5G Ultra-High Capacity
Network Design With
Rates 10x LTE-A
Mischa Dohler
CTTC, Spain
IEEE ComSoc Distinguished Lectureship Tour
Texas/Arizona USA
November 2012
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
Slide template is copyright of BeFEMTO. All rights reserved.
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IEEE ComSoc Austin/Texas Chapter DLT
Drivers & Vision
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
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Smartphones Cause Capacity Crunch
home
office
home
80% Indoors
20% Outdoors
© Thierry Lestable, Sagemcom
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
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IEEE ComSoc Austin/Texas Chapter DLT
The Resulting Capacity Demand Prediction
 Total worldwide mobile traffic by 2020:
 more than 127 exa‐bytes (10^18)
 more than 30 times increase compared to today
Total mobile traffic (EB per year)
140.00
Yearly traffic in EB
120.00
100.00
Europe
Americas
80.00
Asia
60.00
Rest of the world
W orld
40.00
20.00
2010
2015
2020
Source: IDATE
© Thierry Lestable, Sagemcom
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
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Are we prepared to meet this capacity demand?
 IMT‐A 4G capacity targets [ITU‐R M.2133]:
 2.2b/s/Hz for downlink and 1.4b/s/Hz for uplink in urban deployment
 supported rate is thus maximal 100Mbps/km2 (500m cell size; 40MHz)
 Capacity needs (reality check):
 peak density of 8,000 people/Km2  of which only 10% subscribe to the broadband service
 of which only 20% require access at the same time
 each requiring 5Mbps
8,000 X 10% X 20% X 5Mbps = 800 Mbps/Km2
 4G requirements …
 … were short by a factor of 10 yesterday
 … are short by a factor of 50 today
 … will be short by a factor of 100 tomorrow
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
5
City
Average
People/Km2
Athens
5,400
Madrid
5,200
London
5,100
Barcelona
4,850
Warsaw
4,300
Naples
4,100
Berlin
3,750
Paris
3,550
IEEE ComSoc Austin/Texas Chapter DLT
Addressing Capacity Needs in the Past
 Increase in capacity over past decades:
 Martin Cooper:
 overall:
doubled every 30 months over past 100 years
million‐fold increase in capacity since 1957
 Breakdown of these gains:
 5 x PHY; 25 x spectrum; 1600 x reduced cells, 5 x rest
Reduced Cells
MHz
Ratio Gain/Cost
Most Important!
 Breakdown of (estimated) cost:
Reduced Cells
MHz
PHY
[HOT ‐ TOP 3 IEEE DOWNLOAD IN APRIL 2011] Mischa Dohler, R.W. Heath Jr., A. Lozano, C. Papadias, R.A. Valenzuela, "Is the PHY Layer Dead?," IEEE Communications Magazine, vol 49, issue 4, April 2011, pp 159‐165.
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
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Trend confirms: Link‐Layer won’t help
© Avneesh Agrawal, Qualcomm
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
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Time for Major Design Changes
To facilitate the exponential capacity
increase, dramatic changes to how we design cellular systems are needed!
… oh, and, yes, spectrum is not a problem
and power efficiency neither …
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
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Going 5G: Change in Design Paradigms
1. Differentiate clearly between outdoors and indoors design
80% of time
20% of time
Similar data experience outdoors & indoors important!
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
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Going 5G: Change in Design Paradigms
2. Put most efforts on architecture and management thereof
HBS
ABS
ABS
Polarization 1
Polarization 2
ABS
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
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Going 5G: Change in Design Paradigms
3. Acknowledge heterogeneous nature of wireless arena
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
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Going 5G: Change in Design Paradigms
4. Use absolute area capacity rather than spectral efficiencies
users care about rates
spectrum is heterogeneous
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
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Going 5G: Change in Design Paradigms
5. Cost considerations must be taken into account at design phase
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
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Outline of Talk (all very high‐level!)
A. Outdoors 5G Design
B. Indoors Femtocell Design
C. Management Through SON
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
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A. Outdoors 5G Design
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5G Architecture Design Principles
1. Water-filing applied to equipment placement
and its choice.
2. Aggressive spatial re-use due to ultranarrow beams at BS
3. Aggressive joint design of wireless access
and backhaul
4. Aggressive use of licensed and licenseexempt technologies
© 2011 Mischa Dohler
16/18
1Gbps/km2 Architecture [1/2]

Above-rooftop HBS serving many below-rooftop ABSs:
HBS
ABS
ABS
Polarization 1
Polarization 2
ABS
© 2011 Mischa Dohler
17/18
1Gbps/km2 Architecture [2/2]

Cost-efficient mixture of L/LE/60GHz wireless technologies:
© 2011 Mischa Dohler
18/18
Deployment Possibilities

