Power System Harmonic
Mitigation for
Water/Wastewater Applications
Power Quality Correction
Add photo in this area
Make the most of your
energy
Ben Banerjee
Sept. 30 & Oct. 2, 2008
Make the most of
SM
your energy
Power Quality Correction
Benefits
For Harmonics Mitigation
For Water & Waste Water Applications
•
Improved Bottom Line:
* System Cost Reduction
* Maximize System Reliability
* Improve Energy Efficiency
* System Capacity Release
Power Quality Correction
Agenda
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Characteristic of a Typical W/WW Facility
Impact of Non-Linear Loads
Harmonics Fundamental
Effects of Harmonics
Harmonics Standard IEEE 519-1992
Cost-Effective Harmonics Mitigations
AccuSine Solutions
Application Considerations
Power Quality Correction
Distribution System/ Load Characteristics
Of
A Typical W/WW Facility
Typical W/WW Applications / Loads
„ Wastewater Plants
†
†
†
†
†
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Many pumps for fluid movement (VFD)
– VT
– Centrifugal pumps
– CT
– Progressive cavity pumps (semi-solids)
Solids handling (VFD)
– Conveyors
Aeration blowers (VFD)
– CT & VT types
Disinfectant
– UV systems (ultraviolet)
– Electronic ballasts – 3Φ
– Ozone generators (SCR power supplies)
HVAC
6
Typical W/WW Applications / Loads
„ Water Purification
†
Many pumps (VFD)
† UV systems (electronic ballasts)
† Reverse osmosis
– Centrifugal pumps (VFD)
† Ozone generators (SCR power supplies)
Division - Name - Date - Language
7
Power Quality Correction
Elect. Loads& System Characteristics
For Typical W/WW Facility
>
Mostly Motor Loads
* Typically 40% to 50% FVNR (Linear Loads)
* Typically 30% to 40% VFDs (Non-Linear Loads)
* Typically 5% to 10% RVSS
¾ MCC / SWGR/ SWBR Fed Either From Utility Or Generator
¾ VFDS may be within MCC or remote located
> Generator Normally Sized for Critical Loads
> For Water/ Waste Water Facility:
* Sometime UV System (Non-Linear Loads)
* Sometime Ozone Generator ( Non-Linear Loads)
Power Quality Correction
Harmonics Fundamentals
Power Quality Correction
Linear vs Non-Linear
‹
Until recently, most electrical equipment
drew current in a “linear” fashion:
v
‹
i
• Current (i) & Voltage (v) are both “Sinusoidal”
Today, many electrical loads draw
current in a
“non-linear” fashion:
v
• Current (i) is periodic, but not “sinusoidal”
i
Power Quality Correction
Examples
„
What produces “Non-linear” Current?
• Computers
M
• Fax Machines
• Copiers
• Variable
Frequency
Drives
• Electronic
Ballasts
• Almost Anything Power Electronics
Power Quality Correction
All Periodic Waves Are Generated With Sine Waves Of Various Frequencies
Time Domain
f1 = 60 H z
60 Hz
+
180 Hz
+
300 Hz
+
420 Hz
Frequency Domain
1
0.5
f1
0
f 3 = 3 x 6 0 hz =
18 0 hz
1
3
5
7
9 1 1
1
3
5
7
9 1 1
1
3
5
7
9 1 1
1
3
5
7
9 1 1
1
3
5
7
9 1 1
1
0.5
f3
0
f 5 = 5 x 6 0 hz =
3 0 0 hz
1
0.5
f5
0
f 7 = 7 x 6 0 hz =
4 2 0 hz
1
0.5
f7
0
D is t o rt e d Wa v e =
f1 + f3 + f5 + f7
1
0.5
=
0
Now We Can Define Harmonics:
Fundamental
rd
3 Harmonic
th
7 Harmonic
t1h
5
Harmonic
– A harmonic is a component of a periodic
wave having a frequency that is an integer
multiple of the fundamental power line
frequency [ In USA , 60Hz]
• Characteristic harmonics are the
predominate harmonics seen by the
power distribution system
– Predicted by the following equation:
For Six Pulse Drive:
Harmonic
1
Frequency
Sequence
60Hz
5
300Hz
7
420Hz
11
660Hz
13
780Hz
• hC = characteristic harmonics to be
expected
• n = an integer from 1,2,3,4,5, etc.
