu
re
sa
red
is
coun
tedo
rno
t
.U
s
ingtheabo
vea
s
sump
t
ion
sweha
ve
ca
lcu
la
tedthef
igu
re
sshownonthesumma
r
yshee
t
.
5
.2Dono
th
ing
5
.2
.1 Th
is
isthedono
th
ingop
t
ionaga
in
s
twh
ichtheo
the
rop
t
ion
sa
rea
s
se
s
sedandhen
ceha
sno
co
s
to
rbene
f
i
to
f
i
tsown
.Theba
se
l
ine
in
s
t
i
tu
t
iona
lf
ramewo
r
kande
xpend
i
tu
refo
re
ca
s
tsha
vebeen
de
s
c
r
ibedabo
ve.
5
.2
.2 Be
low weco
ve
rtheop
t
ion
sfo
rre
fo
rm
,bu
tin
th
isse
c
t
ion
weco
ve
rthee
v
iden
cetha
tthe
re
is
s
copefo
rimp
ro
vemen
t
.Theke
ye
v
iden
cefo
rth
iscome
sf
romcon
s
id
e
r
ingthed
r
ive
r
sfo
re
conom
ic
e
f
f
ic
ien
cy
inthep
ro
v
is
iono
f
longte
rmna
t
iona
lin
f
ra
s
t
ru
c
tu
re
.Econom
i
ce
f
f
ic
ien
cy mean
sensu
r
ing
tha
tre
sou
r
ce
sa
rea
l
lo
ca
tedtothe mo
s
tp
rodu
c
t
iveu
se
s(
‘a
l
lo
ca
t
ive
’e
f
f
ic
ien
cy
)
,tha
tthe
sere
sou
r
ce
s
a
respen
tinawa
ytha
t ma
x
im
ise
sva
luefo
r mone
y(
‘p
rodu
c
t
ive
’e
f
f
ic
ien
cy
)
,andtha
to
ve
rt
ime
re
sou
r
ce
sa
reu
sedtod
r
ive
inno
va
t
ionand m
in
im
isewho
le
l
i
feco
s
ts(
‘d
ynam
ic
’e
f
f
ic
ien
cy
)
.
5
.2
.3 Ase
xp
la
inedinou
rd
is
cu
s
s
iono
fthep
rob
lem
,the
rea
re man
yin
s
tan
ce
s
whe
rethe
cha
ra
c
te
r
is
t
icso
fthes
ta
tu
squoa
reno
top
t
ima
lfo
rd
r
iv
ingva
luefo
r mone
y
. Weha
vee
v
iden
cetha
t
th
is
istheca
sef
romava
r
ie
tyo
fsou
r
ce
s
:
• Anumbe
ro
frepo
r
tsha
ve
iden
t
i
f
iedine
f
f
ic
ien
c
ie
s
ingo
ve
rnmen
tp
ro
cu
remen
to
f
in
f
ra
s
t
ru
c
tu
reand
21
con
s
t
ru
c
t
iono
fa
tlea
s
t15
–20%.
• Ben
chma
r
k
ingo
fe
igh
troad
sp
ro
je
c
tsbe
tweentheUKandtheNe
the
r
land
sb
yIn
f
ra
s
t
ru
c
tu
reUK
ind
ica
tedtha
ttheUKe
xamp
le
swe
reona
ve
rage10%h
ighe
r
,ba
sedontheun
i
tco
s
tspe
rlane
k
i
lome
t
re
.Ap
re
v
iou
ss
tud
yunde
r
ta
kenonbeha
l
fo
ftheH
ighwa
y
sAgen
cy
in2009s
im
i
la
r
ly
21
Th
ese
in
c
lude
:In
f
ra
s
t
ru
c
tu
reCos
tRe
v
iew
,In
f
ras
t
ru
c
tu
reUK
,De
cembe
r2010
;Gove
rnmen
tP
rocu
remen
tS
t
ra
teg
y
,Cab
in
e
tO
f
f
ice
, Ma
y2011
.
13
ind
ica
tedtha
tun
i
tco
s
ts
intheUKw
e
reupto32%h
ighe
rthantheNe
the
r
land
spe
rlanek
i
lome
t
re
,
22
a
l
thoughth
iswa
sba
sedontende
redp
r
ice
sra
the
rthana
c
tua
lco
s
ts
. Na
t
iona
lAud
i
tO
f
f
ice(NAO
)
ana
ly
s
iso
f ma
in
tenan
ces
cheme
sa
lsoshowstha
tun
i
tco
s
tsha
ver
iseninre
cen
tyea
r
swe
l
labo
ve
thera
teo
f
in
f
la
t
ion
,a
sF
igu
re3shows
.
F
igu
re3:Rou
t
ine ma
in
tenanceexpend
i
tu
repe
rlanek
i
lome
t
read
jus
tedfo
rgene
ra
lin
f
la
t
ion(£
,2008
/09
p
r
ices
)
14000
Expend
i
tu
repe
r
lanekm(£
)
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
2002
-03
2003
-04
2004
-05
2005
-06
2006
-07
2007
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2008
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Sou
r
ce
:H
ighwa
ysAgen
c
y
:Con
t
ra
c
t
in
gfo
rH
ighwa
y
s Ma
in
ten
an
ce
, Na
t
ion
a
lAud
i
tO
f
f
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,O
c
tobe
r2009
5
.2
.4 TheNAOfoundtha
tspend
ingonp
lannedrenewa
lso
froadspe
rsqua
re me
t
rere
su
r
fa
ceda
lso
ro
seb
y70%o
ve
rthesam
epe
r
iod
,a
sshowninF
igu
re4.Howe
ve
r
,th
isf
igu
re
in
c
lude
sspend
ingon
i
temssu
cha
sba
r
r
ie
r
s
,l
igh
t
ingandd
ra
inagewh
ichdono
ty
ie
ldare
su
r
fa
ceda
rea
–webe
l
ie
veth
is
typeo
fspend
ingha
srep
re
sen
tedanin
c
rea
s
ingp
ropo
r
t
iono
ftheto
ta
l
.TheAgen
cy
’sowne
s
t
ima
teo
f
spend
ingonre
su
r
fa
c
ingpe
rsqua
re me
t
ret
rea
tedind
ica
te
sanin
c
rea
seo
f17%abo
vegene
ra
lp
r
ice
in
f
la
t
ionbe
tween2004
/05and2008
/09
,bu
ttheNAOwa
sno
tab
letofu
l
lyva
l
ida
teth
ise
s
t
ima
te
.
F
igu
re4:To
ta
lcos
to
froadrenewa
lsac
t
iv
i
type
rsqua
re me
t
reo
fresu
r
fac
ing
,ad
jus
tedfo
rgene
ra
lin
f
la
t
ion
(2002
/03
2008
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22
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• Ther
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23
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In
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ra
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24
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26
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te
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v
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ludedtha
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“
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sedone
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romcompa
r
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sw
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tho
the
rin
f
ra
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t
ru
c
tu
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ren
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li
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yo
frunn
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s mo
s
t
impo
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tan
tp
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so
fe
conom
icin
f
ra
s
t
ru
c
tu
re
.Th
i
si
sbe
cau
se
:
• the
rea
rein
su
f
f
i
c
ien
tsu
s
ta
inedande
x
te
rna
lp
re
s
su
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sontheAgen
c
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in
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sp
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;
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ima
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cea
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two
r
k
managemen
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,wh
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le
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s
t
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ran
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to
in
cen
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i
ve
s
27
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len
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tome
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28
qua
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5
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Bene
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rthedome
s
t
ic UKw
idesupp
lycha
in
We
ta
kethe
se
intu
rnbe
low
.
Imp
ro
v
inge
f
f
ic
ien
cyandva
luefo
r mone
y
5
.3
.2 TheH
ighwa
y
s Agen
cyp
lan
si
tss
cheme
sonava
lue managemen
tba
s
is
.Ino
rde
rtode
ve
lopa
robu
s
tp
rog
rammeo
f wo
r
kstha
t ma
ke
sbe
s
tu
se o
ffund
ingto mee
tc
r
i
t
i
ca
l ne
two
r
kneed
s
,the
H
ighwa
y
s Agen
cy ope
ra
te
s as
t
r
ic
ts
cheme de
ve
lopmen
t andfund
ing p
ro
ce
s
s(pa
r
t
icu
la
r
lyfo
r
renewa
lsandsma
l
le
rs
cheme
s
)ba
sedonana
t
iona
lp
r
io
r
i
t
isa
t
iono
fe
v
iden
cedneed
.A
l
ls
cheme
s
de
l
ive
rva
luefo
r mone
yw
i
th
inthecu
r
ren
t go
ve
rnan
cef
ramewo
r
ktha
tthe HA ope
ra
te and wo
r
k
unde
r
.
5
.3
.3 Howe
ve
r
,a
stheea
r
l
ie
rd
is
cu
s
s
ionsh
igh
l
igh
t,the
rea
rearangeo
fpo
ten
t
ia
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fo
rmstha
tcou
ld
he
lpimp
ro
vetheH
ighwa
y
sAgen
cy
’sab
i
l
i
tytod
r
ivee
f
f
ic
ien
cyandva
luefo
r mone
yfu
r
the
r
. Ma
k
ing
theroad
sope
ra
to
r mo
re
independen
tthantheHAisa
tp
re
sen
tcou
ldhe
lptoengende
racomme
r
c
ia
l
andlongte
rmapp
roa
chto manag
ingtheroad
s
.Be
ingc
lo
se
rtothecomme
r
c
ia
l ma
r
ke
ti
tope
ra
te
s
in
andta
k
inga
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roa
chto manag
ingtheSRNa
rebo
thke
ytothecompan
yrea
l
is
ingthe
e
f
f
ic
ien
c
ie
sen
v
isagedintheCoo
kRe
v
iew.There
po
r
tre
commendedtha
tthego
ve
rnmen
tshou
ld
:
27
CookRe
v
iew
,p
.65
.
28
Th
is
iscon
s
is
ten
tw
i
thIn
f
ra
s
t
ru
c
tu
reUK
’sCos
tRe
v
iewCh
a
r
te
r
,pub
l
ished
inJune2011
.
17
“…
re
fo
rmthes
ta
tu
so
fthene
two
r
k manage
rino
rde
rtop
ro
v
ideaca
ta
l
y
s
tfo
rchange
,sotha
t
i
tcan
ope
ra
tew
i
th mo
rece
r
ta
in
t
yin
i
t
sfund
ingse
t
t
lemen
t
s
,g
rea
te
rcomme
r
c
ia
lf
le
x
ib
i
l
i
t
y
,and
le
s
s
29
m
in
is
te
r
ia
l
in
te
r
ven
t
iononada
yto
da
yope
ra
t
iona
lba
s
i
s
”.
5
.3
.4 Thetab
lebe
lowsumma
r
ise
sthes
copeo
fthe
sepo
s
s
ib
lere
fo
rmswh
i
chwegoontoa
s
se
s
sthe
e
v
iden
cefo
r
.
Tab
le2
: Re
fo
rmop
t
ions
A
reao
f
re
fo
rm
Road
In
ve
s
tmen
t
S
t
ra
teg
y
Spec
i
f
icre
fo
rmsposs
ib
le
Reasonth
iscou
ldenab
leimp
rovemen
t
S
ta
temen
to
fa
va
i
lab
lefundsfo
r
ag
ivennumbe
ro
fyea
rs.
Pe
r
fo
rman
cespe
c
i
f
ica
t
ion
,
in
c
lud
ing
iden
t
i
f
ica
t
iono
f
s
cheme
stobede
l
ive
red
.
Endyea
rf
le
x
ib
i
l
i
ty.
Fund
ingce
r
ta
in
tyandin
ve
s
tmen
tp
lann
ingce
r
ta
in
ty
,
enab
l
ingbene
f
i
tsf
romlongte
rmfo
cu
sandle
s
s
f
inan
c
ia
lr
is
kbo
rneb
ysupp
l
ie
r
s
.
En
cou
rageg
rea
te
rinno
va
t
ioninsupp
lycha
in
Wo
r
ks
chedu
leda
tapp
rop
r
ia
tet
ime
so
ftheyea
r
.
Avo
id
ingp
re
s
su
retospendbudge
tinyea
r,a
l
low
ing
imp
ro
vedp
lann
ing
.
Be
t
te
ra
l
ignedw
i
thfu
l
ll
i
fea
s
se
t managemen
t
.
Mon
i
to
ring
Ab
i
l
i
tyto mo
vep
ro
je
c
tsbe
tweenyea
r
swhe
re
i
tw
i
l
l
ma
x
im
ise e
f
f
ic
ien
cy
.
Su
s
ta
inedp
re
s
su
retoa
ch
ie
veva
luefo
r mone
yw
i
th
independen
tregu
la
t
ionandben
chma
r
k
ingo
fco
s
t
pe
r
fo
rman
ceandde
l
ive
ry.
Es
tab
l
ishmen
to
famon
i
to
r
ing
andregu
la
to
r
yfun
c
t
ionto
s
c
ru
t
in
iseandcha
l
lenge
compan
y
’sco
s
ts
,pe
r
fo
rman
ce
andde
l
ive
ry.
Roadu
se
r
Bod
yappo
in
tedtorep
re
sen
tthe Pub
l
ishrepo
r
tsandad
v
isego
ve
rnmen
tandthe
wa
tchdog
in
te
re
s
tso
froadu
se
r
s
.
compan
y
,he
lp
ingtoa
l
igncompan
y
’sob
je
c
t
ive
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i
th
roadu
se
r
s
’in
te
re
s
ts
.
In
s
t
i
tu
t
iona
l Re
fo
rmspo
s
s
ib
le
inava
r
ie
tyo
f Qu
icke
rs
igno
f
fp
ro
cedu
re
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iv
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ro
ved
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s
t
ra
in
ts
a
rea
s
:
re
la
t
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sh
ipw
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thsupp
lycha
in
,pa
r
t
icu
l
a
r
lyon ma
jo
r
p
r
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e
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t
s
a
n
d
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
p
r
o
c
e
d
u
r
e
s
.
unde
rcen
t
ra
l• F
inan
c
ia
lde
lega
t
ion
sand
con
t
ro
ls
f
le
x
ib
i
l
i
t
ie
s
A
t
t
ra
c
t
ingandre
ta
in
ingspe
c
ia
l
iseds
ta
f
f
;pa
r
t
icu
la
r
ly
• Ma
jo
rp
ro
je
c
tsand
inp
ro
je
c
t managemen
tandcomme
r
c
ia
lp
ro
cu
remen
t
.
p
rog
ramme
sapp
ro
va
l
Po
ten
t
ia
ls
copetoin
c
rea
seu
seo
f
pe
r
fo
rman
ce
• Re
c
ru
i
tmen
tandrewa
rd
re
la
tedpa
ybe
lowboa
rdle
ve
l
.De
c
rea
sedre
l
ian
ceon
29
CookRe
v
iew
,p
.73
.
18
• Co
rpo
ra
tespend
ing
in
te
r
ims
ta
f
f
.
Po
ten
t
ia
lt
imeandco
s
tsa
v
ing
s
inupg
rad
ingIT
,
t
ra
in
ingandva
r
iousa
rea
so
fp
ro
cu
remen
t
.
O
the
r
in
s
t
i
tu
t
iona
l
con
s
t
ra
in
ts
S
ta
tu
to
r
ypowe
r
sanddu
t
ie
s.
A mo
recomme
r
c
ia
l
lyfo
cu
sed
andindependen
tgo
ve
rnan
ce
s
t
ru
c
tu
recou
ldbe
in
t
rodu
ced
.
C
lea
rdema
r
ca
t
iono
fro
le
sbe
tweengo
ve
rnmen
tand
theda
y
to
da
yope
ra
t
ion
s
,g
iv
ingt
ran
spa
ren
cyo
f
p
ro
ce
s
s
.Th
isshou
ldenab
le
imp
ro
vedre
la
t
ionsh
ips
w
i
ththesupp
lycha
in
,a
sthenewbod
yw
i
l
l managei
ts
con
t
ra
c
tsandre
la
t
ion
sh
ip
soni
tsownau
tho
r
i
ty
.
Po
ten
t
ia
lt
imeandco
s
tsa
v
ing
sf
romqu
i
cke
rde
c
is
ion
ma
k
ing.
D
is
c
ip
l
ine
sf
romcomme
r
c
ia
lgo
ve
rnan
cef
ramewo
r
k
unde
rtheCompan
ie
sAc
tw
i
l
l
imp
ro
vepe
r
fo
rman
ce
and ma
ke
independen
cec
red
ib
le
,ra
is
ingthe
compan
y
’spub
l
i
cp
ro
f
i
leandimp
ro
v
ingsupp
l
ie
r
con
f
iden
ce
inlong
te
rmin
ve
s
tmen
tp
lansandfund
ing
.
5
.3
.5 There
fo
rmscou
ldbecomb
inedin mo
rethanonewa
y
;howe
ve
rthe
rea
re
in
te
r
re
la
t
ion
sh
ip
s
be
tween man
yo
fthemea
su
re
s(
fo
re
xamp
le
,fo
rleg
is
la
t
ionunde
rp
inn
ingfund
ingce
r
ta
in
tytode
l
ive
r
e
f
f
ic
ien
c
ie
s
,long
te
rmp
lan
s mu
s
tbec
red
ib
letosupp
l
ie
r
sandtheope
ra
to
r mu
s
te
x
t
ra
c
tsa
v
ing
s
wheni
ttende
r
s
.O
r
,mo
ree
xpe
r
ien
cedcomme
r
c
ia
l manage
rswou
ldbeab
letoa
ch
ie
ve mo
re
inan
o
rgan
isa
t
ionw
i
thfund
ingce
r
ta
in
tyandf
le
x
ib
i
l
i
tythanw
i
thou
t
),the
re
fo
reweha
vet
rea
tedthe
se
re
fo
rmsa
soneop
t
ionfo
rthepu
rpo
se
so
fth
is
impa
c
ta
s
se
s
smen
t
,ana
ly
s
ingthes
ca
leo
fne
tbene
f
i
ts
there
fo
rmp
re
sen
tsandwhe
the
rleg
is
la
t
ion ma
x
im
ise
sthem
.
5
.3
.6 Were
v
iewedthee
v
iden
ceandf
oundpo
ten
t
ia
lsa
v
ing
s,a
si
l
lu
s
t
ra
tedinthecha
r
tbe
low
.The
H
ighwa
y
sAgen
cya
imstode
l
ive
rs
ign
i
f
ic
an
te
f
f
ic
ien
c
ie
se
veni
fre
fo
rmdoe
sno
thappen
;thecen
t
ra
l
e
s
t
ima
teo
fthe
se
isshownb
ytheg
reen(
top
)po
r
t
iono
ftheba
rs
.Howe
ve
r
,the
re
issomeun
ce
r
ta
in
ty
o
ve
rthefea
s
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i
l
i
tyo
fthe
sesa
v
ing
s
,andpa
ss
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fo
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c
rea
sethe
l
ike
l
ihoodthe
yw
i
l
l
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l
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f
le
c
tth
is
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rh
ighe
s
t
ima
teo
ftherangeo
fe
f
f
ic
ien
c
ie
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fo
rmscou
ldde
l
ive
r
.
These
cond
,pu
rp
le
,po
r
t
iono
ftheba
rsshowsthee
f
f
ic
ien
c
ie
stha
tleg
is
la
te
dce
r
ta
in
tyo
f
in
ve
s
tmen
t
p
lan
sandf
le
x
ib
i
l
i
tyo
ffund
ingise
xpe
c
tedtoma
kepo
s
s
ib
le
.Thebo
t
tom
,b
lue
,po
r
t
iono
ftheba
rs
showsthean
t
ic
ipa
tedspend
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l
low
ingthere
fo
rms
.Be
lowwee
xp
la
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iden
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rthe
se
e
s
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ima
te
s
.
