Last updated: April 2004
LIQUID SCINTILLATION COUNTING OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIONUCLIDES
Literature of measurements carried out with 1220 Quantulus and 1400 LS Counters
H-3
1. Schönhofer, F. and Henrich, E., Trace analysis of radionuclides by liquid scintillation counting, Int.
Conf. on Analytical Chemistry in Nuclear Technology, Karlsruhe, June 1985 (Report UBA-STS-8502)
2. Schönhofer F. and Henrich, E., Recent progress and application of low level liquid scintillation
counting. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 115 (2), 317 (1987)
3. Schönhofer F. and Weisz, J., Measurement by ultra low level liquid scintillation counting following
the Chernobyl accident. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 115 (1), 125 (1987)
4. Levina, L.A., Vlumbekov, R.F., Fedotov, A.A. and Heruvimov, A.N., Application of LKB 1220
Quantulus for detection of tritium content in hydrosphere. Report Series IAE-4987/2, Institute of
Nuclear Energy "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow 1989, 9 pp (in Russian)
5. Wallner, Gabriele, Determination of Environmental Tritium in Tree Rings. In Liquid Scintillation
Spectrometry 1992, Proc. of the Int. Conf. on Advances in LSC, LSC 92, Vienna, Austria, Sept 14-18,
1992. Eds. J.E. Noakes, F. Schönhofer and H.A. Polach. Radiocarbon, Tucson 1993, pp. 349-353.
6. Kim, C.K., Cho, Y.W., Han, M.-J. and Pak, C.-K., Tritium Distribution in some Environmental
Samples - Rices, Chinese Cabbages and Pine Needles in Korea. J. Korean Assoc. for Radiation
Protection, 17 (2), 25-35 (1992) (In Korean with English summary).
7. Morgenstern, U., Hebert, D. and Stolz, W., Electrolytic Tritium Enrichment of Natural Water Samples
for Tritium Analysis, in Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry 1992, Proc. of the Int. Conf. on Advances in
LSC, LSC92, Vienna, Austria, Sept 14-18, 1992. Eds. J.E. Noakes, F. Schönhofer and H.A. Polach.
Radiocarbon, Tucson 1993, pp. 355-360.
8. Schönhofer, F. and Pock, K., Diffusion und Inkorporation von Tritium aus Uhren.
Ernährung/Nutrition, 18, nr. 2, 78, 1994 (in German).
9. Schönhofer, F. and Pock, K., Incorporation of Tritium from Wrist Watches. Fifth International
Conference on Low Level Measurements of Actinides and Long-Lived Radionuclides in Biological
and Environmental Samples, Aomori, Japan, July 10-15, 1994, in J. Radioanal. and Nucl. Chem.:
Articles, 197(1), 195-202 (1995).
10.Taylor, C.B., The Relationship between Electrolytic Deuterium and Tritium Separation Factors, and
Attainment of Improved Accuracy in Radiometric Low-level Tritium Measurement. Appl. Radiat.
Isot. 45(6), 683-692 (1994).
11.Schönhofer, F. and Pock, K., Determination of H-3 in urine by LSC. In ref. Liquid Scintillation
Spectrometry 1994, ed. G.T. Cook, D.D. Harkness, A.B. MacKenzie, B.F. Miller and E.M. Scott,
Radiocarbon 1996.
12.Povinec, P., Baxter, M.S., Gastaud, J., Wee Kwong, L. Lliong. and Oregioni, B., Low-Level Liquid
Scintillation Spectrometry of Soft Beta Emitters. In Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry 1994, ed. G.T.
Cook, D.D. Harkness, A.B. MacKenzie, B.F. Miller and E.M. Scott, Radiocarbon 1996, p. 149-155.
13.Filip, J. and Svetlik, I., Tritium and cesium measurements in the Vltava River, South Bohemia. In
Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry 1994, ed. G.T. Cook, D.D. Harkness, A.B. MacKenzie, B.F. Miller
and E.M. Scott, Radiocarbon 1996.
14.Buchtela, K., Pock, K., Steger, F. and Schönhofer, F., Simplified radioactivity control of waste water
for compliance with regulations. In Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry 1994, ed. G.T. Cook, D.D.
Harkness, A.B. MacKenzie, B.F. Miller and E.M. Scott, Radiocarbon 1996.
15.Krause, W.J. and Mundschenk, H., Vergleichanalyse Tritium in Wasser 1994. Bundesanstalt für
Gewässerkunde Koblenz, August 1995. 79 pp (in German) (Intercomparison of H-3 in water).
16.Belloni, Ingrao, G., Ianni, A. Lucci, F., Sandri, S., Santaroni and Vasselli, R., Confronto di tre sistemi
di conteggio a scintillazzione liquida per la determinazione del trizio in acqua, aria, urina e smear test.
5 Convegno Sulle Metodoligie Radiometiche e Radiochimiche in Radioprotezione, Urbino 20-22
Ciugno 1995 (in Italian).
17.Wood, M.J., Outdoor Field Evaluation of Passive Tritiated Water Vapor Samples at Canadian Power
Reaction Sites. Health Physics, 70(2), 258-267 (1996).
18.Buzinny M.G., Los' I.P., Skudnova L.V. Tritium in precipitations in Ukraine of 1990-1995. In
"Methods of liquid scintillation counting in radioecology", 1995. V.1. Research center for radiation
medicine AMS Ukraine.- Kiev, 1996. - PP.39-43. - In Russian.
19.Schönhofer, F. and Kralik, C., Optimization of Liquid Scintillation Measurements of Environmental
Tritium. In Int. Conf. on Methods and Applications of Radioanalytical Chemistry MARC-IV, Kona,
Hawaii, April 6-11, 1997.
20.Kopka, B., Schikowski, J. and Porstendörfer, J., Low-Level Liquid Scintillation Counting for
Quantification of Annual H-3 and C-14 Concentrations in Tree Disks. In Methods and Applications of
Low-Level Radioactivity Measurements, Proc. of a Workshop at Research Center Rossendorf Inc.
(FZR), Dresden, Nov 7-8, 1996. Chaired by H. Nitsche and S. Niese, Ed. J. Fietz. FZR-170, March
1997 pp. 102-105.
21.Nitzsche, O. and Hebert, D., Practical Aspects of Tritium Measurement in Ground and Surface
Waters. In Methods and Applications of Low-Level Radioactivity Measurements, Proc. of a
Workshop at Research Center Rossendorf Inc. (FZR), Dresden, Nov 7-8, 1996. Chaired by H. Nitsche
and S. Niese, Ed. J. Fietz. FZR-170, March 1997, pp. 106-109.
22.Kim, C.K., Kim, C.-S., Yun, J.-Y. and Kim, K.-H., Distribution of H-3, Cs-137 and Pu-239,240 in the
surface seawater around Korea. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 218 (1), 33-40 (1997).