• p = number of pulses or rectifiers in
circuit
Hc = np +/- 1
Multi-pulse Converters
Harmonic Orders Present
Hn = NP +/- 1
Hn = harmonic order
present
N,n = an integer
P = number of pulses
Hn
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
41
43
45
47
49
Harmonics present by rectifier design
Type of rectifier
1 phase
2 phase 3 phase 3 phase
4-pulse
4-pulse
6-pulse 12-pulse
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
3 phase
18-pulse
x
x
x
x
Power Quality Correction
Issues With High System Harmonics
•
•
•
System Reliability
Energy Efficiency
System Capacity
Power Quality Correction
Power Quality Correction
Power Quality Correction
“K” Factor Rated Transformer
For Dry Type Transformer, To
Determine What Amount Of Harmonic
Current Can Be Tolerated, “K” Factor
Calculation Is Made Instead Of Using
The THD(I) Formula
Power Quality Correction
How do you know if Harmonics are
present in your system?
Building
a New Electric
World
Other Common symptoms of harmonics
include:
z Random
logic faults: CNC, PLCs, drives,
UPSs, computers
z Random Breaker Thermal Trips
z Clocks Running Faster
Corporate Presentation 12-Apr-2004 EN
Common Symptoms of Harmonics
(cont.)
Building
a New Electric
World
z Potential
Resonance Condition
> Over Voltage
z Power
Factor Capacitor
> Harmonic heating effect
> Trips on over-current
z Limits
on capacity of UPSs
z Generator
regulation
Corporate Presentation 12-Apr-2004 EN
faulting-Unable to do frequency
SYSTEM CAPACITY ISSUE
Building
a New Electric
World
zDisplacement
zTrue
Corporate Presentation 12-Apr-2004 EN
Power Factor
or Total Power Factor
Power Quality Correction
The Power Triangle:
„
Power Factor is the ratio of
Active Power to Total Power:
Power Factor =
Active Power (kW)
φ
Total Power (kVA)
Active (Real) Power
Total Power
= kW
Reactive
kVA
Power
= Cosine (θ)
= Displacement Power Factor (DPF)
O Power Factor is a measure of efficiency (Output/Input)
Total Power Factor
TPF = (DPF) x (Harm coefficient)
KW
DPF =
KVAf
= Cos φ
Harm coefficient =
1
1 + THD(I)2
TPF = Total or true power factor
DPF = Displacement power factor
Harm coefficient = Harmonic power factor
= Cos δ
Total Power Factor Example
• Variable frequency drive (PWM
type)
• DPF = .95
• TDD = 90%
– (no DC choke & no input line reactor)
• Harm coefficient =
1
1 + .92
• TPF = .95 x .7433 = .7061
= .7433
Power Quality Correction
How are Harmonic measured ?
North American Standard
ANSI Standard IEEE 519-1992
IEEE Recommended Practices and
Requirements for Harmonic Control in
Electrical Power Systems
ANSI Standard
IEEE 519-1992
• Chapter 11
– Addresses THD(V) delivered by utility to user
– THD(V) must be < 5% [< 69 KV systems]
• Chapter 10
–
–
–
–
Defines the amount of TDD a user can cause
Based upon Demand Load & System Fault Level
Table 10.3 for systems < 69 kV
Defines limits for voltage notches caused by SCR
rectifiers – Table 10.2
• Defines PCC (point of common coupling)
Power Quality Correction
IEEE 519-1992 Table 10.2
Limits on Commutation Notches
(Applies to SCR rectifiers – only)
Table 10.2
Low-Voltage System Classification and Distortion Limits
*Special
Applications
General
System
**Dedicated
System
Notch Depth
10%
20%
50%
THD (Voltage)
3%
5%
10%
16,400
22,800
36,500
Notch Area, μVs
Note: Notch area for other than 480 V systems should be multiplied by V / 480.
*Special Applications – Airports, Hospitals
** Dedicated System – Dedicated exclusive to converter loads
IEEE 519 - Harmonic
Distortion Limits
• Table 11.1 - Voltage Distortion Limits
Bus voltage at PCC
69kV and below
69.001 kV through 161kV
161.001kV and above
Max. individual Voltage
distortion (%)
3.0
1.5
1.0
Total Voltage distortion
THD (%)
5.0
2.5
1.5
The limits listed above should be used as system design values for the “worst case” for
normal operation (conditions lasting longer than one hour). For shorter periods, during
start-ups or unusual conditions, the limits may be exceeded by 50%.
