Physical Structure of Matter
5.1.05-01/05
Physics of the Electron
Planck’s “quantum of action” from the photoelectric effect
(line separation by defraction grating)
What you can learn about …
External photoelectric effect
Work function
Adsorption
Photon energy
Principle:
A photocell is illuminated with
monochromatic light of different
wavelengths. Planck’s quantum of
action, or Planck’s constant h, is
determined from the photoelectric
voltages measured.
Set-up of experiment P2510501 with amplifier
What you need:
Experiment P2510505 with electrometer
Experiment P2510501 with amplifier
Photocell, for h-det., w. housing
06778.00
1
1
Diffraction grating, 600 lines/mm
08546.00
1
1
Colour filter, 580 nm
08415.00
1
1
Colour filter, 525 nm
08414.00
1
1
Diaphragm holder, attachable
11604.09
2
2
Slit, adjustable
08049.00
1
1
Lens holder
08012.00
2
2
Lens, mounted, f = +100 mm
08021.01
1
1
Mercury high pressure lamp 80 W
08147.00
1
1
Screened cable, BNC, l = 750 mm
07542.11
1
1
Connecting cord, l = 250 mm, red
07360.01
1
1
Connecting cord, l = 250 mm, blue
07360.04
1
2
Lamp holder E 27, on stem
06176.00
1
1
Power supply for spectral lamps
13662.97
1
1
Universal measuring amplifier
13626.93
1
Digital multimeter
07134.00
1
1
Optical profile bench l = 60 cm
08283.00
2
2
Base f.opt.profile-bench, adjust.
08284.00
3
3
Turning knuckle f. opt. prof.-bench
08285.00
1
1
Slide mount f. opt. pr.-bench, h = 80 mm
08286.02
4
4
Electrometer Amplifier
13621.00
1
Adapter, BNC-socket/4 mm plug pair
07542.27
1
Power supply 12 V AC / 500 mA
11074.93
1
Voltage of the photo-cell as a function of the frequency of the irradiated
light.
Complete Equipment Set, Manual on CD-ROM included
Planck’s “quantum of action” from the photoelectric
P25105 01/05
effect (line separation by defraction grating)
206 Laboratory Experiments Physics
PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG · D - 37070 Göttingen
LEP
5.1.05
-01
Planck’s “quantum of action” from the photoelectric effect
(line separation by defraction grating)
Related topics
External photoelectric effect, work function, adsorption, photon energy.
Principle
A photocell is illuminated with monochromatic light of different
wavelengths. Planck’s quantum of action, or Planck’s constant
h, is determined from the photoelectric voltages measured.
Equipment
Photocell, for h-det., w. housing
Diffraction grating, 600 lines/mm
Colour filter, 580 nm
Colour filter, 525 nm
Diaphragm holder, attachable
Slit, adjustable
Lens holder
Lens, mounted, f = +100 mm
Mercury high pressure lamp 80 W
Screened cable, BNC, l = 300 mm
Connecting cord, l = 250 mm, red
Connecting cord, l = 250 mm, blue
Lamp holder E 27, on stem
Power supply for spectral lamps
Universal measuring amplifier
Digital multimeter
06778.00
08546.00
08415.00
08414.00
11604.09
08049.00
08012.00
08021.01
08147.00
07542.10
07360.01
07360.04
06176.00
13662.97
13626.93
07134.00
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Optical profile bench l = 60 cm
Base f.opt.profile-bench, adjust.
Turning knuckle f. opt. prof.-bench
Slide mount f. opt. pr.-bench, h = 80 mm
08283.00
08284.00
08285.00
08286.02
2
3
1
4
Set-up and procedure
Fig. 1 shows the experimental set-up. Place the mercury
vapour lamp and the photocell at the respective ends of the
optical bench. Place the diffraction grating into a diaphragm
holder, and mount it in the turning knuckle with the aid of a
lens holder. Position the slit at approximately 9 cm. Using the
convex lens (located at approximately 20 cm), sharply focus
the slit on the location of the photocell’s entrance diaphragm.
Select the slit width such that the width of the slit image is
approximately 1 cm. For better control, fix a strip of typing
paper which is approximately 3 cm wide above the entrance
diaphragm with transparent adhesive tape. With its help, the
otherwise invisible UV lines can be seen due to the slight fluorescence of the paper.
By turning an arm of the optical bench, superimpose the
coloured slit images successively on the entrance diaphragm
and after several seconds determine the corresponding,
stable voltage levels. To avoid having the UV fractions from
second order diffraction falsify the measured values for the
Fig. 1: Experimental set-up: Planck’s “quantum of action” from the photoelectric effect (line separation by defraction grating).
PHYWE series of publications • Laboratory Experiments • Physics • © PHYWE SYSTEME GMBH & Co. KG • D-37070 Göttingen
25105-01
1
LEP
5.1.05
-01
Planck’s “quantum of action” from the photoelectric effect
(line separation by defraction grating)
yellow and red spectral lines, place colour filters in front of the
entrance diaphragm with the aid of an attachable diaphragm
holder (525-nm coloured glass for the yellow spectral line and
580-nm coloured glass for the red spectral line)
Fig. 2: Voltage of the photo-cell as a function of the frequency
of the irradiated light.
Before each measurement, discharge the entrance capacitor
of the measuring amplifier and check its zero point with the
diaphragm closed. When the measuring amplifier has been
switched on for approximately ten minutes, it is ready to use.
The setting parameters of the measuring arrangement are as
follows:
Measuring amplifier:
– Electrometer = Re > 1013 – Amplification = 10 °
– Time constant = 0
Voltmeter: 2 V DC
Theory and evaluation
Half of the inside of the high-vacuum photo-cell is metal-coated potassium-cathode. The anular anode is opposite the
cathode.
If a photon of frequency f strikes the cathode, then an electron can be ejected from the metal (external photoelectric
effect) if there is sufficient energy.
Some of the electrons thus ejected reach the (unilluminated)
anode so that a voltage is set up between anode and cathode, which reaches the limiting value U after a short (charging)
time. The electrons can only run counter to the electric field
set up by the voltage U if they have the maximum kinetic energy, determined by the light frequency,
hf A m 2
n
2
(Einstein equation)
where A = work function from the cathode surface, n = electron velocity, m = rest mass of the electron.
Electrons will thus only reach the anode as long as their energy in the electric field is equal to the kinetic energy:
eU An additional contact potential f occurs because the surfaces
of the anode and cathode are different:
eU f m 2
n
2
If we assume that A and f are independent of the frequency,
then a linear relationship exists between the voltage U (to be
measured at high impedance) and the light frequency f:
U 1A f2
e
h
f
e
If we assume U = a + bf to the values measured in Fig. 2 we
obtain:
h = (6.7 ± 0.3) · 10-34
Literature value: h = 6.62 · 10-34 Js.
m 2
n
2
with e = electron charge: 1.602 · 10-19 As.
2
25105-01
PHYWE series of publications • Laboratory Experiments • Physics • © PHYWE SYSTEME GMBH & Co. KG • D-37070 Göttingen