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igu
re6
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ighwaysAgencyan
t
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ipa
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ima
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ic
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ies-cen
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Sou
r
ce
:H
ighwa
ysAgen
cyandD
fT
Compan
yf
ramewo
r
kands
ta
tu
s
5
.3
.7 A
f
te
rre
v
iew
ingthee
v
iden
ceo
fthep
rob
lemstheH
ighwa
y
sAgen
cycu
r
ren
t
l
yfa
ce
s
,A
c
t
ionfo
r
Road
sandtheCoo
kRe
v
iew sugge
s
tedtha
tthee
s
tab
l
ishmen
to
fan
ewbod
y–a
‘go
ve
rnmen
townedcompan
y
’–wou
lda
l
lowfo
r anin
s
t
i
tu
t
iona
ls
t
ru
c
tu
rewh
i
chwou
ldbe
t
te
rd
r
ivee
f
f
ic
ien
c
ie
s
.
5
.3
.8 TheHAcu
r
ren
t
lyope
ra
te
sunde
rane
xe
cu
t
iveagen
cyf
ramewo
r
kw
i
thcen
t
ra
lcon
t
ro
lso
ve
ri
ts
go
ve
rnan
ce
.Wh
i
ls
tc
rea
t
ingacompan
ythe
reis
anoppo
r
tun
i
tytoa
s
se
s
stheop
t
ima
lgo
ve
rnan
ce
s
t
ru
c
tu
retoa
l
lowacomme
r
c
ia
lcu
l
tu
rechangeba
sedong
rea
te
rindependen
cef
rom m
in
is
te
r
s
.We
ha
vede
te
rm
inedago
ve
rnan
cef
ramewo
r
kde
s
ignedtop
ro
v
ideth
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.Th
is
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ledonpage
s2129
o
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ighwa
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.3
.9 Unde
rthes
ta
tu
squo
,theHAha
store
fe
rde
c
is
ionma
k
inga
tva
r
iou
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le
ve
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in
is
te
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,be
cau
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e
xe
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t
iveagen
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ie
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l
lf
i
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spon
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i
l
i
tyo
f theSe
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re
ta
r
yo
fS
ta
te
.C
rea
t
inga
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l
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ro
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ide
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iono
fthene
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r
kope
ra
to
rf
romtheSe
c
re
ta
r
yo
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ta
te
.Th
is
is
seena
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ce
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r
yf
i
r
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ts
tepinbu
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reo
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W
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re
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f–wh
i
chinp
ra
c
t
i
ce mean
stha
ta
l
lde
c
is
ionma
k
ingis
dom
ina
tedb
ythe m
in
is
te
r
’sre
spon
s
ib
i
l
i
ty
.
5
.3
.10Theboa
rdo
fa
lega
l
lysepa
ra
tecompan
ywou
ldbefu
l
lya
ccoun
tab
lefo
rmee
t
ingthepe
r
fo
rman
ce
spe
c
i
f
ica
t
ionintheR
IS
,andi
twou
ldbepe
r
ce
iveda
ssu
chb
yroadu
se
rsandthecompan
y
’s
supp
l
ie
r
s
.T
heAgen
cywou
ldthenbe
in
cen
t
iv
isedandcha
l
lengedtoa
c
tmo
re l
ik
eaninno
va
t
ive
,
comme
r
c
ia
l
ly
fo
cu
sedin
f
ra
s
t
ru
c
tu
rep
ro
v
ide
r
,c
lo
se
rto
i
ts ma
r
ke
tandfo
cu
sedontheneed
so
fthe
ne
two
r
k
.I
twou
ldbe mo
red
i
f
f
icu
l
tfo
rWh
i
teha
l
l tod
i
re
c
tthecompan
yto ma
ked
is
rup
t
ivechange
sto
ag
reedcon
t
ra
c
tua
lou
tpu
tsintheR
IS
w
i
thou
ta ma
jo
r
,t
ran
spa
ren
tandp
ro
t
ra
c
tedre
v
iewo
ftheR
IS
andthefund
ing
.Th
iswou
ldbeanimpo
r
tan
timp
ro
vemen
to
ve
rthes
ta
tu
squo
,whe
rego
ve
rnmen
t
d
i
re
c
tstheHAc
lo
se
ly
, mean
ingi
tha
stoa
c
tonarangeo
fcompe
t
ingpo
l
i
t
i
ca
lp
re
s
su
re
s
,wh
i
cha
l
te
r
i
tsapp
roa
chtone
two
r
k managemen
tona
nunp
red
ic
tab
leba
s
isandwou
ld ma
kethebene
f
i
tso
fa
long
te
rmapp
roa
chd
i
f
f
icu
l
ttorea
l
ise
.
5
.3
.11The
independen
ceanda
ccoun
tab
i
l
i
tyde
s
c
r
ibedabo
vea
rene
ce
ssa
r
yf
i
r
s
ts
tep
s
inbu
i
ld
inga
w
ide
rcu
l
tu
reo
f
independen
ce
.Thep
r
io
r
i
t
ie
so
ftheboa
rdw
i
l
lbec
lo
se
rtotho
seo
facomme
r
c
ia
l
30
Depa
r
tmen
tfo
rT
ran
spo
r
t
,
‘Gove
rnmen
tre
spon
setocon
su
l
ta
t
ionon
t
ran
s
fo
rm
ingtheH
ighwa
y
sAgen
cyin
toagove
rnmen
townedcompan
y’
,
Ap
r
i
l2014
,h
t
tps
:
/
/www
.gov
.u
k
/gove
rnmen
t
/
spee
che
s
/gove
rnmen
tre
spon
se
to
con
su
l
ta
t
ion
ont
ran
s
fo
rm
in
g
th
e
h
ighwa
y
sagen
cyin
to
-a
gove
rnmen
townedcompan
y.
20
bu
s
ine
ss
:fo
cu
sedon
lyonde
l
ive
r
yandco
s
ts
,w
i
thc
lea
re
xpe
c
ta
t
ionsandpe
r
fo
rman
ce
ind
ica
to
r
sse
t
b
y
i
tsc
l
ien
twh
ichha
vetobe me
ttore
ce
iverewa
rd
.G
rea
te
rope
ra
t
iona
lf
le
x
ib
i
l
i
tyw
i
l
la
lsoenab
lethe
compan
ytoa
l
igni
tsp
ra
c
t
i
ce
sw
i
ththo
seo
f
i
tssupp
l
ie
r
s
,c
rea
t
ingg
rea
te
rs
copefo
rinno
va
t
ion
.
5
.3
.12Afu
r
the
rbene
f
i
to
fthet
ranspa
ren
cyo
ftheR
ISandthere
spon
s
ib
i
l
i
tyo
f mee
t
ingi
tre
s
id
ingf
i
rm
ly
w
i
ththecompan
y
’sd
i
re
c
to
r
sistha
tthecompan
ywou
ldope
ra
tew
i
thac
lea
rfo
cu
son ma
in
ta
in
inga
goodrepu
ta
t
ionw
i
throadu
se
r
sandw
i
thne
ighbou
r
stothene
two
r
k
,andi
twou
ldope
ra
tew
i
th
sha
rpe
rf
inan
c
ia
lbeha
v
iou
ra
s
i
tsough
tto
inno
va
tetoredu
ceo
rremo
veco
s
t(p
re
s
su
recom
ingf
rom
awa
tchdogandthego
ve
rnmen
ta
ssha
reho
lde
r
)
.Bypub
l
ish
ingtheR
ISanden
su
r
ingtha
tthe
pe
r
fo
rman
ceande
f
f
ic
ien
cyo
fthecompan
yaga
in
s
tth
is
is
independen
t
lya
sse
s
sedb
ytheS
t
ra
teg
ic
Road
sNe
two
r
k Mon
i
to
r
,thecompan
ywou
ldbet
ran
spa
ren
t
lya
ndpub
l
ica
l
lyre
spon
s
ib
lefo
ri
tsown
pe
r
fo
rman
ceandde
l
ive
ry
.Thecompan
ywou
ldthenbed
i
re
c
t
lya
ccoun
tab
letothe mon
i
to
r –whow
i
l
l
ha
ves
ta
tu
to
r
ypowe
r
stosan
c
t
ionthecompan
yfo
rpoo
rpe
r
fo
rman
ce –a
swe
l
la
stotheSe
c
re
ta
ryo
f
S
ta
tea
stheso
lesha
reho
lde
rinthecompan
y
.TheCha
i
rman
,Ch
ie
fExe
cu
t
iveandtheBoa
rdwou
ld
ha
vec
lea
rpe
r
sona
la
ccoun
tab
i
l
i
tyandintheca
seo
ftheCha
i
rmanandCEO
,ah
ighe
rpub
l
i
cp
ro
f
i
le
thanistheca
senow
.The
ywou
ldthe
re
fo
rebesub
je
c
ttofa
rg
rea
te
rpub
l
icp
re
ssu
retode
l
ive
ra
be
t
te
rope
ra
t
ingne
two
r
ka
tgenu
ine
ly
lowe
run
i
tco
s
t
.
5
.3
.13I
ftheindependen
cef
romgo
ve
rnmen
tisno
tseena
sc
red
ib
le
b
ythecompan
ie
s
inthesupp
ly
cha
in
,the
re
isas
t
rongr
is
ktha
tl
i
t
t
lechangew
i
l
lbepe
r
ce
ivedf
romthep
re
sen
ta
r
rang
emen
t.Th
is
wou
ld meantha
tthesa
v
ing
se
xpe
c
tedf
romg
rea
te
rcomm
i
tmen
ttoope
ra
t
iona
l ma
t
te
r
sand
e
f
f
ic
ien
cyw
i
l
lno
tberea
l
isedtoan
y
th
ingl
ikethesamee
x
ten
t
,a
sthe
sere
lyone
f
f
ic
ien
c
ie
sse
cu
red
b
ysupp
l
ie
r
sp
lann
inga
c
t
iv
i
tyo
ve
rlonge
rpe
r
iod
s
.
T
ran
s
fe
ro
fs
ta
tuto
r
ydu
t
ie
stothenewgo
ve
rnmen
townedcompan
y
5
.3
.14Anewdeg
reeo
fope
ra
t
iona
lindependen
cef
rom m
in
is
te
r
scou
ldbea
ch
ie
vedb
yse
t
t
ingupthe
Agen
cya
sah
ighwa
yau
tho
r
i
tyunde
rtheH
ighwa
y
sAc
t(ando
the
rre
le
van
tleg
is
la
t
ion
)ino
rde
rto
t
ran
s
fe
rapp
rop
r
ia
tepowe
rsf
romtheSe
c
re
ta
r
yo
fS
ta
tetothecompan
y
,remo
v
ingm
in
is
te
r
ia
l
app
ro
va
lf
romsome
la
ye
r
so
fthede
c
is
ionma
k
ingp
ro
ce
ss
. Thecompan
ywou
ldha
vethepowe
r
s
andindependen
cene
ce
ssa
r
ytode
l
ive
rtheR
IS(o
ve
randabo
vethegene
ra
ldu
t
ie
sandob
l
iga
t
ion
s
tha
twou
ldbet
ran
s
fe
r
redto ma
in
ta
inandenhan
cethes
t
ra
teg
icroadne
two
r
k
)
.Thebod
ywou
ldbe
ab
letop
lanina mo
res
tab
leenv
i
ronmen
t
,speedupda
yto
da
yope
ra
t
ion
s
,anda
l
igni
ts
in
te
rna
l
p
ro
ce
s
se
s mo
rec
lo
se
lytotha
to
fthesupp
ly ma
r
ke
ti
tope
ra
te
s
in
.
5
.3
.15Ontheo
the
rhand
,theSe
c
re
ta
r
yo
fS
ta
tew
i
l
lno
longe
rbed
i
re
c
t
ly
l
iab
lefo
rthe managemen
to
f
a
f
fe
c
tedroads
.Th
is mean
shew
i
l
lbeab
letocon
cen
t
ra
teonde
ve
lop
ingsu
cce
s
s
ivepe
r
fo
rman
ce
ind
ica
to
r
sandshap
ingas
t
r
a
teg
icd
i
re
c
t
ionfo
rthecompan
y
,w
i
thou
tneed
ingtobecon
ce
rnedabou
t
theta
c
t
i
ca
l managemen
to
fthene
two
r
k
.A
tthesamet
ime
,
i
t
isre
cogn
isedtha
tu
l
t
ima
tepo
l
i
t
ica
l
re
spons
ib
i
l
i
tyw
i
l
lrema
inw
i
ththeSe
c
re
ta
r
yo
fS
ta
tefo
rT
ran
spo
r
t
,a
s
istheca
sew
i
tha
l
lt
ran
spo
r
t
mode
s
.
5
.3
.16The
rew
i
l
l
,howe
ve
r
,beaneedtop
la
cesomecon
t
ro
lo
ve
rhowthecompan
yspend
sthepub
l
ic
mone
yb
ywh
i
ch
i
tw
i
l
lbefunded.Inth
iss
t
ru
c
tu
r
e
,th
iswou
ldbede
l
ive
redinse
ve
ra
lwa
y
s
:
•b
ytheDepa
r
tmen
tfo
rT
ran
spo
r
tse
t
t
ingaRoadIn
ve
s
tmen
tS
t
ra
teg
yw
i
thas
ta
temen
to
ff
und
s
ava
i
lab
le
;con
s
ide
ra
t
iono
ftheva
luefo
rmone
yo
fmo
s
t ma
jo
rs
cheme
s wou
ldbe madea
tth
is
s
tage
,a
swe
l
la
sfund
ingfo
rre
sou
r
ceandco
rpo
ra
tespend
ing
.
•b
yanews
t
ru
c
tu
refo
ra
ccoun
tab
i
l
i
ty–th
iswou
ldin
c
ludethes
t
ru
c
tu
reunde
r wh
ichthere
fo
rmed
H
ighwa
y
sAgen
cycou
ld ma
kede
c
is
ion
sabou
tind
iv
idua
lin
ve
s
tmen
ts
in
c
lud
ingwhe
re
re
spons
ib
i
l
i
tyfo
rtheva
lueo
f mone
yo
fspend
ingwou
ldnowl
ie
;and
• re
ta
in
ingsomed
i
re
c
tcon
t
ro
lswhe
rene
ce
s
sa
r
ytoen
su
rep
ub
l
ic mone
y
isu
sedapp
rop
r
ia
te
ly(
see
be
low
)
.
21
Re
la
xa
t
iono
fcen
t
ra
lgo
ve
rnmen
tcon
t
ro
ls
5
.3
.17Inthecon
te
x
to
fbe
inganagen
cyo
fago
ve
rnmen
tdepa
r
tmen
t
,con
s
t
ra
in
tsa
rep
la
cedonan
o
rgan
isa
t
ion
’sab
i
l
i
tytocompe
tew
i
thp
r
iva
tese
c
to
rcompe
t
i
to
r
s(
fo
re
xamp
lefo
rs
ta
f
f
)andtore
spond
qu
ick
lytocomme
r
c
ia
lcha
l
lenge
s
.
5
.3
.18Asc
iv
i
lse
r
v
iceo
rgan
isa
t
ions
,e
xe
cu
t
iveagen
c
ie
sfa
cefu
r
the
rcon
s
t
ra
in
tsonthe
i
rope
ra
t
iona
l
de
c
is
ion
s
,pa
r
t
icu
la
r
ly
inte
rmso
fhumanre
sou
r
c
ingde
c
is
ion
s
.As membe
r
so
fthec
iv
i
lse
rv
ice
,HA
s
ta
f
fha
vethesamecond
i
t
ion
so
fse
r
v
icea
scen
t
ra
ldepa
r
tmen
ts
.Th
iscan meantha
ti
t
is mo
re
d
i
f
f
icu
l
tfo
r managemen
ttoa
ch
ie
veg
rea
te
re
f
f
ic
ien
c
ie
s
ini
tss
ta
f
fco
s
ts
,and managemen
tw
i
l
lha
ve
le
s
sf
le
x
ib
i
l
i
ty
ina
l
te
r
ingin
cen
t
ives
t
ru
c
tu
re
s
totheneedso
fthebu
s
ine
ss
.Fu
r
the
rmo
re
,c
iv
i
lse
r
v
ice
remune
ra
t
ionle
ve
lsa
re mo
rere
s
t
r
ic
tedthantho
seope
ra
t
inginthecomme
r
c
ia
lse
c
to
r
, ma
k
ingi
t
mo
red
i
f
f
icu
l
ttore
c
ru
i
tm
idd
leandsen
io
r manage
r
sw
i
thapp
ropr
ia
tee
xpe
r
ien
ceandte
chn
ica
l
e
xpe
r
tise
.Compan
ie
sc
la
ss
i
f
iedtocen
t
ra
lgo
ve
rnmen
t
,l
ikee
xe
cu
t
iveagenc
ie
s
,ope
ra
tew
i
th
in
l
im
i
ts
onse
t
t
ingpa
yfo
rthe
i
rs
ta
f
f
.
5
.3
.19 Anumbe
ro
fAgen
cysen
io
r managemen
tande
x
te
rna
ls
ta
keho
lde
rsin
te
r
v
iewedb
ytheCoo
k
Re
v
iewteama
rguedtha
tcen
t
ra
lgo
ve
rnmen
tcon
s
t
ra
in
ts
inh
ib
i
ttheab
i
l
i
tyo
ftheAgen
cytoope
ra
te
a
se
f
f
ic
ien
t
lya
spo
s
s
ib
le
,g
iventha
ti
tsp
r
ima
r
yfo
cu
s
isonin
te
ra
c
t
ingw
i
ththep
r
iva
tese
c
to
r
. Wh
i
le
i
t
isd
i
f
f
icu
l
ttoquan
t
i
f
ythe
impa
c
to
fthe
se
,someke
ycon
s
t
ra
in
tswe
re
iden
t
i
f
iedo
ve
r:
• ab
i
l
i
tytoa
t
t
ra
c
tandre
ta
incomme
r
c
ia
lta
len
tinthe
in
f
ra
s
t
ru
c
tu
rese
c
to
r
.Theremune
ra
t
iono
f
spe
c
ia
l
iseds
ta
f
f–su
cha
seng
inee
r
s
,con
t
ra
c
t manage
r
sanda
sse
t manage
r
s–compa
re
spoo
r
ly
w
i
thp
r
iva
tese
c
to
rcompa
ra
to
r
s
,andthe
re
isre
la
t
ive
lyl
i
t
t
leu
seo
fpe
r
fo
rman
ce
re
la
tedpa
y
,
l
im
i
t
ingtheab
i
l
i
tyo
fthesponso
rto
in
cen
t
iv
ise manage
r
ia
lpe
r
fo
rman
cea
sasub
s
t
i
tu
tefo
ra
sha
reho
lde
rp
ro
f
i
t mo
t
ive
;
•f
le
x
ib
i
l
i
ty
in manag
inghumanre
sou
r
ce
s
,pa
r
t
icu
la
r
ly
in ma
k
ingre
spon
s
iveope
ra
t
iona
lde
c
is
ion
s
i
n
t
ra
f
f
ic managemen
t
,wh
ichcompa
re
spoo
r
lytop
r
iva
tese
c
to
rcompa
ra
to
r
ssu
cha
stheRAC
,
ba
sedonin
te
rna
lben
chma
r
k
ingo
fp
ro
cedu
re;
• theab
i
l
i
tytode
ve
lops
k
i
l
ls
intheAgen
cy
,pa
r
t
icu
la
r
ly
inse
cu
r
ingt
ra
in
ingfo
rco
recompe
ten
c
ie
s
su
cha
sa
s
se
t mana
gemen
t
;
• ab
i
l
i
tytop
romo
tecu
l
tu
rechange
,in
c
lud
inga mo
recomme
r
c
ia
lcu
l
tu
re
;and
• pe
r
ce
ivedwa
s
tageo
fre
sou
r
ce
sth
roughbu
reau
c
ra
t
iccon
t
ro
ls
,in
c
lud
ingdup
l
ica
t
iono
fgo
ve
rnan
ce
a
r
rangemen
ts
.
