Draft
HYDROGEN ENERGY AND FUEL CELLS
IN INDIA – A WAY FORWARD
Report prepared by
Steering Committee on Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells,
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy,
Government of India, New Delhi
June, 2016
0
CONTENTS
S. No. Subject
Page
No.
Preface
3
Abbreviations
6
Composition of Steering Committee on Hydrogen Energy
and Fuel Cells along with Terms of Reference
11
1
Introduction
13
2
Hydrogen Production
18
3
Hydrogen Storage & Applications other than
Transportation
24
4
Fuel Cell Development
33
5
Transportation through Hydrogen Fuelled Vehicles
42
6
Intellectual Property Right, Public Private Partnership,
Safety, Standards, Awareness and Human Resource
Development for Hydrogen related Activities
50
7
Recommendations
58
Annexures
I
Compositions of Sub-Committees on various aspects of
Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells and Team of Experts
along with their Terms of Reference
Details of Meetings of Steering Committee on Hydrogen
Energy and Fuel Cells and its Sub-Committees
66
III
Carbon dioxide emissions from various countries
77
IV
Draft Report on Hydrogen Production
V
Draft Report on Hydrogen Storage and Application Annexed
other than Transportation
II
1
75
Annexed
VI
Draft Report on Fuel Cell Development
VII
Draft Report on Transportation through hydrogen Annexed
fueled vehicles
VIII
Draft Report on Intellectual Property Rights, Public Annexed
Private Partnership, Safety, Standards, Awareness
and Human Resource Development
2
Annexed
PREFACE
Use of fossil fuels has become a part of daily energy needs and their
requirement is increasing with the passage of time. Consumption of fossil fuels
gives rise to the greenhouse gas emissions in the environment and causes
ambient air pollution, which have now become global concerns. This coupled
with the limited reserves of fossil fuels have encouraged and promoted the
development and use of new and renewable energy sources, including hydrogen
energy as an energy carrier. The technologies for production of hydrogen from
new and renewable sources of energy are in the process of development and
demonstration. In order to meet the future energy demands in sustainable and
environment friendly manner, technologies are required to be developed for the
production, storage and applications of hydrogen in transportation sector as well
as for portable & stationary power generation.
With a view to accelerate development of hydrogen energy sector in India,
a National Hydrogen Energy Road Map (NHERM) was prepared and adopted by
the National Hydrogen Energy Board in January, 2006 for implementation. The
main objective of NHERM was to identify the pathways, which will lead to gradual
introduction of hydrogen energy, accelerate commercialization efforts and
facilitate the creation of hydrogen energy infrastructure in the country. NHERM
covered all aspects of hydrogen energy development in India including its
production, storage, transport, delivery, application, codes & standards, public
awareness and capacity building. NHERM formed the basis for implementation
of Hydrogen Energy Progamme in the country from 2006-07 onwards.
NHERM suggested modifying and upgrading it later based on field
experience in the country and new developments worldwide. Accordingly, a
Steering Committee on Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells was constituted by the
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), Government of India to advise
the Ministry and steer the overall activities of Hydrogen Energy & Fuel Cells
under the Chairmanship of Dr. K. Kasturirangan, the then Member (Science),
Planning Commission (now known as NITI Aayog), Government of India on
31.05.2012 for a period of three years. The duration of this Committee was later
extended upto June, 2016.
As per recommendation of Steering Committee on Hydrogen Energy and
Fuel Cells in its 1stmeeting, five Sub-Committees were constituted by the Ministry
on the following aspects of hydrogen energy and fuel cells for in-depth
discussions, re-visiting NHERM and to suggest further course of action:
3
(i) Research, Development & Demonstration
(ii) Fuel Cell Development
(iii) Transportation (subsequently changed to Transportation through
Hydrogen Fuelled Vehicles)
(iv) Other Applications including Storage (subsequently changed to
Hydrogen Storage and Applications other than Transportation)
(v) IPR, Public-Private Partnership, Safety, Standards, Awareness and
HRD
Later, it was realised that Research, Development & Demonstration
aspects in each area were covered by the respective Sub-Committees and
therefore, it was decided that the Sub-Committee on Research, Development &
Demonstration may focus only on hydrogen production aspects.
The members of the Sub-Committees deliberated on different aspect of
Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells during a series of meetings and spent
considerable time discussing research, development, demonstration and
commercialisation issues of different technological areas including deliverable
outcome of each activity and its utility. The Sub-Committees also consulted
subject experts in different areas. These Sub-Committees prepared reports on
their respective subject areas.
On the recommendation of the Steering Committee on Hydrogen Energy
and Fuel Cells, the Ministry further constituted a Team of Experts, which
identified seven mission mode projects based on the recommendations of the
Sub-Committees on various aspects of Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells to be
implemented on priority. The Team of Experts took suggestions from various
stakeholders for developing the broad outlines of the projects and indicative
project cost.
We hope that the recommendations of this Committee would enable the
Government to take appropriate decision to accelerate development of hydrogen
energy and fuel cells sector in country. This would also help the Government to
work in a focused and goal oriented manner to move forward in generating
knowledge in the emerging area of hydrogen energy.
I am grateful to the members of the Steering Committee and SubCommittees especially the Chairpersons of the five Sub-Committees for their
contribution, Shri Upendra Tripathy, Secretary, MNRE and Ms. Varsha Joshi,
Joint Secretary, MNRE. I am also thankful to Dr. M. R. Nouni, Scientist ‘G’,
4
MNRE and officials of the Project Management Unit – Hydrogen Energy and Fuel
Cells at the Ministry, Dr. Jugal Kishor and Dr. S. K. Sharma in particular for their
active role in organising the meetings, coordination amongst different SubCommittees and preparing different draft documents based on the inputs
provided by the members/experts. I also extend my compliments to the Team of
Experts for putting their efforts in identifying seven mission mode projects and
developing their broad outlines.
I am confident that implementation of the recommendations of this report
will bring paradigm shift in the area of hydrogen energy and fuel cell technologies
in the country.
June, 2016
(Dr. K. Kasturirangan),
Chairman,
Steering Committee on
Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells
5
ABBREVIATIONS
AFC
Alkaline Fuel Cells
CEA
Central Electricity Authority
AFCC
Automotive Fuel Cell
Cooperation
CECRI
Central Electrochemical
Research Institute
ANSI
American National
Standards Institute
CFCT
Centre for Fuel Cell
Technology
ARAI
Automotive Research
Association of India
CFR
Code of Federal Regulations
CGCRI
ARCI
International Advanced
Centre for Powder Metallurgy
& New Materials
Central Glass and Ceramic
Research Institute
CHP
Combined Heat And Power
ASME
American Society of
Mechanical Engineers
CIRT
Central Institute of Road
Transport
ATR
Auto-thermal reformer
C-MET
Centre for Materials for
Electronics Technology
BARC
Bhabha Atomic Research
Centre
CMVR
Central Motor Vehicles Rules
BC
Bottoming Cycle
CNG
Compressed Natural Gas
BEV
Battery Electric Vehicle
CNT
Carbon nanotube
BFC
Bio-fuel Cell
CRDI
Common Rail Direct Injection
BHEL
Bharat Heavy Electricals
Limited
CSA
Canadian Standards
Association
BoS
Balance of System
CSIR
Council of Scientific and
Industrial Research
BPCL
Bharat Petroleum
Corporation Limited
CSMCRI
Central Salt & Marine
Chemicals Research Institute
Boiler & Pressure Vessel
Code
CSP
Concentrating Solar Power
Cu-Cl
Copper-Chlorine
DAE
Department of Atomic Energy
DCFC
Direct Carbon Fuel Cell
DEFC
Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell
BPVC
BRNS
Board of Research in Nuclear
Sciences
BS
Bharat Stage
CDT
Centre for Doctoral Training
6
DI
Direct Injection
FCX
Fuel Cell eXperimental
DMFC
Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
FICB
Fast Internally Circulating
Fluidized-bed
DRDO
Defence Research and
Development Organisation
GAIL
Gas Authority of India Limited
GDL
Gas Diffusion Layers
DSIR
Department of Scientific and
Industrial Research
GDP
Gross Domestic Product
DST
Department of Science &
Technology
GHG
Greenhouse Gas
ECU
Engine Control Unit
GTI
Gas Technology Institute
EDGAR
Electronic Data Gathering,
Analysis, and Retrieval
GTR
Global Technical Regulation
GW
Gigawatt
EEC
European Economic
Community
HAL
Hindustan Aeronautics
Limited
EERE
Energy Efficiency and
Renewable Energy
HCCI
Homogeneous charge
compression ignition
EIGA
European Industrial Gases
Association
H-CNG
Hydrogen – Compressed
Natural Gas
EIHP
European Integrated
Hydrogen Project
HCV
Heavy Commercial Vehicle
ENG
Expanded Natural Graphite
HGV
Hydrogen Gas Powered
Vehicles
EPO
European Patent Office
HHC
Higher Hydrocarbons
EPSRC
Engineering and Physical
Sciences Research Council
HPCL
Hindustan Petroleum
Corporation Limited
ER
Equivalence Ratio
HRD
ESS
Energy Storage System
Human Resource
Development
FC
Fuel Cell
HT-PEMFC
FCC
Face Centered Cubic
High Temperature Polymer
Electrolyte Membrane Fuel
Cell
FCEV
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle
HTSE
High Temperature Steam
Electrolysis
FCH
Fuel Cell and Hydrogen
hymet
FCHV
Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicle
Mixture of bio-hydrogen and
bio-methane
FCT
Fuel Cell Technologies
Hythane®
Trade Name of Hydrogen +
7
HyTRIP
Methane
IS
Indian Standard
Hydrogen for Transportation
through Research &
Innovation driven Program
I-S
Iodine-Sulphur
ISO
International Standard
Organization
ISRO
Indian Space Research
Organization
IC
Internal Combustion
ICC
International Code Council
ICE
Internal Combustion Engine
ITI
Industrial Training Institute
ICHET
International Centre for
Hydrogen Energy
Technologies
ITPO
India Trade Promotion
Organization
KOH
Potassium Hydroxide
Institute of Chemical
Technology
LCVs
Light Commercial Vehicles
IEA
International Energy Agency
LDVs
Light Duty Vehicles
IEC
International Electrotechnical
Commission
LHV
Lower Heating Value
LOH
Liquid Organic Hydride
LPG
Liquefied petroleum gas
LT-PEMFC
Low Temperature Polymer
Electrolyte Membrane Fuel
Cell
ICT
IFC
International Fuel Cells, USA
IICT
Indian Institute of Chemical
Technology
IISc
Indian Institute of Science
IIT
Indian Institute of Technology
M&M
Mahindra & Mahindra Limited
IMMT
Institute of Minerals and
Materials Technology
MCFC
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell
MEA
Membrane Electrode
Assembly
MFC
Microbial fuel cell
MH
Metal Hydride
MHV
Materials Handling Vehicle
INAE
Indian National Academy of
Engineering
INDC
Intended Nationally
Determined Contribution
INL
Idaho National Laboratory
IOCL
Indian Oil Corporation
Limited
IPHE
International Partnership for
Hydrogen and Fuel Cells in
the Economy
IPR
Intellectual Property Right
MJ/m
8
3
Mega Joule Per Cubic Meter
MMP
Mission Mode Project
MNRE
Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy
MPa
Mega Pascal
MWel
Mega Watt Electric
OEMs
Original Equipment
Manufacturers
NASA
National Aeronautics and
Space Administration
ONGC
Oil and Natural Gas
Corporation
PAFC
Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells
PEC
Photo Electrochemical
PEM
National Environmental
Engineering Research
Institute
Polymer Electrolyte
Membrane
PESO
Petroleum Explosives Safety
Organization
National Fire Protection
Association
PFI
Port Fuel Injection
PGCIL
Power Grid Corporation of
India Limited
PHEV
Plug-in Hybrid
Electric Vehicle
POX
Partial oxidation
PNG
Piped Natural Gas
PPP
Public Private Partnership
PSI
Pounds per square inch
PSUs
Public Sector Units
Pt
Platinum
RCUK
Research Councils UK
RD & D
Research, Development &
Demonstration
RDSO
Research Designs &
Standards Organization
RESPOND
Sponsored Research by
ISRO
SAE
Society of Automotive
Engineers
SBR
Steam-to-Biomass Ratio
NATRIP
NCL
NEERI
NFPA
NFTDC
NHAI
National Automotive Testing
and R&D Infrastructure
Project
National Chemical Laboratory
Nonferrous Materials
Technology Development
Centre
National Highways Authority
of India
NHEB
National Hydrogen Energy
Board
NHERM
National Hydrogen Energy
Road Map
NGV
Natural Gas Vehicle
Nl/h
Normal Litre per Hour
NHEB
National Hydrogen Energy
Board
Nm
3
Normal Cubic Metre
NMRL
Naval Materials Research
Laboratory
NMTLI
New Millennium Indian
Technology Leadership
Initiative
NOx
Nitrogen Oxides
OEC
ONGC Energy Centre
9
SCV
Small Commercial Vehicle
UNICEF
United Nations International
Children's Emergency Fund
SCoE
Standing Committee on
Emissions
UNIDO
United Nations Industrial
Development Organization
U.S. Securities and
Exchange Commission
UPS
Uninterruptible Power Supply
SI
Spark Ignition
US DoE
United States Department of
Energy
SIAM
Society of Indian Automobile
Manufacturers
USPTO
United States Patent and
Trademark Office
Static and Mobile Pressure
Vessels (Unfired)
VFCI
Virtual Fuel Cell Institute
SMR
Steam Methane Reformer
VSSC
Vikram Sarabhai Space
Centre
SNG
Synthetic Natural Gas
YSZ
Yttria Stabilized Zirconia
SOA
Siksha 'O' Anusandhan
YVU
Yogi Vemana University
SOFC
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
ZEV
Zero Emission Vehicle
SPE
Solid Polymer Electrolyzer
SPWE
Solid Polymer Water
Electrolyser
SSF
SPIC Science Foundation
SUV
Sport Utility Vehicle
SWNT
Single-Walled Nanotubes
TBR
Trickling Biofilter Reactor
TC
Topping Cycle
TERI
TERI - The Energy and
Resources Institute
TIFAC
Technology Information,
Forecasting and Assessment
Council
UKRC
United Kingdom Resource
Centre
UNECE
United Nations Economic
Commission for Europe
SEC
SMPV(U)
10
Composition of Steering Committee on Hydrogen Energy and
Fuel Cells
Chairman: Dr. K. Kasturirangan, Former Member (Science), Planning
Commission, Government of India; currently Chairman of
Governing Council, Raman Research Institute, Bengaluru;
Chancellor, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi and Satish
Dhawan Chair of Engineering Eminence of INAE
Members:
1. Secretary, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India
2. Secretary, Department of Science & Technology, Government of India
3. Director General, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research and
Secretary, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Government
of India
4. Secretary, Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas, Government of India
5. Secretary, Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, Government of India
6. Secretary, Department of Defence Research & Development and Director
General Defence, Research Development Organization, Government of
India
7. Director, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay
8. Director General, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi
9. Chairman, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, New Delhi
10. Chairman & Managing Director, Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, New
Delhi
11. Director, Petroleum Explosive & Safety Organization, Nagpur
12. Director General, Confederation of Indian Industries, New Delhi
13. Director General , Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturer, New Delhi
14. Director, Automotive Research Association of India, Pune
15. Chairman,
Sub-Committee
on
Research,
Development
and
Demonstration and Chairman of Project Monitoring Committee on
Hydrogen Production(Prof. S. N. Upadhyay, Former Director, Indian
Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University)& Retired Professor
and currently, DAE-Raja Ramanna Fellow, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University),
Varanasi
16. Chairman, Sub-Committee on Hydrogen Storage and Applications other
than Transportation and Project Monitoring Committee on Hydrogen
Storage(Dr. S. Srinivasa Murthy, Retired and Emeritus Professor,
Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai
and Currently, Visiting Professor, Interdisciplinary Centre for Energy
Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore)
17. Chairman, Project Monitoring Committee on Hydrogen Applications
(Dr. R. P. Sharma, Retired and Henry Ford Chair Professor,
11
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute Technology
Madras); and
18. Chairman, Sub-Committee on Fuel Cells Development and Project
Monitoring Committee on Fuel Cells(Dr. H. S. Maiti, Retired Director,
CSIR - Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata and
Former INAE Distinguished Professor, Government College of
Engineering and Ceramic Technology, Kolkata )
19. Joint Secretary / Adviser (Hydrogen Energy & Fuel Cell), Ministry of
New and Renewable Energy - Member Secretary
Terms of reference
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
vii)
viii)
To define measures for strengthening research and development
capabilities in the country in existing organizations on different
aspects of hydrogen energy e. g. production, storage, transportation
and applications including fuel cells.