23.Kim, C.K., Han, M.J. and Kim, K.H., Tritium Concentrations of Tritiated Water Vapor and Tritiated
Hydrogen in the Atmosphere in Taejon. J. Korean Assoc. for Radiation Protection, 22 (2), 97-101
(1997).
24.Neary, M.P., Spaulding, J.D., Noakes, J.E. and Culp, R.A., Tritium Analysis of Burn-Derived Water
from Natural and Petroleum-Derived Products. J. Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 45(6), 21532157 (1997).
25.Neary, M.P, Tritium Enrichment - To Enrich or Not to Enrich. Radioactivity & Radiochemistry, 8(4),
23-35 (1997).
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26.Kim, C.-K., Rho, B.-H. and Lee, K.J., Environmental Tritium in the Areas Adjacent to Wolsong
Nuclear Power Plant. J. Environ. Radioactivity. 41 (2), 217-231 (1998).
27.Yang, I.C., 1992, Flow and Transport through Unsaturated Rock - Data from Two Test Holes, Yucca
Mountain, Nevada: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on High-Level Radioactive
Waste Management, Las Vegas, Nevada, April 12-16, 1992, p. 732-737.
28.Yang, I.C., Rattray, G.W., and Yu, Pei, 1996, Interpretation of Chemical and Isotopic Data from
Boreholes in the Unsaturated-Zone at Yucca Mountain, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey, Water
Resources Investigations Report 96-4058, 58 p.
29.Yang, I.C., Yu, P., Rattray G. W., Ferarese, J. S., and Ryan, J. N., 1998, Hydrochemical investigations
in characterizing the unsaturated-zone at Yucca Mountain, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey WaterResources Investigation Report 98-4132, 57p.
30.Yang, I.C., Rattray, G.W., and Scofield, K.M., 1998, Carbon and hydrogen isotopic compositions for
pore water extracted from cores at, Yucca Mountain, Nevada: Proceedings of the 8th International
Conference on High-Level Radioactive Waste Management, Las Vegas, Nevada, May 11-14, 1998, p.
27-32.
31.Yang, I.C., 1998, Gaseous- and aqueous- phases chemistry: in Hydrogeology of the unsaturated zone,
north ramp area of the Exploratory Studies Facility, Yucca Mountain, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey
Water-Resources Investigation Report 98-4050, edited by J.P. Rousseau, E.M. Kwicklis, and D.C.
Gillies, p.115-120 and p.161-169.
32.Schönhofer, F. and Kralik, C., Optimization of Liquid Scintillation Measurements of Environmental
Tritium. Radioactivity & Radiochemistry, 10(4), 14-17 (1999).
33.Schäfer, I., Hebert, D. and Zeiske, U., On low-level Tritium measurements with LSC Quantulus.
Conference on Low Level Radioactivity Measurement Techniques, Mol, Belgium, 18-22 Oct 1999.
34.Kim, Chang-Kyu, Han Man-Jung, Dose assessment and behavior of tritium in environmental samples
around Wolsong nuclear power plant. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 50, 783-791 (1999).
35.Negojur, T.Gh., Kuznetsov, V.L., Varlam, C., 2000. Tritium Determination in the Eastern Antarctic
Waters. Antarctic and Arctic Research, The Publishing House of the Romanian Academy. Vol. I, pp.
77-85. The paper also was presented at The Scientific Communications Symposium „100 years of
Geography”at the Bucharest University, November, 1999.
36.M.P. Neary and J.E. Noakes, Tritium in Natural Products. In LSC 2001, Advances in Liquid
Scintillation Spectrometry, ed. S. Möbius, J.E. Noakes and F. Schönhofer, Radiocarbon 2002, 173179.
37.C. Varlam, I. Stefanescu, D. Steflea and A. Feru. Natural Sparkling Water Sources Analysis Based on
Tritium Measurements. In LSC 2001, Advances in Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry, ed. S. Möbius,
J.E. Noakes and F. Schönhofer, Radiocarbon 2002, 189-195.
38.U.D. Hoeppener-Kramar, C. Rittmayer and S. Kuhnmuench, Determination of Tritium in Various
Matrices by Liquid Scintillation Counting. In LSC 2001, Advances in Liquid Scintillation
Spectrometry, ed. S. Möbius, J.E. Noakes and F. Schönhofer, Radiocarbon 2002, 197-201.
39.D.O. Eriksen, V. Martini and S.K. Hartvik, Assessment of Tritium Detection Limits at Institute for
Energy Technology (IFE) with Quantulus Low-Level Liquid Scintillation Spectrometer. In LSC
2001, Advances in Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry, ed. S. Möbius, J.E. Noakes and F. Schönhofer,
Radiocarbon 2002, 203-211.
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40.M.P. Neary, Low-Level Tritium Analysis Employing Micro-Tritium Enrichment. In LSC 2001,
Advances in Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry, ed. S. Möbius, J.E. Noakes and F. Schönhofer,
Radiocarbon 2002, 213-219.
C-14
1. Otlet, R.L. and Polach, H.A., Improvements in the precision of radiocarbon dating through the recent
developments in liquid scintillation counters. In Proceedings of the 2nd Int. Symp. on Radiocarbon
Dating and Archaelogy, Groningen, The Netherlands, Sept. 1987, PACT 29, 1990, editors W.G. Mook
and H.T. Waterbolk, pp. 225 - 238.
2. Polach, H.A., Perspectives in radiocarbon dating by radiometry. In Accelerator Mass Spectrometry.
Eds. H.E. Gove, A.E. Litherland and D. Elmore, Proc. 4th Int. Symp. on AMS, Niagara-on-the-Lake,
Ontario, Canada. Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. B29, 415-423 (1987).
3. Polach, H., Evaluation and Status of Liquid Scintillation Counting for Radiocarbon Dating.
Radiocarbon 29, 1-11, (1987).
4. Polach, H. and Kaihola, L., Determination of Radon by Liquid Scintillation ß Particle Spectrometry:
Towards the Resolution of a C-14 Dating Problem. Radiocarbon, 30(1), 19-24 (1988).
5. Henry Polach, Lauri Kaihola, Steve Robertson and Herbert Haas, Small Sample C-14 Dating by
Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry, Radiocarbon, 30 (2), 153-155, 1988.
6. Polach, H., Liquid Scintillation C-14 Spectrometry: Errors and Assurances. Radiocarbon 31 (3), 327331 (1989).
7. Schönhofer F.: Determination of C-14 in alcoholic beverages, Radiocarbon 31 (3), 777-784 (1989)
8. Hood, D. Hatfield, R., Patrick, C., Stipp, J., Tamers, M., Leidl, R., Lyons, B., Polach, H., Robertson,
S. and Zhou, Weijian, Radon elimination during benzene preparation for radiocarbon dating by liquid
scintillation spectrometry. Radiocarbon 31 (3), 254-259 (1989).
