Immunity Standards
Overview and new developments
Xaver Sutter
Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG
Munich, Germany
Contents
l Commercial EMS standards
l Overview
l Review of activities on EN61000-4-3 and -6
l Review of activities on CISPR 20 and CISPR 24
l History, status and schedule of CISPR 35
l Military EMS standard MIL-STD 461F
l Overview
l Comparison with MIL-STD 464
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 2
Commercial EMS standards
Electro-Magnetic Susceptibility
CS
Conducted Susceptibility
RS
Radiated Susceptibility
CE
Conducted Pulses
IEC 61000-4-2
IEC 61000-4-4
IEC 61000-4-5
IEC 61000-4-11
ESD
(ElectroStatic Discharge)
EFT (Burst)
(Electrical Fast Transients)
Surge
Conducted Currents
EN61000-4-6
IEC 61000-4-6
Basic (CDN)
(Coupling Device Network)
150 kHz - 230MHz
Testlevel: 10V + 80% AM
EM-Clamp
(Electromagnetic Clamp)
150 kHz - 230 MHz
Testlevel: 10V + 80% AM
Current-Clamp
150 kHz - 230 MHz
Testlevel: 10V + 80% AM
Magnetic Fields
IEC 61000-4-8
IEC 61000-4-9
IEC 61000-4-10
Radiated Fields
EN61000-4-3
IEC61000-4-3
EN 50141
Digital and analogue
Radio and TVBroadcastreceivers
CISPR 20 / EN55020
Basic System
Continous Waves
Pulsed Fields
80 MHz to 6 GHz
Testlev.: 10 V/m + 80%AM
Ext. (ISM+EN50141)
26 MHz - 220 MHz
Testlev.: 3 V/m + 80% AM
Damped Oscillator
S1 Input Immunity
S2a / S2b
Immunity against
conducted currents
and voltages
S3 Immunity
against radiated Fields
150 kHz - 1GHz
S4
shielding
effectiveness
Voltage Dips and
Variations
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 3
Relations between the standards
Basic Standards
EMC Test Methods
EMI
EMS
Electro Magnetic Interference
Electro Magnetic Susceptibility
CS
Conducted Susceptibility
Conducted Pulses
· ESD
EN 61000-4-2
· Burst
EN 61000-4-4
· Surge
EN 61000-4-5
· Voltage Dips and
Variations
EN 61000-4-11
Conducted RF
EN 61000-4-6
RS
Radiated Susceptibility
Radiated
RF Field
EN 61000-4-3
Refer to Basic Standards
EN 61000-4-3, -6
Information Technology
Equipment (ITE)
EN 55024 / CISPR 24
Medical Equipment
EN 60601-1-2
Product Standards
EMI: EN 61000-6-3
Wireless Equipment
ETSI EN 301489 - x
EMS: EN 61000-6-1
Residential, Commercial and
light industria l Environment
Generic Standards
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 4
EMS: EN 61000-6-2
EMI: EN 61000-6-4
Industrial Environment
(EMC Environment)
EN 61000-4-3 test setup
1 to 3 m
radiating
antenna
EUT
optional anechoic material
from RF
power
generator
to reduce floor reflections
80 cm
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 5
wooden
table
to
monitoring
system
EN 61000-4-3
calibration setup
150 cm
150 cm
measurement points
Uniform
Area
d= 1-3m
80 cm
Anechoic
Chamber
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 6
Basic Standards: IEC 61000-4-3
Radiated, radio-frequency, electromagnetic field immunity test
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Ed. 3.2 (2010-04)
incorporates A1 = calibration of E-field probes
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incorporates A2 = measurement uncertainty
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defines contributions for uncertainty budget for calibration and test
includes interpretation sheet 1 = amplifier saturation
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defines field strength; requirements for instrumentation and room
deviation of more than 5.1 dB is accepted
proposal for new work (77B/625/DC, 2009-11-27)
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include uniform area in measurement uncertainty
basically idea is supported, further studies ongoing
(77B/634/CC, 2010-11-19)
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 8
Activities on Basic Standards: IEC 61000-4-6
Immunity to conducted disturbances,
induced by radio-frequency fields
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Ed. 4.0 (2013-10)
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use of the CDNs
calibration of the clamps
reorganization of Clause 7 on test setup and injection methods
Annex A which is now dedicated to EM and decoupling clamps
Annex G which now addresses the measurement uncertainty of the
voltage test level
informative annexes on LCL, AE impedance, port-to-port injection,
compression / linearity
Ed. 3.0 (2008-10)
incorporates A3 = measurement uncertainty
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 9
Activities on CISPR 20
Sound and television broadcast receivers and associated equipment
– Immunity characteristics
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Ed. 6.1 = 6.0 + Am. 1 (2013-10)
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align Performance Criterion B with CISPR 24
in case of re-testing, use test method originally chosen
incorporate EU interpretation sheet EN55020/IS1 on digital-only receivers
clarify immunity testing of safety Class I products
European Common Modifications will only be included in EN 55020 Ed.