5
.3
.20C
iv
i
lse
r
v
iceo
rgan
isa
t
ion
sa
lsoha
vetore
spondtoo
the
rcen
t
ra
lpo
l
icy
in
i
t
ia
t
ive
s
,wh
i
ch ma
y
in
some
in
s
tan
ce
scon
s
t
ra
inthef
le
x
ib
i
l
i
tyo
fthe
i
rcomme
r
c
ia
lde
c
is
ion
ma
k
ingandthe
i
rfo
cu
son
de
l
ive
r
ingthe
i
rco
rebu
s
ine
ss
.H
ighwa
y
sAgen
cyboa
rd membe
r
s
in
te
r
v
iewedb
ytheCoo
kRe
v
iew
teamiden
t
i
f
iedbu
reau
c
ra
cyandde
la
ysa
roundde
c
is
ion
soncon
su
l
tan
cyspend
ingandITp
ro
je
c
tsa
s
acon
s
t
ra
in
tonthe
i
rab
i
l
i
tyto ma
kere
spon
s
ivecomme
r
c
ia
lde
c
is
ion
s
.Fo
re
xamp
le
:
• theAgen
cyde
l
ive
rs
i
tsou
tcome
sth
roughthesupp
lycha
in
,andi
t
isrou
t
inep
ra
c
t
icetoou
tsou
r
ce
te
chn
ica
lse
r
v
ice
ssu
cha
sde
s
ign
,spe
c
ia
l
is
tad
v
iceandcon
s
t
ru
c
t
iona
c
t
iv
i
t
ie
s
.TheAgen
cy
e
s
t
ima
te
stha
ti
tcu
r
ren
t
lysu
f
fe
rssomef
ivewee
k
so
fadd
i
t
iona
lde
la
yfo
ranumbe
ro
fthe
se
de
c
is
ion
swh
ichha
vetobere
fe
r
redtotheD
fTfo
rapp
ro
va
l
;and
• theAgen
cy
’sp
ro
cu
remen
tp
ro
ce
s
sfo
ro
f
f
iceba
sedITse
r
v
ice
s
iscen
t
ra
ltothee
f
fe
c
t
iveope
ra
t
ion
andthe
re
fo
rep
rog
rammede
l
ive
r
y
.Th
ise
lemen
trep
re
sen
ts
le
ssthan1%o
fp
rog
rammespendbu
t
thein
te
rna
lapp
ro
va
lp
ro
ce
s
se
styp
ica
l
lyaddbe
tweense
ve
ra
lwee
k
sandse
ve
ra
l mon
th
sto
p
rog
ramme
sa
srequ
i
remen
tsa
rec
la
r
i
f
ied
.
5
.3
.21I
t
ispo
s
s
ib
letha
tthecompan
ycou
ldbeg
iven mo
ref
reedoma
roundce
r
ta
incon
t
ro
lswhe
rethe
re
isac
lea
rca
sefo
ri
t
,de
sp
i
tebe
ingc
la
s
s
i
f
iedtocen
t
ra
lgo
ve
rnmen
t.Th
iswou
ldremo
vesomeo
fthe
co
s
tsde
s
c
r
ibedabo
veanda
l
lowthecompan
ytocompe
tefo
ri
tss
ta
f
f
inthesame ma
r
ke
tp
la
cea
s
i
ts
supp
l
ie
r
s
,a
swe
l
la
sse
ti
tsowns
t
ru
c
tu
re
sfo
rin
cen
t
iv
is
ingpe
r
fo
rman
ce
,wh
ichshou
ldleadto
lowe
r
co
s
tsth
rough mo
ree
f
f
ic
ien
t managemen
to
fp
ro
je
c
tsandbe
t
te
rcon
t
ra
c
tnego
t
ia
t
ionand
managemen
t
.A
lso,i
tw
ou
ldremo
veunne
ce
s
sa
r
yde
la
y
sduetodup
l
ica
t
ivela
ye
r
s
inde
c
is
ion
ma
k
ing
p
ro
ce
s
se
s
,fo
cu
s
ingthea
ccoun
tab
i
l
i
tyfo
rspeedandpe
r
fo
rman
ceon manage
r
stotheboa
rdandon
22
theboa
rdtoth
eowne
r(
theSe
c
re
ta
r
yo
fS
ta
te
)
.Fu
r
the
rwo
r
kw
i
l
lbeunde
r
ta
kentoe
s
tab
l
ishthe mo
s
t
idea
lcon
t
ro
la
r
rangemen
ts.
5
.3
.22On
cee
s
tab
l
isheda
sou
ts
ideo
fthec
iv
i
lse
r
v
ice,thecompan
yw
i
l
lbeab
letore
c
ru
i
ts
ta
f
f mu
ch
mo
requ
ick
lya
sc
iv
i
lse
r
v
ice re
c
ru
i
tmen
tp
r
in
c
ip
le
sw
i
l
l
no
tapp
lyandthe
re
fo
re
i
tw
i
l
lbeab
leto
re
spondto
i
tsbu
s
ine
s
sneed
sfa
r mo
rerap
id
lythana
tp
re
sen
t
.I
t
isen
v
isagedtha
tthecompan
yw
i
l
l
e
s
tab
l
ishi
tsownHRfun
c
t
ionanda
r
rangemen
tstha
ta
re
independen
to
fthec
iv
i
lse
r
v
ice
.Th
isshou
ld
p
ro
v
idefo
rg
rea
te
rre
spon
s
ivene
s
sandthef
le
x
ib
i
l
i
tytoshapeacu
l
tu
reandbeha
v
iou
r
stha
t
in
cen
t
iv
isepe
r
fo
rman
ceanda
re
con
s
is
ten
tw
i
ththo
sefoundinacomme
r
c
ia
lenv
i
ronmen
t
,sub
je
c
tto
an
ycen
t
ra
lgo
ve
rnmen
tre
s
t
r
ic
tion
s
tha
ta
re ma
in
ta
ined
.
5
.3
.23Th
is mean
stha
tthecompan
ycou
ldbese
tupw
i
ththef
reedomtose
ti
tsownta
len
t managemen
t
s
t
ra
tegyfo
rthere
c
ru
i
tmen
t
,re
ten
t
ion
,rewa
rdandre
lea
seo
fi
ts
s
ta
f
fandcou
ldin
t
rodu
cechange
sto
thecon
t
ra
c
tua
lemp
lo
ymen
tte
rmsandcond
i
t
ion
so
ft
ran
s
fe
r
reds
ta
f
fth
roughtheno
rma
lcou
r
seo
fi
ts
bu
s
ine
ss,sub
je
c
ttocon
su
l
t
ingemp
lo
yee
sandthe
i
rrep
re
sen
ta
t
ive
s
inl
inew
i
themp
lo
ymen
tand
t
rade
sun
ionleg
is
la
t
ion
.Inadd
i
t
ion
,thecompan
ywou
ldbef
reetoh
i
renews
ta
f
fonad
i
f
fe
ren
t
emp
lo
ymen
tcon
tra
c
t
.
Endyea
rf
le
x
ib
i
l
i
t
y
5
.3
.24 A
ss
ta
tedinthede
s
c
r
ip
t
iono
fop
t
ion
s
,thenewcompan
yw
i
l
lha
vetheab
i
l
i
tyto mo
ve10%o
f
i
ts
cap
i
ta
lbudge
tbe
tweenyea
r
s
.Th
is
isne
ce
s
sa
r
ytode
l
ive
rtheR
ISa
si
t mean
sthecompan
yw
i
l
lbe
ab
letop
lanwhens
cheme
sa
reunde
r
ta
kena
c
ro
sstheR
IScy
c
letoen
su
reg
rea
te
s
te
f
f
ic
ien
cy,
con
s
is
ten
tw
i
thou
tcome
srequ
i
redo
f
i
t.Th
isa
lsog
ive
stheHAthef
le
x
ib
i
l
i
tytoa
vo
idthe
‘spendi
to
r
lo
se
i
t
’ men
ta
l
i
tytha
tiso
f
tena
s
so
c
ia
tedw
i
thannua
lbudge
ts
.Th
isa
l
lowsthefo
cu
stobeonthe mo
s
t
e
f
f
ic
ien
tandt
ime
lyde
l
ive
ry
,ra
the
rthani
tha
v
ingtof
i
t
intothef
inan
c
ia
lca
lenda
r
.
5
.3
.25Cu
r
ren
t
lytheHAsu
f
fe
r
sf
romi
tsf
inan
c
ia
lyea
rend
ingju
s
ta
f
te
rthew
in
te
r mon
th
s
,a
sou
t
l
ined
abo
ve
,comb
inedw
i
thune
xpe
c
tedchange
stofund
ing
.Thecomb
inedimpa
c
to
fthe
setwofa
c
to
r
s
mean
stha
tp
lann
ingcanno
tbeunde
r
ta
keno
ve
rtheapp
rop
r
ia
tet
ime
s
ca
leand ma
in
tenan
cewo
r
k
,
e
spe
c
ia
l
lypa
vemen
two
r
k
s
,requ
i
re
sgoodp
lann
ing
.I
tshou
ldta
kea
ccoun
to
fsea
sona
lt
ra
f
f
ic
capa
c
i
tydemand
s
,a
cce
s
srequ
i
remen
ts
,o
the
rad
ja
cen
two
r
k
s
,andspe
c
ia
le
ven
ts
. Wea
the
rs
t
rong
ly
in
f
luen
ce
sthewo
r
kp
rog
rammes
in
cepa
vemen
t ma
te
r
ia
lsa
resu
s
cep
t
ib
letoe
x
t
remetempe
ra
tu
re
s
,
snowandra
in
.Fo
re
xamp
le
,re
su
r
fa
c
ingwo
r
k
scanon
lybee
f
fe
c
t
ive
lyunde
r
ta
kenwhenthe
tempe
ra
tu
re
isabo
ve5deg
ree
sa
sthe ma
te
r
ia
ldoe
sno
tb
indco
r
re
c
t
lya
tlowe
rtempe
ra
tu
re
s
.In
add
i
t
ion
,con
t
ra
c
to
r
sa
reidea
l
ly
requ
i
redtowo
r
ka
tn
igh
tt
imeto m
in
im
ised
is
rup
t
ion
, mean
ingthe
y
a
re mo
reo
f
tenla
y
inga
spha
l
t ma
te
r
ia
lsandcon
c
re
teinve
r
yco
ldcond
i
t
ion
s
.Th
iscou
ldpo
ten
t
ia
l
ly
re
su
l
tintherap
idcoo
l
ingo
fa
spha
l
tanda
rea
so
fa
spha
l
tpa
v
ingw
i
thredu
ceddu
rab
i
l
i
ty
.The
sub
sequen
trepa
i
r
so
fthede
fe
c
t
ivea
rea
swou
ldin
cu
radd
i
t
iona
lco
s
tstotheH
ighwa
y
sAgen
cyand
gene
ra
te mo
ret
ra
f
f
icd
is
rup
t
ion
.Thefu
tu
re ma
in
tenan
cerequ
i
remen
ts
,a
l
thoughno
tquan
t
i
f
ieda
tth
is
s
tage
,cou
ldbeas
ign
i
f
ican
tco
s
to
fw
in
te
rwo
r
k
so
ve
rthe
longte
rm
.
5
.3
.26Thes
lowe
rspeedo
fp
rog
re
s
sdu
r
ingw
in
te
r mon
th
sfo
rthewea
the
rre
la
tedrea
sonsabo
ve
in
cu
r
s
h
ighe
rco
s
ts
,fo
re
xamp
leduetop
lan
tbe
ingle
f
tid
lefo
rpe
r
iod
sawa
i
t
ingwa
rme
rtempe
ra
tu
re
so
r
t
ra
f
f
ic managemen
trequ
i
redfo
rlonge
rpe
r
iod
s
.Adeg
reeo
ff
le
x
ib
i
l
i
ty
inthewa
ytheH
ighwa
y
s
Agen
cy manage
s
i
tsbudge
twou
ldenab
lethemtop
lanthewo
r
ksp
rog
rammeanda
ch
ie
vethebe
s
t
po
ss
ib
lewo
r
kman
sh
ip
,thu
sm
in
im
is
ingt
ra
f
f
icd
is
rup
t
ionandco
s
tstothepub
l
ic
inthe
longrun
.
5
.3
.27Mo
re
impo
r
tan
t
ly
,longe
rte
rmp
lann
ingha
sbeeniden
t
i
f
ieda
sane
f
fe
c
t
ivewa
ytodea
lw
i
th
ine
f
f
ic
ien
cycau
sedb
yw
in
te
rwo
r
k
s
.TheHAe
s
t
ima
te
stha
tp
ro
f
i
l
ingwo
r
k
se
f
f
ic
ien
t
lycana
ch
ie
ve
20%qu
icke
rde
l
ive
r
yandtha
tth
is
lead
stoa20%redu
c
t
ionina
ve
ragep
ropo
r
t
iono
fs
chemeco
s
ts
a
ccoun
tedfo
rb
yt
imeba
sedco
s
ts
.Be
t
te
rp
lann
ingwou
lda
l
low mo
resumme
rwo
r
k
inga
vo
id
ingthe
sho
r
te
rwo
r
k
ingda
y
sandthepoo
rwea
the
ro
fw
in
te
r
.
5
.3
.28 T
ab
le 3showsthea
ve
ragep
ropo
r
t
iono
fs
chemeco
s
tsa
ccoun
tedfo
rb
yt
ime
ba
sedco
s
ts(
su
ch
a
sp
re
l
im
ina
r
ywo
r
kandtra
f
f
ic managemen
t
)andnon
t
ime
ba
sedco
s
ts
.I
t
i
sa
s
sumedtha
tt
ime
ba
sedco
s
tsa
red
i
re
c
t
lyp
ropo
r
t
iona
ltodu
ra
t
iono
fthewo
r
k
stode
r
ivethecon
c
lu
s
iontha
t20%
qu
icke
rde
l
ive
r
yo
ftho
sewo
r
kscu
r
ren
t
lyunde
r
ta
keninw
in
te
rwou
ldt
ran
s
la
teto20%redu
c
t
iono
f
t
imeba
sedco
s
tswh
ichwou
ldde
l
ive
r5%redu
c
t
ionintheco
s
tso
fas
chemeunde
r
ta
keninw
in
te
r
.
23
37%o
fwo
r
k
sa
recu
r
ren
t
lyunde
r
ta
keninw
in
te
r
;i
fa
l
lthe
sewe
rerep
ro
f
i
ledtheno
ve
ra
l
lsa
v
ingso
f
1
.9%cou
ldbe madeonthe ma
in
tenan
cebudge
tduetoendyea
rf
le
x
ib
i
l
i
ty
.
Tab
le3
:Fo
recas
tsav
ings(20%qu
icke
rde
l
ive
ryo
fw
in
te
r wo
rks
)
Po
ten
t
ia
lsav
ings
%
Cu
r
ren
tco
s
tsa
s % %sa
v
ingsfo
r20% %sa
v
ingsfo
r20%
o
fto
ta
l
qu
i
cke
rde
l
i
ve
ry
qu
i
cke
rde
l
i
ve
rya
t37%
(ave
ragescheme
)
wo
r
ksdu
r
ingw
in
te
r
(NovtoFeb
)
T
imebasedcos
ts
P
re
l
im
ina
r
ywo
r
k
T
raf
f
i
c managemen
t
Nont
ime
based
cos
ts
Wo
r
k
s
P
repa
ra
t
ion
,
supe
r
v
i
s
ion
andde
s
ign
To
ta
l
10.7
14
.5
2
.1
2
.9
0
.8
1
.1
46
.5
N
/A
N
/A
28
.3
100
.0
N
/A
5
.0
N
/A
1
.9
5
.3
.29 T
hee
xa
c
tsa
v
ingw
i
l
ldependuponhow mu
chwo
r
kcu
r
ren
t
lyunde
r
ta
kendu
r
ingw
in
te
r mon
th
s
canbe mo
vedtoo
the
rpe
r
iodso
ftheyea
randthee
x
ten
ttowh
i
chth
isa
l
low
swo
r
k
stobecomp
le
ted
qu
icke
r
.Thefo
l
low
ingtab
leshowssomes
cena
r
io
sw
i
the
s
t
ima
tedto
ta
lannua
lsa
v
ing
sba
sedon
to
ta
lannua
le
xpend
i
tu
reo
f£600m
.
Tab
le4
:Scena
r
iosfo
rsav
ingonw
in
te
r wo
rks
25%w
in
te
rwo
r
k
mo
ved
50%w
in
te
rwo
r
k
mo
ved
100%w
in
te
rwo
r
k
mo
ved
10%
10%
20%
20%
30%
30%
qu
i
cke
r qu
i
cke
r qu
i
cke
r qu
i
cke
r qu
i
cke
r qu
i
cke
r
(%
)
(£m
)
(%
)
(£m
)
(%
)
(£m
)
0
.24
1
.4
0
.48
2
.8
0
.7
4
.2
0
.48
2
.8
0
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5
.3
.30Therea
l
ismo
fthe
see
s
t
ima
te
s
issuppo
r
tedb
ythede
ta
i
lo
ftheAgen
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’scu
r
ren
t ma
in
tenan
ce
con
t
ra
c
ts
.Spe
c
i
f
ica
l
ly
,theAs
se
tSuppo
r
tCon
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ra
c
ts(ASCs
)in
c
ludera
tead
ju
s
tmen
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rsumme
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in
te
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te
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ing0
.51%le
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s(ba
sedonthetwoASCsle
ttoda
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and10
)
.Thera
te
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rge
tco
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ts mean
ingtha
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ro
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ra
l
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rge
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tsw
i
l
lbese
t
en
su
r
ingtheabo
vesa
v
ing
sa
rerea
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isedb
ytheHAinca
shte
rms
.
5
.3
.31En
su
r
ingtheH
ighwa
y
sAgen
cyha
sendyea
rf
le
x
ib
i
l
i
tywou
lda
lsoa
vo
idther
is
ko
fs
cheme
s
be
ingse
le
c
tedba
sedonthe
i
rde
l
ive
rab
i
l
i
tyra
the
rthan ma
x
im
is
ingtheva
luefo
r mone
yo
fs
cheme
s
ta
kenfo
rwa
rdtocon
s
t
ru
c
t
ion
.Th
isshou
ldimp
ro
vethea
l
lo
ca
t
ivee
f
f
ic
ien
cyo
fs
chemese
le
c
t
ionand
leadtog
re
a
te
rs
chemebene
f
i
ts
. Weha
veno
tbeenab
letoquan
t
i
f
yth
is,howe
ve
r,a
sw
i
thou
t
ope
ra
t
ingthenew me
thodi
t
isno
tpo
s
s
ib
letosa
yhow mu
chde
c
is
ion
sonscheme
swou
lda
c
tua
l
ly
bea
l
te
red
.