Various planning and deployment possibilities:
ABS
a
a
a
a
ABS
a
a
a
a
ABS
a
a
b
a
a
b
ABS
b b1 a
ABS
b
b b1
b
HBS-LE
street
ABS
b1
b1
ABS
ABS
a
b1
b
b
a
b
b1
ABS
b
b
b
HBS-L
Roof- a
a
top
ABS
a
b
a
b
b
ABS
ABS
a
a
a
a
ABS
ABS
a
© 2011 Mischa Dohler
a
a
a
19/18
1Gbps/km2 Simulation Scenario

Grid Architecture:




Aggressive Frequency Reuse:



mimic Barcelona layout
per sector 4 ABSs, 1 user each
simulating 1 sector only
access link and self-backhaul communicate
simultaneously
access link and self-backhaul use the same
band
Self-Organizing Network:

© 2011 Mischa Dohler
adaptive and distributed power and
interference control at the ABS
20/18
1Gbps/km2 Simulation Results

40 MHz bandwidth & 4 beams achieve 1Gbps/km2 capacity density:
8
7
6
5
4
© 2011 Mischa Dohler
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From Theory to Standards

ETSI TC BRAN, TR 101 534:


© 2011 Mischa Dohler
Alvarion, CTTC, Polska Telefonia Cyfrowa, Siklu, Thales
"Very high capacity density BWA networks; System architecture, economic
model and technical requirements“
22/18
From Standards to Prototyping [1/3]

COBHAM’s high-capacity multi-beam Hub BS:
© 2011 Mischa Dohler
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From Standards to Prototyping [2/3]

ALVARION’s SISO & CTTC’s MIMO Access BSs:
© 2011 Mischa Dohler
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From Standards to Prototyping [3/3]

SIKLU’s cost-efficient 60GHz backhaul technology:
© 2011 Mischa Dohler
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From Prototyping to Practice [1/5]
Tel Aviv 1Gbps/km2 live test trial, April 2012:
© 2011 Mischa Dohler
26/18
From Prototyping to Practice
© 2011 Mischa Dohler
[2/5]
27/18
From Prototyping to Practice
© 2011 Mischa Dohler
[3/5]
28/18
From Prototyping to Practice
© 2011 Mischa Dohler
[4/5]
29/18
From Prototyping to Practice
© 2011 Mischa Dohler
[5/5]
30/18
B. Indoors Femtocell Design
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
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The Small‐Cell Solution Space
 Only viable solution is via change in architecture & smaller cells:
 Remote Radio Head:
 Relay:
 Pico Cell:
 Femto Cell:
“dumb” radio extension of BS; often RF/IF/BB‐over‐fiber
wireless radio extension of BS; often limited intelligence
intelligent BS; owned, planned and placed by operator
intelligent BS; mostly owned and placed by consumer; no planning!
© Josep Vidal, UPC
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
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Definition & Differentiation Of Femtocell
Femtocell
Picocell
Wifi
Site Rental
customer
operator
customer
Installation
customer
operator
customer
Electricity Bill
customer
operator
customer
Radio Planning
no (local)
yes (prior & global)
no
Backhaul Connection
via customer
dedicated
via customer
Macrocell Interaction
not (yet)
yes
not applicable
Transmission Power < 23dBm
23‐30dBm
20dBm
mainly closed
public
closed
possible
yes
vertical
Access Rights
Handover
Photo
©Sagem, TID
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
© 3g.co.uk
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© bandaancha.eu
IEEE ComSoc Austin/Texas Chapter DLT
The Femtocell Opportunity
1. Smart Digital Home:
3. Allows Traffic Offload:
© Femto Forum, Thierry Lestable, Sagemcom
© Thierry Lestable, Sagemcom
2. Reduces Customer Churn:
4. Energy Saver For All:
© Mobile VCE, D. Laurenson
© Femto Forum, Thierry Lestable, Sagemcom
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
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Finding Femtocells Very Appealing
© Femto Forum
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
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Femtocell Technology Providers
The ecosystem is now mature enough
© Thierry Lestable, Sagemcom
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
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Femtocell Rollouts & Deployments To‐Date
36 commercial deployments in 23 countries
15 roll‐out commitments in 2012
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
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Femtocells Business Model
This image cannot currently be display ed.
50£ one off
+5£/month
5$/month
180$ one off
+1.5$/month
This image cannot currently be display ed.
10$/month
250$ one off
This image cannot currently be display ed.
free of charge
159$ one off
This image cannot currently be display ed.
© BeFEMTO
100€ one off
+8€ /month
15€/month
10€/month
199€ one off
32$/month
255$ one off
+42$/month
In BeFEMTO, four business cases are investigated:
‐ One off fee: the user pays 50€ once, and the monthly payment does not change (35€/month)
‐ No fee: the user does not pay for the femtocell, and the monthly payment does not change (35€/month)
‐ Decrease: the user does not pay for the femtocell, and the monthly payment decreases by 5€ to 30€/month
‐ Increase: the user does not pay for the femtocell, and the monthly payment increases by 5€ to 40€/month
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
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Femtocell Market Growth Forecast © Informa Telecoms & Media
© Thierry Lestable, Sagemcom
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
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Related Fora & Standards Bodies
 Small Cell Forum (before Femto Forum)
 not‐for‐profit, founded 2007, rebranded 2012
 manufacturer‐driven
 main driver behind femtocell uptake
 3GPP