6.1 (published only as draft, 2013-11)
Ed. 6.0 (2006-12) includes
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ed. 5.0 A1 = digital broadcast receivers
ed. 5.0 A2 = objective picture evaluation
ed. 5.0 A3 = screening effectiveness
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 10
Activities on CISPR 24
Information technology equipment – Immunity characteristics
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Ed. 2.0 (2010-09)
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new work started (2011-01)
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Ed. 2 Am. 1 in CDV state with commenting period ending 2014-10
Clause 4 - reinsertion of 4% step size at twice the test level for
continuous immunity testing (optional, 1 % steps are preferred)
more details and alternative approaches are given in Annex A concerning
audio signals
inclusion of method for measuring the level of demodulation sent to line
in a digital network during continuous immunity testing (Annex A)
Annex H - update to xDSL test configuration
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 11
History of CISPR 35 (1)
Electromagnetic compatibility of multimedia equipment –
Immunity requirements
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target: generate one standard for broadcast receivers and ITE
to substitute CISPR 20 and CISPR 24  multimedia
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parallel to EMI standard CISPR 32 superseding CISPR 13 and
CISPR 22
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common parts for CISPR 32 and CISPR 35
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scope, object
terms and definitions
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 12
History of CISPR 35 (2)
Electromagnetic compatibility of multimedia equipment –
Immunity requirements
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new project started in 2004-05 (CIS/I/111/NP)
DC in 2006-04 (CIS/I/190/DC)
CDs in 2007-04 (CIS/I/225/CD) and in 2008-06 (CIS/I/270/CD)
due to excess of time frame,
new project in 2010-05 (CIS/I/330/NP)
CD in 2011-06 (CIS/I/380/CD)
CDV in 2012-06 (CIS/I/412/CDV)
FDIS in 2014-01 (CIS/I/463/FDIS)
parallel voting: rejected internationally, accepted for Europe
consequence: NP for restart (CIS/I/476/NP, 2014-06); no listed
standard for Europe; to be discussed in CISPR meeting 2014-10
forecast for publication date: maybe 2015
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 13
CISPR 35: Roadmap and Contentious Topics
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proposed to restart with a CDV based on the failed FDIS and the
National committee comments on that document (CISPR/I/465/RVD)
delay items which drew significant comment in the FDIS and discuss
these as amendment 1 to CISPR 35 after edition 1 is published
agree on items to be deferred to amendment 1 at the CISPR/I
meeting in Frankfurt in 2014-10
initial view of the chairman is as follows:
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telecommunication function (comments on resistibility, primary protection
and mobile phone test levels)
4% steps for conducted tests
change definition of MME to exclude radio
conducted RF (IEC 61000-4-6) change from 1 V to 3 V (will require the
adjustment of audio level)
immunity at frequencies above 1 GHz
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 14
Concept of CISPR 35
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Movement
apply immunity
test signal to
each port
Sensing
Lighting
monitor the
primary functions
and assess
against
performance
criteria
Audio
input
Data
output
Data
Transmission
Key to functions
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Light
Audio
output
Sound
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Actuation
annexes detail
all special cases
Direct
Indirect
Processing
Storage
&
Retrieval
Display
Video
capture
Data
input
Broadcast
reception
Modulated RF
Energy
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 15
Scanning
Printing
Images or Text
Images
(2D, 3D, Static,
Moving)
CISPR 35: Annex I (2)
Requirements for spot frequency radiated immunity tests
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Clarification of “distances”:
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Separation distance: distance used for calculating generated field
strength from radiated power level
Protection distance: if a device is separated from an intentional wireless
transmitter by at least X m, no degradation will be shown
Test distance: separation between antenna generating the immunity level
and the EUT; usually 3 m
Spot frequencies of 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, 2600 MHz and 5000
MHz are deemed to test the EUTs sufficiently for GSM 900 and
1800, WiMAX / 3G at 2.6 GHz and Wi-Fi at 5 GHz
LTE is assumed to be covered by the swept test up to 1 GHz;
if LTE power levels are going to change, this statement might be
revised
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 16
CISPR 35: Primary function annexes (1)
Print, scan, display, networking, telephony, audio, broadcast reception, etc.