5
.3
.32Endyea
rf
le
x
ib
i
l
i
tyw
i
l
la
l
lowfo
r ma
jo
rp
ro
je
c
tstobede
l
ive
redinthe mo
s
tt
ime
lyandco
s
t
e
f
fe
c
t
ivewa
y
,ra
the
rthanha
v
ingtof
i
ttoanin
ve
s
tmen
tp
ro
f
i
leo
f
tende
c
ided man
yyea
r
s
inad
van
ce
o
fthea
c
tua
lp
ro
je
c
tde
l
ive
r
y
.Cu
r
ren
t
ly
,o
n
ceap
ro
je
c
tisapp
ro
vedtheto
ta
lle
ve
lo
ffund
ingrequ
i
red
w
i
l
lo
f
tenbefa
i
rly
ce
r
ta
in(w
i
th
inarange
)bu
tthet
im
ingo
fth
isspendo
ve
ranumbe
ro
fyea
r
sw
i
l
lbe
un
ce
r
ta
ina
tthet
imetha
tfund
ing
isa
l
lo
ca
ted
.The
rea
re man
yfa
c
to
r
stha
tw
i
l
limpa
c
tthet
im
ingo
f
de
l
ive
r
y
,fo
re
xamp
lepub
l
iccon
su
l
ta
t
ion
so
rthep
ro
cu
remen
tp
roce
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s
.Wh
i
l
s
t manag
ingtoaspe
c
i
f
ic
annua
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ingle
ve
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ie
ra
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ro
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sap
rog
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c
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iv
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ty
,ha
v
ingsomef
le
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l
i
tybe
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l
len
su
rede
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ive
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isno
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s
t
ra
inedth
roughana
rb
i
t
ra
r
yannua
lfund
ingcon
s
t
ra
in
t
.
5
.3
.33H
is
to
r
ica
l
ly
,the
reha
sneededtobesho
r
tte
rms
low
ingdowno
rspeed
ingupo
f
in
ve
s
tmen
ttof
i
t
w
i
thannua
lfund
ingp
ro
f
i
le
s
.Th
is
isa
lsod
i
f
f
icu
l
tfo
rthesupp
lycha
into manage
,re
su
l
t
inginan
24
inab
i
l
i
tytocon
f
iden
t
lyp
lanfo
rcap
i
ta
lin
ve
s
tmen
tandfo
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rmwo
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k
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cep
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g
.Adho
c
so
lu
t
ionstothep
rob
lemha
vebeene
xp
lo
red
.Fo
re
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,t
heH
ighwa
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sAgen
cy
,th
roughthe
Depa
r
tmen
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t
,nego
t
ia
tedabudge
te
x
changew
i
ththeT
rea
su
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yfo
r2012
/13(
toca
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r
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romoneyea
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)tore
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le
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ff
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ingspend
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le
sa
s
p
ro
je
c
ts mo
vedth
roughthede
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lopmen
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c
le
. Wh
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ls
tth
isa
vo
idedtheneedtos
lowdownde
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ive
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roads
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,th
iss
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i
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l
tedinun
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ta
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tyun
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lre
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.F
le
x
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l
i
tyo
ve
raR
IS
cy
c
les
hou
ldb
r
ingc
lea
re
rbene
f
i
ts
.
In
ve
s
tmen
tp
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ta
in
t
y
5
.3
.34Fo
rtheHAtoma
ke e
f
f
ic
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,i
tneed
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ta
intha
tthefun
d
ingw
i
l
lcon
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inuefo
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longte
rm(anda
vo
idtheannua
lcy
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leo
fgo
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rnmen
tbudge
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ingi
tcu
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ren
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lybe
come
s
in
vo
lvedi
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)
.
The
re
fo
re
leg
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la
t
ionw
i
l
lp
la
ceanob
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iga
t
ionongo
ve
rnmen
ttop
ro
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ideas
ta
temen
tonbo
ththe
in
ve
s
tmen
tp
lanandthepub
l
icf
inan
ce
swh
ichw
i
l
lbecomm
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t
tedfo
rthepe
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iod
.Thea
imistop
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v
ide
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le
ve
lo
fce
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ta
in
tyo
ve
rin
ve
s
tmen
tl
iketha
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ren
t
lye
x
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ts
ino
the
rin
f
ra
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t
ru
c
tu
rese
c
to
r
s–
in
c
lud
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i
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inginthebene
f
i
ts
.
5
.3
.35 O
ve
r95%o
ftheH
ighwa
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sAgen
cy
’sspendisde
l
ive
redunde
rcon
t
ra
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tb
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r
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to
rand
theun
ce
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ta
in
tyo
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rfund
ingle
ve
lscau
se
sde
la
yandine
f
f
i
c
ien
cy
.
5
.3
.36Cu
r
ren
t
lyma
in
tenan
ceandrenewa
lp
ro
je
c
tsa
ree
f
fe
c
t
ive
lyp
ro
cu
redonap
ro
je
c
tb
yp
ro
je
c
tba
s
is
ba
sedonase
to
ftende
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te
s(ASC
)o
rde
r
ivedp
r
ice
s(Manag
ingAgen
tCon
t
ra
c
to
r
,MAC
)andan
in
cen
t
ive
me
chan
ismtode
l
ive
ra
ta
lowe
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t
.Th
isapp
roa
chisrea
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lys
tanda
rdandtoa
ce
r
ta
ine
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ten
td
r
ivenb
ythefund
ingcon
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t
ra
in
ts
.Howe
ve
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tdoe
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ten
cou
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ramme
app
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chtobeta
ken
.Su
ch ap
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,fo
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5
.3
.37Ane
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fhowth
iscanbede
l
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c
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to
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mob
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ion
. Ev
iden
cef
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.Ba
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33
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5
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lp
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ldenab
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ta
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tsando
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5
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.39S
im
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tycompan
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ve
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lycy
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le
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,‘Smoo
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ve
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Ju
ly2012
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igh
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ima
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rodu
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.The
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ine
venthantha
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.
5
.3
.40TheH
ighwa
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sAgen
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sedonane
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ta
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cea
sde
s
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,andacau
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31
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chp
rodu
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ced
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5
.3
.41Thebu
lko
ftheHA
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i
ta
lma
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tenan
ce(
rou
t
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c
t
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rough5yea
r
con
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tsw
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thf
ixedco
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r
ingrou
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ine ma
in
tenan
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t
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rgencyrepa
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ra
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t
t
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in
tenan
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.Thecomm
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x
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yondthebudge
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.Bene
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rom
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;and
• redu
cedtende
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ts
.
5
.3
.42Teny
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rcon
t
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c
tsa
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l
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l
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/demob
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rco
s
ts
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ran
asse
t managemen
to
rgan
isa
t
ion
,5
yea
rcon
t
ra
c
tsa
reno
tlongenoughtoen
su
ree
f
f
ic
ien
ta
s
se
t
managemen
t
.The e
f
f
ic
ien
c
ie
swou
ldcomef
romo
ve
rheadsa
v
ing
s–e
.g
.longe
ro
f
f
ice
lea
se
s
,PPM
andf
inan
c
ia
ls
y
s
temsandg
rea
te
rin
cen
t
iv
e
sfo
rsupp
l
ie
r
sto
in
ve
s
tandcon
t
r
ibu
tetowa
rd
s
long
te
rm
sa
v
ingin
i
t
ia
t
ive
s
.IntheCoo
kRe
v
iew
,i
twa
se
s
t
ima
tedtha
ttheHAcou
ldgene
ra
te5%sa
v
ing
son
lum
psumcu
r
ren
t ma
in
tenan
ceco
s
ts(wh
ichrep
re
sen
tc
.£10 m
i
l
l
ionp
.a
.
).
5
.3
.43Tab
le5showsasumma
r
yo
fthe manag
ingagen
tco
s
tswh
i
chcomp
r
isethe
lumpsumfeeand
thepo
ten
t
ia
lfo
ra
ch
ie
v
ingsa
v
ing
s
inth
isa
reaba
sedontheabo
vea
s
sump
t
ion
s
.Ah
ighre
la
t
ive
p
ropo
r
t
iono
fco
s
tsre
la
tetoo
ve
rheadtypea
c
t
iv
i
t
ie
swh
ichcou
ldberedu
cedw
i
th
longe
rte
rmsupp
ly
con
t
ra
c
tso
rthe
seo
ve
rhead
sbe
ingp
ro
v
ideda
sacen
t
ra
lse
rv
icea
c
ro
s
sa
l
lcon
t
ra
c
ts(e
.g
.fo
r
f
inan
c
ia
ls
y
s
tems
)
.
Tab
le5
: Manag
ingagen
tscos
tra
t
ios
%
Ove
rheads
Rou
t
ine ma
in
tenance
W
in
te
rse
r
v
i
ce
Inc
iden
tsuppo
r
t
To
ta
l
Ave
rage
lumpsum
37%
39%
8%
16%
100%
5
.3
.44TheHAbe
l
ie
vetha
t37%o
ve
rheadco
s
ts
ish
ighe
rthanthea
ve
ragefo
rsu
chana
s
se
t
managemen
to
rgan
isa
t
ionanda13%e
f
f
ic
ien
cysa
v
ingino
ve
rheada
c
t
iv
i
t
ie
sa
s
l
is
tedabo
ve
,
a
ch
ie
vab
leth
roughlonge
rte
rmce
r
ta
in
ty
,wou
ldy
ie
ldano
ve
ra
l
l5%sa
v
ingin ma
in
tenan
ceco
s
ts
th
roughredu
cedo
ve
rheads
.
5
.3
.45Ba
l
fou
rBea
t
ty
iden
t
i
f
iedtha
tle
t
t
ingcon
t
ra
c
tstha
tt
ra
ve
r
sethe
l
i
fe
cy
c
leun
lo
cke
f
f
ic
ien
cybene
f
i
ts
th
roughsupe
r
io
randsha
reda
s
se
tknow
ledgeanden
su
rebe
s
tp
ra
c
t
isebe
come
ss
tanda
rda
c
ro
ss
the
indu
s
t
r
yb
yfo
s
te
r
ingpa
r
tne
r
sh
ipw
i
thandbe
tweensupp
l
ie
rs
.Th
eM25con
t
ra
c
tisane
xamp
leo
f
th
iswhe
rea
c
t
ion
ssu
cha
s
in
c
rea
s
ings
tee
lw
id
th
su
sedfo
rshee
tp
i
l
ingredu
cedfu
tu
re ma
in
tenan
ce
co
s
ts
.
5
.3
.46O
ve
ra
l
l
,in
te
rna
lana
lys
isb
ytheAgen
cysugge
s
tstha
tg
rea
te
rfund
ingce
r
ta
in
tya
lonewou
ld
enab
lesa
v
ing
so
fa
round15%inrenewa
lswo
r
k(agg
rega
tedsa
v
inga
c
ro
ssva
r
iou
srenewa
ls
e
lemen
ts
),con
s
is
ten
tw
i
thca
ses
tud
ye
v
iden
cef
romIn
f
ra
s
t
ru
c
tu
reUKon10
–20%sa
v
ing
s
ino
the
r
indu
s
t
r
ie
s
.Th
is
is
l
ike
lytobeth
roughanumbe
ro
f me
thod
sp
r
in
c
ipa
l
ly
in
vo
lv
ingcomb
in
ingsma
l
le
r
p
ro
je
c
ts
into
la
rge
rp
ro
je
c
ts
.Th
iswou
ldredu
cecon
s
t
ru
c
t
ions
chemeo
ve
rhead
ssu
cha
ss
i
tese
tup
co
s
tsandt
ra
f
f
ic managemen
t
.Toe
f
fe
c
t
ive
lycomb
ines
cheme
s
inth
is manne
rw
i
l
lrequ
i
rea
longe
r
te
rmcomm
i
tmen
t
,a
ssupp
l
ie
r
sw
i
l
lberequ
i
redto
in
c
rea
sethe
i
rde
l
ive
rycapa
c
i
tyto mee
tthe
requ
i
redou
tpu
tle
ve
l
.Aga
in
,thesupp
lycha
inha
sbeenu
sedtoa
tlea
s
taruno
f4
yea
rind
ica
t
ive
budge
tsbu
twh
i
chha
vethenbeenva
r
ieda
tre
la
t
ive
lysho
r
tno
t
ice
.The
rewou
ldbea
lea
rn
ingpe
r
iod
,
sofo
rou
re
f
f
ic
ien
cye
s
t
ima
te
swea
ssumetha
ttherenewa
lsbudge
twou
ldbe15%lowe
rf
rom
2020
/21
,andbe
tween2015
/16andthensa
v
ing
sontherenewa
lsbudge
twou
ldin
c
rea
seb
y2
.5
pe
r
cen
tagepo
in
tsea
chyea
r.
26
5
.3
.47The
re
isa
lso
l
ike
lytobes
copefo
rfu
r
the
rannua
le
f
f
ic
ien
c
ie
s
inthe ma
jo
rs
chemep
rog
ramme
,
be
causetheAgen
cywou
ldha
veabe
t
te
rfounda
t
iontoapp
roa
chthesupp
lycha
inw
i
ththanthe
‘s
top
/
s
ta
r
t
’h
is
to
r
ica
lfund
ings
i
tua
t
iontha
thade
x
is
tedinthepa
s
tspend
ingre
v
iewsandsub
sequen
t
Au
tumnS
ta
temen
ts.Even mo
reco
s
tsa
v
ing
scou
ldbea
ch
ie
vedduetobe
t
te
r mob
i
l
isa
t
iono
fp
lan
t
,
ma
ch
ine
r
yandwo
r
k
fo
r
ceande
conom
ie
so
fs
ca
lea
sare
su
l
to
fagua
ran
teedvo
lumeanddu
ra
t
iono
f
wo
r
k
.Th
is
isa
lsodependen
toncon
s
is
ten
cyandhowthep
rog
ramme
isde
l
ive
redi
.e
.longe
r
te
rm
h
ighe
rvo
lumep
rog
rammev
s
. mo
resho
r
tte
rmlowe
rle
ve
lin
ve
s
tmen
t
.TheH
ighwa
y
sAgen
cy
e
s
t
ima
testha
tce
r
ta
in
tyo
f
in
ve
s
tmen
tp
lan
sandf
le
x
ib
i
l
i
tyo
ffund
ingcou
ldde
l
ive
rsa
v
ing
so
fa
round
15%onnew ma
jo
rs
cheme
s.Th
isha
sno
tbeenapp
l
iedtotho
ses
cheme
s
intheapp
ra
isa
lpe
r
iod
wh
i
cha
rea
l
read
yunde
rwa
ya
s
i
tisun
l
ike
lythere
fo
rmsw
i
l
lcome
int
ime
tode
l
ive
rfu
r
the
rsa
v
ing
s–
sotheo
ve
ra
l
lsa
v
ingiss
l
igh
t
ly
le
s
sthanth
is15%.TheH
ighwa
y
sAgen
cyandthesupp
lycha
inv
iew
i
ta
s
c
r
i
t
i
ca
ltha
tthefund
ingle
ve
lo
ve
rthe
longe
rte
rmisunde
rp
innedb
y
leg
is
la
t
iontog
ivethesupp
ly
cha
inthene
ce
s
sa
ry
le
ve
lo
fcon
f
iden
cetochangebeha
v
iou
r
.
5
.3
.48Ino
rde
rfo
rtheco
rpo
ra
t
isedbodytoa
ch
ie
vee
f
f
ic
ien
c
ie
sf
rome
xe
r
c
is
ingi
tsope
ra
t
iona
land
f
inan
c
ia
lindependen
ce
i
tneed
sas
t
ra
teg
icd
i
re
c
t
ionf
romgo
ve
rnmen
tands
tab
i
l
i
tyo
ffund
ingo
ve
r
mo
rethananannua
lcy
c
le
.TheR
ISwou
ldse
tou
tsomeo
fthes
cheme
s andthefund
ingle
ve
lsfo
r
d
i
f
fe
ren
tou
tcome
stobede
l
ive
redo
ve
raf
iveyea
rpe
r
iodw
i
tha mu
chg
rea
te
rdeg
reeo
fce
r
ta
in
ty
thanunde
rthes
ta
tu
squo
,a
swe
l
la
so
f
fe
r
ingac
lea
rp
lanfo
rp
ipe
l
inep
ro
je
c
tso
rs
cheme
s
inthe
fo
l
low
ingyea
r
s
.Th
iss
t
ra
teg
icapp
roa
chcou
ldleadtosa
v
ing
sb
ya
l
low
ingthecompan
ytop
lanfo
ra
longe
rte
rmthantheHAcana
tp
re
sen
t
.Byen
te
r
ingin
to
longe
rcon
t
ra
c
tsw
i
thsupp
l
ie
r
s
i
tcou
ldge
ta
be
t
te
rdea
lfo
rta
xpa
ye
r
sa
s
le
s
sr
is
kwou
ldbep
r
icedinandsupp
l
ie
r
swou
ldbeab
letop
ro
cu
re
ma
te
r
ia
lsa
tlowe
rco
s
tso
ve
rlonge
rt
imepe
r
iod
s
.Thefo
rwa
rdp
rog
rammeo
fwo
r
kwou
lda
lsog
ive
supp
l
ie
r
sthecon
f
iden
ceo
fafu
tu
rea
c
t
ive ma
r
ke
tfo
rthe
i
rse
r
v
ice
s
.
5
.3
.49F
ina
l
ly
,theH
ighwa
y
sAgen
cye
s
t
ima
te
stha
tthece
r
ta
in
tyo
f
in
ve
s
tmen
tp
lan
sandp
rog
ramme
budge
twou
ldgene
ra
te15%sa
v
ing
sontheannua
lre
sou
r
cebudget(e
x
cep
tthee
lemen
twh
i
ch
is
a
l
read
ycon
t
ra
c
tedinPF
Is
cheme
s
)b
y2020
/21
,
in
c
rea
s
ingb
y2
.5pe
r
cen
tagepo
in
tsea
chyea
run
t
i
l
then
.Th
ise
s
t
ima
te
isba
sedone
xpe
r
ien
ce
ino
the
rse
c
to
r
sandthecompe
t
it
i
vep
re
ssu
retha
twou
ld
bed
r
iventh
roughthece
r
ta
in
tyo
fwo
r
k
loada
c
ro
s
sthefu
l
lpo
r
t
fo
l
io
.Tab
le5i
l
lu
s
t
ra
te
stha
tthea
rea
whe
re mo
s
timp
ro
vemen
twou
ldbed
r
ivenf
romisthea
l
lo
ca
t
iono
fo
ve
rhead
s
.
5
.3
.50O
ve
ra
l
ltheabo
vea
s
sump
t
ion
sp
rodu
cethefo
l
low
inge
s
t
ima
teo
frequ
i
red fund
ingfo
rare
fo
rmed
H
ighwa
y
sAgen
cy
.Tab
le6
,whencompa
redtotheba
seca
se
intab
le1
,p
rodu
ce
sthee
f
f
ic
ien
c
ie
s
shownintab
le7
,be
low
.