50
∑V
2
h
THD =
h=2
V1
*100
Power Quality Correction
Total Harmonic Current Distortion
Is Same As
Total Demand Distortion (TDD)
∞
=
I
I
2
2
+ I
3
2
+ I
TDD
I
1
2
4
+L
∑
× 100
%
=
h
Ih
= 2
I
2
× 100
1
%
IEEE 519-1992 Table 10.3
Current Distortion Limits for General
Distribution Systems (<69 kV)
Isc/Iload
<20
20<50
50<100
100<1000
>1000
<11
4.0%
7.0%
10.0%
12.0%
15.0%
11<=h<17 17<=h<23 23<=h<35
2.0%
1.5%
0.6%
3.5%
2.5%
1.0%
4.5%
4.0%
1.5%
5.5%
5.0%
0.2%
7.0%
6.0%
2.5%
h>=35
0.3%
0.5%
0.7%
1.0%
1.4%
TDD
5.0%
8.0%
12.0%
15.0%
20.0%
Isc = short circuit current capacity of source
Iload = demand load current (fundamental)
TDD = Total Demand Distortion
(TDD = Total harmonic current distortion measured against
fundamental current at demand load.)
Utility
519-1992 Chapter 10 states “…Within an
•IEEE
industrial plant, the PCC is the point between
the nonlinear load and other loads.”
Other customers
PCC 1
PCC 2
Most harmonic problems are not at PCC
with utility
>Occurs with generators & UPS
>Occurs where nonlinear loads are
concentrated
>Occurs inside the plant
Need to protect the user by moving the
harmonic mitigation requirements to
where harmonic loads are located
Customer 1
Customer 2
Specification Issues
• Write Separate harmonic spec from nonlinear
load spec (Section 16)
– Write standard nonlinear load specification
– It is System Standard & NOT Product Standard
• Universal solution is more Cost Effective
– Good for all nonlinear loads
– Apply AHF per electrical bus (best economics)
•
5% TDD per load or bus inside the plant ?
– IEEE 519-1992 Chapter 10 states “…Within an industrial plant, the
PCC is the point between the nonlinear load and other loads.”
• Write TDD specs not THD(I)
Methods For Harmonics Mitigation
**Individual Device Solution
•Embedded Solution
**System Solution
Individual Device Solution
Harmonic Mitigation Methods
•
Typically applied per device:
-Isolating Harmonic Loads
--Line reactors
– 5th harmonic filters (Only 5th)
– Broadband filters (up to 13th)
Embedded Solutions:
– Multi-pulsing (6-Pulse,18-Pulse)
– Active front end (AFE) converter
– C-Less Technology
•
System solution
– Active Harmonic Filter
– Harmonics Mitigation Transformer (Up to 19th)
Inductors
•Pros:
–
–
–
–
Inexpensive & reliable
Transient protection for loads
Big TDD reduction (90% to 35% w/3% Z)
Complimentary to active harmonic control
•Cons:
– Limited reduction of TDD at equipment
terminals after 3% Z
– Reduction dependent on source
Impedance
Input Current Distortion (%)
Input Current Distortion as a
Function of inductor Size
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
0
1
2
3
Inductor Size (% on Drive Base)
4
5
Power Quality Correction
Current Distortion THD(I) or TDD as a function of Rsce
With 6-pulse power converter
Multi-pulse Converters
Harmonic Orders Present
Hn = NP +/- 1
Hn = harmonic order
present
N,n = an integer
P = number of pulses
Hn
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
41
43
45
47
49
Harmonics present by rectifier design
Type of rectifier
1 phase
2 phase 3 phase 3 phase
4-pulse
4-pulse
6-pulse 12-pulse
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
3 phase
18-pulse
x
x
x
x
Harmonic mitigation methods
VFD mitigation topologies
•
6-Pulse converter
•
12-Pulse converter
•
18-Pulse converter
Multipulse
Transformer
+
DC Link
Reactor
Rectifier Assembly
A
DC+
Line
Reactor
DC Bus
2
9
A
Load
B
1
3
8
Wye
C
4
M
7
C
AC Line
6
5
B
Delta
DC-
Transformer
Tertiary
Delta
“C-less” or 3% reactance min (if
included); small footprint,
simplified cabling
Externally mounted 3 winding
transformer; more wire and
cabling; complicated
Large footprint, more steel
& copper (losses)
A
A
A
100
100
100
0
0
0
6 pulse
12 pulse
18 pulse
0.0s
Current waveform distorted
TDD 30% to 40% with 3% reactor
(depending on network
impedance)
Current slightly distorted
TDD 8% to 15% (depending on
network impedance)
0.02s
Current wave form good
TDD 5% to 7% (depending on
network impedance)
Multi-Pulse Drives
Description: Drives/UPS with two (12 pulse) or three
(18 pulse) input bridges fed by a transformer with two
or three phase shifted output windings.