To periodically review the projects and activities being undertaken in
the area within the country.
To guide in strengthening academia – industry interactions and
setting up demonstration projects in these areas
To guide and direct the patenting and intellectual property rights of
protection of technologies developed under the R & D and
demonstration projects.
To guide in the development of safety measures, codes and
standards of production, storage and distribution, handling the use of
hydrogen as a fuel for various applications.
To suggest policy initiatives and financial /fiscal / regulatory
measures including other measures for promotion of hydrogen as
clean fuel.
To guide in the activities related to human resource development in
these areas.
To take such other measures which are considered necessary for
spreading the use of Hydrogen Energy and fuel cells.
12
1.
Introduction
"Earth has enough resources to meet people's needs, but will never
have enough to satisfy people's greed" and “The people on earth should act
as 'trustees' and use natural resources wisely, as our moral responsibility to
ensure that we bequeath to the future generations a healthy planet.”
-
Mahatma Gandhi
“I believe that water will one day be employed as fuel, that hydrogen
and oxygen which constitute it, used singly or together will furnish an
inexhaustible source of heat and light of an intensity of which coal is not
capable…………………water will be coal of the future”
JULES VERNE
Mysterious Island in 1876
…. “With a new national commitment, our scientists and engineers will
overcome obstacles to taking these cars from laboratory to showroom, so that
the first car driven by a child born today could be powered by hydrogen and
pollution-free“…..
George Bush
On Freedom Fuel
Man’s dependence on fossil fuels has made a deep impact on energy
and food security. This has led to exhaustion of fossil fuels resources,
emission of harmful gases like carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide, sulphur
dioxide, etc., which pollute the environment and adversely affect the health of
living beings on the earth. There is excessive emission of carbon dioxide also.
As result of which, level of carbon dioxide is rising in the earth’s atmosphere
and creating greenhouse effect on earth. Due to this effect, the heat
generated (heat received from sun, generated in industries, households and
automobiles etc.) on the earth, remains in the atmosphere. It can’t escape out
of the earth’s atmosphere and remains in the earth’s atmosphere due to
greenhouse effect. Hence, the atmospheric temperature of the earth rises,
which is known as global warming. The global warming adversely affects
weather, melting of glaciers, resulting unpredictable rainfalls, storms, floods
creating havoc to living beings and the agriculture on the earth and ultimately,
rise in sea level, which may endanger the lives of 14.2% of India’s population,
which inhabits on the 7,517 km coastlineand1,238 Indian islands. The other
reason of emission of CO2 is the growth of the population of living beings
(According to the United Nations, world population is expected to reach 8
billion in the spring of 2024 & 9 billion by 2050) and industries. The vehicles
are also responsible for emission of pollutants and CO2 (more than 1 billion
13
automobiles in use worldwide, which contribute ~13.1% of GHG emissions
worldwide (5 billion tonnes of CO2 per year) into Earth's atmosphere. The
increasing number of diesel vehicles on roads further worsens air quality.
Tailpipe emissions are responsible for several debilitating respiratory
conditions, in particular the particulate emissions from diesel vehicles.
The global annual mean concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has
increased markedly since the Industrial Revolution. It is currently rising at a
rate of approximately 2 ppm/year and also accelerating further. Doha
Agreement was signed in 2001 among the countries, so that CO 2 level should
not rise more than 450 ppm by 2050 (in 2009 it was 415 ppm and will be 430
by 2025). Similarly, in terms of temperature it may not be allowed to rise more
than 20C by 2050 (with reference to the year 1850) as per this agreement. If
the atmospheric temperature rises above 1.60C by 2015, carbon tax should be
levied for the rise of remaining 0.40C.
The Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis, and Retrieval (EDGAR)
system performs automated collection, validation, indexing, acceptance, and
forwarding of submissions by companies and others who are required by law
to file forms with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
(SEC). Based on the EDGAR database, created by European
Commission and Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency released in
2014 (Annexure-III), India stands at the bottom for per capita CO2 emissions
per annum with 1.8 tonnes in the list of top twenty emitters - Australia 17.3
tonnes, Saudi Arabia 16.8 tonnes, United States 16.5 tonnes, Canada was
15.9 tonnes, Russia 12.4 tonnes and Saudi Korea 12.3 tonnes in 2014 and
Japan 10.1 tonnes and world total CO2 emissions are 35,667 million tonnes in
2014.
The major countries, European Union from 1990 level by 2030 &
Australia (Greenhouse gas only) from 2005 level by 2030 reduce emissions at
least 40%, 26-28%, and USA & Brazil (Greenhouse gas only) reduce
emissions 26-28% and 37% from 2005 level by 2025 respectively. China will
achieve peak emissions by 2030 and will decline thereafter. China will cut
carbon intensity (emissions per unit of GDP) by 60-65% from 2005 level by
2030. All these countries have also committed to increase share of renewable
energy in their total energy mix.
In the G-20 Summit held on 15-16 November 2015 at Antalya, Turkey,
the Prime Minister of India proposed a seven point agenda on Climate change
– (i) an effective role in supporting the multilateral goals of increasing
research and development to develop affordable renewable energy may be
played (ii) It should ensure that finance and technology is available to meet
the universal global aspiration for clean energy (iii) The target of US$ 100
14
billion goal per year by 2020 may be met (iv) Every G20 country should
increase the share of traffic on public transportation in cities by 30 per cent by
2030 (v) A shift from "carbon credit" towards "green credit" may be made (vi)
Every G-20 country should not only reduce the use of fossil fuel, but also
moderate our life style (vii) Development in harmony with nature is the goal of
the proposal to launch alliance with solar-rich countries.
India submitted to UN Framework Convention on Climate Change its
Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) promising to reduce
emission intensity by 33-35% by 2030 over the 2005 levels with a cost of
$ 2.5 trillion, boost clean energy in electricity generation to 40% through nonfossil fuel sources such as solar, wind, hydro, biomass & nuclear, while
adding carbon sinks — tree and forest cover to remove carbon. The Climate
Action Plan would cost the nation $2.5 trillion. India would also raise
investments in programmes to adapt to climate change in agriculture, water
resources, Himalayas, coastal regions, health & disaster management. India
Action Plan includes additional capacity of 175 GW (38 GW as 31.10.2015) of
renewable energy (100 GW by solar, 60 GW from wind, 10 GW from biopower and 5 GW from small hydro-power) by 2022; cut in subsidies on fossil
fuel and tax on coal and National Clean Energy Fund of $3 billion to promote
clean technologies. India needs further to manage
i) Efficient use through policies like National Mission for Enhanced
Energy Efficiency, labeling electrical appliances on power
consumption.
ii) Smart Cities Mission to transform urban areas. Develop on cities that
promise clean and sustainable environment.
iii) For Waste Management, incentivizing waste to energy conversion
projects. Investing in solid waste and waste water management
projects.
iv) In Low-carbon economy, dedicated transport systems like freight
corridors, inland water transport. Moving people rather than vehicles
through MRTS, Metro rail.
As remedial measures toreduce dependence on fossil fuels, reduce
local & global pollutants and CO2 emissions, ensure energy security (in terms
of cooking, power supply and drive automobiles), keeping in view economic,
financial, social and environmental considerations, carbon-based nonrenewable resources may be shifted to carbon-neutral renewable sources of
energy. The possible alternative renewable sources of energy are solar,
hydro-electric, wind power, biofuels, etc. The major drawback in all these
cases is that periods of peak energy production do not necessarily coincide
with periods of peak energy consumption. Therefore a complete transition to
15
such an alternative energy source relies on efficient capture, conversion and
storage, which is currently being explored worldwide.
The Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) also
highlighted to initiate policies for coal cess, cuts in subsidies, increase in
taxes on petrol and diesel and market based mechanisms such as Perform,
Achieve and Trade, Renewable Energy Certificates and a regulatory regime
of Renewable Purchase Obligations.
A National Renewable Energy Act 2015 of India has been drafted to
promote the production of energy through the use of renewable energy
sources in accordance with climate, environment and macroeconomic
considerations in order to reduce dependence on fossil fuels, ensure security
of supply and reduce emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases. This Act
shall in particular contribute to ensuring fulfillment of national and international
objectives on increasing the proportion of energy produced through the use of
renewable energy sources.
In the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and its Intended
Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC), it appears that hydrogen energy
and fuel cells have not yet received a place world’s energy scenario.
However, the kind of efforts and investments are being made world over, it
seems that hydrogen energy and fuel cells would find an important place soon
in the world’s energy scenario. The stress is being put to exploit various
renewable energy sources like solar photovoltaic, wind, and hydro for power
generation. Solar thermal and bio-energy sources have also different
applications other than power generation. Similarly, hydrogen is an
environmentally clean source of energy carrier to end-users, particularly in
transportation applications, without release of pollutants such as particulate
matter or carbon dioxide at the point of end use. It is being considered as the
fuel for future, an environmentally friendly alternative to depleting fossil fuels.
Its application in transportation can be a game changer in future, although
stationary power may also be generated in the centralised and decentralized
modes. It has very high energy content per unit mass, almost three times
higher than gasoline. Molecular hydrogen is not available on Earth in
convenient natural reservoirs. Most hydrogen on Earth is bonded to oxygen in
water and to carbon in live or dead and/or fossilized biomass. It can be
created by splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen. Water is again formed,
when hydrogen is used.
Currently, global hydrogen production is 48% from natural gas, 30%
from oil, and 18% from coal; water electrolysis accounts for only 4%. The
technical obstacles in hydrogen economy are hydrogen storage issues and
the purity requirement of hydrogen used in fuel cells – with current
16
technology, an operating fuel cell requires the purity of hydrogen to be as high
as 99.999%. Similarly, there are many issues and challenges with the
different aspects on hydrogen energy and fuel cells like hydrogen production,
transportation through hydrogen fueled vehicles, hydrogen storage and
applications other than transportation. Intellectual Property Rights, PublicPrivate Partnership, Safety, Standards, Awareness and Human Resource
Development are other important aspects, which are also required to be
addressed before commercialization of the hydrogen devices / systems take
place. All these aspects have been taken-up in the subsequent chapters of
this report. These Chapters cover recommendations of the projects in the
categories of (i) Mission Mode (for the technologies, which are mature or near
maturity for commercialization and with the participation of the industry); (ii)
Research & Development (for the technologies, which are at the stage of
prototype development, their demonstration as a proof of concept and
preferably with Industry participation); and (iii) Basic / Fundamental Research
(for advanced research on new materials and processes) on the basis on gap
analysis between international and national state of art of technologies.
17
2.
Hydrogen Production in India
Hydrogen is a by-product in Chlor-Alkali industries. Earlier, a part of it
was used for non-energy applications and rest was either flared or vented out
in the atmosphere. With the passage of time awareness about its usage for
energy applications increased and up to 2013-14 around 90% of by-product
hydrogen was utilized for production of chemicals and captive (mainly energy)
applications. There are around 40 such units in India, which produced nearly
66000 tons of by-product hydrogen during 2013-14. Around (10% of total
production i.e.) 6600 tons of this hydrogen remained unutilized.
In addition to above, hydrogen is produced for non-energy applications
e.g. in fertilizer industries and petroleum refineries. The ‘quantum of increase’
in hydrogen production will enable its mass scale utilization as a fuel. To have
sustainable hydrogen production, the energy and raw material needed for this
purpose ought to be renewable in nature. There are various methods for
generating hydrogen from renewable and non-renewable resources.
However, the challenge lies in the production of hydrogen in a cost effective
manner. Hydrogen can be produced through the following processes:
A. From carbonaceous sources
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
Steam Methane Reforming: These reformers are commercially
available for hydrogen production and more than 90% with 99.999%
pure hydrogen is produced from natural gas through this process.
These reformers are most efficient, economical and available in small
capacities also. Membrane reactors for steam reforming are another
promising technology for producing very pure hydrogen.
Partial Oxidation: These reformers are more compact and used to
produce hydrogen from residual oil. Small capacity reformers are
commercially available.
Auto-Thermal Reforming: Best features of steam reforming and partial
oxidation systems have been combined in these reformers. No
external heat source and heat exchanger are required because heat
generated by the partial oxidation is utilized to drive partial oxidation
and hence such reformers are more compact with higher efficiency.
These reformers require lower capital cost
Methanol Reforming: Automakers took interest in such reformers,
because of the advantages to store methanol on-board as liquid,
compactness of reformer, faster start-up and potentially lower cost.
These reformers were demonstrated in PEM fuel cell vehicles, but no
fuel cell vehicle manufacturer is currently using this technology.
Novel Reformer Technologies: There are other technologies for
18
producing hydrogen like (a) ammonia cracking, which is available at
low cost in the country, but a costly unit of Pressure Swing Adsorption
unit is required for separating H2 and N2; (b) Sorbent-enhanced
Catalytic Steam-reforming system has been developed and is at the
demonstration stage; (c) ceramic membrane technology for separation
of hydrogen from syngas. Conceptual designs were carried out for a
hydrogen-refueling station. This route is expected to be cheaper (d)
Thermal plasma reformer technology can be used for the production of
hydrogen and hydrogen-rich gases from methane (with maximum of
95% conversion) and a variety of liquid fuels. The power requirement
is reduced by about half. This technology is under evaluation; (e) BioOil reformation: Bio-oil can be obtained by thermally decomposition /
fast pyrolysis of biomass and reformed to produce hydrogen. Pressure
Swing Adsorption (PSA) system is used to separate hydrogen from the
reformed products. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)
U.S.A. has developed and demonstrated this technology; (f) Pyrolysis,
oxidation and reduction of biomass with injection of secondary air. This
process has been optimized to generate a maximum of about 100 g of
hydrogen per kilo gram of biomass. Netherlands has developed this
process and installed a pilot plant of 800 kWth capacity. A combined
heat and power (CHP) plant (8MW) is in operation since 2002 in
Güssing, Austria.
B. Electrolysis of water
(i) Alkaline water electrolysis: It is a matured technology, less expensive
and is commercially available (in MW range) technology with hydrogen
production 760 Nm³/h. These electrolysers face major challenges of
corrosion and poisoning of electrodes. The largest existing alkaline
electrolysis plants are 160 MW plant in Aswan, Egypt and 22 MW
plant operating in Peru (pressurized operation).