Tab
le6
:An
t
ic
ipa
tedfund
ingleve
lsassum
ingce
r
ta
in
ty/f
lex
ib
i
l
i
tyth
roughleg
is
la
t
ione
f
f
ic
ienc
ies
£m(F
igu
resinnom
ina
lp
r
ices
,nond
iscoun
ted
)
15
/16
16
/17
17
/18
Cap
i
ta
l
18
/19
19
/20
20
/21
21
/22
22
/23
23
/24
24
/25
10Y
rTo
ta
l
Cap
i
ta
l
HA Ma
in
tenance-Renewa
ls
429
429
428
426
425
423
430
437
444
452
4
,322
HA Ma
in
tenance-Resu
r
fac
ing
289
297
304
312
319
327
-
-
-
-
1
,848
718
726
732
738
744
750
430
437
444
452
6
,170
HA Ma
jo
rs&o
the
rnon ma
in
tenancep
rog
rammes
To
ta
lHA Ma
in
tenance
1
,064
1
,101
1
,510
1
,789
2
,230
3
,014
3
,168
3
,187
3
,195
3
,249
23
,508
To
ta
lHACap
i
ta
lInves
tmen
t
1
,782
1
,827
2
,241
2
,527
2
,974
3
,764
3
,598
3
,624
3
,639
3
,701
29
,678
Resou
rce
Resou
rce
HARoadsPF
ISe
rv
icePaymen
ts
426
458
479
467
474
567
515
545
550
643
5
,124
HA O
the
rnonPF
ISe
rv
icePaymen
tsp
rog
rammes
525
520
515
515
504
498
506
515
524
533
5
,155
To
ta
lHAP
rog
rammeResou
rce
951
978
994
982
978
1
,065
1
,021
1
,060
1
,074
1
,175
10
,279
Tab
le7
:Es
t
ima
tedcos
te
f
f
ic
ienc
iesf
romre
fo
rmedH
ighwaysAgency
£m(F
igu
resinnom
ina
lp
r
ices
,nond
iscoun
ted
)
HA Ma
in
tenance-Renewa
ls
HA Ma
in
tenance-Resu
r
fac
ing
To
ta
lHA Ma
in
tenance
HA Ma
jo
rs&o
the
rnon ma
in
tenancep
rog
rammes
To
ta
lHACap
i
ta
lInves
tmen
t
15
/16
16
/17
17
/18
Cap
i
ta
l
18
/19
19
/20
20
/21
21
/22
22
/23
23
/24
10Y
rTo
ta
l
Cap
i
ta
l
24
/25
11
23
35
47
61
75
76
77
78
80
562
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
11
23
35
47
61
75
76
77
78
80
562
9%
7
19
100
172
278
436
539
548
558
567
3
,224
14%
18
42
134
219
339
510
615
626
636
647
3
,786
13%
Resou
rce
HARoadsPF
ISe
rv
icePaymen
ts
13%
Resou
rce
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
HA O
the
rnonPF
ISe
rv
icePaymen
tsp
rog
rammes
13
27
42
51
72
88
89
91
92
94
660
13%
To
ta
lHAP
rog
rammeResou
rce
13
27
42
51
72
88
89
91
92
94
660
6%
Sou
r
ce
:H
ighwa
ysAgen
c
yandD
fTca
l
cu
la
t
ion
s
.Tab
le7p
re
sen
t
sthed
i
f
fe
ren
cebe
tweentheba
se
l
inef
igu
res
in
tab
le1andth
epos
te
f
f
ic
ien
c
y
f
igu
re
s
intab
le6
.
27
5
.3
.51We ha
vead
ju
s
tedthe
sef
igu
re
s
inl
inew
i
ththeapp
ra
isa
lpa
rame
te
rstop
re
sen
tf
igu
re
s
in
2013
/14p
r
i
ce
sandp
re
sen
tva
luefo
rthesumma
r
yshee
ts
.
5
.3
.52Theabo
veca
lcu
la
t
ion
srep
re
sen
tou
rcen
t
ra
lca
seba
sedonwha
tweth
in
k
i
s mo
s
tl
ike
lytoo
ccu
r
.
Howe
ve
r
,the
re
iscon
s
ide
rab
leun
ce
r
ta
in
tya
roundthes
ca
leo
fsav
ing
stha
ta
repo
ss
ib
le
;twoke
y
fa
c
to
rsa
re
:
• Anun
ce
r
ta
inle
ve
lo
ffu
tu
refund
ingbe
yond2020
/21.
• Thepo
ten
t
ia
ltha
ttheH
ighwa
y
sAgen
cywon
’
tbeab
letoope
ra
tew
i
th
intheba
se
l
inefund
ingle
ve
l
w
i
thou
tre
fo
rm.
5
.3
.53Fund
ingbe
yond2020
/21isun
ce
r
ta
in
;ou
rcen
t
ra
lca
sere
f
le
c
tstheGo
ve
rnmen
t
’sp
lanbu
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conom
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35
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28
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conom
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re
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36
in
f
ra
s
t
ru
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s
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s
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longs
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vo
lvemen
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ve
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to
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ie
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ionby O
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xpend
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reo
f4
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,ona
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ragere
su
l
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ngf
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37
e
f
fe
c
t
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la
to
r.
36
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rpo
ra
teFo
rms
,F
inan
c
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l Gua
ran
tee
s
,andE
f
f
ic
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c
ype
r
fo
rman
ce
:Expe
c
ta
t
ion
sandEv
iden
ce
,NERA
,De
cembe
r2006
.
37
Ne
two
r
kRa
i
l
’
sscopefo
re
f
f
ic
ien
cyga
in
s
inCP4, Oxe
ra
,Novembe
r2008
.Th
is
ison
l
yoneo
fanumbe
rofrepo
r
t
sth
a
tp
rov
ides
im
i
la
rranges
fo
rregu
la
ted
indu
s
t
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ie
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:fo
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rpo
ra
teFo
rms
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inanc
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l Gua
ran
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f
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rman
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,
De
cembe
r2006,e
s
t
ima
tesa
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la
ted
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r
iva
t
isedanddeb
tf
inan
cedu
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l
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t
ie
sa
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rannum
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rab
le
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teabou
tthedeg
reeo
fcompa
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ybe
tween
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ie
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r
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t
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lpe
r
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rexamp
le
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se
s
s
ingNe
two
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kRa
i
l
’
sScopefo
r
E
f
f
ic
ien
cy Ga
in
s,LECG
,Ap
r
i
l2008
.
29
Tab
le8:E
f
f
ic
iencyga
insinse
lec
tedindus
t
r
iessub
jec
ttoeconom
icregu
la
t
ion
Owne
r
sh
ip
P
r
iva
te
Compan
y
/
t
ime
s
ca
le
Eng
landand Wa
le
swa
te
rindu
s
t
r
ya
ve
rage(1992
/93–2006
/07
)
Eng
landand Wa
le
ssewe
rage
indu
s
t
r
ya
ve
rage(1992
/93–
2006
/07
)
E
le
c
t
r
i
c
i
tyd
is
t
r
ibu
t
ionindu
s
t
r
y(1990
/01–2006
/07
)
BAA(1987–1998
)
BT(u
s
ingca
l
lm
inu
te
s
,1997
/97–2006
/07
)
BT(u
s
inge
x
change
l
ine
s
,1997
/97–2006
/07
)
Pa
r
t
ia
l
ly
p
r
iva
t
ised
Go
ve
rnmen
t
owned
S
ta
tu
to
r
y
co
rpo
ra
t
ion
1
.7
4
.0
4
.4
NGC(1990
/91–2006
/07
)
No
tfo
r
d
iv
idend
Ope
xe
f
f
ic
ien
c
ie
s
(a
ve
rage %p
.a
.
)
1
.8
We
lsh Wa
te
r(2001–2006
)
4
.9
6
.2
4
.8
S
lowe
rthanE&W
a
ve
rage
Ne
two
r
kRa
i
l(2003
/04–2008
/09)
NATS(2002–06
)
6
.4
5
.1
NATS(2006–09
)
Ro
ya
l Ma
i
l(2002
/03–2005
/06
)
2
.5
2
.9
Me
lbou
rne Wa
te
r(1995
/96–2000
/01
)
Sco
t
t
ish Wa
te
r(2002
/03–2005
/06
)
2
.6
8
.8
Sydne
y Wa
te
r(1996
/6
–2000
/01
)
Nopo
s
i
t
ive
e
v
iden
ce38
Sou
r
ces
:Ne
two
rkRa
i
l
’ss
copefo
re
f
f
ic
ien
c
yga
in
sinCP4
, Oxe
ra
, Novembe
r2008
;O
f
f
iceo
f Ra
i
lRegu
la
t
ion
: Regu
la
t
ingNe
two
r
kRa
i
l
’s
E
f
f
ic
ien
cy
,Na
t
iona
lAud
i
tO
f
f
ice
,Ap
r
i
l2011
;NERA(2006
)
;U
t
i
l
i
t
ie
sRegu
la
to
rNo
r
th
e
rn
I
re
land
;O
fwa
t
.
5
.3
.59I
tcanbed
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c
to
fe
conom
icregu
la
t
ionf
romthe
impa
c
to
fchang
ing
owne
r
sh
ip–the
in
t
rodu
c
t
iono
fregu
la
t
ionha
so
f
tenco
in
c
idedw
i
thp
r
iva
t
isa
t
ion
,anda
l
lthe
se
compa
ra
to
rindu
s
t
r
ie
sha
vehadf
reedomtobo
r
row
.Howe
ve
ra
sTab
le8ind
ica
te
s
,the
rea
rese
ve
ra
l
e
xamp
le
so
fcompa
rab
lee
f
f
ic
ien
c
ie
sbe
inggene
ra
tedingo
ve
rnmen
townedcompan
ie
ssub
je
c
tto
e
conom
icregu
la
t
ion
,su
cha
sSco
t
t
ish Wa
te
randtheRo
ya
lMa
i
l.
5
.3
.60 W
i
thou
tp
r
i
ceregu
la
t
ioni
tisno
tc
lea
rtowha
te
x
ten
te
conom
icregu
la
to
r
yfun
c
t
ioncou
ldde
l
ive
r
s
im
i
la
rpe
r
fo
rman
ce
.Theana
lys
isf
romregu
la
tedse
c
to
r
sdoe
sshowtha
ttheab
i
l
i
tyo
fthecu
s
tome
r
o
rregu
la
to
rtop
ro
v
ides
t
rongp
re
s
su
re
sfo
rco
s
te
f
f
ic
ien
cyandpe
r
fo
rman
cedependsonthe
i
rab
i
l
i
ty
toben
chma
r
kpe
r
fo
rman
ce
;weknowth
is
isake
ya
rea
inwh
icharegu
la
to
ro
rwa
tchdogcou
ldadd
va
luebe
cau
sea2009repo
r
tb
ytheNa
t
iona
lAud
i
tO
f
f
ice(NAO
)showedtha
ttheAgen
cywa
sno
t
e
xp
lo
i
t
ingthepo
ten
t
ia
lfo
rreg
iona
lben
chma
r
k
ingo
f ma
in
tenan
cecon
t
ra
c
ts
,tohe
lpd
r
ivedown
co
s
ts
.39 S
in
ceth
isrepo
r
t
,theAgen
cyha
ssub
s
tan
t
ia
l
ly
imp
ro
vedi
tscapab
i
l
i
t
yfo
rreg
iona
l
ben
chma
r
k
ing
.
5
.3
.61Hen
ceben
chma
r
k
ingiso
fke
y
impo
r
tan
cefo
rd
r
iv
inge
f
f
ic
ien
c
ie
s
intheHA
;andtheNAOha
s
no
tedtha
ttheneedtoha
vegoodben
chma
r
k
in
fo
rma
t
ionin
c
rea
se
s
in ma
r
ke
tsw
i
thfewe
rcompe
t
i
t
ive
p
re
ssu
re
sfo
re
f
f
ic
ien
cy
.40 TheCoo
kRe
v
iew iden
t
i
f
ie
dse
ve
ra
lsou
r
ce
so
fbenchma
r
k
ingin
fo
rma
t
ion
tha
tshou
ldinp
r
in
c
ip
lebea
va
i
lab
letoafo
rmo
fmon
i
to
r in
c
lud
ing
:
38
Ba
sedonana
l
ys
is
inNERA(2006
)
.
39
H
ighwa
ysAgen
cy
:Con
t
ra
c
t
ingfo
rH
ighwa
y
s Ma
in
tenan
ce
,Na
t
iona
lAu
d
i
tO
f
f
ice
,O
c
tobe
r2009
40
O
f
f
iceo
f Ra
i
lRegu
la
t
ion
:Regu
la
t
in
gNe
two
rkRa
i
l
’sE
f
f
ic
ien
c
y
,Nat
iona
lAu
d
i
tO
f
f
ice
,Ap
r
i
l2011
30
• ‘bo
t
tom
up
’
in
fo
rma
t
ionf
romtheAgen
cyontheco
s
tso
f
i
tssupp
lycha
in
,bo
thf
romthe
‘co
s
t
in
te
l
l
igen
ce
’s
y
s
temo
fre
co
rd
ingcon
t
ra
c
to
r
s
’co
s
tsu
sedfo
rma
jo
rpro
je
c
ts
,andreg
iona
l
ben
chma
r
k
ingda
taco
l
le
c
tedb
ytheAgen
cyfo
r ma
in
tenan
cecon
t
ra
c
to
r
s
;
•o
the
rUKroadp
ro
v
ide
r
s
,in
c
lud
ing
lo
ca
lau
tho
r
i
tyda
taandin
fo
rma
t
ionf
romthede
vo
lved
adm
in
is
t
ra
t
ion
s
;
•o
the
rin
f
ra
s
t
ru
c
tu
rese
c
to
r
s
,fo
re
xamp
leda
taco
l
le
c
tedb
yNe
two
r
kRa
i
landtheO
f
f
iceo
fRa
i
l
Regu
la
t
ion(ORR
)onthera
i
lse
c
to
r
;and
• in
te
rna
t
iona
lcompa
ra
to
rs
.Thea
va
i
lab
lee
v
iden
cesugge
s
tstha
ttheg
ro
ssco
s
tso
frunn
ingthe
SRNa
reh
ighe
rthanin man
ycompa
rab
lecoun
t
r
ie
s
,su
cha
stheNe
the
r
land
s
,bu
tthe
rea
re
con
s
ide
rab
led
i
f
f
icu
l
t
ie
s
incon
s
t
ru
c
t
ingrobu
s
tcompa
r
ison
sbe
tweencoun
t
r
ie
sw
i
thd
i
f
fe
ren
t
41
ph
y
s
ica
l
,cu
l
tu
ra
landpo
l
icyen
v
i
ronmen
ts.
5
.3
.62Howe
ve
r
,the
reneed
stobeanin
s
t
i
tu
t
iona
lse
tuptha
tcanin
cen
t
iv
iseu
seo
fth
is
in
fo
rma
t
ionto
con
t
inuou
s
lyd
r
ive
imp
ro
vemen
ts
.Thecompan
y
’sboa
rdwou
ldha
vearo
le
inth
isbu
t
i
twou
ldbe
d
i
f
f
icu
l
ttos
t
ru
c
tu
re
i
ttoe
f
fe
c
t
ive
lycomb
ineabu
s
ine
s
ss
c
ru
t
in
yandcu
s
tome
rchamp
ion
ingro
le
.
Es
tab
l
ish
ingaco
s
t mon
i
to
rw
i
l
ladd
re
s
sthisth
roughho
ld
ingth
eope
ra
to
rtoa
ccoun
tb
y mon
i
to
r
ingi
ts
pe
r
fo
rman
ceaga
in
s
ttheR
IS,inpa
r
t
icu
la
rthee
f
f
ic
ien
cyta
rge
tsse
tfo
ri
t
.I
t
wou
lda
lsoco
l
le
c
t
in
fo
rma
t
ion–wh
i
chthecompan
ywou
ldbeob
l
igedtop
ro
v
ideons
ta
tu
to
r
yba
s
is –toben
chma
r
k
co
s
tsbe
tweend
i
f
fe
ren
tSRNreg
ion
sandcompa
rab
leau
tho
r
i
t
ie
s
.I
twou
ldu
seth
is
in
fo
rma
t
iontoa
c
t
a
sasou
r
ceo
fe
xpe
r
tad
v
icefo
rgo
ve
rnmen
tandpub
l
ishrepo
r
tsto
in
c
rea
sepub
l
i
cs
c
ru
t
in
yand
en
cou
ragefu
r
the
re
f
f
ic
ien
c
ie
s
.
5
.3
.63 R
egu
la
to
rypowe
rsa
rea
lsoe
xpe
c
tedtod
r
iveimp
ro
vedpe
r
fo
rman
ce
.Inadd
i
t
iontoana
ly
s
ingthe
compan
y
’spe
r
fo
rman
ceande
f
f
ic
ien
cy
,themon
i
to
rw
i
l
lbere
spons
ib
lefo
rta
k
inga
c
t
iontoen
cou
rage
imp
ro
vedpe
r
fo
rman
ce
,u
s
ings
ta
tu
to
r
ypowe
r
stosan
c
t
ionthenewcompan
y
.Th
isin
c
lud
e
sd
raw
ing
onthep
ra
ct
i
cef
romra
i
lo
f
is
su
ingd
i
re
c
to
rde
r
so
rsan
c
t
ion
swhe
reapp
rop
r
ia
te
,andw
i
l
lc
rea
tea
s
t
rongin
cen
t
ivetoa
c
tonthe mon
i
to
r
’sea
r
ly
s
tageru
l
ing
s
.
5
.3
.64The mon
i
to
rwou
lda
lsoha
vearo
letoen
su
retha
ta
c
tua
le
f
f
ic
ien
cyga
in
swe
rebe
ing made
,a
s
oppo
sedtoredu
c
t
ion
s
inthequa
l
i
tyo
rs
copeo
fou
tpu
tstoa
ch
ie
veco
s
tsa
v
ing
s
. Wh
i
ls
tredu
c
t
ion
s
in
qua
l
i
tyo
rs
cope ma
ybede
s
i
redinsomeca
se
s
,the mon
i
to
rwou
ld ma
kesu
retha
ttheo
r
ig
ino
fco
s
t
sa
v
ing
swa
sc
lea
r
.Th
is mode
len
su
restha
ttheo
ve
r
s
igh
to
fthenewcompan
y
is
independen
to
f
Go
ve
rnmen
t
; mean
ingtha
tthe
re
isacon
s
tan
tandnonpo
l
i
t
ica
lfo
r
ced
r
ivingg
rea
te
re
f
f
ic
ien
cyand
pu
sh
ingfo
rbe
t
te
rpe
r
fo
rman
ce
.
Be
t
te
rse
rv
icefo
rroadu
se
rs
5
.3
.65Unde
rtheco
rpo
ra
t
ised mode
lfo
r manag
ingthene
two
r
k
,re
spo
n
s
ib
i
l
i
tytoroadu
se
r
sw
i
l
lfa
l
lf
i
rm
ly
w
i
ththecompan
y
.TheCha
i
rman
,Ch
ie
fExe
cu
t
iveandtheBoa
rdwi
l
l
a
l
lha
vec
lea
rpe
r
sona
l
a
ccoun
tab
i
l
i
tyand,intheca
seo
ftheCha
i
rmanandCEO
,ah
ighe
rpub
l
icp
ro
f
i
lethanistheca
se
now
.The
ywi
l
l
the
re
fo
rebesub
je
c
ttofa
rg
rea
te
rpub
l
icp
re
s
su
retode
l
ive
rabe
t
te
rope
ra
t
ing
ne
two
r
k.