•Pros:
– Reduces TDD to 10% (12 pulse) & 5% (18 pulse) at
loads
– Reliable
•Cons:
–
–
–
–
–
High installation cost with external transformer
Large footprint (even w/autotransformer)
Series solution with reduction in efficiency
One required for each product
Cannot retrofit
Active Front End Converter
Products with active power converter and
input broadband filter to create sinusoidal
current & voltage waveforms on AC lines.
VFD
A
C
S
o
u
r
c
e
Division - Name - Date - Language
IGBT
Filter
Converter
DC Bus
IGBT
AC
Motor
Inverter
4
8
AFE Converters
>Pros:
Meets 5% TDD limit of IEEE 519
>Cons:
Mains
†
Larger and more expensive than 6 pulse drives
†
Approximately twice the size & price
†
Mains voltage must be free of imbalance
and voltage harmonics
– Generates more harmonics
200
KVA
rated
†
AFE
VFD
PWM
VFD
100
KVA
rated
DC
Drive
PF
caps
†
†
†
†
Without mains filter THD(V) can reach
40%
Requires short circuit ratio > 40 at PCC
Switched mode power supplies prohibited
Capacitors prohibited on mains
IGBT & SCR rectifiers prohibited on same
mains
– No other nonlinear loads permitted
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9
Harmonic mitigation methods
(Applied per VFD)
Solution
Advantage
Disadvantage
Typical % TDD
Typical Price Multiplier*
Dependent upon
SCR***
Cost of transformer and installation
change out
Increase short circuit capacity
Reduces THD(V)
„Increases TDD
„Not likely to occur**
C-Less Technology
„Lower TDD
„Simplified design
„Less cost
„Compliance is limited
„Application limited
„Size limited
30 - 50% TDD
0.90 - 0.95
Impedance (3% LR or 5% DC
choke)
„Low cost adder
„Simple
„Compliance difficult
30 - 40% TDD
1.05 - 1.15
5th Harmonic filter
Reduces 5th & total TDD
„Does not meet harmonic levels at
higher orders^
18 - 22% TDD
1.20 - 1.45
Broadband filter
Reduces TDD (thru 13th)
„Large heat losses
„Application limited
8 - 15% TDD
1.25 - 1.50
12-pulse rectifiers
„Reduces TDD
„Reliable
„Large footprint/heavy
„Good for >100 HP
8 - 15 % TDD
1.65 - 1.85
18-pulse rectifiers
„Reduces TDD
„Reliable
„Large footprint/heavy
„Good for >100 HP
5 - 8% TDD
1.65 - 1.85
Active front end converter
„Very good TDD
„Regeneration possible
„Large footprint/heavy
„Very high cost per unit
„High heat losses
< 5% TDD
2.0 - 2.5
* Price compared to a standard 6-pulse VFD.
** Utilities and users are not likely to change their distribution systems.
*** Increasing short circuit capacity (lower impedance source or larger KVA capacity) raises TDD but lowers THD(V).
^ Can be said for all methods listed.