(ii) Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) based water electrolysers: The
drawbacks of alkaline water electrolysers were overcome by the
development of solid PEM water electrolysers, which has lower stack
life. These are costlier and available in lower capacity range from 0.06
to 75 Nm³/hr but are more reliable. Council of Scientific and Industrial
Research - Central Electro-Chemical Research Institute (CSIRCECRI), SPIC Science Foundation (SSF), Chennai; Centre of Fuel
Cell Technology (CFCT), Chennai and Jawaharlal Nehru Technical
University (JNTU), Hyderabad developed alkaline water electrolysers.
CSIR-CECRItransferred these technologies to M/s. Eastern
Electrolysers,
New
Delhi
for
further
development
and
commercialisation. SSF obtained energy consumption is around 2.0
kWh/Nm3 whereas CFCT, Chennai 1.40kWh/Nm3.
19
(iii) High temperature water electrolysis: It uses solid oxide electrolyte and
offers advantage of lower capital cost. These require around 30%
electricity (i.e. about 2.6-3.5 kWh/Nm3 hydrogen produced). These
electrolysers have been developed for capacities 1.5,10 and 30 Nm3
/h. The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai has
planned to develop these electrolysers for capacities of 1.0 Nm3 /h.
C. Biological Route
The economical way of hydrogen production is biological route, which
carried through dark (continuous production) and photo (only in presence
of light) -fermentation of organic materials. A prototype hydrogen
bioreactor using waste as a feedstock is in operation at Welch's grape
juice factory in North East Pennsylvania, USA. Major contributors in the
research of this process are from United States of America, Canada,
Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, China and India (Shri AMM Murugappa
Chettiar Research Centre, Chennai; Indian Institute of Technology
Kharagpur and Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad).
Integration of bio-hydrogen with fuel cell was first mooted in 2012. The
dark fermentation for hydrogen production can be commercialized, if it is
integrated with biomethantion process. The integration of these two
processes might lead to 50-60% gaseous energy recovery.
D. Thermochemical Splitting of Water
Water can be dissociated at very high temperatures into hydrogen and
oxygen through. The required energy can be either provided by nuclear
energy or by solar energy, or by hybrid systems including solar and
nuclear energy. Around a dozen of thermo-chemical cycles such as the
iron oxide cycle, cerium(IV) oxide-cerium(III) oxide cycle, zinc-zinc oxide
cycle, sulfur-iodine cycle, copper-chlorine cycle and hybrid sulfur cycle are
under research/in testing phase. The iodine-sulphur (I-S) cycle is one of
the most promising and efficient thermo-chemical water splitting
technologies for the mass production of hydrogen, on which BARC,
Trombay, Mumbai is working. India is the 5th country to develop this
process after USA (1980), Japan (2004), China (2010) and South Korea
(2009). USA aims to demonstrate commercial scale production of
hydrogen using nuclear energy by 2017. Japan initiated to set-up a pilot
plant for production of 30 Nm3/h hydrogen. The Republic of Korea targets
for 25 % (3 Mt/year) of the total hydrogen to be supplied by advanced 50
nuclear reactors by 2040 for generation of hydrogen for fuel cell
applications for electricity generation, passenger vehicles, and domestic
power and heating, and lowering hydrogen costs. People’s Republic of
China initiated work to demonstrate I-S thermo-chemical cycle and high
20
temperature steam electrolysis technologies. They have target to
commercialize nuclear hydrogen production by 2020.The Bhabha Atomic
Research Centre has successfully demonstrated I-S process in closed
loop operation in glass/quartz material in the laboratory. It is further
planned to demonstrate closed loop operation in metallic construction. The
ONGC Energy Centre (OEC) is working on three thermochemical
processes, which are as Cu-Cl closed loop cycle, I-S closed loop cycle
and I-S open loop cycle.
E. Photo-catalytic and photo-electrochemical routes
These routes for hydrogen production are also being explored globally by
several research groups. In India also some groups, namely, Indian
Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad; Institute of Minerals and
Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar; YogiVemana University, Kadapa;
SRM University; Kancheepuram, Shiksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University,
Bhubaneswar and Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology, Pune
are active in this area. Efforts are being made to come out with effective
and robust photo-catalysts and photo-electrocatalysts, electrode materials
and materials for reactors. Till date no large scale unit has been
successfully designed and demonstrated. Concerted intensive efforts,
however, are required to generate basic information and knowhow to take
this area to the production for decentralized applications.
F. Non-thermal plasma assisted direct decomposition of hydrogen
sulphide
No commercial technology is available globally. Among the several
techniques, Idemitsu Kosan Hybrid electrolysis process consumes 3.6
kWh/Nm3 hydrogen, whereas steam reforming of methane, demands still
higher energy of 4.3 kWh/Nm3 hydrogen. Conversion efficiency is around
40%. Most of the research in this area in the country is focused under
visible light may be solar light. Japan, Korea, U.S, Europe are engaged in
to develop this process. Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad
developed the process with hydrogen production of 0.5 litre/minute. There
is need to develop prototype batch photo-reactor using solar energy and
their field trials using gas emitted at refinery site. BARC is working on
photocatalytic degradation of nuclear waste as well as water purification.
IISc, Bangalore is working on TiO2 based photocatalysts for organic waste
degradation. IITs, Mumbai and Madras, CECRI, Karaikudi, IICT,
Hyderabad and some universities in India are working on
photodecomposition of organic pollutants. The Centre for Materials for
Electronics Technologies (C-MET), Pune is working on hydrogen
generation by photocatalytic decomposition of hydrogen sulphide.
21
Note: Draft report on “Hydrogen Production in India” prepared by SubCommittee on Research, Development & Demonstration is attached as
Annexure - IV.
Action Plan and Financial Projection
The Action Plan and Financial Projections for hydrogen production in
the country has been prepared as following:
S.
No.
Name of Project
Mission Mode Projects
1
Setting-up of purification unit / compression system
to fill cylinders for power generating system / onboard application of hydrogen in vehicles / material
handling vehicles(based on fuel cell technology) to
utilize surplus hydrogen from the Chlor-Alkali Units
/ Refineries.
2
Scaling-up
of
the
process
of
catalytic
decomposition of natural gas for the production of
H-CNG for the use in H-CNG fuelled vehicles (up to
2019)
3
Mission Mode Project for development and
demonstration of biological hydrogen production
from different kinds of wastes on bench scale, pilot
scale and commercial production up to 2022
4
Mission Mode Project for Hydrogen production by
water splitting using photolysis using solar energy
upto 2022
Sub-Total A
Research and Development
5
Hydrogen production by Auto-thermal Process (up
to 2020)
6
Hydrogen production by gasification of biomass
including demonstration of technology at pilot scale
(up to 2020)
7
Development and demonstration afresh or
deployment in place of old systems of electrolyser
based on indigenous acid based SPE and alternate
alkaline membrane up to 2018
8
Development and demonstration afresh or
22
Estimated Cost
Rupees in
Crore
20
40
20
40
120
20
10
10
10
deployment in place of old systems of alkaline 1 &
5 Nm3/hr high temperature steam solid polymer
water electrolyser (up to 2020)
9
Development & demonstration of efficient alkaline
water electrolyser (Upto 2018)
10
Development and demonstration of Hydrogen
production by splitting water using renewable
energies such as solar energy, wind energy and
hybrid systems including electrolysis, photocatalysis and photo-electro-catalysis (up to 2022)
11
Hydrogen production by reformation of bio-oil
obtained from fast pyrolysis of biomass
12
Development of technology for production of syngas (CO+H2) and hydrogen from reformation of
natural gas / biogas using solar energy.
13
Integration of large capacity electrolysers with wind
/ solar power units when there are not in a position
to evacuate power to grid for providing hydrogen.
Sub-Total B
Basic / Fundamental Research
14
Dissociation of gaseous hydrocarbon fuels to
hydrogen using solar energy (up to 2022)
15
Demonstration of closed loop operation of I-S in
metallic reactor and both I-S open & closed loop
process and Cu-Cl cycle using solar / nuclear heat
in Mission Mode up to 2022
16
Other innovative method for hydrogen production
like hydrogen production by non-thermal plasma
assisted direct decomposition of hydrogen
sulphide, Photo-splitting of Hydrogen Sulphide
including developmental effort for reduction in
energy consumption for hydrogen production(up to
2022)
Sub-Total C
Total
23
10
10
5
5
5
85
10
50
20
80
285
3.
Hydrogen Storage
Transportation
and
Applications
other
than
Hydrogen storage needs special attention due to hydrogen being
smallest molecule, density-wise lightest, lowest ignition energy and wide
range of explosion limit with air, which lead to embrittlement of materials of
construction of hydrogen storage vessels and safety hazards. Therefore, safe
and efficient storage and delivery of hydrogen is essential for the success of
hydrogen economy. Hydrogen can be stored by the following ways:(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
High-pressure gas cylinders (up to 800 bar)
Liquid hydrogen in cryogenic tanks (at 21oK)
Physi-sorbed hydrogen on materials with a large specific surface area
Chemi-sorbed on interstitial sites in host metals and Inter-metallics
Chemically bonded in covalent and ionic compounds
Oxidation of reactive metals such as. Li, Na, Mg, Al, Zn with water
Hydrogen is widely used in pressure vessels for on-board mobile
applications, stationary application for dispensing hydrogen at re-fueling
stations and at sites for stationary power generation. The pressure vessels
are made of special alloys and also with reinforced composite carbon fiber so
as not to face problem of brittleness. Currently, hydrogen is being stored in
compressed form at 350 bar (5,000 psi) in on-board in demonstration vehicles
and 700 bar (10,000 psi) in Type IV carbon composite cylinders. Carbon
composite cylinders to store hydrogen at 700 bar (10,000 psi) are not being
manufactured in the country.
The cryogenic hydrogen is to be stored in specially insulated vessels at
(-) 252.880C. The storage vessels may be made of FCC with special
insulation, comprising double walled with vacuum in between, opacifiers and
multi-layer insulations. Liquid organic hydrides are also potential candidates
for hydrogen storage and delivery. The concept has been demonstrated
successfully at laboratory level. Further work is being pursued.
Rare earth systems based on La, transition metals based on Ti and of
late light metal based such as Mg have been identified as the candidates.
Two crucial parameters determine the performance metrics of metal hydrides,
namely gravimetric percentage and desorption temperature. La Ni5 with
additions of Ce and Al have desorption temperature in the range from 40 C to
140 C, with maximum storage of 1.2wt% H2 and Mg based materials with as
high a storage as 6wt% with desorption temperature of 250 - 3000C. The
lowest desorption temperature achieved is 2100C with 3.5 wt% storage
capacity.
24
Although a number of intermetallic alloys have been prepared and
their hydrogenation potentials assessed, a few have suitable combination of
properties that permit their use for hydrogen storage or other applications. The
most viable candidates include alloys with the following compositions: A2B
(e.g.,Mg2Ni), AB (e.g.,TiFe), AB2 (e.g.,ZrMn2) and AB5 (e.g.,LaNi5).
A variety of solid-state hydrogen storage materials viz. MgH2, Mg2NiH4,
NaAlH4, other alanates, borohydrates (gravimetric capacity of >7wt%),
commercial hydrides such as FeTiH2 and LaNi5H6, adsorbents like carbon,
nano-structured carbons (including CNTs) MoFs and hydrogen clathrate
hydrate have been investigated for hydrogenation and dehydrogenation
reaction conditions and their kinetics, retention of cycling capacity,
susceptibility to impurities and reversible capacities. The need for material
with practical operative conditions of pressure (1-10 bar) and temperature
(300C-1000C) has simulated the interest of many researchers. Other major
areas of research are improvement of kinetics of hydrogen uptake/release
and enhancement of cycling capacity.
Pure hydrogen physisorption has been demonstrated at cryogenic
temperatures (up to ca. 6 wt% H2) for which extremely high surface area
carbon is required. Pure atomic H-chemisorption has also been demonstrated
to ca. 8 wt% H2, but the covalent-bound H is liberated only at impractically
high temperatures (above ca. 400°C). The activated carbon materials made
from carbon nanotubes, graphite nanofibers, known as next generation of
energy systems are capable of storing hydrogen.
Utilizing the exothermic and endothermic processes during sorption
and desorption of hydrogen respectively in metal hydrides, highly efficient,
compact and cost-effective chemi-sorption thermal energy storage devices
can be developed. This could significantly contribute to the widespread
utilization of solar thermal energy. Such demonstration systems suitable for
small capacity ORC power packs are being studied at IISc-Bangalore.
The hydrogen chemisorption – desorption heat exchanges during the
hydrogen sorption process in metal hydrides can also be utilized to develop a
variety of thermal devices, especially refrigeration and heat pump systems.
The temperatures can range from cryogenic to very high values. Exhaust heat
operated automobile airconditioners have been built by several agencies. One
such prototype was developed by IIT Madras in collaboration with Thermax.
Nanostructured systems including carbon nanotubes, nano-magnesium
based hydrides, complex hydride / carbon nanocomposites, boron nitride
nanotubes, sulphide nano-tubes of titanium and molybdenum, alanates,
25
polymer nanocomposites, and metal organic frameworks are considered to be
potential candidates for storing large quantities of hydrogen. In addition,
various carbonaceous nanomaterials and novel sorbent systems (e.g. carbon
nanotubes, fullerenes, nanofibers, polyaniline nano-spheres and metal
organic frameworks etc.) and their hydrogen storage characteristics are
considered. In spite of these consistent and persistent efforts, these materials
are yet to satisfy the required characteristics like storage capacity of around 6
weight percent, favourable and tuning thermodynamics around 30-55 KJ/mol
of hydrogen and temperature of operation around 373 K with about 1000s of
cycles of operation.
Liquid organic hydrides (more than 6 wt% hydrogen and 60 kg/m3)
consisting of various cycloalkanes can react with hydrogen under specific
conditions and hydrogen may be recovered by the dehydrogenation of the
cyclohexane at or near fueling stations for dispensing hydrogen into vehicles /
other applications. Cyclohexane is transported back for reuse.
Hollow microspheres or microcapsules have high gravimetric energy
density, in which hydrogen may also be stored through permeation inside.
Hollow microspheres are also known as microcapsules, microcavities,
microbubbles, or microballoons. Hydrogen-filled hollow glass microspheres
are also easy and safe to handle at atmospheric pressure and ambient
temperature and can be poured or pumped in tanks. The technology is
inexpensive and requires low energy consumption for producing large
quantities of micro containers.
In addition to meeting high degrees of safety, efficiency and cost
effectiveness, the main challenges in all hydrogen storage systems design is
use of lightweight materials and components, balanced storage capacity and
kinetics for a given application, energy efficiency, the energy required for
reversible solid-state materials, the energy associated with compression and
liquefaction and liquid hydrogen technologies, durability of hydrogen storage
systems is required with a lifetime of 1500 cycles, refueling time may be
targeted to less than three minutes, to reduce cost of on-board hydrogen
storage systems, applicable codes and standards for hydrogen storage
systems and interface technologies, and assure safety and public acceptance,
are to be established.