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Examples and specifics for performance criteria A, B, C
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Special conditions for setting up the EUT, mode of operation
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Display function:
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includes subjective and automated display evaluation
includes also power frequency magnetic field test (jitter)
Wireline data transmission or reception function:
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specifics to xDSL ports are included
for xDSL also impulse noise tests (table clauses 2.2 and 2.3) are applied,
in analogy to IEC 61000-4-6, but with different hardware components
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 17
CISPR 35: Enclosure port
Table
clause
Environmental
phenomenon
Test
specification
Units
Basic
standard
1.1
Magnetic field
disturbance at power
frequency
Frequency
Field strength
50 or 60
1
Hz
A/m
IEC 61000-4-8
1.2
Continuous
RF electro-magnetic
field disturbance,
swept test
Frequency range
Field strength
80 to 1 000
3
MHz
V/m
1.3
Continuous
RF electro-magnetic
field disturbances,
spot test
Frequency (±1 %)
800, 900,
1 800, 2 600,
3 500, 5 000
MHz
IEC 61000-4-3
or
IEC 61000-4-20
or
IEC 61000-4-21
Field strength
(table clause)
See a and Table I.1
3 (A1.1)
4 (A1.2)
6 (A1.3)
12 (A1.4)
30 (A1.5)
V/m
ESD
Contact discharge
Air discharge
4
8
kV
1.4
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 18
IEC 61000-4-2
Remarks
Performance
criteria
A
For modulation
details see
4.2.2
A
B
CISPR 35: Data ports (1)
Table
clause
Environmental
phenomenon
2.1
Continuous
induced RF
disturbances
2.2
Broadband
impulse noise
disturbances,
repetitive
Test
specification
Units
Frequency ranges
Test level
0,15 – 10
3
MHz
V
See Figure 3
10 – 30
3–1
MHz
V
30 – 80
1
MHz
V
0,15 – 0,5
107
MHz
dBµV
0,5 – 10
107 – 36
MHz
dBµV
10 – 30
36 – 30
MHz
dBµV
0,70
8,3 (for 60 Hz)
10 (for 50 Hz)
ms
ms
ms
Impulse
frequency profile
Burst duration
Burst period
Basic
standard
Remarks
Performance
criteria
IEC 61000-4-6
For modulation
details see
4.2.2.1
A
Subclause 4.2.7
Applicable
only to xDSL
ports.
For operating
conditions see
F..4.3.
Apply period
based on the
AC mains
frequency.
A
See F.5.1.2
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 19
CISPR 35: Data ports (2)
Table
clause
Environmental
phenomenon
Test
specification
0,15 – 30
110
0,24 & 10 & 300
2.3
Broadband
impulse noise
disturbances,
isolated
Impulse
frequency profile
Burst duration
2.4
Surges
Port type: unshielded symmetrical
Apply: lines to ground
Test level
Tr/Th
1,0 and 4
10/700 (5/320)
Units
MHz
dBµV
ms
Basic
standard
Remarks
Performance
criteria
Subclause 4.2.7
Applicable
to xDSL
ports.
Apply all
burst
durations.