Division - Name - Date - Language
5
0
System Solution
Applied to one or many nonlinear loads
Division - Name - Date - Language
5
1
When wave shapes with different
phase shifts are combined
Application of Harmonic
Mitigation Transformers
AccuSine® PCS
**Guarantees elimination of harmonic
problems – both TDD and THD(V)
** 2nd through 50th order
5
4
System Solution
Active Harmonic Filter
• Applied to one or many nonlinear loads
– VFD, UPS, UV, DC drives, DC power
supplies
• Provides DPF correction
• More cost effective for multiple loads
• Saves space
• Lower heat Losses
Active Harmonic Filter:
System Solution
Is
~
CT
Il
Ia
Source
L
Load
AHF
AHF
•Parallel connected
•Is + Ia = Il
•Ia includes 2nd to 50th harmonic
current
•Is <5% TDD
Active Harmonics Filter
2
1,5
1
0,5
0
-0,5
-1
-1,5
-2
+
I.s
I.h
Source
I.ac
active
conditioner
57
I. resultant
=
2
2
1,5
1
0,5
0
-0,5
-1
-1,5
-2
I. Active Conditioner
-0,5
0
0,5
1
-1
1,5
-1,5
-2
I. Harmonics
I. source
2
1,5
1
0,5
0
-0,5
-1
-1,5
-2
non linear
load
AHF HarmonicsPerformance
At VFD Terminals
AHF injection
Source current
Order
Fund
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
41
43
45
47
49
% TDD
AHF off
% I fund
100.000%
0.038%
31.660%
11.480%
0.435%
7.068%
4.267%
0.367%
3.438%
2.904%
0.284%
2.042%
2.177%
0.293%
1.238%
1.740%
0.261%
0.800%
1.420%
0.282%
0.588%
1.281%
0.259%
0.427%
1.348%
35.28%
AHF on
% I fund
100.000%
0.478%
0.674%
0.679%
0.297%
0.710%
0.521%
0.052%
0.464%
0.639%
0.263%
0.409%
0.489%
0.170%
0.397%
0.243%
0.325%
0.279%
0.815%
0.240%
0.120%
0.337%
0.347%
0.769%
0.590%
2.67%
AccuSine® PCS Overall Performance
„ Harmonic compensation
†
†
†
2nd through 50th order
Includes inter-harmonics
Independent of source impedance
– Selection and operation same whether on AC line or backup
generator or UPS output
„ Obtain 5% TDD (current distortion)
„ Reactive current injection ( VAR Correction)
†
Reactive current injection is secondary to harmonic mitigation
„ Either or both functions
„ VAR compensation
†
100 μsecond detect-to-inject
„ Dynamic response
†
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½ cycle to full control for step load changes
5
9
Dual Mode Operation
Ias =
Ih2 + Ir2
Ias = rms output current of AHF
Ih = rms harmonic current
Ir = rms reactive current
Ias
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Examples
Ih
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
95.0
Ir
99.5
98.0
95.4
91.7
86.6
80.0
71.4
60.0
43.6
31.2
AccuSine® PCS
„ Advantages
†
†
†
†
†
†
Division - Name - Date - Language
Highly effective (2nd to 50th orders
cancelled)
Scalable
– Parallel units as needed
Universal solution
– Handles many loads
– Many types of loads at same
time
HMI & Modbus Communication
Best cost for multiple loads
– Lowest heat profile
Smallest footprint with std
VFD/UPS
„ Disadvantages
†
†
Heat from high speed
switching of IGBT
Cost issues possible for
single load
„ Considerations
†
†
Load must have input
impedance (3%)
– Protects load
– Limits size of AHF
Need branch circuit
protection
6
1
AccuSine® PCS
Specifications
„ Universal Application
†
†
†
„
„
„
„
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208 – 480 VAC
– No user action required to set
50 or 60 Hz
Use highly customized transformers for higher voltages
(to 15 kV)
Fuse protected (200,000 AIC)
UL 508 & CSA approved
CE (EMC) - 400V
Logic ride through – 1 to 10 minutes
6
2
Power Diagram For A
Typical AHF
IGBT Module
C
Pre-charge
Contactor
C
E
S1
C
E
S3
E
S5
DC Bus
Capacitors
Fuse
AC
Lines
Fuse
Line
Inductor