APPLICATIONS OTHER THAN TRANSPORTATION
Hydrogen has the potential to replace LPG and CNG for cooking
because it has superior characteristics to LPG and PNG fuel in terms of
ignitability, low ignition delay and higher flame stability. Catalytic burning of
the hydrogen in the home cooker is the best way to use the hydrogen for
26
cooking. Several catalysts such as metals like Cu, Zn, Fe, Ni, Co; alloys like
Co-Mn-Ag; storage alloys like MmNi5, ZrFe2 can dissociate H2. Catalytic
techniques for hydrogen fueled catalytic cookers (i) are porous ceramic plate
embedded with platinum in pores for flameless situation and (ii) new catalysts
for hydrogen catalytic combustion
Action Plan and Financial Projection
High Pressure Hydrogen Gaseous Storage: CNG cylinders may be
deployed in demonstration fleets of vehicles up to a pressure of 200 bar. For
pressure more than 200 and up to 400 bar, hydrogen cylinders may be
imported for the vehicle like buses and trucks. Such 50 vehicles may be
taken-up for public demonstration. Simultaneously, 500 to 1000 hydrogen
fueled vehicles be prepared in about 5 to 8 years for large scale
demonstration. Consortium collaboration approach may be followed among
HINDALCO, Indore; NPL, New Delhi; IOCL Nasik and BHEL (Hyderabad) to
produce Al cylinders reinforced with carbon fibre tapes and other high
strength wrappings. This consortium may prepare 50 such high pressure
cylinders up to 400 bar and test them.
Solid State Storage (Metal, Intermetallic and Complex Hydrides):
Production of optimized, well known and already deployed Mischmetal based
hydride e.g. Mm-Ni-Fe may be taken-up on pilot plant level (100 kg to 1 Ton
Level) and simultaneously, its demonstration in the vehicles for on-board
applications in around 50 three wheelers (hydride requirement around 2000
kg); 10 small cars (hydride requirement around 500 Kg).
Solid State Storage (Metal, Intermetallic and Complex Hydrides): The
off-board (Stationary) application for power generation in around 1000
Gen-Sets of 5-15 kW capacity (required hydride quantity 10 Tons) may be
deployed. R&D efforts may be intensified for obtaining gravimetric and
volumetric efficiencies of 5 to 6wt% and 60 kg/m 3 for metal hydrides
particularly catalyzed MgH2 and gravimetric efficiency of 3 to 6 wt% for other
intermetallic hydrides e.g. Zr Fe2, Mg2Ni type. R&D efforts may be upgraded
for evaluation of reproducible high efficiencies 5 to 6wt% in complex hydrides
with particular emphasis on catalyzed MgH2, NaAlH4, LiAlH4, NaAlH4- MgH2,
Li-Mg-N-H system. Enhancement of R&D efforts are required to increase
hydrogen storage capacity from 1 to 3wt% at ambient conditions and 5 to 8
wt% at Liquid N2 temperature in nano/porous carbons.
Intensive Research & Development efforts may be taken up on Liquid
Hydrides. Petroleum industry may also be networked to support the pilot runs.
A demonstration may be done by setting up pilot facilities near a refinery and
providing hydrogen to telecom towers in the range of 50 to 100 Km.
27
An Interdisciplinary, Inter-Institutional Center may be set up to evaluate
the thermodynamic, thermophysical and kinetic properties, cyclic stability,
performance augmentation based on mechanical and thermal design of solid
state storage devices. Testing and certification of such devices should also be
done by this facility.
Development of miscellaneous energy related applications of hydrogen
such as High Intensity Thermal Energy Storage and Heat Pump/Heat
Transformer may be encouraged at the Institutions which have shown the
feasibility, through demonstration projects.
Action plan may include efforts for the development, distribution and
monitoring of 1000 to 10,000 hydrogen fueled home cookers. It will sensitize
the public and this may be followed by 25% to 50% replacement of LPG by
hydrogen through manufacturing and use of home cookers through publicprivate partnership.
Further developments on High Pressure Hydrogen Gaseous Storage
may be taken up based on the feedback received about the cylinders, 1,000
nos. may be procured from the companies abroad and 9,000 nos. may be
manufactured by Bharat Pumps and Compressors and other similar
companies in India. Efforts are to be made to have 100% indigenous
production during 2020-2035. These cylinders may be used in hydrogen
fueled 3 wheelers, buses, vans, cars and in stationary systems like power
generating system (>10kW) around 1000 IC engine Gen Sets and 500 in fuel
cells power generating systems. Area-wise replacement of 50% diesel Gen
Sets (10kW and higher) may be taken-up in crowded areas in the country.
Efforts may be made to use such vehicles and Gen Sets to reach at least 30%
of the total such devices in specific cities.
Solid State Storage (Metal, Intermetallic and Complex Hydrides):
Manufacturing of mischmetal based hydrides on pilot plant scale (1 Ton) may
be taken up. These may be manufactured on large scale for (i) on-board
applications in 500 three wheelers and 150 cars (ii) stationary application in
1000 Gen-Sets of 5 to 15 kW capacity and 500 fuel cells vehicles with 5 kW to
15kW fuel cells systems. The non- mischmetal based viable intermetallic
hydride developed out of R&D efforts in Phase-I may be picked-up for
initiation of manufacturing at pilot plant level (1 to 10 Tons). R&D efforts may
be intensified on Mg/MgH2 hydrides to produce large quantities (100kg to 1
ton), to decrease desorption, absorption temperature to about 2000C through
the use of effective catalysts, to enhance the desorption / absorption kinetics,
to improve recyclability from 100 to 1000 cycles through Mg agglomeration
checking systems, to develop MgH2 based vehicular transport, to optimize
28
gravimetric and volumetric efficiencies of complex hydrides (catalyzed
NaAlH4, Mg (AlH4)2, LiAlH4 types) coming out of R&D in phase-I, to evaluate
reversibility and cyclability, to adopt PEM fuel cell instead of IC Engines for
25% of the above said vehicles, to enhance hydrogen storage in nano/porous
carbon and to use it in small vehicles.
Storage, Transportation and Distribution of hydrogen are important for
the success of ‘Hydrogen Economy’. Traditional methods of storage may not
be directly applicable for use of hydrogen as a ‘fuel’. The technologies and
devices should satisfy various stringent requirements such as; safety,
economy, efficiency, flexibility, durability and environmental / ecological
standards. The abovementioned actions can go a long way in facilitating the
widespread use of hydrogen in our country.
Note: Draft report on “Hydrogen Storage and Applications other than
Transportation” is attached as Annexure - V.
29
ACTIVITIES ON HYDROGEN STORAGE & OTHER APPLICATIONS
MMP: Mission Mode Projects; RD&DP: Research & Development Projects;
B/FRP: Basic / Fundamental Research Projects
Sl.
No.
Time Frame (Year)
Financial
Outlay
Category of
Projects
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
(Rs. in
Crores)
Development and On-Field Deployment of
100
High Pressure Gas Cylinders
Phase I
Phase II
Phase III
Type III
Type III & IV
Type IV
(Up to 250 bar)
(Up to 350 bar)
(Up to 700 bar)
Mission Mode
1
Projects
Development of Solid-State Storage Devices & Cartridges for
Small Vehicles & Stationery Power Packs (PPs)
Phase I
Phase II
Phase III
(2-wheelers &
(3-wheelers & other
(Large Capacity up
to 250 kW)
PPs up to 20 kW)
apps to 50 kW)
30
100
Manufacture of Solid-State Storage Materials
100
In Large Scale
Phase I
Phase II
Phase III
(Pilot Plants for Mishmetal /
Mg based hydrides )
(Large Scale
manufacture)
(Advanced &
Complex hydrides)
SUBTOTAL
300
Development and Field Demonstration of
Research,
2
Home Cookers with LPG mix & with Complete Hydrogen
Development &
Phase I
Phase II
Phase III
Demonstration
(Cookers with up to
(Cookers with up to
(Cookers with
75% LPG)
25% LPG)
100% Hydrogen)
Projects
100
Development and Field Demonstration of
High Intensity Thermal Energy Storage Systems
Phase I
Phase II
Phase III
(Capacity up to 250 kWth
(Large Capacity up
to 1 MWth)
(Integrated Systems
with CSP)
Temp.up to 200 Deg C)
SUBTOTAL
31
100
200
Synthesis & Characterization of
3.
Basic / Fundamental
Research Projects
New / Novel Storage Materials and Devices
Phase I
Phase II
Phase III
Complex Hydrides,
Carbons, MOF, etc)
(Scale up of
Quantities)
(Fabrication of
Grand Total
32
50
(10%)
Devices)
550
4.
Fuel Cell Development in India
Different kinds of fuel cells have been developed. A few of them have
been commercalised and remaining are under development. Important
features of the well know fuel cells are given below:
(i)
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell
Low Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells
have high power density and can be easily started-up and stopped at low
temperatures ranging from -35 to 400C, which have been found suitable for
application in light and heavy duty vehicles. These fuel cells have been
commercialized in many applications like vehicular and stationary power
generation. The low temperature PEM fuel cells require high purity hydrogen,
whereas the high temperature PEM fuel cells operate at higher temperature
i.e. around 1200C and does not require very pure hydrogen (up to 3% CO
content). Many companies have commercialized low temperature PEM fuel
cells but high temperature PEM fuel cells are still under development. Large
capacities (MW range) of stationary power generating systems based on low
temperature PEM fuel cell technology have been installed and buses / cars
are under demonstration / field trials in many countries like Canada, USA,
Japan, Germany, United Kingdom. Soon these vehicle would be available to
public. USA is the world leader in deployment of fuel cell based forklifts and
more than 1500 units have been deployed at various locations. China will get
support for 300 fuel cell buses, development of fuel cell tram engines.
European Union will import fuel cell modules for 21 buses during 2016 and
2017. United Kingdom will extend the operation of 8 fuel cell powered buses
for 5 more years and import 10 fuel cell modules to power buses. India is also
putting efforts in developing and commercialising this technology. India has
recently imported 150 fuel cell systems for deployment in telecom
networks. Globally, it is expected that Power supply system of 25 lakh
telecom towers will be converted to fuel cell based power system by 2020 and
potential of global market for stationary fuel cells will reach 50 GW by 2020.
In the country, many organizations like Centre for Fuel Cell
Technology-International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy,
Hyderabad, CSIR-Network Labs, Naval Materials Research Laboratory,
Ambernath, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Bharat
Heavy Electrical Limited, Hyderabad; Thermax Limited, Pune are engaged in
complete development of PEMFC system including stack and system
developments. In addition, a number of academic institutions like Indian
Institutes of Technology, Universities, National Institute of Technology are
33
also involved in the research, design, development and demonstration of
components / Sub-systems / systems of different types of fuel cells.
Despite the support from the Ministry for around two decades, the
development of fuel cell system is not reached to the stage, at which these
may be taken up for manufacturing due to various reasons like (i) lack of
engineering input (ii) infrastructure for producing the systems in large
numbers for trials / demonstration (iii) reliance on pressurized bottled
hydrogen procured at high cost, since on-site hydrogen generation units
(reformers) operating on commercial fuels such as LPG, methanol or natural
gas are not available in the country and (iv) other issues like power density at
a given cost, weight, and life time, which are of commercial importance, are
also to be taken-up for further R&D.
(ii)
Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell
The phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) have developed and
commercialized with modules in the range of 100 - 400 kW for stationary
power generation applications. It operates on propane/LPG/CNG / landfill
gases with a life time of more than 45000 hours. It can tolerate fuel with less
than 2% CO. Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited (BHEL) imported, installed and
operated a 200kW PAFC unit with LPG as fuel. Later BHEL developed and
demonstrated 50 kW PAFC system using hydrogen from the Chlor-Alkali
industries. The Naval Materials Research Laboratory (NMRL), Ambernath
also developed such systems of 1-15 kW capacity and demonstrated
successfully for field applications. The technology has been transferred to the
industry.
(iii)
Alkaline Fuel Cell
Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC) is a low cost technology, because of its components
are made from inexpensive materials. Initially, it was used in space rockets.
Now these fuel cells are not in use because of their inherent problems, which
have not been overcome. However, if further development take place, these
can be deployed in various other applications such as telecommunication
towers, scooters, auto-rickshaws, cars, boats, household inverters, etc.
(iv)
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
The Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) are multi-fuel compliant like
gasoline, alcohol, natural gas, biogas etc. can be used. The fuels are
reformed internally to producing hydrogen. SOFCs have been developed in
two different designs i.e. tubular and planar types. Both have their merits and
de-merits in their fabrication and operation. SOFC systems have been
34
developed in the power range 250- 300 watts operating on propane, butane
and LPG in the countries like USA, Canada, Germany, UK, Denmark,
Australia, Japan etc. Tubular type SOFC of 100kW capacity and Planar
configuration up to 25kW capacity have been developed. In India, CSIRCGCRI, Kolkata has recently demonstrated a 1000W anode supported stack
with planar configuration. Another major effort in development of the 3 rd
generation technology (metal supported SOFC) has been underway by
NFTDC, Hyderabad in collaboration with University of Cambridge, United
Kingdom.
(v)
Direct Methanol/ Ethanol Fuel Cell
Direct Methanol/ Ethanol Fuel Cell (DMFC / DEFC), uses methanol /
ethanol to generate power less than 100 W. These fuel cells may be deployed
in the devices with low power consumption like computerized notebooks,
mobile phones, military equipment and such other electronic devices. DEFC
faces problem of incomplete oxidation of ethanol to produce hydrogen gas.
The researchers are trying to find suitable solution. The electronics OEMs,
such as Samsung and Toshiba, and other companies developed such fuel
cells with power density of 110 mW/cm2. Similarly, ternary PtRhSnO2/C
electro catalyst have been synthesized in USA, which produces currents 100
times higher than those produced with other catalysts. However, Japanese
scientists has also succeeded in getting short circuit current increased from
2.8 to 9.0 mA/cm2. In the country, some academic institutions / universities /
engineering colleges are trying to get solution of the problems like i) electrocatalysts which can effectively enhance the electrode-kinetics of methanol
oxidation ii) electrolyte membranes which have high ionic conductivity and low
methanol crossover and iii) methanol tolerant electro-catalysts with high
activity for oxygen reduction.
(vi)
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) operates at a temperature of
about 6500C, which offers greater flexibility to the choice of fuels with higher
efficiencies and simultaneously, imposes limitations in the selection of suitable
materials of construction for long time operations. All the carbon monoxide is
oxidized to carbon dioxide at anode, which requires proper management. The
power plants based on MCFC technology have been installed from hundreds
of kW to MW level in the world. In India R&D activities were taken-up but later
discontinued.
(vii)
Bio-fuel Cell
Biological fuel cells (or Bio-fuel cells) are of two types viz.: 1) Microbial
fuel cells employ living cells such as microorganisms as the catalyst and 2)
35
Enzymetic bio-fuel cells, which use different enzymes to catalyze the redox
reaction of the fuels. The production / consumption cycle of bio-fuels is
considered to be carbon neutral and, in principle, more sustainable than that
of conventional fuel cells. The potential areas for its power application are
portable electronics, biomedical instruments, environmental studies, military
and space research etc. In India, many institutions are active to develop
suitable electrodes materials or tweak the microorganism. Mediator-less and
membrane-less MFCs have been demonstrated on laboratory scale.
(viii) Direct Carbon Fuel Cell
Direct Carbon Fuel Cell (DCFC) converts fuel (granulated carbon
powder ranging from 10 to 1000 nm sizes) to electricity directly with a
maximum electrical efficiency up to 70% (with 100% theoretical efficiency).
The systems, which may operate on low grade abundant fuels derived from
coal, municipal and refinery waste products or bio-mass are under
development. The byproduct is nearly pure CO2, which can be stored and
used for commercial purpose leading to zero emission. Several laboratories
in USA and Australia are active in the development of such a device that can
easily be scaled up. No work in this area is reported so far from India.