5
.3
.66Addedtoth
is
,Pa
s
senge
rFo
cu
sw
i
l
lre
ce
iveane
xpandedrem
i
tandre
sou
r
ce
stoa
c
tinthe
in
te
re
s
ts
o
froadu
se
r
sb
yadv
is
ingons
tanda
rdsando
the
ris
sue
swh
ichi
ta
s
se
s
se
sa
sbe
ingo
f
impo
r
tan
cetoroadu
se
r
s
.By
in
t
rodu
c
ingsu
chas
y
s
teminp
la
ceo
fthes
ta
tu
squo-whe
recu
r
ren
t
ly
th
eD
fTa
c
tsonbeha
l
fo
fbo
thta
xpa
ye
r
sandroadu
se
r
sv
iathesamechanne
ls-ac
lea
re
rand mo
re
t
ran
spa
ren
tl
in
k
wi
l
l
bec
rea
tedbe
tweentheroadsp
ro
v
ide
randu
se
r
s.T
hewa
tchdogw
i
l
lunde
r
ta
ke
re
sea
r
chino
rde
rtounde
r
s
tandwha
tis
sue
sa
re
impo
r
tan
ttoroadu
se
rs
,rang
ingf
romtheso
r
to
f
sa
t
is
fa
c
t
ionsu
r
ve
ysa
l
read
yregu
la
r
lyunde
r
ta
kenb
yPa
s
senge
rFo
cu
sto mo
re
in
dep
threpo
r
ts
.I
t
wou
lduseth
isknow
ledgetop
ro
v
ide
independen
tgu
idan
cetothecompan
yanda
lsotoin
f
luen
ce
the
ou
tcome
sandou
tpu
tsspe
c
i
f
iedintheR
IS
. Ontopo
fensu
r
ingroadu
se
r
s
’i
n
te
re
s
tsa
rep
r
io
r
i
t
ised
app
rop
r
ia
te
ly
inthes
t
ra
teg
yfo
rthene
two
r
k
,thewa
t
chdogwou
ldp
ro
v
ideapub
l
icfo
cu
sonthe
compan
yo
ve
rhowe
f
fe
c
t
ive
ly
i
tis mee
t
ingthem
.
41
In
f
ra
s
t
ru
c
tu
reCos
tRe
v
iew
,In
f
ra
s
t
ru
c
t
u
reUK
, De
cembe
r2010
;ECHa
r
r
isandTRL(2009
)
.
31
Econom
i
cg
row
th
5
.3
.67There
fo
rmsp
ropo
sed ma
yha
vebene
f
ic
ia
limpa
c
tsone
conom
icg
row
thd
i
re
c
t
lyth
roughtwo
channe
ls
:
• Cap
i
ta
lspend
ingis
l
ike
lytobea
s
so
c
ia
tedw
i
thh
ighf
is
ca
l mu
l
t
ip
l
ie
r
s(
thoughthe
sew
i
l
lva
r
y
depend
ingonthe
l
ike
l
ihoodo
fc
rowd
ingou
t
).
• As
tab
le
in
ve
s
tmen
ten
v
i
ronmen
tw
i
l
la
l
lowdome
s
t
icf
i
rmsandin
s
t
i
tu
t
ion
stog
row
.
Th
isse
c
t
ionre
v
iewsthee
v
iden
ce
inth
isa
rea
.
5
.3
.68F
isca
l mu
l
t
ip
l
ie
rs
:Go
ve
rnmen
tspend
ingha
skno
ckonimpa
c
tstoe
conom
ica
c
t
iv
i
tyandcan
a
f
fe
c
tna
t
iona
lin
cometh
roughthe
se
impa
c
ts
.Thera
t
ioo
fthechange
inna
t
iona
lin
come
tothe
change
ingo
ve
rnmen
tspend
ingtha
tcau
se
s
i
tisca
l
ledthef
is
ca
l mu
l
t
ip
l
ie
r
.Hen
cea mu
l
t
ip
l
ie
ro
f0
.5
wou
ld meantha
ta£10 b
i
l
l
io
nin
c
rea
se
in Go
ve
rnmen
tspend
ingwou
ldre
su
l
tina£5 b
i
l
l
io
nin
c
rea
se
42
tha
t mu
l
t
ip
l
ie
r
s
inde
ve
lopedcoun
t
r
ie
ss
in
ce2008 ma
yha
ve
in GDP
.Re
cen
t
lytheIMFha
vesa
id
beenintherange0
.9to1
.7(be
fo
re2008ava
lueo
f0
.5wa
su
sed
)
. Mu
l
t
ip
l
ie
r
sa
s
so
c
ia
tedw
i
thcap
i
ta
l
spend
ing ma
ybeh
ighe
rthano
the
rtype
so
fspend
ingg
iventha
tthe
leng
tho
fthesupp
lycha
inand
a
sso
c
ia
tedse
r
v
ice
srequ
i
redfo
rbu
i
ld
ingin
f
ra
s
t
ru
c
tu
re
.Are
cen
trepo
r
tb
yCEBRf
ind
saG
ro
s
sVa
lue
Addedcon
s
t
ru
c
t
ionse
c
to
r mu
l
t
ip
l
ie
ro
f2
.843,ba
sedonInpu
t
Ou
tpu
te
s
t
ima
te
s
.The
se mu
l
t
ip
l
ie
r
sdo
i
l
lu
s
t
ra
tethepo
ten
t
ia
lva
lueo
fcap
i
ta
lin
ve
s
tmen
tbu
t mu
s
tbeu
sedw
i
thcau
t
ionfo
rse
ve
ra
lrea
sons
:
• Mu
l
t
ip
l
ie
r
sw
i
l
lbeh
ighe
rwhenin
te
re
s
tra
te
sdono
tha
veroomto fa
l
landdome
s
t
i
ccu
r
ren
cycan
r
ren
t
lywef
indh
igh mu
l
t
ip
l
ie
r
sbe
cau
seo
f
lowin
te
re
s
t
dep
re
c
ia
tea
l
low
ingaboo
s
ttoe
xpo
r
ts44;cu
ra
te
sandawea
kenedcu
r
ren
cybu
tth
is ma
yno
tbet
ruewhenthespend
ingis made
• The
ydono
tta
kea
ccoun
to
fthepo
ten
t
ia
lfo
rc
rowd
ingou
to
fo
the
ra
c
t
iv
i
ty
,wh
i
chcou
ldha
ve
s
im
i
la
r
lyh
igh mu
l
t
ip
l
ie
r
s
.Cu
r
ren
t
ly
i
tis
l
ike
lythee
conomyha
sunde
r
u
sedre
sou
r
ce
sandhen
ce
the mu
l
t
ip
l
ie
r
sa
ree
xpe
c
tedtobeh
ighandthe
l
ike
l
ihoodo
fc
rowd
ingou
tlowe
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l mon
th
stoen
su
ret
rans
i
t
iona
l
a
r
rangemen
tsa
re
inp
la
ceandtocon
su
l
ts
ta
f
fonthechange
s
,bu
tth
iswou
ldapp
lytoan
yop
t
ion
o
the
rthanthes
ta
tu
squo
.
5
.4
.3 I
ftheHAwa
stu
rnedin
toago
ve
rnmen
t
ownedcompan
yw
i
thou
tpa
ra
l
le
lleg
is
la
t
ion
,nos
ta
tu
to
ry
powe
r
so
rdu
t
ie
scou
ldbefo
rma
l
lyp
la
cedw
i
ththecompan
y
ina manne
rtha
twou
lde
f
fe
c
t
ive
ly
e
x
c
ludetheSe
c
re
ta
r
yo
fS
ta
teandh
iso
f
f
ic
ia
lsf
romda
y
to
da
y
in
vo
lvemen
tw
i
thope
ra
t
iona
l ma
t
te
r
s.
Theva
s
t ma
jo
r
i
tyo
ftheroads
cheme
sand ma
in
tenan
cetheHAde
l
ive
r
s
isunde
r
ta
kenv
iacon
t
ra
c
ts
w
i
ththesupp
lycha
in. W
i
thou
t
leg
is
la
t
ion
,thecompan
ywou
ldno
tbeab
letosubde
lega
tepowe
r
sto
i
ts
con
t
ra
c
to
r
s
,the
re
fo
recon
t
ra
c
tswou
ldha
vetocon
t
inuetobe madebe
tweentheSe
c
re
ta
r
yo
f
S
ta
teandthesupp
l
ie
rsa
sa
tp
re
sen
t
.T
h
iswou
ldg
rea
t
ly
l
im
i
tthe
independen
ceanda
ccoun
tab
i
l
i
tyo
f
thecompan
y
,andwou
ldin
vo
lve
i
tina
la
rgeamoun
to
fbu
reau
c
ra
cy
.There
spons
ib
lem
in
is
te
r
swou
ld
ha
vetod
i
re
c
tthecompan
y mu
ch mo
rec
lo
se
lythanunde
ra mode
lse
tupw
i
thi
tsownpowe
r
sand
du
t
ie
s
,wh
ichwou
ldunde
rm
inethero
leo
ftheboa
rdand ma
kethee
f
f
ic
ien
c
ie
so
fa
longte
rm
app
roa
ch mu
chha
rde
rtorea
l
ise
.
5
.4
.4 Go
ve
rnmen
tcou
ldse
tou
ta R
IS –a
sde
s
c
r
ibedinop
t
ionone –w
i
thou
t
leg
is
la
t
iveunde
rp
inn
ing
.
Thesame
le
ve
lo
fs
t
ra
teg
icd
i
re
c
t
ioncou
ldbep
ro
v
ided
,bu
i
ld
ingonthepe
r
fo
rman
cespe
c
i
f
ica
t
ion
s
u
sedcu
r
ren
t
ly
.Then
,th
roughsu
c
ce
s
s
ivespend
ingre
v
iews
,theGo
ve
rnmen
tcou
ldcomm
i
ttothe
amoun
to
ffund
ingrequ
i
redfo
rtheR
IS
.
5
.4
.5 Thea
ssu
ran
cefo
rthe
secomm
i
tmen
tswou
ldre
s
ide
inas
ta
temen
to
rle
t
te
rf
romtheChan
ce
l
lo
r
o
rCh
ie
fSe
c
re
ta
r
ytotheT
rea
su
r
y
.Th
iswou
ldon
lyhe
lptop
rodu
cethee
f
f
ic
ien
cybene
f
i
tsd
is
cu
s
sed
inthe
Coo
kRe
v
iew onthecond
i
t
iontha
tsupp
l
ie
r
swe
recon
f
iden
ttha
tmu
chg
rea
te
rce
r
ta
in
tyanda
s
ign
i
f
ican
tredu
c
t
ioninr
is
k
wou
ld ma
te
r
ia
l
ise
inp
ra
c
t
iceandchangedthe
i
rbu
s
ine
ssp
ra
c
t
ice
s
a
cco
rd
ing
ly
,fo
re
xamp
leb
yen
te
r
ingin
to
longe
rcon
t
ra
c
tso
rin
ve
s
t
ing mo
reins
ta
f
f
.
5
.4
.6 T
hefeedba
ckf
rombu
s
ine
s
so
rgan
isa
t
ion
sandthecon
s
t
ru
c
t
ionandsupp
lyindu
s
t
r
y
tha
tfedinto
theCoo
kRe
v
iew,wh
i
chha
sbeencon
f
i
rmedb
ythere
sponse
stoAc
t
ionfo
r Road
sandthe
Go
ve
rnmen
t
’sre
cen
tcon
su
l
ta
t
ion istha
tw
i
thou
ta mu
chs
t
ronge
rcomm
i
tmen
t(
i
.e
.anin
ve
s
tmen
t
p
lanandfund
ings
ta
temen
tunde
rw
r
i
t
tenb
y
leg
is
la
t
ion
)the
ywou
ldno
tha
vethecon
f
iden
ceto
changehowthe
ydobu
s
ine
ss
.Asbu
s
ine
s
se
sre
cogn
ise
,wha
te
ve
rthe
in
ten
t
ion
swhenagua
ran
tee
is made
,go
ve
rnmen
tbudge
tsa
resub
je
c
ttoaw
iderangeo
fcompe
t
ingandunp
red
ic
tab
lep
re
s
su
re
s
wh
i
ch ma
ke
sfund
ingce
r
ta
in
tyve
r
yd
i
f
f
icu
l
ttoa
ch
ie
ve
inp
ra
c
t
iceun
le
s
sse
cu
redb
y
leg
is
la
t
ion
.
36
Mo
reo
ve
r
,the Ac
coun
t
ingOf
f
ice
rre
spons
ib
lefo
rthecompan
y
’sspend
ingma
yha
ve
is
sue
sw
i
th
s
ign
inglong
te
rmcon
t
ra
c
tsw
i
thou
tthef
i
rmba
s
iso
ffund
ingce
r
ta
in
tyunde
rw
r
i
t
t
enb
y
leg
is
la
t
ion
.
The
re
fo
re
,w
i
thou
tthece
r
ta
in
ty
leg
is
la
t
ionp
ro
v
ide
s,e
f
f
ic
ien
cysa
v
ing
sw
i
l
lno
tberea
l
isedtonea
r
ly
thesamee
x
ten
ta
sunde
rop
t
ionone
.
5
.4
.7 Leg
is
la
t
ionis mo
s
tc
ru
c
ia
lfo
rde
l
ive
r
yo
fe
f
f
ic
ien
c
ie
s
incap
i
ta
lin
ve
s
tmen
ton ma
jo
rp
ro
je
ctsand
p
rog
ramme
s
.I
tisrea
sonab
letoth
in
ktha
tthee
f
f
ic
ien
c
ie
sduetolonge
r
te
rmp
lann
ingcou
ldbe
de
l
ive
redmo
reea
s
i
ly w
i
thou
tleg
is
la
t
ionfo
rsma
l
le
rfund
ingl
ine
s(e
veni
fthe
re
isa
lowe
rle
ve
lo
f
ce
r
ta
in
tythanunde
rthep
re
fe
r
redop
t
ion
)
.Hen
cewere
f
le
c
tth
is
inou
rcen
t
ra
ls
cena
r
iofo
rre
sou
r
ce
ma
in
tenan
ce
,ope
ra
t
iona
landcap
i
ta
l ma
in
tenan
ceandrenewa
lsbene
f
i
ts
.Howe
ve
r
,a
se
xp
la
ined
abo
ve,i
tispo
s
s
ib
letha
tthe
la
cko
f
leg
is
la
t
ionwou
ldno
tg
ive
su
f
f
ic
ien
tcon
f
iden
cefo
rthere
fo
rmed
H
ighwa
y
sAgen
cyo
rthesupp
lycha
intode
l
ive
rrea
lchange
sandhen
ceou
rlows
cena
r
iore
f
le
c
ts
tha
tthe
re ma
ybenobene
f
i
ts
.
5
.4
.8 Fo
rcap
i
ta
lin
ve
s
tmen
t
,thequa
l
i
ta
t
ivee
v
iden
ceweha
vesugge
s
tstha
taRoadIn
ve
s
tmen
t
S
t
ra
teg
yw
i
thou
t
leg
is
la
t
ionisun
l
ike
lyto
leadtothebene
f
i
tsou
t
l
inedinop
t
ionone,sowein
c
ludeth
is
a
sou
rcen
t
ra
landlows
cena
r
io
.Howe
ve
r
,i
t ma
ybepo
s
s
ib
leto ma
keas
t
rongenoughpo
l
i
t
ica
l
comm
i
tmen
tands
t
i
ckto
i
to
ve
ranumbe
ro
fyea
rssotha
ti
tdoe
scometorep
re
sen
tce
r
ta
in
ty
.We
ha
venoe
v
iden
ceonwh
ichtoba
seana
sse
s
smen
to
fhows
ign
i
f
ican
tth
iscou
ldbe
,soa
sanuppe
r
boundweha
ve
in
c
ludedthesamee
f
f
ic
ien
c
ie
sa
sunde
rthecen
t
ra
ls
cena
r
iofo
rop
t
ionone.I
tis
un
l
ike
lytha
tth
iswou
ldo
ccu
r
,bu
tcanno
tberu
ledou
ti
fapo
l
i
t
ica
lcomm
i
tmen
twa
ss
t
rongenoughto
commandabe
l
ie
ff
romthesupp
lycha
intha
ti
tcou
ldno
tbechangedun
t
i
ltheR
ISpe
r
iodhad
e
xp
i
red
.Thetab
lebe
lowsumma
r
ise
sthea
s
sump
t
ion
s made
.
Tab
le10:Summa
ryo
fop
t
iontwoscena
r
ioassump
t
ionsl
inkedtoop
t
ionone
Resou
rce ma
in
tenance
andope
ra
t
iona
l
Cap
i
ta
l ma
in
tenanceand
renewa
ls
Cap
i
ta
linves
tmen
t
Low
No
impa
c
t
No
impa
c
t
No
impa
c
t
Op
t
ion twoscena
r
ios
Cen
t
ra
l
H
igh
De
l
ive
r
sthesamea
s Op
t
ion
De
l
ive
r
sthesamea
s Op
t
ion
one(a
l
ls
cena
r
io
s
)
one(a
l
ls
cena
r
io
s
)
De
l
ive
r
sthesamea
s Op
t
ion
De
l
ive
r
sthesamea
s Op
t
ion
one(a
l
ls
cena
r
io
s
)
one(a
l
ls
cena
r
io
s
)
No
impa
c
to
fre
fo
rm
De
l
ive
r
sthesamea
s Op
t
ion
one(
cen
t
ra
ls
cena
r
io
)
Co
s
t mon
i
to
ringandbe
t
te
rse
r
v
icefo
rroadu
se
r
s
5
.4
.9 Ex
te
rna
lp
re
s
su
reone
f
f
ic
ien
c
ie
sandrep
re
sen
ta
t
iono
froadu
se
rscou
ldbee
s
tab
l
ishedinthe
samewa
y
sunde
rth
isop
t
iona
s
inop
t
ionone
,w
i
ththeob
l
iga
t
iononthecompan
ytop
ro
v
ide
in
fo
rma
t
ionbe
ingse
tinthe
Framewo
r
kAg
reemen
t.
5
.4
.10Howe
ve
r,the
sero
le
sm
igh
tbe
le
s
se
f
fe
c
t
ivew
i
thou
tthet
ran
spa
ren
cyo
fthere
la
t
ion
sh
iptha
tis
po
ss
ib
lew
i
ththe
legis
la
t
ive
f
ramewo
r
kthecompan
ywou
ldope
ra
te
ina
sah
ighwa
yau
tho
r
i
ty.The
Go
ve
rnmen
twou
ldha
ve mo
re
in
f
luen
ceth
roughava
r
ie
tyo
fchanne
lso
ve
rthecompan
y
,l
im
i
t
ingthe
pub
l
ica
ccoun
tab
i
l
i
tyo
fthecompan
y
.
5
.4
.11L
ikew
ise
,theR
ISbe
ingunde
rp
innedb
y
leg
is
la
t
ionwou
lda
lso ma
keco
s
t mon
i
to
r
ingandroad
u
se
rrep
re
sen
ta
t
ion mo
ree
f
fe
c
t
ive
.Th
is
isb
yp
ro
v
id
ingthewa
t
chdogand mon
i
to
rw
i
thac
lea
r
oppo
r
tun
i
tyto
in
f
luen
cethepe
r
fo
rman
cespe
c
i
f
ica
t
ionfo
rthecompan
y
.W
i
thou
tleg
is
la
t
ion
,the
p
ro
ce
s
sfo
rse
t
t
ingthepe
r
fo
rman
cespe
c
i
f
ica
t
ionanda
sso
c
ia
tedfund
ings
ta
temen
twou
ldbe
le
s
s
t
ran
spa
ren
tand mo
resu
s
cep
t
ib
letochange
.
Cos
ts56
5
.4
.12The mone
t
isedco
s
tsfo
rop
t
iontwoa
rebroad
lythesamea
sfo
rop
t
ionone,a
sde
l
ive
r
yo
fthe
newco
rpo
ra
tea
r
rangemen
ts
,R
ISande
x
te
rna
ls
c
ru
t
in
yfun
c
t
ion
swou
lds
t
i
l
l
in
cu
rs
im
i
la
rco
s
ts
.We
the
re
fo
re ma
kethe
see
s
t
ima
te
sba
sedonthesamef
igu
re
sa
sabo
vefo
rco
s
ts
.Howe
ve
r
,no
t
de
s
ign
ingandpa
s
s
ingleg
is
la
t
ionunde
rth
isop
t
ionwou
ld meanade
c
rea
sedt
ran
s
i
t
iona
lre
sou
r
ce
56
A
l
lf
igu
re
s
inth
isse
c
t
iona
rea
tcu
r
ren
tp
r
ice
s
;the
ya
recon
ve
r
tedto2013
/14p
r
ice
sfo
re
s
t
ima
te
so
fto
ta
l
s
37
need
,e
spe
c
ia
l
lyfo
rlega
lre
sou
r
ce
.I
t
ise
s
t
ima
ted6fewe
rin
te
rna
lfu
l
l
t
imes
ta
f
fwou
ldbeneededi
f
leg
is
la
t
ionisno
tde
l
ive
red
, mean
ingthe
imp
lemen
ta
t
ionco
s
tis e
s
t
ima
teda
tbe
tween £10
.9 m
i
l
l
ion
and£14
.9m
i
l
l
ion unde
rth
isop
t
ion
.