9. Kalin, R.M. and Long, A., Radiocarbon Dating with the Quantulus in an Underground Counting
Laboratory: Performance and Background Sources. Radiocarbon 31 (3), 359-367 (1989).
10. Harkness, D.D. and Harrison, A.F., The influence of afforestation on upland and soils: The use of
'bomb C-14' enrichment as a quantitative tracer for changes in organic status. Radiocarbon 31 (3),
637-643 (1989).
11. Head, M.J., Zhou, W. and Zhou, M., Evaluation of C-14 ages of organic fractions of paleosols from
loess-paleosol sequences near Xian, China. Radiocarbon 31 (3), 680-696 (1989).
12.Marcenko, Elena, Srdoc, D. Golubic, S. Pezdic, J. and Head, J., Carbon uptake in aquatic plants
deduced from their natural C-13 and C-14 content. Radiocarbon 31 (3), 785-794 (1989).
13. Wassenaar, L., Aravena, R. and Fritz, P., The geochemistry and evalution of natural organic solutes in
groundwater, Radiocarbon 31 (3), 865-876 (1989).
14. Aravena, R., Drimmie, R.R., Qureshi, R.M., McNeely, R. and Fabris, S., New Possibilities for C-14
Measurements by Liquid Scintillation Counting, Radiocarbon 31 (3), 387-392 (1989).
15. Qureshi, R.R., Aravena, R., Fritz, P. and Drimmie, R.R., The CO2 absorption method as an
4
alternative to benzene synthesis method for C14 dating. Appl. Geochem. 4, 625-633 (1989).
16.Jao Wen-qiang and Xiang Hong-fa, Application of Quantulus-1220 LSC for Geological Dating.
Seismology and Geology, 11(1), 99-100 (1989) (in Chinese).
17.Hogg, A., Polach, H., Robertson, S. and Noakes, J., Application of high purity synthetic quartz vials to
liquid scintillation low-level C-14 counting of benzene, in Liquid Scintillation Counting and Organic
Scintillators, Proc. of the Int. Conf. on New Trends in Liquid Scintillation Counting and Organic
Scintillators, Gatlinburg, Tennessee, Oct 2-5 1989. Eds. Ross, H., Noakes, J.E. and Spaulding, J.D.,
Lewis Publishers, 1991, pp. 123-131.
18. Haas, H. and Trigg, Veronica, Low level scintillation counting with a LKB Quantulus counter:
Establishing optimal parameter settings, in Liquid Scintillation Counting and Organic Scintillators,
Proc. of the Int. Conf. on New Trends in Liquid Scintillation Counting and Organic Scintillators,
Gatlinburg, Tennessee, Oct 2-5 1989. Eds. Ross, H., Noakes, J.E. and Spaulding, J.D., Lewis
Publishers, 1991, pp. 669-675.
19.Lowe, D.J. and Hogg, A.G., Application of new technology liquid scintillation spectrometry to
radiocarbon dating of tephra deposits, New Zealand. Quaternary International, 13/14, 135-182 (1992).
20.Kalin, R.M., Devine, J.M. and Long, A., Performance of Small Quartz Vials in a Low-Level, High
Resolution Liquid Scintillation Spectrometer, in Liquid Scintillation Counting and Organic
Scintillators, Proc. of the Int. Conf. on New Trends in Liquid Scintillation Counting and Organic
Scintillators, Gatlinburg, Tennessee, Oct 2-5 1989. Eds. Ross, H., Noakes, J.E. and Spaulding, J.D.,
Lewis Publishers, 1991, pp. 471-479.
21.Kalin, R.M., Wright, L., Devine, J.M. and Long, A., Statistical Considerations of Very Low
Background Count Rates in Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry with Applications to Radiocarbon
Dating, in ref. Liquid Scintillation Counting and Organic Scintillators, Proc. of the Int. Conf. on New
Trends in Liquid Scintillation Counting and Organic Scintillators, Gatlinburg, Tennessee, Oct 2-5
1989. Eds. Ross, H., Noakes, J.E. and Spaulding, J.D., Lewis Publishers, 1991, pp. 489-494.
22.Kaihola, L., Kojola, H. and Heinonen, A., A Minivial for Small Sample C-14 Dating. Radiocarbon
34(3), 402-405 (1992).
23. Hogg, A., Assessment of 0.3 ml Minivials for Radiocarbon Dating by Liquid Scintillation Counting of
Benzene. Radiocarbon 34(3), 389-393 (1992).
24.Long, A. and Kalin, R.M., Radiocarbon Dating in the 50000- to 60000-Year Range Without Isotopic
Enrichment. Radiocarbon 34(3), 351-359 (1992).
25.Long, A. and Kalin, R.M., Radiocarbon Dating in the 50000 to 60000 Year Range Without Isotopic
Enrichment, in Rare Nuclear Processes, Proc. 14th Europhysics Conf. on Nuclear Physics, Bratislava,
22-26 Oct. 1990, ed. P. Povinec. World Scientific, Singapore 1992, p. 256-263.
26. Leavitt, S.W. and Kalin, R.M., A New Tree-Ring Width, deltaC13 and C-14 Investigation of the Two
Creeks Site. Radiocarbon 34(3), 792-797 (1992).
27.Schönhofer F., C-14 in Austrian Wine and Vinegar. Radiocarbon 34(3), 768-771 (1992).
29. Hogg, A. and Noakes, J.E., Evaluation of High-Purity Synthetic Silica Vials in Active and Passive
Vial Holders for Liquid Scintillation Counting of Benzene. Radiocarbon 34(3), 394-401 (1992).
30. Mas-Pla, J., Trilla, J. and Valls, M.L., Radiocarbon Dating of Travertines Precipitated from
Freshwater. Radiocarbon 34(3), 677-685 (1992).
5
31. Barbetti, M., Bird, T., Dolezal, G., Taylor, G., Francey, R., Cook, E. and Peterson, M., Radiocarbon
Variations from Tasmanian Conifers: First Results from Late Pleistocene and Holocene Logs.
Radiocarbon 34(3), 806-817 (1992).
32. Zhou, W., An, Z., Lin, B., Xiao, J., Zhang, J., Xie, J. and Zhou, M., Chronology of the Baxie Loess
Profile and the History of Monsoon Climates in China between 17000 and 6000 Years BP.
Radiocarbon 34(3), 818-825 (1992).
33. McCormac, F.G., Kalin, R.M. and Long A., Radiocarbon Dating beyond 50,000 Years by Liquid
Scintillation Counting. In Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry 1992, Proc. of the Int. Conf. on Advances
in LSC, LSC 92, Vienna, Austria, Sept 14-18, 1992. Eds. J.E. Noakes, F. Schönhofer and H.A. Polach.