(ix)
Micro fuel cells
Micro fuel cells (MFCs) are the miniature form of either PEMFC or
DMFC or SOFC and have the potential to replace batteries as they offer high
power densities, considerably longer operational & stand-by times, shorter
recharging time, simple balance of plant, and a passive operation. Micro fuel
cells are ideal for use in portable electronic devices (fuel cell on a
chip).Polymer electrolyte micro fuel cells can be used in 3D printing, which is
effectively carried out on a large area. Low cost lithographic techniques have
been developed for fluid flow micro channels. The other type based on
monolithically integrated SOFC on a Si ship is also very important as planar
configurations can be effected using modern manufacturing processes to
make Li-batteries obsolete for certain type of applications. Currently, there is
no activity on micro fuel cells in India.
Action Plan and Financial Projection
Based on the level of maturity of the expertise and the importance of
the type of Fuel Cells, there may be three different categories of projects,
which may be funded to the different extents. These are:
i) Mission Mode Projects
36
It is proposed to form consortiums consisting of R&D laboratories,
academic institutions and industries for each of the systems; one of them
preferably a R&D laboratory may be identified as the lead organization.
a) HT-PEMFC with combined cycle: Joint Lead Institutes - CSIR-NCL,
Pune and CSIR-CECRI, Karaikudi)
b) LT- PEMFC: Lead Institutes - CFCT, Chennai and/or CSIR-CECRI,
Karaikudi/ BHEL R&D, Hyderabad.
c) Planar SOFC: Lead Institute - CSIR-CGCRI, Kolkata
d) PAFC: Lead Institute NMRL, DRDO, Ambernath and/or BHEL R&D,
Hyderabad
ii) Research & Development Projects
With the objective of laboratory demonstration of critical systems and subsystems preferably with innovative approaches. Industry collaboration is
preferred but not essential for this category.
a) DMFC/DEFC
b) MCFC
c) BFC
iii) Basic/ Fundamental Research Projects aiming at carrying out basic/
fundamental research (including modeling) on different aspects of any fuel
cell system except the ones mentioned above.
Budgetary Provisions
It is recommended that an overall budgetary provision of Rs.750 Crore
is allocated for the complete fuel cell development programme over a period
of next 7 years (up to the financial year 2022-23); 80% of this may be
earmarked for category I projects, 10% each for the other two categories.
Supply chain for Hydrogen
A parallel developmental activity is to be initiated for supply of around
1,500 million liter of high purity hydrogen for testing of the different capacities
and different types of fuel cells proposed to be developed under this
programme.
Expression of Interest
Particularly for the “Mission Mode Projects” the ministry should invite
expression of interest from the interested research groups and industry
followed by formation of the consortium and identification of lead organization.
Virtual Fuel Cell Institute
37
For the purpose of efficient formulation and project management
including rigorous monitoring a Virtual Fuel Cell Institute may be created
under the aegis of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy to bring all the
concerned stakeholders such as Ministries, Departments, academicians,
researchers and industry under one umbrella to work together in a systematic
and focused manner. This Institute may undertake following activities:
Development of a mechanism to pool the resources of different
Ministries, Departments, International Funding Agencies and other
agencies.
(ii) Identification of expertise available with various institutions / industries
and develop Mission Mode Projects utilizing the available expertise
with the aim to develop components, sub-systems and integrate them,
which can be mass produced and deployed in the country.
(iii) Monitoring the progress of the work done under the projects to achieve
the targeted goals in the time bound manner.
(iv) Co-ordination among the institutions for demonstration of developed
systems in field and comparison of various fuel cell technologies.
(v) Development of a mechanism / modality to incentivize the individuals
and the institutions involved in the development of a product.
(vi) Conducting market survey for business potential of fuel cell in India
(vii) Testing & benchmarking the components / prototypes / systems of fuel
cell.
(viii) Development of safety guidelines and standardization of on-board cost
effective storage / transportation
(i)
The Institute should have a Directorate with required administrative and
financial autonomy. All the members of the project team working at different
locations (including the PIs) would be collectively responsible to this
directorate, so far as the project activities are concerned.
Note: Draft report on “Fuel Cell Development in India” is attached as
Annexure - VI.
38
39
40
41
5.
Transportation through Hydrogen Fuelled Vehicles
As India moves ahead in the implementation of Euro 5 and Euro 6
emission norms for automobiles in the coming years, the impact on diesel car
and SUV will give a jolt to these industry and users. Hydrogen may get a
place automatically in the automobile sector to replace petrol and diesel
vehicles and even coal for large scale power generation. Hydrogen fuel cell
cars hit the streets of Great Britain during 2016 and have initial sales to early
adopters up until 2020. United Kingdom has its plan to put 1.5 million
hydrogen drivers on the British roads by 2030.
Hydrogen fueled automobiles use hydrogen on-board to generate
motive power either directly through internal combustion engine or indirectly,
I,e, first to electrical energy through fuel cell then to motive power. Hydrogen
can be used in different configurations of Internal Combustion (IC) engine
such as spark ignition (SI) engine, compression ignition (CI) engine / dual fuel
engine, CNG dual fuel engine and HCCI engine. High power outputs and low
NOx emissions can be achieved by direct injection of hydrogen in SI engine.
Hydrogen may also be used with biogas or other low grade gaseous
fuels in this mode for the applications in locomotives and in stationary power
generation. Hydrogen can be a good additive in the case of biogas diesel
HCCI operation, as it raises the efficiency and extends the load range.
Engine control units for dual fuel, HCCI and direct hydrogen injection engines
with effective control strategies, in some cases to switch between modes have
to be developed.
There is need to develop after treatment device for NO x reduction
(Lean NOX trap, SCR etc.), which will be helpful in improving power output
while engine operates at a higher equivalence ratio. This is very relevant for
heavy duty engines operating on hydrogen. The application of hydrogen
blends with various fuels like CNG, LPG, Diesel etc. also need to be studied.
Globally, several R&D project have been undergoing in various parts of
the world for developing hydrogen based Internal Combustion Engines. Some
of the significant project were (i) HyICE programme in Europe by European
Commission and BMW in collaboration with various industry and academia for
both single and multi-cylinder engines for various fuel injection strategies like
Direct Injection and Cryogenic Fuel Injection (ii) Next Generation Environment
Friendly Vehicle Development and Commercialization project in Japan for
heavy duty engines Direct Injection Hydrogen IC engines (iii) Development of
two hydrogen engines at Tokyo City University turbocharged with Port Fuel
42
Injection for light duty trucks with hybrid power train (iv) Homogeneous charge
compression ignition (HCCI) with high compression ratio to overcome the
issue of low emission versus better combustion rate and thermal efficiency (iv)
Direct Injection to keep combustion confined and away from combustion
chamber walls to lower NOx and have longer durability and sustained
performance of Direct Injection Injectors. Thus, presently hydrogen powered
IC engines are more suitable for heavy vehicle rather than fuel cells vehicles
due to the higher specific power output.
Many automotive companies have taken initiatives for the development
of fuel cell vehicles like Daimler (A fleet total of 200 vehicles is now in
operation across the world, including more than 35 in a Californian lease
scheme), Ford (testing in the US, Canada and Germany with target to
commercialise vehicles upto 2020, when the technology will be pricecompetitive), General Motors (developed more than 120 test vehicles), Honda
(provided cars on a limited lease in California, extended to Japan and Europe,
start selling before Rio Olympics-2016), Hyundai (provided on lease and will
start selling before Rio Olympics- 2016), Nissan (near commercialisation),
Toyota (numerous demonstrations in Japan and USA, sale will start before
Rio Olympics – 2016, declared cost of vehicle as $55,000), Volkswagen
(Began trials in 2013).
A number of automotive companies came forward to take up joint
initiatives like BMW and Toyota (Planned to market car from 2015 in Japan,
the US and Europe), Daimler, Ford and Renault Nissan (to jointly develop
common fuel cell system for use in separate mass-market cars from 2017),
GM-Honda (collaboration on next-generation fuel cell systems and hydrogen
storage technologies)
Nationally IIT Delhi in collaboration with Mahindra & Mahindra has
developed a fleet of fifteen hydrogen fueled three wheelers with hydrogen
storage in gaseous phase, which are on field trials to generate awareness
among public. Similar hydrogen powered three wheelers and motorbikes with
hydrogen storage in metal hydride were also demonstrated by IIT BHU. The
focus of R&D being. IIT Delhi in collaboration with Mahindra & Mahindra has
developed Mahindra’s Tourist or Model Mini Bus with multi cylinder IC Engine
and will be put for field trials. Mahindra & Mahindra developed hydrogendiesel dual fuel vehicles with hydrogen substitution of over 50%. Society of
Indian Manufacturers conducted trials with Hydrogen-CNG blend fuel (18%)
for three wheelers, cars, buses in collaboration with IOCL.
Hydrogen requires safe handling, while being produces, stored,
transported delivered / dispensed. Therefore, regulations and standards
become key requirements for commercialization of hydrogen-fuelled vehicles
and facilitate manufacturers to invest in this area. Bureau of Indian Standards
43
is the agency looking after the adoption of ISO standards, formulation of
standards. Various standards regarding systems and devices for the
production, storage, transport, measurement and use of hydrogen are in place
and many others are to be formulated.). The Petroleum Explosives Safety
Organization (PESO) is entrusted to ensure safety and security of public and
property from fire and explosion. It is the agency to grant permission to deploy
refueling stations and hydrogen storage containers of Type III and Type IV for
fuel cell vehicles and other related equipment for usage of explosive
corrosive, toxic and permanent flammable gases.
Testing of vehicle and its components is mandatory before rolling out
the vehicle on road. Hydrogen / hydrogen mixed fuelled vehicles also require
all types of fitness. It evaluates hydrogen and HCNG internal combustion
engine vehicles in closed-track and laboratory environments, as well as in field
applications. Emission testing is also conducted as per Euro norms. Testing
facilities include vehicle fuel cylinder testing (including gunfire, environmental
chamber, hydrogen cycling, bonfire and burst testing), sensor testing, virtual
testing, and vehicle emission using chassis dynamometer, engine
dynamometer, noise and vibration testing.
Action Plan and Financial Projections
Based on the Gap Analysis and the strategy mentioned to overcome
the gap areas, the following action plan has been identified by the Committee
to execute time bound projects in the area of fuel cell and hydrogen based IC
engines.
A. Mission Mode Project : Hydrogen for Transportation through Research
& Innovation driven Program – HyTRIP With the objective to demonstrate
hydrogen FCEVs, establish infrastructure for the operation of vehicles
and understand the technological challenges, market aspirations, price
targets and safety requirements for commercializing the fuel cell
technologies for mobility sector.
B. Initiatives on other Technologies: HCNG, Fuel Cell Range extended
Vehicles and Hydrogen energy based retrofitment solutions
C. New Assessment Studies
Other Projects
D. Initiatives in other technologies – Proposed Budget Rs. 70 crores
Note: Draft report on “Transportation through Hydrogen Fuelled Vehicles” is
attached as Annexure - VII.
44
Time schedule and Financial implications
Year
1
2
3
4
5
Total
Project HyTRIP
12
88
165
110
15
390
a. Design of fuel cell drivetrains
for each category of vehicle
and Development of 50 fuel
cell
vehicles
by
OEMs
including field trials of fuel
cell vehicles for 3,000 hours of
fuel cell operation
b. Design of hydrogen DI engine
based
vehicles
and
Development of 20 vehicles
for long term
durability
studies for 30,000 kms
c. Design & Deployment of 10
Dispensing station for fuelling
vehicles on hydrogen fuel at
350 bar
5
45
75
65
7.5
197.5
2
23
30
15
7.5
5
20
60
30
Cost (Crores)
115
Centre of Excellence
d. Setting up of Centre of
Excellence (CoE) for testing &
certification of fuel cell stack /
fuel cell and hydrogen engine
based vehicle / hydrogen
storage cylinders
77.5
200
50
20
30
50
50
200
Other Activities ‘e’ & ‘f’
80
e. Initiatives
in
other
Technologies
 HCNG activities
 Fuel cell range extenders
 Hydrogen based Retrofitment
solutions for IC engines
70
45
f. New Assessment Studies
10
680
crore
Grand Total
46
Phase-wise Financial Projections Plan - HyTRIP
Year
1
2
3
4
5
Total
Cost (Crores)
Activity
1. Design of Dispensing station for fuelling vehicles on
hydrogen fuel at 350 bar
5
5
2. Deployment of dispensing stations at recommended sites
20
60
30
110
3. Design of fuel cell drivetrains for each category of vehicle
and prototype development of FC vehicles by OEMS
5
5
10
4. Development of 50 fuel cell vehicles by OEMs including
integration and control strategy, selection of battery pack,
Battery Management system (BMS) and drive train design
including motor selection
40
5. Design of hydrogen DI engine based vehicles and prototype
47
75
65
180
development
2
3
5
6. Development of 20 hydrogen IC engine based vehicles for
durability studies
20
30
15
65
7. Durability studies of fuel cells & IC engine protoypes / driving
cycle simulation studies on test bench
10
10
3
5
50
200
8. Field trials of fuel cell vehicles for 3,000 hours and 30,000
kms for hydrogen IC engine based vehicles
2
Phase-wise Financial Projections Plan – Centre of Excellence
9. Setting up of Centre of Excellence (CoE) for testing &
certification of fuel cell stack / fuel cell and hydrogen engine
based vehicle / hydrogen storage cylinders
50
20
30
50
1. Four dispensing stations shall be designed for fuelling 50 vehicles per day and another 6 to be designed for 10 vehicles
per day
2. Deployment cost of dispensing station for fuelling 50 vehicles is considered to be ~17 crores each while the cost of
dispensing station for fuelling 10 vehicles is considered to be around 7 crores per station.
48
3. Rs. 10 crores has been allocated for designing the fuel cell based powertrains
4. Out of 50 fuel cell vehicles, 10 vehicles are for each category including two-wheelers, 3-wheelers, Passenger cars, SUV
and Buses
5. Rs. 5 crores have been allocated for design of hydrogen DI engine based vehicles
6. 20 hydrogen IC engine based vehicles include 5 vehicles each in 3-wheeler, passenger car, SUV and heavy-duty
category.
7. Durability studies to be conducted at IOC R&D and ARAI
8. Assumptions for fields trials include:
 Landed Hydrogen price: Rs 500/kg (Hydrogen to be sourced from different industries including refineries)
 2 wheeler for 10,000 kms 80 km/kg of hydrogen
 3 W for 20,000 kms : 60 km/kg of hydrogen
 Passenger Car for 30,000 km: 40 km per kg of hydrogen
 SUV for 30,000 km: 25 km per kg of hydrogen
 Buses for 30,000 kms: 10 km per kg of hydrogen
 CoE include the land cost of 50 crores and 150 crores as infrastructure development cost distributed for the next 4
years.
49
6.
Intellectual Property Rights, Public Private Partnership,
Safety, Standards, Awareness and Human Resource
Hydrogen is being explored as a fuel for passenger vehicles. It can be
used in fuel cells to power electric motors or burned in internal combustion
engines (ICEs). This report focuses on the important dimensions with respect
to introduction of Hydrogen and fuel cell technology namely IPR, Safety,
Standards, Awareness and HRD.
A Hydrogen internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle uses a traditional
ICE that has been modified to use Hydrogen fuel. One of the benefits of
Hydrogen-powered ICEs is that they can run on pure Hydrogen or a blend of
Hydrogen and compressed natural gas (CNG). That fuel flexibility is very
attractive as a means of addressing the widespread lack of Hydrogen fuelling
infrastructure in the near term. Fuel cell vehicles (FCVs), which run on
Hydrogen, are currently more expensive than conventional vehicles, and they
are not yet available for sale to the general public. However, costs have
decreased significantly, and commercially available FCVs are expected within
the next few years.