5
.4
.13Asw
i
thop
t
ionone,co
rpo
ra
t
isa
t
iono
ftheHAtoc
rea
teana
rm
’s
leng
thcompan
y
wou
lda
lso
redu
cego
ve
rnmen
t
’sin
f
luen
ce
.Howe
ve
r
,th
is
is
a mu
chle
s
ss
ign
i
f
ican
tco
s
tinop
t
iontwob
e
cau
se
leg
is
la
t
ionwou
ldno
tbeinp
la
cetot
ran
s
fe
rpowe
r
s
, mean
ing m
in
is
te
r
swou
ldre
ta
inas
ign
i
f
ican
t
ab
i
l
i
tyto
in
f
luen
cede
c
is
ionsda
yto
da
y
.
5
.4
.14TheR
ISwou
lda
lsoredu
cef
le
x
ib
i
l
i
tyfo
rgo
ve
rnmen
t.Howe
ve
r
,a
sthe
rewou
ldbeno
leg
is
la
t
ion
toen
su
retheR
ISandfund
ingce
r
ta
in
ty
,go
ve
rnmen
twou
ldbeab
letochangethes
cheme
s
,p
lan
s
andfund
ingintheR
ISmu
ch mo
reea
s
i
ly.Th
iswou
ld
,the
re
fo
re
,no
tbeas
ign
i
f
ican
tco
s
taga
in
s
tthe
ba
se
l
ine
.
6
.R
is
k
s
6
.1Re
fo
rmp
re
sen
ts
impo
r
tan
toppo
r
tun
i
t
ie
sfo
rg
reate
rin
ve
s
tmen
tandanimp
ro
vedqua
l
i
tyo
fse
r
v
iceto
roadu
se
r
s
.Howe
ve
r
,a
tth
iss
tageke
yr
is
k
s
inde
l
ive
r
ingthebe
ne
f
i
tsrema
in
.
6
.2Po
ten
t
ia
ld
i
f
f
icu
l
tyach
iev
ingsus
ta
inedsp
l
i
tf
rompo
l
i
t
ica
lp
rocess
:The mo
s
ts
ign
i
f
ican
tga
in
s
in
th
is mode
la
ree
xpe
c
tedtocomef
rome
s
tab
l
ish
ingasu
s
ta
inab
leRoadIn
ve
s
tmen
tS
t
ra
teg
y.
A
l
thoughwean
t
ic
ipa
tetha
tthes
ta
tu
to
r
yfoo
t
ingcande
l
ive
rth
is
,roadbu
i
ld
ingha
sbeenthesub
je
c
t
o
fs
ign
i
f
ican
tpub
l
icp
ro
te
s
tin
c
lud
ingd
i
re
c
ta
c
t
ioninthepa
s
t
.Un
t
i
lthesupp
l
ycha
iniscom
fo
r
tab
le
tha
tune
xpe
c
tedpo
l
i
t
ica
landbudge
t
a
ryp
re
s
su
re
sw
i
l
lno
t
in
te
r
fe
rew
i
th
the
in
ve
s
tmen
tp
rog
ramme
andfund
inggua
ran
tee
,thego
ve
rnmen
townedcompan
y ma
yno
tbeab
letode
l
ive
rthee
f
f
ic
ien
cy
ga
in
san
t
ic
ipa
ted
.Th
isr
is
kcou
ldbe
in
c
rea
sedwhe
resomere
sou
r
cee
lemen
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ftheope
ra
to
r
’s
budge
trema
insub
je
c
tto mo
ref
requen
tbudge
tde
c
is
ion
sands
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ingen
tcon
t
ro
ls,howe
ve
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Go
ve
rnmen
tw
i
l
l
loo
ka
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lo
fce
r
ta
in
tytha
ta
l
lowse
f
f
ic
ien
c
ie
stobea
ch
ie
ved
.
6
.3F
iveyearcyc
l
ica
l
i
ty(asin wa
te
r
)
:Se
ve
ra
lre
v
iewe
r
sha
ve
iden
t
i
f
iedas
ign
i
f
ican
ttenden
cyfo
r
cy
c
l
ica
lin
ve
s
tmen
tinthewa
te
rse
c
to
r
,l
in
kedtothe5
yea
rpe
r
iod
icre
v
iewp
ro
ce
s
swh
ich
iss
im
i
la
rto
wha
twep
ropo
sehe
re
.The
re
fo
rethe
re
isar
is
ktha
tth
ise
xpe
r
ien
ce
isrepea
ted
.Ch
r
isNewsome
,o
f
Ang
l
ian Wa
te
r
,isquo
teda
ssa
y
ing:“C
y
c
l
i
ca
lin
ve
s
tmen
tha
sbeenanis
sueinthewa
te
rse
c
to
rs
in
ce
p
r
iva
t
isa
t
ion
.Thee
f
fe
c
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iss
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c
lew
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lycha
inre
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tin
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rodu
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ty
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ro
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rcy
c
le
,redundan
c
ie
sandanen
v
i
ronmen
to
fun
ce
r
ta
in
ty
inwh
i
chsma
l
land
57
med
iumen
te
rp
r
ise
sa
repa
r
t
icu
la
r
lybad
lya
f
fe
c
ted
.”
Inh
isre
v
iewo
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fwa
tin2011Da
v
id G
ra
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commen
tedtha
t
:“Thee
x
t
rao
rd
ina
rydeg
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fcy
c
l
i
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l
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ty
inbu
s
ine
s
sf
lowsf
romthewa
te
rcompan
ie
s
tothese
c
to
rsupp
lycha
in
,wh
ichappea
r
stobe
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rge
lyare
spon
setothep
r
icere
v
iewp
ro
ce
s
s
,is
ob
v
iou
s
lyunde
s
i
rab
le
.I
t
ishopedtha
tthep
ropo
sa
lsto ma
keregu
la
t
ionle
ss
in
t
ru
s
iveandg
ive
compan
ie
s mo
reowne
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sh
ipo
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i
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s
ine
ssp
lan
sw
i
l
l
imp
ro
vethepo
s
i
t
ion
,bu
ti
t ma
ya
lsobe
ne
ce
s
sa
r
ytocon
s
ide
rsome mo
rep
roa
c
t
iveapp
roa
che
s
inthesho
r
te
rte
rm
.
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t
t
ingupthe
co
s
t
mon
i
to
ringfun
c
t
ionweneedtopa
ya
t
ten
t
iontoth
is
is
sue
,anden
su
rethenewcompan
yha
s
58
owne
r
sh
ipo
f
i
tsbu
s
ine
s
sp
lan
.Afu
l
le
rrepo
r
t –“
Smoo
th
ingin
ve
s
tmen
tcy
c
le
s
inthewa
te
rse
c
to
r”
–
ha
sbeenunde
r
ta
kenb
yIn
f
ra
s
t
ru
c
tu
reUKwh
i
chde
ta
i
lsthe
impa
c
tso
fth
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c
l
ica
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ten
t
ia
l
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lu
t
ionsapp
l
icab
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te
rregu
la
to
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yreg
ime
.
6
.4Accoun
tab
i
l
i
tyno
tapp
l
iedasexpec
ted
:Somego
ve
rnmen
tcon
t
ro
lsde
s
ignedtoensu
rethebe
s
t
va
lue
in manag
ingpub
l
ic mone
ycou
lde
x
is
to
ve
rthef
reedomo
fthenewcompan
ytose
tle
ve
lso
f
remune
ra
t
ionandtop
ro
cu
re
.I
tisimpo
r
tan
ttha
tspend
ingcon
t
ro
lsu
seth
er
igh
te
xpe
r
t
ise
,powe
r
s
andrem
i
ttos
c
ru
t
in
iseva
luefo
r mone
ye
f
fe
c
t
ive
lywh
i
ls
ta
lsoa
l
low
ingthecompan
ytheope
ra
t
iona
l
f
le
x
ib
i
l
i
tytode
l
ive
r mo
ree
f
f
ic
ien
t
ly
.Theco
s
t mon
i
to
rw
i
l
lhavearo
lehe
re
,bu
ta
son
lyonecompan
y
w
i
l
lbefo
rmed
,the
recou
ldbea
la
cko
f
in
fo
rma
t
iononwh
ichtoba
seana
s
se
ssmen
to
fpe
r
fo
rman
ce
andhen
ced
r
ivee
f
f
ic
ien
cyb
yben
chma
r
k
ing
.The
re
isare
la
tedr
is
ktha
t
,intheabsen
ceo
fan
e
conom
icro
le
,themon
i
to
r ma
ysee
ktoe
xpandi
tsrem
i
tandin
te
r
fe
re
in managemen
tdec
is
ion
s
.A
su
i
tab
leba
lan
cemu
s
tbefoundu
s
inggo
ve
rnan
cea
r
rangemen
ts
,the mon
i
to
rand –insomeca
se
s
–
57
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t
tps
:
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ty
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wa
te
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c
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58
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s
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s
inthe Wa
te
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to
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,HMT
rea
su
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y
38
con
t
ro
lswh
ichen
su
re
sva
luefo
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ybu
tdoe
sno
timpa
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tonthee
f
fe
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t
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th
.
6
.5R
isko
fundes
i
rab
lecos
tsav
ingsbyus
ingpoo
rcons
t
ruc
t
ions
tanda
rds59:Es
tab
l
ish
ing
con
s
is
ten
tp
re
ssu
reonco
s
te
f
f
ic
ien
cyha
sthepo
ten
t
ia
lto
leadtosa
v
ing
s madeno
tth
rough
e
f
f
ic
ien
cybu
tth
roughcu
t
t
ingqua
l
i
ty
inunde
s
i
rab
lewa
ys
.Th
iscanbed
i
f
f
icu
l
tto mon
i
to
rfo
ran
ou
ts
ideob
se
rve
r
,a
sthe
la
cko
fqua
l
i
ty ma
yno
tbeob
se
r
vab
lefo
r man
yyea
r
sbu
tcou
ldthenleadto
s
ign
i
f
ican
tin
c
rea
se
s
inwho
le
l
i
feco
s
t
. Wea
reawa
reo
fth
isr
is
kandw
i
l
lsee
kto m
i
t
iga
te
i
tb
ya
comb
ina
t
iono
fsomeo
ra
l
lo
fthebe
low
:
a
. In
c
lud
inga
s
se
t managemen
te
xpe
c
ta
t
ions
inthepe
r
fo
rman
cespe
c
i
f
ica
t
ionandsee
k
ing
to mon
i
to
rqua
l
i
ty
ind
ica
to
r
sc
lo
se
ly
.
b
. Es
tab
l
ish
ingqua
l
i
tys
tanda
rd
s
inthene
two
r
k
l
icen
ce
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t ma
in
ta
in
inga
sse
tqua
l
i
ty
andcon
s
t
ru
c
t
ions
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rd
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isake
ypa
r
to
fhowthenewope
ra
to
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xpe
c
tedtobeha
ve.
c
. En
su
r
ingtheco
s
tmon
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i
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r
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o
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i
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copeo
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tpu
tha
sredu
ceda
longs
ide
co
s
t
.
6
.6Lacko
fin
teg
ra
t
iono
fSRNdec
is
ionmak
ing w
i
th
inw
ide
rpo
l
icy
: In
c
rea
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c
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ma
k
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tcompan
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le
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f
in
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ra
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tween managemen
to
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o
the
ra
rea
so
fgo
ve
rnmen
tpo
l
icy
in
c
lud
ingt
ran
spo
r
t
,p
lann
ingandhou
s
ing
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ve
r
,se
cu
re
longte
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lann
ingth
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ldredu
cep
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yg
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igh
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l
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ine
s
s
.
6
.7Env
i
ronmen
ta
landsoc
ia
lgoa
lsno
tba
lanced w
i
theconom
icp
r
io
r
i
t
iesinnewf
ramewo
rk:
C
reat
ingago
ve
rnmen
townedcompan
ydoe
sno
tgua
ran
teetha
ten
v
i
ronmen
ta
landso
c
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lgoa
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i
l
l
beba
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re
conom
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thande
f
f
ic
ien
cy
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isro
le mu
s
tbefu
l
f
i
l
lede
i
the
rb
ythe
Depa
r
tmen
tfo
rT
ran
spo
r
tth
roughtheRoadIn
ve
s
tmen
tS
t
ra
teg
ya
ndo
the
re
lemen
tso
fthe
pe
r
fo
rman
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ve
rnan
cef
ramewo
r
k
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v
i
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ta
lp
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ion
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tinaw
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leg
is
la
t
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l
lcon
t
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ly
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swesa
idinou
rre
sponsetothe
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l
ta
t
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thecompan
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i
l
lha
vec
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ren
v
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ronmen
ta
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ib
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t
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fo
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fo
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ra
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icroad
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k
”
.
7
.Summa
ryw
i
thp
re
fe
r
redop
t
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lanfo
rimp
lemen
ta
t
ion
7
.1Ou
re
v
iden
cef
romp
re
v
iou
ss
tud
ie
s
,a
swe
l
la
stha
tp
ro
v
idedb
ybu
s
ine
ssandindu
s
t
r
y
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t
rong
ly
sugge
s
tstha
ti
twou
ldbeve
r
yd
i
f
f
icu
l
ttoa
ch
ie
vetheob
je
c
t
ive
so
f
imp
ro
v
ingva
luefo
r mone
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boo
s
t
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conomyw
i
thou
t
in
s
t
i
tu
t
iona
lre
fo
rmtoa
l
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ra
to
r
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independen
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ta
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tyo
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leg
is
la
t
ion
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tab
l
ish
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san
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tcompan
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recomme
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c
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ve
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ces
t
ru
c
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iona
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independen
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rtheR
ISin
the mo
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te
f
f
ic
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le
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i
thou
t
e
s
tab
l
ish
inganindependen
tcompan
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i
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ra
te
lega
liden
t
i
tyandi
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r
sunde
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s
ta
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te
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spon
s
ib
i
l
i
tyfo
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y
to
da
y managemen
to
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lds
t
i
l
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i
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c
re
ta
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f
S
ta
te
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im
i
t
thev
is
ib
i
l
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tyandc
red
ib
i
l
i
tyo
fchangetothesupp
lycha
in
.
7
.2We wou
lde
xpe
c
tre
fo
rmtoo
f
fe
rsomebene
f
i
ts
i
fthecompan
ywa
sse
tupa
ta
rm
’sleng
thw
i
than
op
t
ima
lcomme
r
c
ia
lgo
ve
rnan
ces
t
ru
c
tu
reandfewe
rcen
t
ra
lgo
ve
rnmen
tre
s
t
r
ic
t
ion
s
,e
veninthe
ab
sen
ceo
f
leg
is
la
t
ion
.Howe
ve
r
,ino
rde
rtose
cu
refund
ingce
r
ta
in
ty,i
t
isc
ru
c
ia
ltha
tleg
is
la
t
ionis
pa
ssedtounde
rp
intheR
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the
rw
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ldbeno
imp
ro
vemen
tpe
r
ce
ivedb
ytheHA
’ssupp
ly
cha
ino
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rthese
cu
r
i
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rog
rammeo
fwo
r
kandar
is
ko
fno
imp
ro
vemen
tine
f
f
ic
ien
cy
o
ve
rthes
ta
tu
squo
.
7
.3Toc
rea
tea mo
rea
ccoun
tab
leroad
sope
ra
to
r
,theHAneed
stoope
ra
tea
ta
rm
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rom
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ve
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i
th
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is
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t
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s
fe
r
redthedu
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ie
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ttodoso
.Th
is
wou
ldc
rea
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lea
re
ra
ccoun
tab
i
l
i
tyl
in
kbe
tweenope
ra
to
randroadu
se
r
s
, wh
ichwou
ldbe
59
“Gove
rn
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39
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7
.4The
re
fo
reon
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is
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t
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s
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7
.5Leg
is
la
t
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ingin
t
rodu
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r
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iamen
tto
imp
lemen
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ve
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ub
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sse
n
tinea
r
ly2015
,andthenewgo
ve
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compan
ywou
ldcome
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toope
ra
t
iona
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s
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ib
lea
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te
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.Asd
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s
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t
rodu
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7
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tw
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f
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. Wew
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ishwhe
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y
. Wee
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sandthecompan
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,andwhe
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ts
innews
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c
ted
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s
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lythecompan
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to
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s
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romthecompan
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s
t mon
i
to
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e
va
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tehowsu
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sere
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re
..
8
.D
i
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c
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i
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stobu
s
ine
s
s
8
.1The
sep
ropo
sa
lsshou
ldha
ves
ign
i
f
ican
tbene
f
i
tstobu
s
ine
s
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roughabe
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ve
s
tmen
t
en
v
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ra
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icr
oadsin
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ra
s
t
ru
c
tu
re
.Howe
ve
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se
ssthe
sebene
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ind
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inew
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ftheBe
t
te
rRegu
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ionF
ramewo
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k Manua
l
.60 Fo
th
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ftheGove
rnmen
t
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l
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f One
In
TwoOu
t
.
8
.2Wea
rep
ropo
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s
tab
l
ish
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tchdog andco
s
t mon
i
to
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ingfun
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s
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r
ibedabo
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,wh
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ch
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to
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sonthenewgo
ve
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.Howe
ve
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i
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r
.
8
.3Bo
thAF
re
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cRoadNe
two
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kandA
c
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swe
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rs
ign
i
f
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t
engagemen
tw
i
thbu
s
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s
so
rgan
isa
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sandtheHA
’sUKw
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lycha
intha
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f
i
rmedthe
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rUKbu
s
ine
s
se
s
.In Ma
y2013
,theC
iv
i
lEng
inee
r
ingCon
t
ra
c
to
r
s
As
so
c
ia
t
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l
ledonthego
ve
rnmen
tto
:
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ve
lopanew mode
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rtheowne
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sh
ipand managemen
to
ftheEng
l
ishs
t
ra
teg
i
croad
sne
two
r
k
,
fo
cu
s
s
ingonp
ro
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id
ing
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rmce
r
ta
in
t
yo
ve
rthein
ve
s
tmen
trequ
i
red
inthene
two
r
ktoen
su
retha
t
61
i
ti
sab
leto mee
tfu
tu
redemand
inana
f
fo
rdab
le manne
r
.
”
8
.4As
ta
temen
tf
romAdam Ma
r
sha
l
l
,d
i
re
c
to
ro
fpo
l
icya
ttheB
r
i
t
ishChambe
r
so
fComme
r
cewe
lcomed
thep
ropo
sa
ls
inAc
t
ionfo
rRoad
s
:
“
Bu
s
ine
s
sg
row
threqu
i
re
saroadne
two
r
ktha
t
’
swe
l
l ma
in
ta
ined
,conge
s
t
ionf
reeandupg
raded
whe
rene
ce
s
sa
r
y
.Fo
rtoo
long
,theH
ighwa
y
sAgen
cyha
sbeenunab
letode
l
ive
ronthe
se
requ
i
remen
ts
.