Radiocarbon, Tucson 1993, pp. 125-133.
34. Hogg, A.G., Performance and Design of 0.3-ml to 10-ml Synthetic Silica Liquid Scintillation Vials
for Low-Level C-14 Determination. In ref. Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry 1992, Proc. of the Int.
Conf. on Advances in LSC, LSC 92, Vienna, Austria, Sept 14-18, 1992. Eds. J.E. Noakes, F.
Schönhofer and H.A. Polach. Radiocarbon, Tucson 1993, pp. 135-142.
35.McCormac, F.G., Liquid Scintillation Counter Characterization, Optimization and Benzene Purity.
Radiocarbon 34(1), 37-45 (1992).
36. Stuiver, M. and Pearson, G.W., High-Precision Bidecadal Calibration of the Radiocarbon Time Scale,
AD 1950-500 BC and 2500 - 500 BC. Radiocarbon 35(1), 1-23 (1993).
37.Pearson, G.W. and Stuiver, M., High-Precision Bidecadal Calibration of the Radiocarbon Time Scale,
AD 500 - 2500 BC. Radiocarbon 35(1), 25-33 (1993).
38. Pearson, G.W., Becker, B. and Qua, Florence, High-Precision C-14 Measurement of German and Irish
Oaks to Show the Natural C-14 Variations from 7890 to 5000 BC. Radiocarbon 35(1), 93 - 104
(1993).
39. Pearson, G.W. and Qua, Florence, High-Precision C-14 Measurement of Irish Oaks to Show the
Natural C-14 Variations from 1840 - 5000 BC: A Correction. Radiocarbon 35(1), 105 - 123 (1993).
40. Witkin, D., Kalin, R.M., Long, A., Rigali, M.J. and Nagy, B. Production of Impurities in Benzene
Synthesis for Liquid Scintillation Counting and its Effect on High-Precision Radiocarbon
Measurements. In ref. Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry 1992, Proc. of the Int. Conf. on Advances in
LSC, LSC 92, Vienna, Austria, Sept 14-18, 1992. Eds. J.E. Noakes, F. Schönhofer and H.A. Polach.
Radiocarbon, Tucson 1993, pp. 115-124.
41.Nair, A.R. and Sinha, U.K, Joseph, T.B. and Rao, S.M., Radiocarbon Dating up to 37,000 Years Using
CO2 Absorption Technique. Nucl. Geophys. 9(3), 263-268 (1995).
42.Buzinny, M.G., Zelensky, A.V., Kovaliukh, N.N., Skripkin, V.V. and Sanin, E.V., Retrospective
reconstruction of C-14 level in atmosphere due to the Chernobyl accident. Conference on Actual
questions of retrospective, live and predictive radiation dosimetry of the Chernobyl accident. October
27-29, 1992, Kiev. Ukraine Scientific Center of Radiation Medicine Enterprise "ROSA"
Minchernobyl, Ukraine, Kiev 1993, p. 118-124 (in Russian)
43.Buzinny, M.G., Zelensky, A.V., Kovaliukh, N.N. and Skripkin, V.V., The Possibility of Correlation of
C-14 Levels in Vegetation with I-131 in Thyroid Function after Chernobyl Accident, in proceedings of
the conference 'Chernobyl and Health', 20-22 April, 1993, Kiev (in Russian).
44.Leaney, E.W., Dighton, J.C. and Herczeg, A.L., Development in the Direct Absorption of Carbon
Dioxide Method for Radiocarbon Analysis. 1st ANZ Meeting on Quaternary Dating, 8th-10th
6
February, 1993, Australian National University, Canberra, A.C.T.
45.Robertson S. and Grün, R., Towards Portable Radiocarbon Dating, 1st ANZ Meeting on Quaternary
Dating, 8th-10th February, 1993, Australian National University, Canberra, A.C.T.
46.Lambropoulos, N. and Robertson, S., Radiocarbon Dating by Direct CO2 Absorption - A Practical
Design., in Archaeometry, Current Australasian Research, eds. B.L. Frankhauser and J. R. Bird, The
Australian National University, Canberra, 1993, p. 98-101.
47. Zhou, Weijian, Head, J. and Kaihola, L., Small Sample Dating Facility. Radiocarbon 36(1), 47-49
(1994).
48.Wilson, J.E., McCormac, F.G. and Hogg, A.G Small Sample High-Precision C-14 Dating:
Characterization of Vials and Counter Optimization. In ref. L3, p. 59-65.
49. Wilson, J. and McCormac, F.G., High precision dating of small samples. In 15th Radiocarbon
Conference, Glasgow, Scotland, Aug 15-19, 1994. Radiocarbon, 37 (2) 1995, abstract only.
50.Kitagawa, H., Liquid scintillation C-14 dating by the method of methanol synthesis. In Liquid
Scintillation Spectrometry 1994, ed. G.T. Cook, D.D. Harkness, A.B. MacKenzie, B.F. Miller and
E.M. Scott, Radiocarbon 1996.
51.Calf, G. and Barbetti, M., Spectral shifts observed when using teflon vials in a Wallac 1220 Quantulus
liquid scintillation spectrometer. In Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry 1994, ed. G.T. Cook, D.D.
Harkness, A.B. MacKenzie, B.F. Miller and E.M. Scott, Radiocarbon 1996.
52.Eriksen, D.O. and Qvenild, C., Liquid Scintillation Counting of Glycol-Water Solutions with UltimaFlo M. In ref. L3, p. 245-250.
53.Buzinny, M. and Skripkin, V., Newly designed 0.8 ml Teflon Vial for Micro-Volume Radiocarbon
Dating. In ref. R1, p. 743-747.
54.Buzinny, M., Kovalyukh, N., Likhtarjov, I., Los, I., Nesvetajlov, V., Pazdur, M., Skripkin, V.,
Shkvorets, O. and Sobotovich, E., Ecological Chronology of Nuclear Fuel Cycle Sites. In 15th
Radiocarbon Conference, Glasgow, Scotland, Aug 15-19, 1994. Radiocarbon, 37 (2) 1995, p. 469473.
55. Haas, H., Change of Calibration Parameters in Frequently Used Vials in Benzene Scintillation
Counting. In ref. R1, p. 737-742.
56.Liu, T.-K., Estimating Flow and Recharge Rates of Groundwater in Western Taiwan Using
Radiocarbon and Tritium. In ref. R1, p. 531-542.
57.Kovalyukh, N., Skripkin, V., Pazdur, M., Pazdur, A., Awsiuk, R., Los', I., Buzinny, M. and
Nesvetajlo, V., Dendroradioecology of vicinity of nuclear fuel reprocessing plant Tomsk-7. Extended
Abstracts International isotope society, University of Wroclaw, 1994. Isotope Workshop II. 25-27
May, 1994. pp.83-85.