Intellectual Property Rights
As efforts for commercialization of patented technologies have
increased, greater focus has been placed on Manufacturability at volume and
cost effectively- patents have been generated in this area e.g. reducing
components, alternative and cheaper materials, and manufacturing process
driven improvements. It is easier to identify where innovation is likely,
possible, required rather than which patents might be filed. There remains
scope for innovation around durability, performance and cost reduction. They
will be iterative changes unless and until someone identifies a real game
changing step. Innovation is also likely to center around what technology is
being used and for which applications. To promote fuel cell technology based
innovation there must be proper strategies and plans which enhance IPR
activities in India in those specific fields.
Gas Storage Regulations
The Gas Cylinders Rules, 2004 are required to be amended for
incorporation of Hydrogen dispensing layout/facilities once Government of
India permits inclusion of Hydrogen as an automotive fuel and CMVR are
suitably amended in this regard. The international standard ISO: 20012 Gaseous Hydrogen – Fuelling Station may be useful for establishment of
fuelling stations in the country on trial basis. At present ISO: 15869 is in the
50
draft stage for Gaseous Hydrogen and Hydrogen blend – Land Vehicle Fuel
Tanks. Since ISO: 15869 (ISO/TC-197) is going to be internationally accepted
code, the same may also be followed in this country as India being ‘P’
Member of the ISO/TC-197 Committee. IS: 15490 & IS: 7285(Part 2) are also
required to be suitably amended for to incorporate Hydrogen-CNG blend and
Hydrogen as automotive cylinders.
Compressed hydrogen gases filled in metallic container pose potential
hazard and threat to public life and property let the container explode. Hence,
the Govt. of India vide Notification No.M-1272(1) dated 28/09/1938 has
declared compressed gas filled in a metallic container to be deemed to be an
explosive under Section 17 of the Explosives Act, 1884. Subsequently, in
exercise of powers vested in Section 5 & 7 of the Act, the Govt. framed the
Static & Mobile Pressure Vessels Rules, 1981 to regulate filling, possession,
transport and import of compressed gases in pressure vessels.
The Government of India has authorized the Petroleum and Explosives
Safety Organization (PESO), Nagpur to administer responsibilities delegated
under the Explosives Act 1884 and Petroleum Act 1934 and the rules made
thereunder related to manufacture, import, export, transport, possession, sale
and use of Explosives, Petroleum products and Compressed gases.
Provisions have been made for hydrogen cylinders, valves including
hydrogen dispensing under Gas Cylinders Rules, 2004 and Static & Mobile
Pressure Vessels (Unfired) Rules, 1981.
Safety
In order to ensure safety of vehicles and for technical solutions to these
issues following regulations and standards are critical. Government has
identified the development of regulations and standards as one of the key
requirements for commercialization of Hydrogen-fuelled vehicles. Regulations
and standards will help to overcome technological barriers to
commercialization, facilitate manufacturers’ investment in building Hydrogenfuelled vehicles and facilitate public acceptance by providing a systematic and
accurate means of assessing and communicating the risk associated with the
use of Hydrogen vehicles, be it to the general public, consumer, emergency
response personnel or the insurance industry. Hydrogen is a flammable fuel
with backfire and pre-ignition tendencies and safety aspects are critical in safe
handling of the fuel.
Standards
Lack of Codes and standards have repeatedly been identified as a
major institutional barrier to deploying Hydrogen technologies and developing
51
a Hydrogen economy. International Hydrogen Industry has come a long way
in the past 10 years identifying needed standards for commercialization of
Hydrogen energy systems, and participating with Standards Development
Organizations to develop Hydrogen standards. Much of these standards
writing is taking place at the International Organization for Standardization
(ISO) level in ISO Technical Committee 197 (Hydrogen Technologies) with
input through the national organizations. The International Electrotechnical
Committee, IEC TC 105 (Fuel Cells}, ISO TC 197, and ISO TC22 SC 21
(Electric Vehicles) are all involved in fuel cell standards activities.
Human Resource Development
Human resource development is the key to sustained R&D program on
Hydrogen. Hydrogen and fuel cells are considered in many countries as an
important alternative energy vector and a key technology for future
sustainable energy systems in the stationary power, transportation, industrial
and residential sectors. The realization of Hydrogen based economy can
generate a lot of employment throughout the country. Hydrogen production
process and Fuel cell technology requires expertise from various fields such
as electrical, mechanical, chemistry, physics, biotechnology, management
etc. In order to produce skilled manpower resource training needs have to be
identified. It is recommended to constitute Hydrogen chair faculty positions in
IITs for professors working on Hydrogen technologies for the duration of 3
years. Further 50 fellowships should be given to bright scholars for pursuing
their masters or doctoral programs related to Hydrogen technologies. Awards
should be constituted on a national scale with prizes around 1 lakh for
professionals and academia working in promotion of Hydrogen. Educational
programs should include a hydrogen education program for school teachers
and students providing them with educational materials, training program and
curricula evaluation.
Awareness
The most important factor for fostering support and decreasing
opposition to the introduction of Hydrogen technologies is increased
knowledge. The general public must be given further education, along with
decision-makers within government and industry, regulators and policy
developers, academics etc. Therefore, information as well as an active
demonstration projects for use of Hydrogen is necessary. Results from
previous projects have shown that more extensive information efforts are
needed in conjunction with demonstration projects, such as Hydrogen bus
trials, fork lifts, stationary power etc. Awareness resources include traditional
print materials, such as fact sheets, and information available on the Web,
and via other forms of media including audio, CD, and video.
52
Public Private Partnership
Coordination between industry and government can facilitate smooth
commercialization of Hydrogen and fuel cell systems. By working together,
timely priorities can be identified to promote commercial deployment of
Hydrogen technologies. Continuation of dialog among all stakeholders, as
well as applicable state agencies, to study the range of codes, standards, and
regulatory activities that are needed to ensure a smooth transition to a
Hydrogen economy, as well as the research to support them is the key.
Gap Analysis
From the above, it is clearly seen that the research activities in the field
of Fuel Cell & Hydrogen are still in their early phase compared to other
nations. Since the activities of fuel cell and Hydrogen are in early stages, it is
inevitable to have more focus on creating indigenous technology for its
commercialization and industrialization in India. To promote fuel cell
technology based innovation, there must be proper strategies and plans which
enhance Hydrogen activities in India in those specific fields. The imortant
specific gap issues between India and the developed countries are After
Market Vehicle Enforcement and development of hydrogen infrastructure.
Action Plan
A.
National Mission Project
Development of National Hydrogen Vehicle Certification and Research
Laboratory
The development of National Facility for Certification of Hydrogen and Fuel
Cell Vehicles as per future Central Motor Vehicle Rules (CMVR) may have the
following facilities:
B.
Research & Development Projects
The Research & Development Projects should be supported by inviting
proposals from industry and Research Institutions / academia. The projects
should be evaluated by Expert Committee of the Coordinating Ministry /
Department for their suitability for the Hydrogen program in India.
C.
Basic Research Projects
These projects should be supported by inviting proposals from academic
institutions like IITs, IISC, NIT etc. The projects should also be evaluated by
53
the Expert Committee for their suitability for the Hydrogen program in India.
The costing for such basic studies should be worked out based on a standard
format and defined timelines.
Financial Outlay
An overall budget provision of around Rs.500 Crores may be made
available for a period of next 7 years (till 2022) for technology development
and research on all categories of the activity mentioned above; 60% of which
may be earmarked for mission mode projects (category I), 20% for Research
and Development projects (category II) and 20 % for knowledge base
generation (category III). As a part of the mission mode activity, it would be
essential to establish a national hydrogen and fuel cell certification facility.
Note: Draft report on “Intellectual Property Rights, Public Private Partnership,
Safety, Standards, Awareness and Human Resource” is attached as
Annexure - VIII.
54
Time Schedule of Activities
Sr. No.
Year 
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
Chassis Dynamometer for HCV/LCV
Vehicles – suitable for both hydrogen and
Fuel cell buses -1 Nos.
Chassis Dynamometer for
SUV/Passenger Cars/SCV 2 Nos.
Chassis Dynamometer for
1
Mission Mode Projects
2/3 Wheelers - 1 Nos
Development of National
Hydrogen Vehicle Certification
Transient dynamometers, 550 kW
and Research Laboratory
capacity -1 Nos.
Transient dynamometers upto 300
kW - 2 Nos.
Hydrogen Cylinder Storage and Dispensing
Facility
Hydrogen Component Certification Equipment
Hydrogen fuel quality testing and material embrittlement testing
Hydrogen engine combustion development and simulation centre
55
2021
2022
Sr. No.
Year 
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
Development of on board safety
systems for hydrogen vehicles
After treatment solutions for
hydrogen vehicles
2
Research & Development
Projects
Development of Indigeneous sensors for fuel cell
vehicles
Development of materials for lightweight hydrogen cylinders
Advanced combustion HCCI engines for hydrogen fuel
Development of hydrogen fuel cell
demonstration kits for schools
Enhancement of Fire Safety Measures for
Hydrogen Vehicles
CFD simulation of hydrogen release
patterns
Optical engine studies on Hydrogen Combustion
Suitable odorants and dyes for hydrogen fuel
3
Basic / Fundamental
Research Projects
Study of hydrogen regulations and projection of
requirement of regulation in near future
Hydrogen flame studies - Visualisation
Awards, Scholarships, Training, Awareness Seminars, Advertisements
56
2021
2022
Financial Projections
S. No.
Activity
Budgeted
Amount
(INR Crore)
A
HR Activity Budget
1
Standards and Regulations Development
20
2
Awards and Scholarships for Students
30
3
Training and Awareness Seminars for
50
Manpower Development
4
Hydrogen Chair in IITs
25
5
IPR Budget
6
Hydrogen demo Kit for schools
100
Subtotal A
B
25
250
Mission Mode Project - National
50
Hydrogen Vehicle Certification Facility
C
Research and Development
Projects
1
Development of on board safety
40
systems for Hydrogen vehicles
2
After treatment solutions for hydrogen
20
vehicles
3
Advanced combustion HCCI engines
40
for Hydrogen fuel
Subtotal C
100
D
Basic Research
1
Optical Engine Studies on Hydrogen
70
engine
2
Hydrogen Flame Studies
20
3
Odorants and Dyes for Hydrogen
10
Subtotal D
100
Grand Total (INR Crore)
500
57
7.
Recommendations
Stationary power generation and transportation sector are the
backbone of economic development and human welfare. Policymakers are
worried about air pollution and petroleum dependence with increasing
activities. Transport emissions are about three quarters from road vehicles.
Over the past decade, transport’s greenhouse emissions have increased at a
faster rate than any other energy using sector. The harmful emissions are
nuisance to the health of living beings on the earth, for which huge
infrastructure for hospitals, clinics, dispensaries is required to counter health
hazards. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy is working to combat
this ugly situation by supporting a broad based research, development and
demonstration on hydrogen energy and fuel cells programme in the country.
Use of hydrogen as fuel for the stationary power generation and
transportation sectors may lead a permanent solution to the aforesaid
problems. The following recommendations have been made for different
aspects of hydrogen energy and fuel cells:
A.
Hydrogen Production
1.
In view of the India’s Climate Action Plan, the technologies for
hydrogen production may be targeted accordingly. The first target may be
focused on the efficient utilization of byproduct hydrogen of the Chlor-Alkali
units. At the end of the financial year 2014-15, only 10% of byproduct
hydrogen is available. Remaining 90%byproduct hydrogen (~40% in chemical
industries, ~37% as fuel in boiler heating for captive use and ~13% being
bottled for sale) is being utilized,. Target may be made
(i) To utilize surplus un-utilized 10% byproduct hydrogen,
(ii) Next target may be made to utilize ~37% hydrogen efficiently,
which is currently being used as fuel in boiler heating for captive
use. Alternate sources may be used for heating purpose.
(iii) In-house stationary power generation may be one of the most
effective ways of utilizing hydrogen.
The government may
consider incentivizing this application of hydrogen for its cost
effective utilization.
2.
The present facilities of hydrogen production may be utilized to supply
hydrogen for purpose of carrying out the activities on the research,
development and demonstration for the applications like hydrogen fuelled
vehicles etc.
3.
From the gap between international and national state of art of
technologies, it has been visualized that India has to take a leapfrog to come
at par with the international level. This gap is to be planned in time bound
58
project mode (with foreign collaboration, if required) and therefore, the
projects may be classified in the following three categories viz. National
Mission Projects, Research & Development projects and Basic / Fundamental
Research projects:
4.
The Mission Mode Projects may cover projects with the participation of
the industry for the technologies, which are mature or near maturity for
commercialization after the short development time and those may be taken
up on large scale demonstration. Such projects would be multi-disciplinary in
nature. These projects may involve more than one institution (with a lead
institution), which are already involved in the implementation of research &
development activities. The outcome of such projects should be a compact,
comprehensive, marketable and user friendly product. The resources and the
infrastructure facilities of the involved institutions may be pooled together to
achieve the common goal.
5.
The Research & Development projects may include the projects in
which the technology is at the stage of prototype development and its
demonstration as a proof of concept. Industry participation should be
preferred for these projects. Such projects may be undertaken on different
subjects like design, research & development of the individual system
components, sub-systems, integration of systems after the basic research has
shown encouraging results. Engineering research and development must be
a part of such projects.
B.
Hydrogen Storage and Applications other than Transportation
Considering merits and de-merits of all the modes of hydrogen storage
and specific applications other than transportation, following are
recommended:
(i)
Institution of cost analysis study for the use of solid state hydride storage
of hydrogen with compressed gaseous hydrogen in composite cylinders
for specific applications to be developed in the Mission Mode projects.
(ii) Project for acquisition of reformer technology and development of
indigenous reformer technology by Thermax and BHEL jointly with
possible association of IICT, Hyderabad and NCL, Pune.
(iii) Project for commercialisation of Type III cylinders for buses and Type IV
cylinders for small vehicles (like 4- & 3-wheelers) by Tata Motors in
collaboration with ISRO. DRDO and BHEL may also be involved in this
effort.
(iv) Project for the development of a hydrogen storage device / cartridge for
specific purpose for fuel cell power pack jointly by BHU, IIT Guwahati,
NFTDC, IIT Indore and IISc Bangalore.
59
(v)
Metal hydride based high intensity high efficiency thermal energy storage
system development of the type ongoing at IISc Bangalore should be
widened in terms of capacities and applications such as CSP and standalone Steam Generators.
(vi) Organisation of a Workshop with CII / FICCI for possible
commercialisation of the devices / systems developed by the academic /
research institutions. MNRE may facilitate organisation of the workshop.
(vii) Review of the activities of Hydrogen Energy Centre at BHU by a suitable
Expert Committee and utilization of their recommendations to establish a
Centre of Excellence. Also, establish a few Satellite Centers for specific
tasks such as development of high pressure cylinders, development of
sensors and controls, thermal, thermo-physical and mechanical
properties evaluation, etc.
C.
Fuel Cell Development
1.
Based on the level of maturity of the expertise and the importance of
the type of Fuel Cells, the projects may be divided in three categories, which
are:
(i) Mission Mode Projects having the ultimate objective of limited scale
manufacturing of different capacities standalone systems, which may
be demonstrated under field condition for the purpose of performance
evaluation. Industry participation is compulsory for this category. Fuel
Cell systems proposed to be developed under this category are:
a) HT-PEMFC (Some IPRs on the fuel cell components have already
been developed in the country)
b) LT- PEMFC (Membrane material is still being imported in the
country; but stacks up to 25kW capacity have been fabricated and
tested in the country)
c) Planar SOFC (Success has been obtained in lower capacity (up to
1 kW range in the country)
d) PAFC (Taken-up on large scale manufacturing (up to 3 kW) for
application in the strategic sector. It is yet to be taken-up for the
civilian sector)
Formation of consortiums consisting of R&D, academic
institutions and industries for each of the systems; one of them
preferably a R&D laboratory may be identified as the lead organization.