+
C
Fuse
Inductor
C
Filter
Board
C
E
S2
C
E
S4
E
S6
Product Package
„
„
„
„
Standard (UL/CSA, ABS)
Three sizes-50A,100A,300A
NEMA 1, 1A, 12, & 3R
Enclosed – NEMA 1
†
†
†
50 amp – 52” x 21” x 19”
– Weight – 250Lbs
100 amp – 69” x 21” x 19”
– Weight – 350 Lbs
300 amp – 75” x 32” x 20”
– Weight – 775 Lbs
„ Chassis – IP00
„ Wall mount – 50 & 100 amp
„ Free standing – 300 amp with
disconnect
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6
4
Product Package
„ International enclosures
†
NEMA 12, IP30, IP54
– 50 amp – 75” x 31.5” x 23.62”
– Weight – 661 Lbs
– 100 amp – 75” x 31.5”x 23.62”
– Weight – 771 Lbs
– 300 amp – 91” x 39.37” x
31.5”
– Weight – 1212 Lbs
† Free standing with door
interlocked disconnect
† CE Certified, ABS, UL, CUL
Division - Name - Date - Language
6
5
Product Re-packaging
„ Maximum ambient into air inlet – 400C
„ Must meet air flow at inlet of AccuSine
†
†
†
50 amp – 300 CFM
100 amp – 500 CFM
300 amp - 1250 CFM
„ Heat released
†
†
†
50 amp – 1800 watts
100 amp – 3000 watts
300 amp – 9000 watts
„ HMI considerations required
†
†
Division - Name - Date - Language
On chassis
Remote with cable
6
6
Product Re-packaging
„ MCC Packaging
†
50 & 100 amp models only
† Requires one vertical 20” x 20”
section
† Includes circuit breaker in section
Division - Name - Date - Language
6
7
Comparison of 18-P VFD
To
AccuSine + 6-P VFD+3%LR
Division - Name - Date - Language
6
8
System Solution
AccuSine® PCS Sizing Example
„A 125 HP variable torque 6-pulse VFD with 3% LR
†
Required AHF filtering capability = 47.5 amperes
„Two 125 HP VT 6-pulse VFD w/3% LR
†
Required AHF size = 84.4 amps
„Three 125 HP VT 6-pulse VFD w/3% LR
†
Required AHF size = 113.5 amps
„Six 125 HP VT VFD w/3% LR
†
Division - Name - Date - Language
Required AHF size = 157.6 amps
– (not 6 x 47.5 = 285 amps)
6
9
System solution
Comparison of 18-P VFD to AccuSine + 6-P VFD+3%LR
„ Footprint required
†
AccuSine PCS+ Std VFD less than 18-P VFD
(w/autotransformer) for all conditions
„ Heat losses
†
AccuSine PCS+ Std VFD less than 18-P VFD
– Exception at single units of 50-75 HP, advantage 18-P VFD
„ Less Operating Cost AccuSine PCS+ 6-P VFD
†
Less site cooling required with AccuSine PCS + Std VFD
„ Price ( Installed Cost)
Division - Name - Date - Language
†
When more than one VFD, AccuSine PCS + 6-P VFD always
beats 18-P VFD
†
If only one VFD involved, 300-500 HP sizes favor 18-P VFD
†
SQ D Software Tool
7
0
AccuSine to18-pulse
Comparisons
IR: 10.00%
Years: 10
kWH rate: $.10 Days/week: 7
Hours/day: 24
System:
1x 125 HP
1x 150 HP
1x 200 HP
1x 300 HP
1x 400 HP
1x 500 HP
User Price
Sq Ft
Annual operating costs
AccuSine
18-pulse
System
35,914.49 31,342.92
9.03
5.02
4,228.22 3,960.89
AccuSine
18-pulse
System
38,893.84 43,866.16
9.03
5.02
5,084.35 4,342.66
AccuSine
18-pulse
System
50,507.30 47,771.37
9.03
5.02
6,534.53
5,102.25
AccuSine
18-pulse
System
62,107.17 71,451.53
18.06
10.81
9,286.37
8,428.81
AccuSine
18-pulse
System
70,875.00 89,389.61
18.06
10.81
12,116.83 10,178.29
AccuSine
18-pulse
System
77,962.50 99,703.69
18.06
10.81
15,331.68 11,968.30
Advantage:
AccuSine
6,257.33 System
NPV Cash Flow
Advantage:
AccuSine
11,767.77 System
Advantage:
-295.25 18-pulse
Advantage:
-4,277.20 18-pulse
Advantage:
-6,290.32 18-pulse
Advantage:
-531.93 18-pulse
System:
2x 125 HP
2x 150 HP
2x 200 HP
2x 300 HP
2x 400 HP
2x 500 HP
User Price
Sq Ft
Annual operating costs
AccuSine
18-pulse
System
72,909.11 56,776.63
18.06
7.37
8,456.45 6,885.12
AccuSine
18-pulse
System
77,787.68 78,288.60
18.06
10.03