58. Buzinny, M., Kovalyukh, N., Los', I. and Skripkin, V., Radiocarbon releases of Zaporoghye NPP.
Conference of geochronology and dendrochronology of old town's and radiocarbon dating of
archaeologycal findings Lithuania, VILNIUS, October 31- November 4, 1994. Abstracts and Papers.
Vilnius University Press 1994 pp. 7-12.
59. Kovalyukh, N., Skripkin, V., Buzinny, M., Pazdur, M., Pazdur, A. and Nesvetajlov, V., Tree-ring
record of radiocarbon emission from nuclear fuel reprocessing plant Tomsk-7, In 15th Radiocarbon
7
Conference, Glasgow, Scotland, Aug 15-19, 1994. Radiocarbon, 37 (2) 1995, abstract only.
60.Kovalyukh, N., Skripkin, V., Pazdur, M., Buzinny, M., Zhdanova, N. and Pazdur, A., Radiocarbon of
Chernobyl accident in natural and exchangeable environment. In Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry
1994, ed. G.T. Cook, D.D. Harkness, A.B. MacKenzie, B.F. Miller and E.M. Scott, Radiocarbon 1996.
61. Jiao Wengiang and Nie Weitien, A comparison of various liquid scintillation counting vials. Institute
of Geology, State Seismological Bureau, Beijing 1995, 5p.
62. Buzinny M.G. and Los' I.P., Express method for 14C determination in gaseous releases of NPPs. In
"Methods of liquid scintillation counting in radioecology", 1995. V.1. Research center for radiation
medicine AMS Ukraine. - Kiev, 1996. - PP.36-38. - In Russian.
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83. Ambers, J., Dating Grimes Graves, Radiocarbon, 40(2), 591-600 (1998).
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96. Suzuki, A., Sakurai, H., Endo, K., Noma, M., Gunji, S., Inui, E. and Hamano, M., Pulse Height
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97. Plastino, W., Kaihola, L., Bartolomei, P. and Bella, F., Cosmic Background Reduction in the
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98. Kato, M., Arslanov, Kh.A., Kitagawa, H., Masuda, K., Matsumoto, E., Muraki, Y., Murata, T.,
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Fe-55
1. König, W., Schupfner, R. and Schüttelkopf, H., A fast and very sensitive LSC procedure to determine
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In-114m, Co-60
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Kr-85
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of the Third International Summer School, Huelva, Spain, Sept. 20 - Oct. 2, 1993, Eds. M. GarciaLeon and R. Garcia-Tenorio. World Scientific, Singapore, 1994, pp.155-183.
Ni-63
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determine Ni-63 in steel and concrete. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Articles. 193 (1), 127-131 (1995).
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determine Ni-63 in environmental samples, steel and concrete. In Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry
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2. Warwick, P.E., Croudace, I.W., Dale, C.J. and Howard, A.G., Extraction chromatography techniques
in the sequential separation of pure beta emitting radioisotopes in low-level waste. Proc. Int.
Workshop on the Application of Extraction Chromatography in Radionuclide Measurement, eds. Riitta
Pilviö and Michael Bickel. IRMM, Geel 9-10 Nov 1998., pp. 197-202.
Pa-231
1. Saarinen, Leena and Suksi, J., Determination of Uranium Series Radionuclides Pa-231 and Ra-226 by
Liquid Scintillation Counting. Report YJT-92-20, Nuclear Waste Commission of Finnish Power
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Pb-210/212, Po-210
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3. Lebecka, Jolanta M., Mielnikov, A., Chalupnik, S. and Skubacz, K., Liquid Scintillation Counting of
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Buzinny M.G., Los' I.P. Express method for 212Pb determination in air aerosols based on liquid
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Pu
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3. Ryan, T.P., Mitchell, P.I., Vives i Batlle, J., Sanchez-Cabeza, J.A. and McGarry, A.T., Low-Level Pu241 Analysis by Supported-Disk Liquid Scintillation Counting. In ref. Liquid Scintillation
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4. Paatero, J., Jaakkola, T. and Reponen, A., Determination of Pu-241 Deposition in Finland after the
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5. Condren, O.M., Leon Vintro, L., and Mitchell, P.I., Corrections in the determination of Pu-241
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12
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J.A., Recent Observations on the Physico-chemical Speciation of Plutonium in the Irish Sea and the
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8. Baxter, M.S., Fowler, S.W. and Povinec, P.P., Observations on Plutonium in the Oceans. Appl.
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9. Franke, B., Schupfner, R., Schüttelkopf, H., H. and Spennemann, D.H.R., Transuranics in Bone of
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11. Merino, J., Sanchez-Cabeza, J., Pujol, L., Leonard, K. and McCubbin, D., Plutonium Activity Ratios
in Plankton: New Evidence of Hold-Up Time in Irish Sea Sediments. The 7th Int. Conf. On Low Level
Measurements of Actinides and Long-Lived Radionuclides in Biological and Environmental Samples.
Salt Lake City (Snowbird), Utah, Sept. 21-25, 1998.
12. Lee, M.H. and Lee, C.W., Determination of Low Level Pu-241 in Environmental Samples by Liquid
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Rn-222, Ra-226
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scintillation counting. 2nd Karlsruhe International Conference on Analytical Chemistry in Nuclear
Technology, Karlsruhe, June 5-9, 1989.
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In Aaltonen, J., Jaakkola, T. (eds.). The First Finnish-Soviet Symposium on Radiochemistry 15-16
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of the Total Environment, 130/131, 23-35 (1993)
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Europhysics Conf. on Nuclear Physics, Bratislava, 22-26 Oct. 1990, ed. P. Povinec. World Scientific,
Singapore 1992, p. 327-335.
10. Kaihola, L., Oikari, T. and Suontausta, J., Direct Detection of Radon Gas in Air with a Liquid
Scintillation Counter. The 3rd International Conference on Nuclear and Radiochemistry, Vienna,
September 7-11, 1992 (abstract only).
11. Pluta, I., Skubacz, K. and Lebecka, Jolanta, Equilibrium and Disequilibrium in the Uranium-Radium
Series in Waters of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin. Abstract in ref. Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry
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30. Sinojmeri, M., Rapid determination of Sr-90 in environmental samples using the crown ether.
Austrian Research Centers Seibersdorf, report in www.eichrom.com
31. Muck, K., Sinojmeri, M. and Steger, F., Long-term Availability of Sr-90 in Foodstuff after Nuclear
Fallout. P-11-246 in http://www.irpa.net/pub/pr/index.html
32. Ilus, E., Puhakainen, M. and Saxen, R., Strontium-90 in the bottom sediments of some Finnish lakes.
STUK-A165, Helsinki 1999, 31. p.