Following are the lead institutes identified for the purpose:
e) HT-PEMFC with combined cycle: Joint Lead Institutes - CSIRNCL, Pune and CSIR-CECRI, Karaikudi)
60
f) LT- PEMFC: Lead Institutes - CFCT, Chennai and/or CSIRCECRI, Karaikudi/ BHEL R&D, Hyderabad.
g) Planar SOFC: Lead Institute - CSIR-CGCRI, Kolkata
h) PAFC:Lead Institute NMRL, DRDO, Ambernath and/or BHEL
R&D, Hyderabad
iv)
Research & Development Projects with the objectives of laboratory
demonstration of critical systems and sub-systems for (a)
DMFC/DEFC (b) MCFC (c) BFC
v)
Basic/ Fundamental Research Projects.
2.
The Budgetary Provision for the development of fuel cells may be kept
around Rs.750 Crore over a period of next 5 years (up to the financial year
2022-23); 80% of this may be earmarked for category I projects, 10% each for
the other two categories. Complete milestone of the programme together with
the approximate financial outlay (sector wise) is given in the attached chart.
3.
A Virtual Fuel Cell Institute may be created under the aegis of the
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy to have efficient formulation and
project management including rigorous monitoring and to bring all the
concerned stakeholders such as Ministries, Departments, academicians,
researchers and industry under one umbrella to work together in a systematic
and focused manner with the specific objectives. The Institute should have a
Directorate with required administrative and financial autonomy. All the
members of the project team working at different locations (including the PIs)
would be collectively responsible to this directorate, so far as the project
activities are concerned.
D.
Transportation through Hydrogen Fuelled Vehicles
(i)
Fuel Cell Vehicles
a. Design & development of a fleet comprising of 10 passenger cars, 10
two-wheelers, 10 SUVs, 10 three-wheelers, 10 buses operating on fuel
cell technology may be taken-up as a Mission Mode Project alongwith
the 10 dispensing stations at different sites. MNRE may support this
initiative through proposed Centre of Excellence on Hydrogen & Fuel
Cells being set-up by IOC R&D.
b. Fleet demonstration trials of the fuel cell buses run by STUs.
61
c. R&D institutes and leading research labs may undertake Simulation
studies of BoP components & hydrogen storage & supply system to be
installed in the vehicle leading to indigenize development of the same.
d. Development & demonstration of Fuel cell Range Extended vehicles &
their performance evaluation. Optimization of control system & fuel
(hydrogen) quality for maximization of durability with minimal operating
cost.
e. Establishment of test facilities for fuel cell components, stacks and
systems.
f. Establishing the hydrogen safe labs for fuel cell / hydrogen vehicle
testing at ARAI, NATRIP and proposed MNRE/IOC Centre of
Excellence for Hydrogen & Fuel cells.
g. Development & standardization of fuel cell vehicle and stack testing
standards for Indian conditions.
h. Understanding the global quality control standards for different stack
components / systems and their modification for indigenous conditions.
i. Undertake the contamination studies both on fuel side as well as on air
side to establish the long term durability impact on the fuel cell vehicle
performance
j. Development of required human resources for various activities like
carrying out further RD&D activities, indigenous production, repair &
maintenance services etc.
(ii)
Hydrogen Fuelled IC Engine
The following Work has been proposed for the research, development,
demonstration and commercialization of Hydrogen Fuelled IC Engine
Technology:
a. 20 vehicles based on Hydrogen direct injection technology to
developed and demonstrated as a part of Mission Mode project
discussed above.
b. Pilot studies to be initiated for conversion of CNG buses may be
converted into H-CNG buses in the initial phase based on the Compact
Reformer technology developed by IOC R&D. Performance monitoring
of the buses to be carried out for establishing the on-field long term
durability
c. Combustion chamber designs and cylinder head designs for direct
injection SI engines running on hydrogen have to be developed.
d. Engine control units for dual fuel, HCCI and direct hydrogen injection
engines with effective control strategies in some cases to switch
between modes have to be developed. Academic institutions could do
the initial part of working out modes of operation and strategies using
experiments and simulation models. However, industry partners have
62
e.
f.
g.
h.
(iii)
to take it to the level of making ECU hardware and software that
matches industry standards.
Strategies to combine HCCI operation with dual fuel and CI modes to
extend the load range can be developed. This will enable the effective
use of HCCI for applications like generator sets and locomotives. Here
academic institutions can do the basic experimental work and perform
simulation studies while industries may implement the strategies in the
field for evaluation.
Development of after treatment device for NOx reduction (Lean NOx
trap, SCR etc.), which will help to reduce NOx emission while operating
the engine at a higher equivalence ratio to improve the power output.
This is relevant for development of heavy duty engines with hydrogen.
Application of hydrogen blends with various fuels like CNG, LPG,
Diesel, Biogas in the existing SI engines etc.
Combustion research to be undertaken by the leading labs and
institutes to establish the performance of hydrogen fuelled engines
Hydrogen infrastructure
The establishment of hydrogen infrastructure may be planned in the
following steps:
a. Hydrogen supply must be ensured at the workshop / industry / testing
facility, where prototype hydrogen vehicle is developed and tested.
Therefore, Oil Companies may set-up 10 additional hydrogen
dispensing stations and supply hydrogen from refineries as a part of
Mission mode project to facilitate the pilot studies to be conducted on
hydrogen IC engine based as well as fuel cell vehicles
b. Studies on understanding the purity of hydrogen required for both IC
engines and fuel cells must be carried out by the research institutes to
be ensured as per its application as fuel for the IC engine / fuel cell
based vehicles.
c. Opportunities to use hydrogen produced in Oil Refineries and ChlorAlkali plants may be explored. Inter-ministerial group may be formed to
expedite the supply of hydrogen from refineries for different hydrogen
applications.
d. The delivered cost of hydrogen through steel cylinders at 200 bar is too
high. It is therefore required to have alternate means of transportation
of hydrogen like compressed hydrogen tube trailer or cryogenic liquid
hydrogen trailer. The fuel cell buses use composite cylinders for storing
hydrogen on-board at 350 bars. These cylinders are not manufactured
in the country. Efforts should be made to have indigenous production of
these cylinders.
63
e. The composite cylinders, which are imported, can withstand up to 350
bar pressure, but the valve deployed on the cylinder is Indian and can
withstand only up to 200 bar pressure. In case of cylinder and valve are
imported and have test certificate up to 350 bars, the same shall be
allowed in our country.
f. Research activities on pipeline to be undertaken for examining the long
term efficacy of hydrogen transportation through pipelines and the
utilization of existing pipeline network.
g. Adequate establishment of test facilities for cylinders and other
components of the hydrogen fuelled vehicles in any Government /
autonomous institutions to for timely testing and certification of the
vehicles.
h. Creation of following test facility for certification of the hydrogen fuelled
vehicles (like passenger cars and light duty vehicles, motorcycles and
heavy duty vehicles (on/off road)) and their components.
i.
E.
The institutions like, ARAI, and MNRE / IOC R&D’s proposed CoE for
Hydrogen & Fuel Cells to provide support by creating testing and
certification facilities for components, sub-systems and systems.
Intellectual Property Rights, Public Private Partnership, Safety,
Standards, Awareness and Human Resource











Notification of Hydrogen as a fuel in India
Promote and strengthen R&D activities on Hydrogen, fuel cells, safety
& manufacturing by providing necessary autonomy and freedom for
all academic and R&D institutions, while ensuring social responsibilities
and commitments
Establishment of Centre of excellence at ARAI for Hydrogen vehicle
certification and research.
Development of facilities for Hydrogen component and cylinder
evaluation
Accelerate business innovation with the R&E tax credit
Rewards can be given at various stages like filing, grant and
commercialization of patents by companies to promote activities in the
area of Hydrogen and Fuel Cell.
Conduct strategic, selective demonstrations of innovative technologies
Industry cost share and potential to accelerate market transformation
Continue to conduct key analyses to guide R&D and path forward –
Life cycle cost; economic & environmental analyses, etc.
Support and protect effective intellectual property rights
Leverage activities to maximize impact
and facilitating
commercialization of IPRs
64

F.
Training and education: To train enforcement officers, in-house
counsels, and school students.
Identified Prioritised Mission Mode Projects
The following seven prioritized Mission Mode Projects were identified
out of sixteen (recommended in the reports of the five Sub-Committees on
various aspects of Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells) Mission Mode Projects:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
Demonstration of H-CNG fueled buses in select cities: For
implementation of this project infrastructure need to be created for
catalytic reformation of natural gas to H-CNG (18% hydrogen by
volume) with capacity of about 5000 kg H-CNG/day in selected Depots
of Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC), Delhi for the use in buses and
suitable capacity for the production of H-CNG at suitable locations in
Pune for refueling of 3-Whelers.
Demonstration of 10 hydrogen fueled mini-buses based on IC engine
technology along with setting up hydrogen production-cum-dispensing
facilities at a suitable locations and development of six cylinder
hydrogen fueled IC engine, preferably with direct injection of fuel into
the cylinder.
Development and demonstration of 5 kW and 25 kW capacity HT- & LTPEM fuel cell systems and planar solid oxide fuel cell systems and their
applications for stationary power generation and transportation sectors.
Development and demonstration of Type-III composite cylinders for onboard storage of hydrogen at pressures up to 350 bar in vehicles and
high strength steel cylinders for high pressure hydrogen storage on the
ground (for stationary use).
Augmentation of the Testing and Certification facilities for H-CNG and
hydrogen fueled vehicles at the existing centre / centres of automobile
testing.
Demonstration of hydrogen fueled 3-wheelers/auto (based on IC engine
technology) using metal hydride establishment of production of metal
hydride and its cartridge and cartridge recharging facility.
Solar / wind energy based electrolyser for production of hydrogen and
oxygen for cryogenic rocket propulsion by the Indian Space Research
Organization (ISRO) and other organizations.
Note: A report on these projects is under preparation with the Team of
Experts.
65
Annexure - I
I.
Sub-Committee
on
Research,
Development
Demonstration for Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells
1.
Prof. S. N. Upadhyay, Former Director, Indian Institute of Technology
(Banaras Hindu University) and Retired Professor and currently, DAE-Raja
Ramanna Fellow, Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of
Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi- Chairman
Ms. Varsha Joshi, Joint Secretary, MNRE
Dr. Sanjay Bajpai, Scientist ‘F’, Representative of Department of Science
and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, New Delhi
Dr. Ashish Lele, Representative of CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory,
Pune
Dr. S. Aravamuthan, Scientist/Engineer ‘H’ & Deputy Director,
Representative of Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Indian Space
Research Organization, Thiruvanthapuram
Shri
A. Srinivas Rao, SO/G, Chemical Technology Division,
Representative of Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai
Dr. K. S. Dhathathreyan, Head, Centre for Fuel Cell Technology,
Chennai
Prof. O.N. Srivastava, Retired &Emeritus Professor, Department of
Physics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi
Prof. B. Viswanathan, Retired &Emeritus Professor, National Center of
Catalysis Research, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of
Technology, Madras, Chennai
Prof. Debabrata Das, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of
Technology, Kharagpur
Prof. L. M. Das, Retired (on 30.06.2014) & Emeritus Professor, Centre
for Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi
Executive Director, Centre for High Technology, Noida
Dr. P. K. Tiwari, Head, Desalination Division, BhabhaAtomic Research
Centre- Representative of Principal Scientific Adviser to Govt. of India
(Retired on 31.01.2015 and currently Raja Ramanna Fellow at Professor
HomiBhabha National Institute, Mumbai)
Shri Nitin R. Gokarn, CEO, NATRIP, New Delhi (Repatriated to his
parent Office) / Shri Neeraj Kumar, Director-Representative of Ministry of
Heavy Industries & Public Enterprises, Govt. of India, New Delhi
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
&
Note: Since the Sub-Committees on different aspects (Fuel Cells, Hydrogen
Storage & Other Applications of Hydrogen Energy and Transportation) of
hydrogen energy and fuel cells, covered activities relating to Research,
Development & Demonstration (RD&D) in their respective areas, the Sub66
Committee on Research, Development & Demonstration (RD&D) focused
only on hydrogen production.
Terms of Reference
1.
To review national and international status of Research & Development,
Technology Development and Demonstration with a view to identify the
gap.
2. To suggest the strategy to bridge the identified gaps and the time frame
for the same.
3. To assess R & D infrastructure in the country.
4. To identify projects and prioritize them for support with the result oriented
targets.
5. To identify institutes to be supported for augmenting R&D facilities
including setting-up of Centre(s) of Excellence and suggest specific
support to be provided.
6. To suggest strategy for undertaking collaborative R & D among leading
Indian academic institutions and research organizations and also with
international organizations.
7. To examine setting-up of a National Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cell
Centre as an apex facility.
8. To suggest strategy to take-up projects in Public-Private Partnership
mode for the development of technologies based on transparency,
accountability and commitment for deliverables.
9. To identify the technologies, which can be adopted for applications with
time line?
10. To re-visit National Hydrogen Energy Road Map with reference to
Research, Development & Demonstration and Technology Development
activities
II.
Sub-Committee on Fuel Cell Development
1.
Dr. H. S.Maiti, Retired Director, CSIR - Central Glass and Ceramic
Research Institute, Kolkata and Currently, INAE Distinguished Professor,
Government College of Engineering and Ceramic Technology, Kolkata –
Chairman
Representative of MNRE - Ms. Varsha Joshi, Joint Secretary
Representative of BARC - Dr. Deep Prakash, SO/G, Energy Conversion
Materials Section
Representative of BHEL-Shri M.R. Pawar, AGM (FCR), Corporate BHEL
R&D, Hyderabad
Representative of DRDO – Dr. R. S. Hastak, Outstanding Scientist and
Director, Naval Materials Research Laboratory (NMRL), Amarnath
2.
3.
4.
5.
67
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Representative of CSIR - Dr. Ashish Lele, NCL, Pune
Dr. K. S. Dhathathreyan, CFCT, Chennai
Shri Shailendra Sharma, Retired General Manager, BHEL Corporate
R&D, Hyderabad and currently, Project Director, Non Material
Technology Development Centre, Hyderabad
Dr. K. Vijaymohanan, Director, Central Electro-Chemical Research
Institute, Karaikudi
Prof. S. Basu, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology, Delhi
Dr. R. N. Basu, Chief Scientist and Head, Fuel Cell and Battery Division,
CSIR-Centrel Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata
Representative of Tata Group (Tata Chemicals) - Dr. Rajiv Kumar, Chief
Scientist
Representative of IOCL R&D Faridabad - Shri Alok Sharma, Deputy
General Manager, (Alternate Energy),
Representative of Confederation of Industry Industry - Dr. R. R. Sonde,
Executive Vice President, Thermax India Ltd., Pune
Terms of Reference
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
To specify different kinds of fuel cell systems with technical parameters
relevant for various applications in India.
To review R & D status of fuel cell technologies in the country and to
identify the gap with reference to the international status.
To suggest strategy to fill-up the gaps and quickly develop in-house
technologies with involvement of industries or acquiring technologies
from abroad.
To identify applications for demonstration of technologies developed
globally under Indian field conditions and suggest policy measures for
deployment of such technologies in the country.
To identify institutes to be supported for augmenting infrastructure for
development and testing of fuel cells including setting-up of Centre(s) of
Excellence and suggest specific support to be provided.