10,168.70 8,598.35
AccuSine
18-pulse
System
101,014.59 86,099.03
18.06
10.03
13,069.06 10,132.22
AccuSine
18-pulse
System
124,214.34 110,330.12
36.11
15.34
18,572.74 16,664.58
AccuSine
18-pulse
System
141,750.00 127,318.85
36.11
15.34
24,233.66 20,373.23
AccuSine
18-pulse
System
155,925.00 173,686.31
36.11
18.00
30,663.36 24,273.86
Advantage:
AccuSine
26,041.16 System
NPV Cash Flow
Advantage:
AccuSine
9,401.64 system
Advantage:
AccuSine
33,435.03 System
Advantage:
AccuSine
25,916.93 system
Advantage:
AccuSine
38,774.77 system
Advantage:
AccuSine
22,540.43 system
System:
3x 125 HP
3x 150 HP
3x 200 HP
3x 300 HP
3x 400 HP
3x 500 HP
User Price
Sq Ft
Annual operating costs
AccuSine
18-pulse
System
109,363.67 88,590.87
27.09
12.39
12,684.67 10,504.07
AccuSine
18-pulse
System
116,681.51 96,415.47
27.09
12.39
15,253.06 12,198.66
AccuSine
18-pulse
System
151,521.89 117,574.82
27.09
12.39
19,603.58 14,125.78
AccuSine
18-pulse
System
186,321.52 139,746.79
54.17
20.84
27,859.10 23,563.31
AccuSine
18-pulse
System
212,625.00 190,969.18
54.17
23.49
36,350.50 29,184.76
AccuSine
18-pulse
System
233,887.50 247,668.92
54.17
25.20
45,995.04 35,958.34
NPV Cash Flow
Advantage:
AccuSine
34,523.50 System
Advantage:
AccuSine
39,526.83 system
Advantage:
AccuSine
68,489.71 System
Advantage:
AccuSine
73,663.68 system
Advantage:
AccuSine
66,842.42 system
Advantage:
AccuSine
49,509.34 system
AccuSine® PCS
Installation Considerations
Division - Name - Date - Language
7
2
AHFInstallation Considerations
Main – Left
Main – Right
Main-tie-main
Tie
CBml
CBmr
CTtl
CTml
CTtr
CTmr
CBar
CBal
AHF- L
AHF-R
This configuration provides individual AHF
operation per side regardless of breaker positions.
AHF Installation Considerations
Utility
Generator
Main Power
CB
Generator
CB
CTm
CTg
CBa
Regardless of Main
Power CB and
Generator CB
positions, AHF limits
harmonics for both
sources.
~
AHF
AccuSine PCS Limitations
• 3-Phase / 3-Wire design only
– Does not help neutral harmonics
• “Sine-Wave” Product for
3-Phase / 4-Wire System
AccuSine Selection
• Use Spreadsheet—SQ D Software
• No Harmonics Analysis required
• Information Required for Sizing:
* One Line
* All VFDs Details—HP & CT or VT
* All Linear Loads Details-HP/KW
* Other Non-Linear Loads—UV / OG
* If DPF Correction is required.
* Both LV & MV Bus
* Add 3% LR for all Non-Linear Loads
Generator & Harmonics Load
Generator Feeding Nonlinear Loads
•
•
•
•
•
•
Soft Source
High Impedance with limited over load capacities
High Impedance produces excessive THDv
High THDv directly affects Voltage Regulation
Many existing Generators with old Regulator Design can fail
High THDv affects Electronics Loads & can fail
Power Quality Correction
Voltage distortion THD(V) as a function of RSCE
with 6-pulse power converter
Generator Feeding Nonlinear Loads
*Harmonics Current Generates Excessive Heating
in the Windings
*Derating of Generator needed with Nonlinear Loads
Generator Feeding Nonlinear Loads:
AccuSine Advantages
*Helps Generator runs “Cooler”
*Helps Voltage Regulation
*Helps Older Existing Generators in the Field
*Helps Retrofits– Space & Generator Rating
*Helps Environment
Solution Approach
Measure
Supply & Commission
Solution
Cycle
Simulate
Specify & Propose
Analyze & Report
Power Quality Correction
Thank You !
Questions?
For More Information, Please Contact:
B. Ben Banerjee
Power Quality Correction Group
Schneider Electric
San Francisco Field Office
Direct: 925-463-7103
Cell: 925-858-2182
E-mail: ben.banerjee@us.schneider-electric.com