33. Saxen, R., Determination of Sr-90 by Extraction Chromatography in the Presence of Pb-210 in
Environmental Samples. In LSC 2001, Advances in Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry, ed. S. Möbius,
J.E. Noakes and F. Schönhofer, Radiocarbon 2002, 389-395.
34. (*) DeVol, T.A., Leyba, J.D. and Roane, J.E., Application of Extractive Scintillator Resins to
Quantification of Beta-Emitting Radionuclides in Aqueous Solutions. In LSC 2001, Advances in
Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry, ed. S. Möbius, J.E. Noakes and F. Schönhofer, Radiocarbon 2002,
415-423.
Tc-99
1.
Puukko, E. and Jaakkola, T., Actinides and Beta Emitters in the Process Water and Ion Exchange
Resin Samples from the Loviisa Power Plant. Report YJT-92-22, Nuclear Waste Commission of
Finnish Power Companies, Helsinki 1992. 59 pp.
2. Verrezen, F and Hurtgen, C., The Measurement of Tc-99 and I-129 in Waste Water from Pressurized
Nuclear-power Reactors. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 43 (1/2), 61-68 (1992).
3. Jordan, D., Schupfner, R. and Schüttelkopf, H., A new, very sensitive LSC procedure to determine Tc99 in environmental samples. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Articles. 193 (1), 113-128 (1995).
4. Jordan, D., Schupfner, R. and Schüttelkopf, H., A new, very sensitive LSC procedure to determine Tc99 in environmental samples. In Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry 1994, ed. G.T. Cook, D.D.
Harkness, A.B. MacKenzie, B.F. Miller and E.M. Scott, Radiocarbon 1996.
5. Pel, E., Schupfner, R., Schüttelkopf, H. and Müller, A., A fast and very sensitive LSC procedure to
determine I-129 in environmental samples. In Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry 1994, ed. G.T. Cook,
D.D. Harkness, A.B. MacKenzie, B.F. Miller and E.M. Scott, Radiocarbon 1996.
22
6. Wigley, F., Warwick, P.E., Croudace, I.W., Caborn, J. and Sanchez, A.L., Optimised method for the
routine determination of Technetium-99 in environmental samples by liquid scintillation counting.
Analytica Chimica Acta, 380, 73-82 (1999).
7. Warwick, P.E., Croudace, I.W., Dale, C.J. and Howard, A.G., Extraction chromatography techniques in
the sequential separation of pure beta emitting radioisotopes in low-level waste. Proc. Int. Workshop
on the Application of Extraction Chromatography in Radionuclide Measurement, eds. Riitta Pilviö and
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1. Wallner, G. and Ayromlou, S., Determining Thorium in Urine by Liquid Scintillation Counting. In
Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry 1994, ed. G.T. Cook, D.D. Harkness, A.B. MacKenzie, B.F. Miller
and E.M. Scott, Radiocarbon 1996, p.201-205.
U-238
1. Salonen, Laina, U-238 series radionuclides as a source of increased radioactivity in
groundwater originating from Finnish bedrock. Int. Conf. on Future Groundwater Resources at
Risk (FRG 94), June 13-16, 1994, Helsinki. IAHS Publication No. 222, pp. 71-84.
2. Sherman, H.N., Fjeld, R.A., Brown, D.D. and Leybe, J., Evaluation of a direct extraction/liquid
scintillation counting technique for the measurement of uranium in water. In 3rd Int. Conf. on
Methods and Applications of Radioanalytical Chemistry, MARC-III, Kona, Hawaii, April 1016, 1994. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 193(1), May 1995.
3. Kehoe, E., The Determination of U-232 in Enriched Uranium by a Liquid Scintillation Alpha
Spectrometry Method, ASTM meeting, 29 January - 2 February, 1996.
4. Huikuri, P. and Salonen, L., Removal of uranium from Finnish groundwaters in domestic use
with a strong base anion resin. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 245 (2), 385-393 (2000).
5. (***) Bem, H. and Wieczorkowski, P., Determination of Total Alpha Radioactivity of Thorium
and Uranium Radionuclides in Fallout Using alpha/beta LSC. In LSC 2001, Advances in Liquid
Scintillation Spectrometry, ed. S. Möbius, J.E. Noakes and F. Schönhofer, Radiocarbon 2002,
335-341.
LSC technology
1. Polach, H., Kojola, H., Nurmi, J. and Soini, E., Multiparameter liquid scintillation spectrometry. In
Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, AMS '84. Eds. W. Wölfli, H. Polach and H.H. Andersen, Nucl.
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Scintillation Spectrometry. In Technology in the 80's, Proc. Conf. on Science and Technology,
Macquarie University, Sydney, 108-108, 1984.
3. Kojola, H., Polach, H., Nurmi, J., Oikari, T. and Soini, E., High Resolution Low-level Liquid
Scintillation Beta-Spectrometer. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot., 35, 949-952, 1984.
4. Kojola, H., Polach, H., Nurmi, J., Heinonen, A., Oikari, T. and Soini, E., Low-level Liquid
Scintillation Spectrometer for Beta-Counting. Proc. 3rd Nordic Conference on the Application of
Scientific Methods in Archaelogy, Mariehamn, Finland, 8-11 Oct, 1984. In ISKOS 5, 539-542, 1985.
5. Kaihola, L., Kojola, H. and Kananen, R., Low Level Liquid Scintillation Counter Performance in a
23
Low Level Surface Laboratory. Low Radioactivities '85, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia, 21-25 Oct, 1985.
Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. B17, 509, 1986.
6 Polach, H., Calf, G., Harkness, D., Hogg, A., Kaihola, L. and Robertson, S., Performance of New
Technology Liquid Scintillation Counters for C-14 Dating, Nuclear Geophysics, International Journal
of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation Part E, 2 no. 2, 75-80, 1988.
7. Kaihola, L., Cosmic particle spectrum as a quench monitor in low level liquid scintillation
spectrometry. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. A 339, 295-296 (1994).
8. Zelensky, A.V. and Buzinny, M.G., Calibration of a Liquid-Scintillation Beta-Spectrometer in
proceedings of the conference 'Chernobyl and Health', 20-22 April, 1993, Kiev (in Russian).
9. Buzinny, M.G. and Zelensky, A.V., Application of Liquid Scintillation Counting for Radionuclides
Precipitated on Metal Plates, in proceedings of the conference 'Chernobyl and Health', 20-22 April,
1993, Kiev (in Russian).
10. Jirikowic, J.L., Kalin, R.M., McCormac, F.G. and Long, A., Finding the optimal scintillation counter
window. In 15th Radiocarbon Conference, Glasgow, Scotland, Aug 15-19, 1994. Radiocarbon, 37 (2)
1995, abstract only.
11. Pujol, L. and Sanchez-Cabeza, J.A., Liquid-Scintillation Counter Quantulus 1220: a Powerful Tool.
In Low-Level Measurements of Radioactivity in The Environment. Techniques and Applications.