B, xDSL
function. See
F.5.2
B, other
functions
IEC 61000-4-5
C
kV
µs
Port type: coaxial or shielded
Apply: shield to ground
2.5
Electrical fast
transients / burst
Test level
Tr/Th
0,5 and 4
1,2/50 (8/20)
kV
µs
Test level
Tr/Th
Repetition
frequency
0,5
5/50
5
kV
ns
kHz
IEC 61000-4-4
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 20
For xDSL
ports
repetition
frequency is
100 kHz
B, xDSL
function. See
F.5.2
B, other
functions
CISPR 35: DC network power ports
Table
clause
Environmental
phenomenon
3.1
Continuous
induced RF
disturbances
3.2
3.3
Surges
Electrical fast
transients/burst
Test
specification
Units
Basic standard
IEC 61000-4-6
For modulation
details see
4.2.2.1
A
IEC 61000-4-5
…
B
Frequency ranges
Test Level
0,15 – 10
3
MHz
V
See Figure 3
10 – 30
3–1
MHz
V
30 – 80
1
MHz
V
Surges are applied line to reference ground
for each individual line
Peak voltage
Tr/Th
0,5
1,2/50 (8/20)
kV
µs
Peak voltage
Tr/Th
Repetition
frequency
0,5
5/50
5
kV
ns
kHz
IEC 61000-4-4
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 21
Remarks
Performance
criteria
B
CISPR 35: AC mains power ports (1)
Table
clause
Environmental
phenomenon
4.1
Continuous
induced RF
disturbances
4.2
4.3
Voltage dips
Voltage
interruptions
Test
specification
Units
Frequency ranges
Voltage
0,15 – 10
3
MHz
V
See Figure 3
10 – 30
3–1
MHz
V
30 – 80
1
MHz
V
Residual voltage
No of cycles
<5
0,5
%
Residual voltage
No of cycles
70
25 for 50 Hz
30 for 60 Hz
%
Residual voltage
No of cycles
<5
250 for 50 Hz
300 for 60 Hz
%
Basic
standard
Remarks
Performance
criteria
IEC 61000-4-6
For modulation
details see 4.2.2.1
A
IEC 61000-4-11
See a
B
C
IEC 61000-4-11
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 22
Apply at only one
supply frequency
C
CISPR 35: AC mains power ports (2)
Table
clause
Environmental
phenomenon
4.4
Surges
Test
specification
Units
Apply between line and line
Peak voltage
Tr/Th
1
1,2/50 (8/20)
Basic
standard
IEC 61000-4-5
Remarks
See b
Performance
criteria
B
kV
µs
Apply between line and earth (ground)
4.5
Fast transients
Peak voltage
Tr/Th
2
1,2/50 (8/20)
kV
µs
Peak voltage
Tr/Th
Repetition
frequency
1,0
5/50
5
kV
ns
kHz
IEC 61000-4-4
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 23
B
CISPR 35: Primary functions
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Normative annexes:
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Annex A,
Annex B,
Annex C,
Annex D,
Annex E,
Annex F,
Annex G,
Annex H,
Broadcast reception function
Print function
Scan function
Display function
Musical tone generating function
Networking function
Audio output function
Telephony function
Informative annexes:
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Annex I, Considerations for the setting of requirements for
spot frequency radiated immunity tests
Annex J, Examples of how to apply this publication
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 24
CISPR 35: Primary function annexes (2)
Print, scan, display, networking, telecom, audio, broadcast reception, etc.
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Broadcast reception function:
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still ongoing discussions for
a) how well can broadcast receivers be protected (filter steepness)?
b) what are the frequencies requiring better protection?
c) how is the use of radio spectrum for the so-called “digital dividend”, i.e.
cellular networks operating in bands formerly used solely for TV?
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requires also decisions if it is a better test to have a constant immunity
level, but to vary the performance criterion for the critical frequencies,
or to have the same performance criterion applied but to lower the
immunity level at the critical frequencies
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 25
CISPR 35: Annex I (1)
Requirements for spot frequency radiated immunity tests
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Reference to Annex I from table clause 1.3 of table 1, spot test
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The amplitude of the field will be dependent upon the protection distance
(derived from the separation distance) defined by the manufacturer but
the field strength of 3 V/m (table clause A1.1) is the minimum
requirement. Annex A provides guidance on the selection of the
appropriate level.