To suggest strategy for undertaking collaborative projects among leading
Indian academic institutions, research organizations and industry in the
area of fuel cells.
To re-visit National Hydrogen Energy Road Map with reference to fuel
cell technologies.
68
III
Sub-Committee on Transportation through Hydrogen
Fuelled Vehicles
1.
Dr. R. K. Malhotra, Chairman &Director, IOCL R&D, Faridabad (Retired
on 30.06.2014) and Currently, Director General, Petroleum Federation of
India, New Delhi – Chairman
Representative of MNRE –Ms. Varsha Joshi, Joint Secretary, MNRE
Shri K. K. Gandhi, Executive Director (Technical), Society of Indian
Automotive Manufacturers (SIAM), New Delhi
Representative of Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas - Dr. R K
Malhotra, Chairman & Director, IOCL R&D Faridabad
Representative of Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) – Dr. S.
Aravamuthan, Scientist / Engineer ‘H’ & Deputy Director, Vikram
Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvanthapuram
Representative of Automotive Research Association of India, Pune - Dr.
S. S. Thipse, Deputy Director
Dr. Mathew Abraham, Sr. General Manager, Alternative Fuel
Technology, Mahindra & Mahindra, Chennai
Representative of Tata Motors - Dr. Raja Munusamy, Assistant General
Manager, Engineering Research Centre, Tata Motors Ltd., Pune
Prof. A. Ramesh, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Madras,
Chennai
Representative of Petroleum Explosives & Safety Organization, Nagpur Shri D.K. Gupta, Joint Chief Controller of Explosives
Representative of Defence Research & Development Organization
(DRDO) – Dr. R.S. Hastak, Outstanding Scientist and Director, Naval
Materials Research Laboratory (NMRL),Amarnath
Representative of Ministry of Heavy Industry – Shri Neeraj Kumar,
Director / Shri Vikram Gulati, Director (Operations), NATRIP, New Delhi
(Repatriated to his parent Office)
Representative of Gujarat State Petroleum Corporation (GSPC),
Gandhinagar – Shri P.P.G.Sarma, Chief Executive Officer
Representative of Department of Scientific & Industrial Research (DSIR)
- Dr. Hari Om Yadav, Scientist, Planning and Performance Division,
DSIR, New Delhi
Representatives of SIAM – Shri Jaishankar& Shri SudeepDalvi, Toyota
Kirloskar Motor Pvt. Ltd. & Shri M. Ravi, Ashok Leyland
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
II.
Terms of Reference
B.
To assess national and international technological status in the area of
internal combustion engine and fuel cell based transport applications.
69
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
To specify the technologies to be developed within the country for niche
transport applications and strategy to be adopted for the same.
To identify gaps and suggest strategy to fill-up the gaps and quickly
develop in-house technologies with involvement of industries or acquiring
technologies from abroad.
To suggest demonstration projects to be taken up with industry and
infrastructure development required to be created for such projects.
To identify different stakeholders for implementation of such projects.
To examine regulatory issues related to transport sector such as
notifying hydrogen / hydrogen blended fuel as automotive fuels, on-board
storage of such fuels, use of composite cylinders for storage of fuels as
per international practices, type approval of vehicles using such fuels,
setting-up of refueling stations of such fuels etc.
To identify institutes to be supported for augmenting infrastructure for
development and testing of hydrogen / hydrogen blends fuelled vehicles
including setting-up of Centre(s) of Excellence and suggest specific
support to be provided.
To suggest strategy for undertaking collaborative projects among leading
Indian academic institutions, research organizations and industry in the
area of hydrogen fuelled vehicles.
To re-visit National Hydrogen Energy Road Map with reference to
transport sector.
IV Sub- Committee
Applications
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
on
Hydrogen
Storage
and
other
Dr. S. Srinivasamurthy, Retired & Emeritus Professsor, Mechanical
Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai and
currently,Visiting Professor, Interdisciplinary Center for Energy
Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore - Chairman
Representative of MNRE – Ms. Varsha Joshi, Joint Secretary
Dr. O. N. Srivastava, Retired &Emeritus Professor, Department of
Physics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi
Dr. L. M. Das,, Centre for Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology,
Delhi (Retired on 30.06.2014 & Currently, Emeritus Professor at Centre
for Energy Studies, IIT Delhi)
Dr. B. Viswanathan, Retired &Emeritus Professor, National Center of
Catalysis Research, Department of Chemistry, IIT Madras, Chennai
Representative of ISRO – Dr. S. Aravamuthan, Sci. Engr. ‘H’ & Deputy
Director, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvanthapuram
Representative of DRDO - Shri R.S. Hastak, Outstanding Scientist and
Director, Naval Materials Research Laboratory (NMRL), Ambernath
70
8.
Dr. P. K. Tiwari (In-position as Head, Desalination Division &Retired
later), Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai
9. Representative from CII - Dr. R. R. Sonde, Executive Vice President,
Thermax India Limited, Pune
10. Dr. K. Balasubramanian, Director, Non-Ferrous Technology
Development Centre, Hyderabad
11. Dr. Rajesh Biniwale, Principal Scientist, Environmental Materials Unit,
CSIR-National Environment & Energy Research Institute, Nagpur
12. Dr. V. Shrinet, Electrical Research Development Association, Vadodara
13. Dr. R. Ramamurthi, Former Deputy Director, Liquid Propulsion Systems
Centre, Indian Space Research OrganizationandVisiting Professor,
Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai
14. Shri S. B. Menon, Scientific Officer ‘G’,, Chemical Technology Division,
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai
15. Representative of DSIR - Dr. Hari Om Yadav, Scientist, Planning and
Performance Division, DSIR, New Delhi
Terms of Reference
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
To identify other applications of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies
suitable for Indian conditions and suggest technologies relevant for such
applications with their specifications.
To identify gaps in technology at national level compared to international
status of the technologies and to suggest strategy for bridging the gaps
quickly by developing in-house technologies with involvement of
industries or acquiring technologies from abroad.
To review national and international status of hydrogen storage methods
and suggest suitable strategies for on-board as well as stationary
hydrogen storage for Indian conditions.
To identify technological constraints in developing suitable hydrogen
storage materials to store adequate amount of on-board hydrogen for a
given range of travel and accordingly suggest RD&D projects to be
supported.
To identify institutes to be supported for augmenting infrastructure for
development and testing of hydrogen storage materials / systems / other
applications of hydrogen including setting-up of Centre(s) of Excellence
and suggest specific support to be provided.
To provide recommendations for promoting use of surplus hydrogen for
supplying back-up power to telecom towers and for captive power
generation.
71
7.
8.
To examine use of light weight composite for on-board hydrogen / CNG
storage and suggest the strategy to be adopted for indigenous
production of such cylinders.
To re-visit National Hydrogen Energy Road Map with reference to other
applications of hydrogen including storage.
V
Sub-Committee on
Awareness and HRD
1.
2.
3.
Mrs. Rashmi. H. Urdhwareshe, Director, ARAI, Pune - Chairman
Representative of MNRE - Ms. Varsha Joshi, Joint Secretary
Representative of Ministry of Road Transport and Highways – Ms. Iren
Cherian, Deputy Secretary (Motor Vehicle Legislation)
Representative of Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas – ShriAlok
Sharma, Deputy General Manager (Alternate Energy), IOCL R&D
Centre, Faridabad
Representative of Ministry of Heavy Industry – Shri. Niraj Kumar Director
(Automobile)
Representative of DSIR – Dr. Hari Om Yadav, Scientist, Planning and
Performance Division
Dr. B. Basu, Executive Director, IOCL R&D, Faridabad – represented by
Shri Alok Sharma, Deputy General Manager (Alternate Energy) after his
retirement
Prof. Debbrata Das, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of
Technology, Kharakpur
Representatives of Bureau of Indian Standards – Shri T.V. Singh
Scientist ‘F’. Renga Rajan, Scientist ‘E’ and Shri Chandan Gupta,
Scientist ‘B’, Mechanical Engineering Department, Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi
Representative of Confederation of Indian Industry – Dr. R.R. Sonde,
Executive Vice President, Thermax India.
Representatives of Society of Indian Automobile manufacturers - Shri
Jaishankar, Toyota Kirloskar Motors Limited, Shri. M. Ravi, Ashok
Leyland & Mr. Saurabh Rohilla, SIAM
Representative of ISRO – Dr. S. Aravamuthan, Deputy Director, Vikram
Sarabhai Space Centre.
Representative of PESO – Dr. S. Kamal, Chief Controller of Explosives,
PESO
Executive Director, Centre for High Technology, Noida
Shri. Ravi Subramaniam / Shri Piyush Katakwar, Air Products
Dr. Sukrut .S. Thipse, Deputy Director, ARAI
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
IPR,
72
Safety,
Standards,
PPP,
Terms of Reference
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
To review present status of filed/granted patents and to suggest the
ways to encourage generation of more intellectual property rights under
the R&D and demonstration projects being supported by Government of
India.
To guide development of safety measures/ manuals, codes and
standards in accordance with international practices for production,
storage, distribution and handling of Hydrogen as a fuel for various
applications.
To suggest policy initiatives and financial/ fiscal / regulatory measures
including other measures for promotion of Hydrogen as a clean fuel.
To give suggestions for creating awareness among different
stakeholders in the area of Hydrogen energy and fuel cells in the
country.
To review availability of trained human resource in the area of Hydrogen
energy and fuel cells in the country and suggest ways and means for
development and training of adequate skilled manpower in this emerging
technological area in India and abroad for meeting the requirement of
R&D institutions and the industry in the years to come.
To suggest strategy to take up projects in Public-Private Partnership
mode for the development of technologies based on transparency,
accountability and commitment for deliverables.
To revisit National Hydrogen Energy Road Map with reference to IPR,
public-private partnership, safety, standards, awareness & HRD.
Composition of Team of Experts
i) Dr. N. Ved ach alam, ISRO Honorary Distinguished Professor, Vikram
Sarabhai Space Centre, Trivandrum
ii) Dr. Narayana Moorthi, Former Director, Launch Vehicles Programme
Office (WPC), ISRO, Yeshwanthpur, Bengaluru
iii) Dr. Vidya S. Batra, Adjunct Faculty, Department of Energy and
Environment, The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi
iv) Prof. B. Viswanathan, Emeritus Professor, National Centre of Catalysis
Research, Dept. of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai
Terms of Reference
i) Review of Reports of Sub-Committees on various aspects of hydrogen
energy and fuel cells and mapping out interrelated points from the
reports of Sub-Committee
73
ii) Finalization of the draft report on ‘Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells – A
Way Forward’.
iii) Projectisation of a few themes (for a period upto 2022) arising out of
the study report, which will draw upon the inputs from the reports of
different Sub-Committees for inclusion in the Report of the Steering
Committee. The projects could focus on areas like development of fuel
cells for specific applications, hydrogen energy driven transportation
systems and other two or three areas, in consultation with both the
Ministry and the Chairpersons of the Sub-Committees would identify.
iv) Projectisation of a few themes as mentioned in the aforesaid points,
which may give concrete outcome by 2017.
v) The specific project proposals would include the technical elements,
financial aspects (including year-wise), schedules, human resources,
institutional & organizational systems and any other related matters.
74
Annexure - II
Details of Meetings of Steering Committee on Hydrogen
Energy and Fuel Cells and its Sub-Committees
Sl.
No.
1
Steering / Sub- Chairman of Steering
Committees on Committee &SubCommittees
Dates of
Meetings
Hydrogen
Dr. K. Kasturirangan
Energy and Fuel
Former Member (Science),
Cells
Planning Commission, Govt.
of India and currently at
Raman Research Institute,
Bengaluru
18.06.2012 (1st )
11.06.2014 (2nd )
26.03.2015 (3rd )
10.07.2015 (4th )
11.08.2015 (5th )
2
Meeting of Chairpersons,
Sub-Committees
11.09.2015 (1st) *
16.12.2015 (2nd)
18.01.2016 (3rd) *
Meeting with Team of Experts
18 & 19.04.2016*
11 to 15.05.2016
3
Research,
Development &
Demonstration
(Hydrogen
Production)
4
Fuel Cell
Development
Prof. S.N. Upadhyay
9.12.2013 (1st )
Ex-Director, Institute of
03.03.2014 (2nd )
Technology, BHU and
For Thrust Areas
currently DAE – Raja
Ramanna Fellow in IIT (BHU), 18.11.2014 (3rd )
Varanasi
Prof. H.S. Maiti
Retired Director, Central
Glass and Ceramic Research
Institute,
Kolkata
and
currently, INAE Distinguished
Professor, Govt. College of
Engineering and Ceramic
Technology, Kolkata
29.11.2012 (1st )
02.09.2013 (2nd )
26.02.2014 (3rd )
For SOFC &
Thrust Areas
02.09.2014
Fuel Cell Experts
Group
75
22.05.2015 (4th )
5
Transportation
Dr. R.K. Malhotra
26.08.2013 (1st )
Retired Director & Chairman,
13.09.2013 (2nd )
IOCL R&D Centre, Faridabad, 24.09.2014 (3rd )
Haryana
29.05.2015 (4th )
6
7
8
9
10
Other
Applications
IPR, Public
Private
Partnership,
Safety,
Standards,
Awareness &
HRD
Dr. S. Srinivasa Murthy
28.10.2013 (1st )
Professor (Retired), Indian
Institute of Technology,
Madras, & currently Visiting
Professor , Indian Institute of
Sciences, Bangalore
03.07.2015 (2nd )
Mrs. Rashmi Urdhwareshe,
16.12.2013 (1st )
Director,
31.10.2014 (2nd )
22.07.2015*
Automotive Research
Association of India, Pune
Meeting with Stakeholders of
Mission Mode Project on HCNG fueled buses in Pune at
ARAI, Pune
Meeting with Stakeholders of
Mission Mode Project on
Hydrogen fueled 3-Wheelers
with solid hydride storage at
B.H.U. Varanasi
Meeting with Stakeholders of
Mission Mode Project on HCNG fueled buses in PMPML
office, Pune
20.05.2016
30.06.2016
08.06.2016
* Under the Chairmanship of Dr. K. Kasturirangan, at Raman Research
Institute, Bangalore
76
Annexure - III
Carbon Dioxide Emissions by various Countries
The following are the 2014 annual CO2 emissions estimates (in thousands of
CO2 tonnes) along with emissions per capita (in tonnes of CO2 per year) from same
source of various countries. The data only considers carbon dioxide emissions from
the burning of fossil fuels and cement manufacture, but not emissions from land use,
land-use change, and forestry. Emissions from international shipping or bunker fuels
are also not included in national figures, which can make a huge difference for small
countries with important ports. The top 10 largest emitter countries account for 68.2%
of the world total. Other powerful, more potent greenhouse gases are not included in
this data, including methane.
Country
CO2 emissions (kt)
Emission per capita (t)
Australia
409,000
17.3
Saudi Arabia
494,000
16.8
United States
5,334,000
16.5
Canada
565,000
15.9
Russia
1,766,000
12.4
610,000
12.3
1,278,000
10.1
Germany
767,000
9.3
Iran
618,000
7.9
Poland
298,000
7.8
China
10,540,000
7.6
392,000
7.4
3,415,000
6.7
U. Kingdom
415,000
6.5
Italy
337,000
5.5
France
323,000
5.0
Turkey
353,000
4.7
Mexico
456,000
3.7
Brazil
501,000
2.5
India
2,341,000
1.8
452,000
1.8
35,669,000
-
International Shipping
624,000
-
International Aviation
492,000
-
South Korea
Japan
South Africa
European Union
Indonesia
World
77