Proceedings of the Third International Summer School, Huelva, Spain, Sept. 20 - Oct. 2, 1993, Eds.
M. Garcia-Leon and R. Garcia-Tenorio. World Scientific, Singapore, 1994, p. 547.
12. Schönhofer, F., The Use of Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry for Low-Level Measurements. In LowLevel Measurements of Radioactivity in The Environment. Techniques and Applications. Proceedings
of the Third International Summer School, Huelva, Spain, Sept. 20 - Oct. 2, 1993, Eds. M. GarciaLeon and R. Garcia-Tenorio. World Scientific, Singapore, 1994, pp.155-183.
13.Schönhofer, F., Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry in Environmental Measurements. The Science of
the Total Environment 1995, 173/174, 29-40 (1995).
14. Kalin, R.M., Jirikowic, J.L. and Long, A., Liquid Scintillation Counting Window Determination:
Novel Approach Using the Malenhobius Distance Method. Radioactivity & Radiochemistry, 6(3), 1219 (1995).
15. Schönhofer, F., Low-Level Measurement Techniques with Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry. ICRM
Conference on Low-Level Measurement Techiques, Seville (Spain), Oct. 2-6 1995.
16.Povinec, P.P., Baxter, M.S., Gastaud, J., Liong Wee Kwong L., Oregioni, B. Osvath, L. and
Pettersson, H., Recent Developments in Low-level Radionuclide Analysis of Marine Samples. ICRM
Conference on Low-Level Measurement Techniques, Seville (Spain), Oct. 2-6 1995.
17.Pates, J.M., Cook, G.T. and MacKenzie, A.B., Alpha/Beta Separation Liquid Scintillation
Spectrometry: Current Trends. In L3, pp. 267-281.
18.Los Arcos, J.M. and Rodrizuez Barquero, L., Background and Low-Level Activity Determination: An
Improved Procedure for LSC. In L3, pp. 3-13.
19.Schönhofer, F., Low-Level Measurements with Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry. Development and
Application. In Methods and Applications of Low-Level Radioactivity Measurements, Proc. of a
Workshop at Research Center Rossendorf Inc. (FZR), Dresden, Nov 7-8, 1996. Chaired by H. Nitsche
and S. Niese, Ed. J. Fietz. FZR-170, March 1997, pp. 87-90.
24
20.Kaihola, L., Spectrum Library Concept and Pulse Shape Analysis in Liquid Scintillation Counting. In
Methods and Applications of Low-Level Radioactivity Measurements, Proc. of a Workshop at
Research Center Rossendorf Inc. (FZR), Dresden, Nov 7-8, 1996. Chaired by H. Nitsche and S.
Niese, Ed. J. Fietz. FZR-170, March 1997, pp. 91-101
21.Kaihola, L., Quench Correction in Liquid Scintillation Counting by the Method of Three Fixed
Windows over C-14 and Background Spectrum. 16th International Radiocarbon Conference, June 1620, 1997. Groningen (abstract)
22.Schönhofer, F., Liquid Scintillation Counting in Analytical and Environmental Radiochemistry. The
45th Conference on Bioassay, Analytical & Environmental Radiochemistry, 18-22 October 1999,
Gaithersburg, MD, USA
23.Schönhofer, F., The International Mururoa Study of the International Atomic Energy Agency Terrestial Working Group. The 45th Conference on Bioassay, Analytical & Environmental
Radiochemistry, 18-22 October 1999, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
24. (*) Burnett, W.C., Christoff, J., Stewart, B., Winters, T., and Wilbur, P., Reliable Gross Alpha-/BetaParticle Analysis of Environmental Samples via Liquid Scintillation Counting. Radioactivity &
Radiochemistry, 11 (4), 26-44 (2000).
Pulse Shape Analysis, Cerenkov Counting, Basics of LSC
1. Product News Letter: Pulse Shape Analysis, Wallac Oy, February 1987, November 1991
2. Oikari, T., Kojola, H., Nurmi, J. and Kaihola, L., Simultaneous counting of low alpha- and betaparticle activities with liquid-scintillation spectrometry and pulse-shape analysis. Int. J. Appl.
Radiat. Isot. 38, 875 (1987)
3. Kaihola, L. and Oikari, T., Some Factors Affecting Alpha Particle Detection in Liquid Scintillation
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New Trends in Liquid Scintillation Counting and Organic Scintillators, Gatlinburg, Tennessee, Oct 25 1989. Eds. Ross, H., Noakes, J.E. and Spaulding, J.D., Lewis Publishers, 1991, pp. 211-218.
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Scintillation Counting and Organic Scintillators, Proc. of the Int. Conf. on New Trends in Liquid
Scintillation Counting and Organic Scintillators, Gatlinburg, Tennessee, Oct 2-5 1989. Eds. Ross, H.,
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5. Kaihola, L., Ultra low background liquid scintillation spectrometry of alpha particles. International
Seminar on Low-level Counting in Environmental Radioactivity Monitoring, May 28-30, 1990,
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6. Kaihola, L., Glass vial background reduction in liquid scintillation counting. The Science of the Total
Environment, 130/131, 297-304 (1993).
7. Oikari, T., Suontausta, J., Webb, S. and Kaihola, L., Use of A New Meltable Scintillator for Solid
Scintillation Counting by LSC, American Nuclear Society Winter Meeting, San Francisco, November
10-14, 1991. ANS Transactions 64, 24-25 (1991).
8. Yordanova, I. and Pimpl, M., Untersuchungen zur Alpha-Spektrometrie mittels
Flüssigszintillationsmesstechnik. In Jahresberich 1992 der Haupteilung Sicherheit,
Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, Karlsruhe.
9. Sanchez-Cabeza, J.A., Pujol, L., Merino, J., Leon, L., Molero, J., Vidal-Quadras, A., Schell, W.R. and
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Mitchell, P.I., Optimization and Calibration of a Low-Background Liquid Scintillation Counter for the
Simultaneous Determination of Alpha and Beta Emitters in Aqueous Samples. In ref. Liquid
Scintillation Spectrometry 1992, Proc. of the Int. Conf. on Advances in LSC, LSC 92, Vienna,
Austria, Sept 14-18, 1992. Eds. J.E. Noakes, F. Schönhofer and H.A. Polach. Radiocarbon, Tucson
1993, pp. 43-50.
10. Pock, Katharina, Resolution of Complex LSC Alpha Spectra by Gamma Spectroscopic Software.
Abstract in ref. Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry 1992, Proc. of the Int. Conf. on Advances in LSC,
LSC 92, Vienna, Austria, Sept 14-18, 1992. Eds. J.E. Noakes, F. Schönhofer and H.A. Polach.
Radiocarbon, Tucson 1993.