Table I.1 includes calculated field strength as function of
technology / frequency, maximum ERP, and separation distance
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 26
CISPR 35: Annex J
Examples on how to apply this publication
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describe EUT and what it does
determine the available ports
select the relevant tests for the ports
categorize the EUT functions and pick primary functions
consider the modes of operation
decide on the required performance criteria
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Examples given:
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multifunction printer
flat panel television
notebook computer
small key telephone systems or Private Automatic Branch Exchange
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 27
Contents
l Commercial EMS standards
l Overview
l Review of activities on EN61000-4-3 and -6
l Review of activities on CISPR 20 and CISPR 24
l History, status and schedule of CISPR 35
l Military EMS Standard MIL-STD 461F
l Overview
l Comparison with MIL-STD 464
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 28
Overview: Applicability
l The MIL-STD 461 is applicable for subsystems and equipment
of:
Land
(Army)
Sea
(Navy)
Air
(Airforce)
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 29
Space
Susceptibility measurements (CS / RS)
Rohde &Schwarz
MIL-STD EMI Test Systems
(EMC32-S, EMC32-K1, -K4, -K6)
CS Test of antenna port 1)
Conducted Susceptibility
CS Test Systems
Conducted Susceptibility
RS Test Systems
Radiated Susceptibility
CS103 1)
Antenna Port,
Intermodulation
15 kHz to 10 GHz
CS101
Power Leads
30 Hz to 150 kHz
RS101
Magnetic Field
30 Hz to 100 kHz
CS104 1)
Antenna Port, Rejection of
Undesired Signals
30 Hz to 20 GHz
CS109
Structure Current
60 Hz to 100 kHz
RS103 2)
Electric Field
2 MHz to 40 GHz
CS114
Bulk Cable Injection
10 kHz to 200 MHz
RS105 1)
Transient
Electromagnetic Field
1)
CS105
Antenna Port,
Cross-Modulation
30 Hz to 20 GHz
1) CS103,
CS104, CS105, CS115,
CS116, RS105:
needs to be customized acc.
EUT specifications
CS115 1)
Bulk Cable Injection
Impulse Excitation
CS116 1)
Transients: Cables
and Power Leads
10 kHz to 100 MHz
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 32
2) RS103:Susceptibility
Test
Systems for generation of
field strengths up to 200
V/m available!
Overview: Requirement Matrix
Surface Ships
Submarines
Aircraft, Army, Including Flight
Line
Aircraft, Navy
Aircraft. Air Force
Space Systems, Including
Launch Vehicles
Ground, Army
Ground, Navy
Ground, Air Force
Requirement Applicability
RS105
RS103
RS101
RE103
RE102
RE101
CS116
CS115
CS114
CS109
CS105
CS104
CS103
CS101
CE106
CE102
CE101
Equipment and Subsystems
Installed In, On, or Launched
From the Following Platforms
or Installations
A L A S S S
A L A A A L A A L
A A L A S S S L A L A A A L A A L
A A L A S S S
L A L A S S S
A L A S S S
A
A
A
A
L
L
L
L
A
A
A
A
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
A A A A A L A A L
A A A L A L L A L
A A A
A L
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A: Applicable
L: Limited as specified in the individual sections of this standard
S: Procuring activity must specify in procurement documentation
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 33
L
A
L L A
L A A L
L
A
Overview: General Requirements
Instrumentation and Measurement Set-up (Conductive)
Non-Conductive
Standoff
Power
Source
Interconnecting
Cable
Access
Panel
Bond strap
EUT
LISN„s
2 cm
10 cm
Ground
Plane
5 cm
2m
80 - 90 cm
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 34
Overview: General Requirements
Instrumentation and Measurement Set-up (Non Conductive)
Interconnecting
Cable
Power
Source
Access
Panel
Bond strap
EUT
LISN„s
Ground
Plane
2 cm
10 cm
Non-Conductive Table
2m
80 - 90 cm
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 35
RS103 Example
Video Clip
TV-News
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 36
RS105 Parallel Plate (Picture)
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 37
RS105 Example: Parallel Plate Dimensions
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 38
Summary CS and RS
Measurement Details
l Frequency steps (partly larger than in 462D):
l 30 Hz to 1 MHz
0.05 f0
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1
l 30
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1
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8
MHz to
MHz to
GHz to
GHz to
30
1
8
40
MHz
GHz
GHz
GHz
0.01 f0
0.005 f0
0.001 f0
0.0005 f0
l Dwell time  3 s (was 1 s in 462D)
l Susceptibility threshold determination always required
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 39
CS103, CS104, CS105
Measurements on the Antenna Port
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The following tests depend very much on RF-specifications
of the equipment under test:
 CS103:Antenna Port, Intermodulation, 15 kHz to 10 GHz
 CS104:Antenna Port, Rejection of Undesired Signals,
30 Hz to 20 GHz
 CS105:Antenna Port, Cross Modulation, 30 Hz to 20 GHz
For this reason, the required test equipment, setup,
procedures and data presentation is not defined in the
standard and has to be determined on a case-by-case basis
based on the guidance provided in the appendix of the
standard.