60
h
t
tp
s
:
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k
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load
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sy
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i
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/211981
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is131038be
t
te
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ion
f
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manua
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idan
cefo
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o
f
f
ic
ia
l
s
.pd
f
61
CECA
,Se
cu
r
ingou
rEconomy
:TheCa
sefo
rIn
f
ras
truc
tu
re
,Ma
y2013
,p
.5
.
40
Sowewe
lcometheannoun
cemen
ttha
ttheH
ighwa
y
sAgen
c
yi
stobe
comeapub
l
i
cco
rpo
ra
t
ion
,
managedina mo
rebu
s
ine
s
sl
i
kefa
sh
ion
,andtha
t
i
tw
i
l
lha
ve
thesameso
r
to
ff
i
ve
yea
rfund
ing
ce
r
ta
in
t
ytha
tha
she
lpedto
imp
ro
vethera
i
lne
two
r
kinre
cen
tyea
r
s
.
62
Bu
s
ine
s
sha
shadenougho
f‘
s
tops
ta
r
tB
r
i
ta
in
’
.”
8
.5There
spon
se
sf
rombu
s
ine
s
se
sandtheHA
’ssupp
lycha
intoou
rcon
su
l
ta
t
iononT
ran
s
fo
rm
ingthe
H
ighwa
y
sAgen
c
yha
sa
lsobeenla
rge
lypo
s
i
t
iveanda
f
f
i
rmsthebene
f
i
tso
fou
rapp
roa
chandthe
ana
ly
s
is
inthep
re
v
iouspub
l
ishedimpa
c
ta
s
se
s
smen
t
.
9
.O
the
rimpa
c
t
s
S
ta
f
fandequa
l
i
t
ie
s
9
.1Oneo
ftheg
roups mo
s
ta
f
fe
c
tedb
ythe
sep
ropo
sa
ls
istheH
ighwa
y
s Agen
cy
’swo
r
k
fo
r
ce.The
rea
re
o
ve
r3
,200fu
l
l
t
imes
ta
f
fwo
r
k
ingintheHAth
roughou
tEng
landinarangeo
fro
le
s
,a
l
lo
fwhoma
re
c
iv
i
lse
r
van
ts
.
9
.2TheDepa
r
tmen
tha
sadu
tyunde
rtheEqua
l
i
tyA
c
t2010tocon
s
ide
rwhe
the
rpo
l
ic
ie
sw
i
l
lha
vean
y
ad
ve
rse
impa
c
tonequa
l
i
t
ie
so
rredu
cee
x
is
t
inginequa
l
i
t
ie
s
.63 TheD
fTequa
loppo
r
tun
i
t
ie
sand
d
ive
r
s
i
typo
l
icyg
ive
se
f
fe
c
ttotheEqua
l
i
tyA
c
trequ
i
remen
ts
.I
tsuppo
r
tsandp
romo
testhep
r
in
c
ip
le
s
o
fequa
l
i
tyandfa
i
rne
s
sanden
cou
ragesad
ive
r
sewo
r
kfo
r
ce
.
9
.3Shouldthe
go
ve
rnmen
townedcompan
yop
t
ionbeta
ken
,s
ta
f
fwou
ldbet
ran
s
fe
r
redtothenew
compan
yf
romtheHA
.The
i
rte
rmsandcond
i
t
ion
so
femp
lo
ymen
twou
ldbep
ro
te
c
tedunde
rthe
64
p
r
in
c
ip
le
so
ftheT
rans
fe
ro
fUnde
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ta
k
ing
s(P
ro
te
c
t
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fEmp
lo
ymen
t
)Regu
la
t
ion
s2006(TUPE
).
Unde
rthePub
l
icSe
r
v
icePen
s
ion
sAc
t2013
,pub
l
i
cse
c
to
rwo
r
ke
r
swhoa
ret
ran
s
fe
r
red ou
to
fthe
c
iv
i
lse
r
v
iceunde
rTUPEp
r
in
c
ip
le
sw
i
l
lbeab
letorema
in membe
r
so
ftheC
iv
i
lSe
r
v
icePen
s
ion
Scheme
; mo
s
tHAs
ta
f
fa
re
intheP
r
in
c
ipa
lC
iv
i
lSe
r
v
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s
ionScheme
.Ascond
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so
fse
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v
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wou
ldbep
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c
tedunde
rTUPEfo
l
low
ingan
yt
ran
s
fe
ro
fs
ta
f
ff
romtheHA
,the
reshou
ldbeno
ad
ve
rse
impa
c
tonan
yp
ro
te
c
tedg
roup
s
.
9
.4Regu
la
t
ion13o
fTUPEp
la
ce
sanob
l
iga
t
iononbo
ththeo
ldandnewemp
lo
ye
rto
in
fo
rm t
radeun
ion
rep
re
sen
ta
t
ive
so
fs
ta
f
fa
f
fe
c
tedb
ythet
ran
s
fe
r‘longenoughbe
fo
reare
le
van
tt
ran
s
fe
r
’
.In
a
cco
rdan
ce
,D
fTandtheH
ighwa
y
sAgen
cyw
i
l
len
su
retheapp
rop
r
ia
tep
ro
v
is
iono
fin
fo
rma
t
ionto
su
chrep
re
sen
ta
t
ive
s
.
P
lann
ing
9
.5TheH
ighwa
y
sAgen
cyha
sadu
tytofa
c
i
l
i
ta
tesu
s
ta
inab
lee
conom
i
cde
ve
lopmen
t
.Howe
ve
r
,th
is
mean
stha
ti
t mu
s
t dea
lw
i
ththe
impa
c
tso
f
lo
ca
le
conom
icde
ve
lopmen
tontheSRN
.Newe
conom
ic
a
c
t
iv
i
tycanleadtoagene
ra
lin
c
rea
se
indemand,wh
i
chcanbesub
s
t
an
t
ia
lintheca
seo
fthe
la
rge
s
t
de
ve
lopmen
ts
.Ono
cca
s
ion
,thecumu
la
t
ivee
f
fe
c
tscanre
su
l
tinconge
s
t
ion
.Spe
c
i
f
icde
ve
lopmen
ts
ma
ya
lsopo
seasa
fe
tyr
is
k
,pa
r
t
icu
la
r
lywhe
rethe
yc
rea
teo
ra
l
te
rad
i
re
c
ta
cce
s
son
toas
t
ra
teg
ic
road
.TheAgen
cywo
r
k
sw
i
thde
ve
lope
r
sto m
i
t
iga
tethe
impa
c
tso
fthe
sede
ve
lopmen
ts
,b
yadap
t
ing
thede
s
igno
rb
ya
r
rang
ing m
i
t
iga
t
ion mea
su
re
s
.Thecu
r
ren
tD
fTpo
l
icyonp
lann
ingandtheSRN
is
se
tou
tinC
i
r
cu
la
r02
/2013"TheS
t
ra
teg
icRoadNe
two
r
kandtheDe
l
ive
r
yo
fSu
s
ta
inab
le
De
ve
lopmen
t
".
62
‘
Roadne
two
rkre
fo
rm
s mu
s
the
lppu
tanen
dto‘s
tops
ta
r
tB
r
i
ta
in
’
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y
sBCC’
,Ju
ly2013
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t
tp
:
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r
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t
ish
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is
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s
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sde
f
in
ed
intheEqua
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yAc
t2010
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re
:age
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ic
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regnan
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yand ma
te
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i
ty
,
gen
de
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ien
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l
ig
iono
rbe
l
ie
f
.
64
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r
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ta
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l
sonTUPEsee(h
t
tp
:
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.gov
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k
/u
k
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i
/2006
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fs
/u
k
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i_20060246_en
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f)
41
9
.6TheSe
c
re
ta
r
yo
fS
ta
teha
sanumbe
ro
fp
lann
ingdu
t
ie
sanda
s
so
c
ia
tedpowe
r
s,wh
icha
ree
xe
r
c
ised
onh
isbeha
l
fb
ytheH
ighwa
y
sAgen
cytohe
lpw
i
thth
isw
ide
rp
ro
ce
s
so
fde
ve
lopmen
t managemen
t
.
The
sepowe
r
s mean
:
• TheAgen
cy
isas
ta
tuto
r
ycon
su
l
teew
i
thadu
tytocoope
ra
te
inthep
repa
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iono
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ca
lP
lan
s
.
Th
rough
th
is
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to
in
f
luen
cepa
t
te
rn
so
fde
ve
lopmen
tandthecon
sequen
tcumu
la
t
ive
impa
c
ton
theSRN
.
• TheAgen
cy
iscon
su
l
ted
inre
spe
c
to
fp
lann
ingapp
l
i
ca
t
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sfo
rp
ropo
sedde
ve
lopmen
tstha
tw
i
l
l
a
f
fe
c
ttheSRN
,andisunde
ras
ta
tu
to
r
yob
l
iga
t
ion
top
ro
v
idesub
s
tan
t
ivere
spon
se
srega
rd
ing
po
ten
t
ia
l
impa
c
ts(TownandCoun
t
r
yP
lann
ing(De
ve
lopmen
t Managemen
tP
ro
cedu
re
)(Eng
land
)
O
rde
r2010
,A
r
t
i
c
le16S
chedu
le5)
.
• The
ycanrequ
i
re
thede
ve
lope
rtop
rodu
ce mo
re
in
fo
rma
t
ionabou
tthee
f
fe
c
t
sthe
i
rp
ropo
sa
lw
i
l
l
ha
veont
ra
f
f
ic(A
r
t
i
c
le
s25and26
)
.
• I
fne
ce
s
sa
r
y
,theSe
c
re
ta
r
yo
fS
ta
tecanrequ
i
respe
c
i
f
i
ccond
i
t
ion
sbea
t
ta
chedtoan
yg
ran
to
f
p
lann
ingpe
rm
is
s
ion
,andcane
vend
i
re
c
ttha
tp
lann
ingpe
rm
is
s
ionbew
i
thhe
lda
l
toge
the
r(A
r
t
i
c
le
s
25and26
)
.65
9
.7A
round3
,000p
lann
ingca
se
sea
chyea
rin
vo
lvetheH
ighwa
y
sAgen
cy
,o
fwh
icha
round20%a
re
judgedl
ike
lytoha
veas
ign
i
f
ican
timpa
c
tonthene
two
r
k
.TheAgen
cyu
sua
l
lynego
t
ia
te
sw
i
th
de
ve
lope
r
stose
cu
rebe
t
te
rin
fo
rma
t
iono
rtop
lanapp
rop
r
ia
te m
i
t
iga
t
ion mea
su
re
s
.Howe
ve
r
,
p
lann
ingpowe
r
sa
reu
sedtorequ
i
re mo
re
in
fo
rma
t
iononimpa
c
ts(
‘ho
ld
ingd
i
re
c
t
ion
s
’
)andtocon
f
i
rm
o
rspe
c
i
f
yt
ra
f
f
ic m
i
t
iga
t
ion mea
su
re
stha
tthede
ve
lope
r mu
s
tp
ro
v
ideo
rpa
r
tp
ro
v
ide
.Inave
r
ysma
l
l
numbe
ro
fca
se
s
,the
ya
rea
lsou
sedtod
i
re
c
tre
fu
sa
lwhe
recon
ce
rn
scanno
tbere
so
lvedandwhe
re
ade
ve
lopmen
twou
ldha
vee
i
the
ranadve
r
se
impa
c
tonsa
fe
tyo
rad
isp
ropo
r
t
iona
tee
f
fe
c
tone
x
is
t
ing
66
t
ra
f
f
ic
.
Tab
le11:D
i
rec
t
ionsissuedonp
lann
ingapp
l
ica
t
ionsbytheH
ighwaysAgency
,Ap
r
i
l-Decembe
r2013
Responsetype
Re
fusa
l(
“pe
rma
nen
t
nonapp
ro
va
l
”
)
Ho
ld
ing(
“no
na
pp
ro
va
l
fo
rade
f
inedpe
r
iod
”
)
App
ro
va
lwi
thcond
i
t
ions
Noob
je
c
t
io
n
To
ta
l
Sa
fe
tyRe
la
ted
O
the
r
To
ta
l
2
1
3
58
167
225
99
157
256
-
-
2158(81%
)
159(6%
)
325(12%
)
2642
9
.8Se
t
t
inguptheH
ighwa
y
sAgen
cya
sago
ve
rnmen
townedcompan
yw
i
l
lchange
i
ts
lega
liden
t
i
ty
,and
acon
sequen
ceo
fth
is
istha
tthecompan
yw
i
l
lno
tbeab
letoa
c
tonbeha
l
fo
ftheSe
c
re
ta
ryo
fS
ta
te
u
s
ingpowe
r
sbe
long
ingtoh
imins
ta
tu
te
.Howe
ve
r
,thecompan
yw
i
l
lbe
come
theh
ighwa
yau
tho
r
i
ty
andw
i
l
lrema
inthebe
s
tp
la
cedbod
ytop
ro
v
ide
inpu
ttothep
repa
ra
t
iono
fLo
ca
lP
lan
sandtoa
s
se
s
s
p
lann
ingapp
l
ica
t
ion
s
inre
spe
c
to
f
impa
c
tsontheSRN.
9
.9Wedeemi
tunde
s
i
rab
letot
ran
s
fe
rthere
le
van
tpowe
r
sf
romtheSe
c
re
ta
r
yo
fS
ta
tetothecompan
y
,
a
sthe
ya
rede
f
inedtoob
road
lytove
s
tinana
rm
’s
leng
thbod
yw
i
th
i
tsown
d
is
t
in
c
tbu
s
ine
s
s
in
te
re
s
ts
.Bu
ti
no
rde
rtoen
su
rene
two
r
ksa
fe
ty
,thecompan
yw
i
l
lneednewpowe
r
stha
to
f
fe
rsome
p
ro
te
c
t
ion
.Asse
tou
tonpage
s40-42o
ft
heGo
ve
rnmen
t
’sr
e
sponsetocon
su
l
ta
t
ion
,thep
lann
ing
s
y
s
temw
i
l
lbere
fo
rmedsotha
t
:
• “
Thecompan
ybe
come
sas
ta
tu
to
r
ycon
su
l
teeonre
le
van
tp
lann
ingapp
l
i
ca
t
ion
sa
f
fe
c
t
ingthe
ne
two
r
k.Th
is
in
c
lude
stho
ses
i
tua
t
ion
swhe
rea
napp
l
i
ca
t
ionma
ya
f
fe
c
tthesa
fe
tyo
fne
two
r
k
u
se
r
s
.Thecompan
yw
i
l
lbee
xpe
c
tedtocommen
tonthep
ropo
sa
ls
,to
in
fo
rmthede
c
i
s
ionb
ythe
65
Th
esepowe
r
sa
rese
tou
t
inth
eTownandCoun
t
r
yP
lann
ing(De
ve
lopmen
t Managemen
tP
rocedu
re)(Eng
land
)O
rde
r2010
, wh
ich
intu
rns
i
t
s
unde
rtheTownandCoun
t
ryP
lann
in
gAc
t1990an
dth
eP
lann
ingan
d Compu
l
so
r
yPu
r
cha
seAc
t2004
.
66
Th
eseth
reeca
se
s we
rea
l
lsma
l
lde
ve
lopmen
t
s
,twoo
f wh
ichp
roposeddan
ge
rou
sa
cce
s
se
sd
i
re
c
t
l
ytoth
ene
two
rk
.Thepowe
rh
a
sn
o
tbeen
u
sedtore
fu
sea ma
jo
rde
ve
lopmen
tinre
cen
tt
ime
s
.
42
lo
ca
lp
lann
ingau
tho
r
i
ty
.Inl
ine
w
i
ths
tanda
rdp
ra
c
t
icefo
rs
ta
tu
to
r
ycon
su
l
tee
s
,thecompan
y
wou
ldbee
xpe
c
tedtop
ro
v
idei
t
sv
iew
sw
i
th
in21da
y
s
.
• Thelo
ca
lp
lann
ingau
tho
r
i
tywou
ldthenbeab
leto ma
ke
i
t
sownde
c
i
s
iononwhe
the
rtoapp
ro
ve
thede
ve
lopmen
t
,whe
the
rtoa
t
ta
chcond
i
t
ion
stotheg
ran
to
fp
lann
ingpe
rm
is
s
ion
,o
rwhe
the
rto
re
fu
sepe
rm
is
s
ionou
t
r
igh
t
.Th
i
s mean
stha
tthenewcompan
y
,un
l
iketheH
ighwa
ysAgen
c
y
,w
i
l
l
no
tbeab
letod
i
re
c
tthewa
ythe
lo
ca
lp
lann
ingau
tho
r
i
tyt
rea
t
stheapp
l
i
ca
t
ion
.
• G
iventhee
xpe
r
t
i
seo
fthecompan
yon ma
t
te
r
sre
la
t
ingtothes
t
ra
teg
i
croadne
two
r
k,su
cha
s
roadsa
fe
t
y
,wewou
lde
xpe
c
ttha
tthelo
ca
lp
lann
ingau
tho
r
i
t
yw
i
l
lfo
l
lowthe
i
rad
v
i
ce
ina
la
rge
ma
jo
r
i
tyo
fca
se
s
. Whe
rethe
lo
ca
lp
lann
ingau
tho
r
i
tye
xpe
c
t
stoo
ve
r
ru
lethecompan
y
’
s
con
ce
rn
s
,the
yw
i
l
lberequ
i
redtono
t
i
f
ytheSe
c
re
ta
r
yo
fS
ta
tefo
rt
ran
spo
r
tinad
van
ce
.The
Se
c
re
ta
r
yo
fS
ta
tew
i
l
lre
ta
inh
i
se
x
is
t
ingpowe
r
sto
i
ssued
i
re
c
t
ion
sonp
lann
ingapp
l
i
ca
t
ion
s
,and
whe
rehebe
l
ie
ve
sthe
rew
i
l
lbead
i
sp
ropo
r
t
iona
teimpa
c
tontheroadne
two
r
khe ma
y
67
in
te
r
vene
.
”
9
.10 B
road
ly
,th
ischangeupda
te
scu
r
ren
tpo
l
icyandp
ro
ce
s
se
s
inawa
ytha
ta
l
lowsthenewSRN
managemen
tf
ramewo
r
ktoope
ra
teonap
ra
c
t
ica
lle
ve
l
,bu
tw
i
thnod
i
re
c
t
impa
c
tstha
tcanbe
a
sse
s
seda
saco
s
to
rbene
f
i
t
.H
owe
ve
r
,fo
r mo
s
tde
ve
lope
r
s
i
tshou
ldrep
re
sen
tas
ign
i
f
ican
t
s
imp
l
i
f
ica
t
iono
fthecu
r
ren
tp
ro
ce
s
s
,a
s
i
tremo
ve
sthepo
ten
t
ia
lfo
rtheH
ighwa
y
sAgen
cyandi
ts
su
cce
s
so
rtop
la
cerequ
i
remen
tsonde
ve
lope
r
s
independen
to
fthe
lo
ca
lp
lann
ingau
tho
r
i
ty
.In
s
tead
,
i
tshou
lden
su
retha
tthe
la
rge ma
jo
r
i
tyo
fca
se
sa
rede
c
idedb
ythe
lo
ca
lp
lann
ingau
tho
r
i
ty
,w
i
th
ad
v
icef
romthecompan
y
,andw
i
thou
ttheu
seo
fp
lann
ingd
i
re
c
t
ion
sb
ycen
t
ra
lgo
ve
rnmen
t
.
67
Depa
r
tmen
tfo
rT
ran
spo
r
t
,Go
ve
rnmen
tRe
spon
setocon
su
l
ta
t
ionont
ran
s
fo
rm
ingthe H
ighwa
y
sAgen
cy
in
toago
ve
rnmen
townedcompan
y,
Ap
r
i
l2014
,pp
.401
.
43