11. Schönhofer, F. and Buchtela, Karl, Wastewater Control in a Nuclear Research Institute by Liquid
Scintillation Spectrometry. In ref. Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry 1992, Proc. of the Int. Conf. on
Advances in LSC, LSC 92, Vienna, Austria, Sept 14-18, 1992. Eds. J.E. Noakes, F. Schönhofer and
H.A. Polach. Radiocarbon, Tucson 1993, pp. 431-434.
12. Suontausta, J., Oikari, T. and Webb, S., A Meltable Thermoplastic Scintillator. P. 173-178 in ref.
Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry 1992, Proc. of the Int. Conf. on Advances in LSC, LSC 92, Vienna,
Austria, Sept 14-18, 1992. Eds. J.E. Noakes, F. Schönhofer and H.A. Polach. Radiocarbon, Tucson
1993.
13. Kaihola, L., Oikari, T. and Suontausta, J., Ultra sensitive alpha particle detection in the presence of
high beta activity by low level liquid scintillation spectrometry. p. 301-305 in Liquid Scintillation
Spectrometry 1994, ed. G.T. Cook, D.D. Harkness, A.B. MacKenzie, B.F. Miller and E.M. Scott,
Radiocarbon 1996.b
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cocktails. p. 233-236 in Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry 1994, ed. G.T. Cook, D.D. Harkness, A.B.
MacKenzie, B.F. Miller and E.M. Scott, Radiocarbon 1996.
15. Sanchez-Cabeza, J.A. and Pujol, L.I., Gross Alpha and Beta Activities in Natural Waters Using LowBackground Liquid Scintillation: Study of the Ebro River (Spain). In Liquid Scintillation
Spectrometry 1994, ed. G.T. Cook, D.D. Harkness, A.B. MacKenzie, B.F. Miller and E.M. Scott,
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16. (*). DeVol, T.A., Brown, D.D., Leyba, J.D. and Fjeld, R.A., A Comparison of Four Aqueous-Miscible
Liquid Scintillation Cocktails with an Alpha/Beta Discriminating Wallac 1415 Liquid Scintillation
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17. Bazzari, S., Belloni, P., Ianni, A., Ingrao, G., Lucci, F., Sandri, S. and Vasselli, R., Liquid Scintillation
Cocktails Comparison for Tritium Contamination Measurements, ENEA, Cassaccia, ENEA Frascati,
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18. Pujol, Ll. and Sanchez-Cabeza, J-A., Role of Quenching on Alpha/Beta Separation in Liquid
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19. (***) Barquero, L.R. and Grau Carles, A., The influence of the primary solute on alpha/beta
discrimination. Conference on Radionuclide Metrology and its Applications ICRM'97, May 19-23,
1997, Gaithersburg, MD.
20. (***) Grau Carles, A. and Grau Malonda, Radionuclide Standardization by Cherenkov Counting.
Appl. Radiat. Isot. 46(6), 799-803 (1995).
21. (***) Grau Malonda, A. and Grau Carles, A., The anisotropy coefficient in Cerenkov counting.
Conference on Radionuclide Metrology and its Applications ICRM'97, May 19-23, 1997,
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Gaithersburg, MD.
22. (***) Grau Carles, A., Rodriguez Barquero, L. and Jimenez de Mingo, A., Sb-125 to Te-125m
branching ratio. Conference on Radionuclide Metrology and its Applications ICRM'97, May 19-23,
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27
Theses:
1. Pujol Teres, L., Estudi del Sistema Detector de Centelleig Liquid Quantulus 1220 per a la Mesura de
l'Activitat de Triti, Alfa Global i Beta Global en Mostres d'Aigua. Master's Thesis. Universitat
Autonoma de Barcelona, Departament de Fisica. 1992, 181 p. (in Spanish).
2. Pujol Teres, L., PhD Thesis. Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Departament de Fisica. 1996.
3. Chalupnik, S., A method of calibration of PAEC monitors, Ph.D. Thesis, Central Mining Institute,
Katowice, 1996 (in Polish).
4. Gudelis, Arunas, Investigation of the Radionuclide Flows in the Ignalina NPP Environment. Ph.D.
Thesis, Institute of Physics, Vilnius, 1997.
5. King, Karen June, The Tracing of a Contaminant (Tritium) from Candu Sources: Lake Ontario. M.S.
Thesis. The University of Waterloo, 1997. 104 p.
6. Paatero, Jussi, Deposition of Chernobyl-Derived Transuranium Nuclides and Short-Lived Radon-222
Progeny in Finland, Ph.D. Thesis. Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki 2000.
7. Sinojmeri, Merita, Verbesserungen der radiochemischen Analysenmethode zur Bestimmung von Am241 und seines Vorlauefer Nuklids Pu-241 (Methodical improvements of the radiochemical analysis of
Am-241 and its precursor Pu-241, Ph.D. Thesis, Universität Wien, 2000, 136 p. (in German).
8. Bellinzona, Silvia Anna, MESSA A PUNTO DI UNO STRUMENTO PER SCINTILLAZIONE
LIQUIDA A BASSO FONDO CON POSSIBILITÀ DI DISCRIMINAZIONE α/β ED
APPLICAZIONI A MISURE SU MATRICI AMBIENTALI, UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI
MILANO, Ph.D. Thesis, Facoltà di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Naturali, Milan, 2002 (in Italian)
9. Solatie, D, Development and Comparison of Analytical Methods for the Determination of Uranium
and Plutonium in Spent Fuel and Environmental Samples. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Helsinki, Dept.
Chemistry, Laboratory of Radiochemistry, Helsinki, 2002, 63 p.
http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/mat/kemia/vk/solatie/developm.pdf
10.Möller, T., Selective Crystalline Inorganic Materials as Ion Exchangers in the Treatment of Nuclear
Waste Solutions. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Helsinki, Dept. Chemistry, Laboratory of
Radiochemistry, Helsinki, March 2002, 66 p.
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11. Ikäheimonen, TK, Determination of Transuranic Elements, Their Behavior and Sources in Aquatic
Environment. Ph.D. Thesis, Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority STUK & University of Helsinki,
Dept. Chemistry, Laboratory of Radiochemistry, Helsinki, STUK-A194, May 2003, 82 p.
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12. Vaaramaa, K, Physico-Chemical Forms of Natural Radionuclides in Drilled Well Waters and their
Removal by Ion Exchange. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Helsinki, Dept. Chemistry, Laboratory of
Radiochemistry, Helsinki, May 2003, 71 p.
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13. Koivula, R., Inorganic Ion Exchanger for Decontamination of Radioactive Wastes Generated
by the Nuclear Power Plants. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Helsinki, Dept. Chemistry, Laboratory
of Radiochemistry, Helsinki, May 2003, 56 p.
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(***) 1219, (**) 1411, (*) 1415 & 1414
28