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 40
Summary CS and RS
Measurement Details
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CS101: 10 µF between each power line
(e.g. 3 pieces for 3-phase WYE connection)
CS114, CS115: BCI measurements on supply cables, signal
cables, if applicable even with rearranged bundling of
cables
CS114, RS103:
1 kHz pulse modulation, 50% duty cycle
RS101: Helmholtz coil added to standard as alternative
method
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 41
Summary CS and RS
Measurement Details
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RS103: 18 to 40 GHz required only if specified in the
procurement specification
RS103: Electric field measurement above 1 GHz optionally
with antennas
RS103: New: Reverb chamber as alternative method
for 200 MHz to 40 GHz (mode tuned)
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 42
Changes by MIL-STD-461 F
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Add a Table 2 to allow multiple spectral scans during a test to ensure that random
emissions are detected and recorded.
Modify the vertical rod antenna method by adopting a CISPR-22 technique.
Require that power line shield be removed when performing radiated susceptibility
tests.
Increase the CS116 limit to 10 Amperes.
Modify the radiated susceptibility test RS103 methodology to permit antenna
distances other than one (1) meter.
Provide guidance for testing receivers, exercising software, multiple devices
(CS103, CS104, CS105, RE103).
Provide options to use a five (5) micro-Henry line impedance stabilization network
(LISN) when tailoring requirements (limits and methods will change).
Test CS106 conducted susceptibility, transients on power line is introduced for
Navy.
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 43
MIL-STD-461 Revision G
Requirements for the control of EMI Characteristic of
Subsystems and Equipment
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Version F is under Tri-Service Working Group (TSWG) review
TSWG is formed by reps from Air Force (Chair), Army, Navy, Joint
Spectrum Center, Defense Threat Reduction Agency and Industry
Major change - Lightning Indirect Effects (CS117)
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Identified as “Limited Applicability” to aircraft flight critical systems
Still tailorable to other applications (i.e. mission equipment or nonavionics)
Leveraged commercial industry experience from the DO-160
Supported by industry lightning experts with SAE AE2
Major change - Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)
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Personnel borne electrostatic discharge
Applicable to electrical, electronic, and electromechanical subsystems
and equipment which does not interface with or control ordnance item
Leverage from Industry ESD standards
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 44
Thank you for your interest !
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 45
CS101 Verification of Setup
Power Leads, 30 Hz to 150 kHz
LF
Generator
EUT
Instruments
R
Transformer
Accessories
*
Optional
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 46
0.5 
RTO
Oscilloscope
CS101 Measurement
Power Leads, 30 Hz to 150 kHz
50Ω
Term.
LISN
Isolation
Transf.
C
10µF
LF
Generator
Transformer
RTO
Oscilloscope
EUT
monitoring / stimulation
EUT
Instruments
EUT
Accessories
*
Optional
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 47
CS103, CS104, CS105
Antenna Port Measurements (Frequency range, dynamic range?)
SMA100A
Harmonic
Filters*
Signal Generator
SMA100A
T
T
Network
Network
Harmonic
Filters*
ESU40/ESR7
Signal Generator
EMI-Testreceiver
EUT
Instruments
EUT
Accessories
*
Optional
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 48
EUT
monitoring / stimulation
CS109 Measurement
Structure Current, 60 Hz to 100 kHz.
LF
Generator
Transformer
0.5Ω
EZ-17
EMI Clamp
Term.
ESU40/ESR7
EMI-Testreceiver
Isolation
Transf.
EUT
Instruments
Accessories
*
EUT
Optional
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 49
CS114 Measurement
Bulk Cable Injection, 10 kHz to 200 MHz
Directional Coupler
R&S SML / IMS
LF-Generator
FWD
REV
(Channel B)
ESU40/ESR7
EMI-Testreceiver
(Channel A)
EUT
ENV216
LISN*
EUT
Instruments
EUT
Power / Loads / Signals
Accessories
*
Optional
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 50
CS114 “Limits”
Bulk Cable Injection, 10 kHz to 200 MHz
Limit Curves CS114
Platform
Freq. range
Aircraft
(external or
safety critical)
Aircraft
internal
All Ships
Ships
(above
Ships
(non
metallic) Submarine
decks)
(metallic)
s
(below
Submarines (below decks)
(internal)
decks)
(external)*
2
2
2
1
Ground
Space
3
3
10 kHz
A
5
5
↓
N
5
3
2
2
2
1
2
3
2 MHz
AF
5
3
-
-
-
-
2
3
2 MHz
A
5
5
5
2
4
1
4
3
↓
N
5
5
5
2
4
1
2
3
30 MHz AF
5
3
-
-
-
-
2
3
30 MHz
A
5
5
5
2
2
2
4
3
↓
N
5
5
5
2
2
2
2
3
200 MHz AF
5
3
-
-
-
-
2
3
A = Army
N= Navy
AF = Airforce
* = For equipment located external to the pressure hull of a submarine but within the superstructure,
use (METALLIC)(BELOW DECKS)
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 51
CS114 Calibration Limits
Bulk Cable Injection, 10 kHz to 200 MHz
120
Curve 1
Limit Level (dBµA)
110
Curve 2
100
69
Curve 3
90
89
80
70
60
50
40
30
10k
100k
1M
10M
Frequency (Hz)
44
24
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 52
100M
1G
CS115 Measurement
Bulk Cable Injection, Impulse Excitation
Pulse
Generator
RTO
Oscilloscope
EUT
ENV216
LISN*
EUT
Instruments
EUT
Power / Loads / Signals
Accessories
*
Optional
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 53
CS116 Measurement
Damped Sinusoidal Transients, Cables and Power Leads, 10
kHz to 100 MHz
Transients
Generator
RTO
Oscilloscope
EUT
ENV216
LISN*
EUT
Instruments
EUT
Power / Loads / Signals
Accessories
*
Optional
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 54
RS101 Measurement
Magnetic Field, 30 Hz to 100 kHz
LF / RF
Generator
EZ-17
EMI Clamp
Channel B
ESU40ESR
EMI-Testreceiver
Channel A
ENV216
EUT
LISN*
EUT
Instruments
Accessories
*
Optional
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 55
Radiating Loop
or Helmholtz Coil
RS101 „Limits“
Magnetic Field, 30 Hz to 100 kHz
190
180
Applications
Army
170
Limit Level (dBpT)
Limit Curve
Navy
160
150
140
130
120
116
117
110
100
90
80
70
60 10
100
450
1k
Frequency (Hz)
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 56
10k
100k
RS103 Parallel Plate (Drawings)
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 57
RS103 Measurement
Electric Field, (10 kHz) 2 MHz to 30 MHz
Directional Coupler
R&S IMS
RF-System
FWD
REV
Load
EUT
resistor
Field
Meter
ENV216
LISN*
EUT
Instruments
Accessories
*
Optional
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 58
EUT
monitoring / stimulation
RS103 Measurement
Electric Field, 30 MHz to 100 MHz
Directional Coupler
R&S IMS
RF-System
FWD
REV
Field
Meter
EUT
ENV216
LISN*
EUT
monitoring / stimulation
EUT
Instruments
Accessories
*
Optional
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 59
RS103 “Limits”
Electric fields, 2 MHz to 40 GHz
Limit RS103 (V/m) Volts/m
Platform
Freq. range
2 MHz
↓
30 MHz
30 MHz
↓
1 GHz
1 GHz
↓
18 GHz
1 GHz
↓
40 GHz
A
N
AF
A
N
AF
A
N
AF
A
N
AF
Aircraft
(external or
safety
critical)
Aircraft
internal
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
20
200
200
20
200
200
60
200
60
60
A = Army
N= Navy
AF = Airforce
All Ships
Ships
(above
Ships
(non
metallic) Submarine
decks)
(metallic)
s
(below
Submarines (below decks)
(internal)
decks)
(external)*
200
10
50
5
200
10
50
5
200
10
10
10
200
10
10
10
200
10
10
10
200
10
10
10
200
10
10
10
200
10
10
10
-
Ground
Space
50
50
10
50
50
10
50
50
50
50
50
50
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
* = For equipment located external to the pressure hull of a submarine but within the superstructure,
use Ships (METALLIC)(BELOW DECKS)
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 60
RS105 Measurement
Transient Electromagnetic Field
HV
Probe
EUT
RTO
Oscilloscope
Parallel
Plate
Transient
Generator
LISN
EUT
Instruments
Accessories
*
Optional
Terminal
Protection
Device
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 61
Loads/
Signals
Summary CS and RS
EMS Test System, System Configuration up to 1 GHz
Control Room
Chamber
EMS Rack
Gen.
System
Controller
EUT
Instruments
IEEE
Conv
Accessories
*
Optional
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 62
EUT
Summary CS and RS
EMS Test System, System Configuration above 1 GHz
Control
Room
Chamber
EMS Rack
Gen.
System
Controller
EUT
IEEE
Conv
EUT
Instruments
IEEE
Conv
Accessories
*
short
micro-wave
cable
Optional
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 63
Comparison MIL STD 461 – MIL STD464
MIL STD 464
5 DETAILED REQUIREMENTS
5.1 Margins.
Margins shall be provided based on system operational
performance requirements, tolerances in system hardware, and
uncertainties involved in verification of system-level design
requirements. Safety critical and mission critical system
functions shall have a margin of at least 6 dB. Ordnance shall
have a margin of at least 16.5 dB of maximum no-fire stimulus
(MNFS) for safety assurances and 6 dB of MNFS for other
applications. Compliance shall be verified by test, analysis, or a
combination thereof. …
5.2 Intra-system electromagnetic compatibility (EMC).
The system shall be electromagnetically compatible within itself
such that system operational performance requirements are met.
Compliance shall be verified by system-level test, analysis, or a
combination thereof.
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 64
Comparison MIL STD 461 – MIL STD464
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External Inter-System EMC
NAVY, external equipment incl. NAVY aircraft
MIL STD 461F, RS103
MIL STD 464, EME
Frequency
(MHz)
2 – 40000
Environment (V/m - rms)
Peak*
Average*
200
200
Peak/Average refers to pulsed / unpulsed operation.
AM modulation is not taken into account.
Frequency
(MHz)
0.01 – 150
150 – 225
225 – 400
400 – 700
700 – 790
790 – 1000
1000 – 2000
2000 – 2700
2700 – 3600
3600 – 4000
4000 – 5400
5400 – 5900
5900 – 6000
6000 – 7900
7900 – 8000
8000 – 14000
14000 – 18000
18000 – 40000
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 65
Environment (V/m - rms)
Peak*
Average*
200
200
3120
270
2830
240
4000
750
3500
240
3500
610
5670
1000
21270
850
27460
1230
21270
850
15000
610
15000
1230
15000
610
12650
670
12650
810
21270
1270
21270
614
5000
750
Comparison MIL STD 461 – MIL STD464
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External Inter-System EMC
Space and Launch Vehicle Systems
MIL STD 461F, RS103
Frequency
(MHz)
2 – 40000
Environment (V/m - rms)
Peak*
Average*
20
20
MIL STD 464, EME
Frequency
(MHz)
0.01 – 100
100 – 1000
1000 – 10000
10000 – 40000
Peak/Average refers to pulsed / unpulsed operation.
AM modulation is not taken into account.
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 66
Environment (V/m - rms)
Peak*
Average*
20
20
100
100
200
200
20
20
Comparison MIL STD 461 – MIL STD464
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External Inter-System EMC
Ground Systems
MIL STD 461F, RS103
Frequency
(MHz)
2 – 1000
1000 – 40000
Environment (V/m - rms)
Peak*
Average*
10 - 50
10 – 50
50
50
MIL STD 464, EME
Frequency
(MHz)
0.01 – 2
2 – 250
250 – 1000
1000 – 10000
10000 – 40000
Peak/Average refers to pulsed / unpulsed operation.
AM modulation is not taken into account.
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 67
Environment (V/m - rms)
Peak*
Average*
25
25
50
50
1500
50
2500
50
1500
50
Comparison MIL STD 461 – MIL STD464
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MIL STD 461 deals only with EMC issues.
MIL STD 464 deals with different environmental effects e.g.
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Lightning
Tempest
Spectrum compatibility
Hazards of electromagnetic radiation to personnel
Bonding
Shock and fault protection
…
EMC is only one a part of qualification to MIL STD 464.
The detailed scenario and derived requirements for EMC
tests according MIL STD 464 have to be defined for each
DUT.
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 68
Thank you
for your attention!
2015-01 | Immunity Standards Overview | Page 69