IWLAN & EPC standards (for Non‐3GPP Access & Mobility)
H(e)NB standards (for Basic FemtoCells)
LIPA & SIPTO standards (for Local Access & Offloading)
ANDSF Standards (for Discovery, Selection & Policy)
LIMONET (for LIPA Mobility), SaMOG(for Trusted WiFi), BBAI (for Broadband Network interworking)
 IEEE/WFA/WBA
 Hot Spot 2.0 (Discovery & Seamless Access Control)
 GSMA
 WLAN Task Force (2003?)
 WiFi Offload White Paper, April 2010
 GSMA‐WBA Joint Task Force –WiFi Roaming White Paper, Jan 2012
© Prabhakar Chitrapu, InterDigital
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
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Femtocell Design Challenges
© BeFEMTO
1. Low Device Cost:
 efficient, low‐cost power amplifiers, highly sensitive receivers, flexible channel bandwidth, reliable RF filters; low cost and low power implementation; etc.
2. System Interference Management:
 minimize interference to macro (and vice versa); minimize interference to adjacent femtos; coping with unplanned rollouts; coverage estimation, interference cancellation; etc.
3. Femtocell Capacity Maximization:
 link and access management (handover, admission control, resource management, load balancing and flow control); dynamic bandwidth allocation and sharing; etc.
4. Backhaul Issues:
 wired or wireless backhaul, reducing signaling load, QoS provisioning and traffic priorization, joint access and backhaul design; etc.
5. Viable System Architecture:
 control & data planes, access control, authentication, local breakout, efficient forwarding, seamless mobility, zero‐config, etc.
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
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Problem Of Interference With Femtos
Source: Zubin Bharucha, DOCOMO Euro‐Labs
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Rel‐10 ICIC In Heterogeneous Networks
 To support femtocell deployment effectively, inter‐cell interference coordination (ICIC) is necessary
 Different from homogeneous network (macrocell deployments), o Low power nodes (femto eNBs) must mute (or reduce transmission power)  Named as “Protected resources” here
o High power nodes (macro eNBs) need not mute
o  Named as “Non‐protected resources” here
 Protected/Non‐protected resources are multiplexed in frequency or time‐
domain  Both ICIC techniques are effectively supported in Rel‐10
Frequency-domain ICIC
Time-domain ICIC
Frequency
Carrier #1
Carrier Carrier
#2
#1
Frequency
Time
Cell layer
Time
Cell layer
Macro layer
Femto layer
Source: Zubin Bharucha, DOCOMO Euro‐Labs
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
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LTE‐A Control & Data Frame Structure •
•
data region interference mitigation (a lot of work with viable solutions)
control region interference mitigation (surprisingly little work given it is the actual problem since no control means no data)
Source: Zubin Bharucha, DOCOMO Euro‐Labs
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
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LTE‐A Detailed Control Frame Structure
• The control region contains 3 control channels:
– PCFICH: control frame indicator; occurs only on first OFDM symbol; scattered in frequency domain; indicates size of control region
– PDCCH: downlink control channel; spread in time and frequency; carries scheduling information
– PHICH: HARQ indicator channel; spread in time and frequency; contains HARQ information
• Focus on the performance of the first two because of differences in their distribution patterns – the PCFICH has restricted positions in the time domain, whereas the PDCCH is dispersed in the time and frequency domains
Source: Zubin Bharucha, DOCOMO Euro‐Labs
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
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LTE‐A Control Interference ‐ Current Approaches
(a)
•No coordination
Heavy
interference on 2
OFDM symbols
Source: Zubin Bharucha, DOCOMO Euro‐Labs
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
(b)
• Femto
control
channel sparseness
Interference to
first OFDM symbol
is lowered
46
(c)
•Almost blank subframe
Only interference from
reference symbol
Femto data transmission
is not allowed
IEEE ComSoc Austin/Texas Chapter DLT
Novel Femto‐Macro ICIC Approach [1/4]


The proposal from DoCoMo Euro‐Labs advocates carefully selecting the Physical
Cell Identifier (PCI) of HeNBs at start‐up, such that any interference caused by their
control channels to the PCFICH of any trapped macro UEs is avoided.
o In order for this to be possible, the HeNB needs to identify the eNB that it is
closest to.
Identifying the eNB means that the HeNB must be aware of the PCI of the eNB
(decoded using synchronization procedure).
Source: Zubin Bharucha, DOCOMO Euro‐Labs
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
Illustration only
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Novel Femto‐Macro ICIC Approach [4/4]
Qualcomm Proposition in BeFEMTO for Resource Partitioning in Space for Femto‐Macro Interference Mitigation:
 Problem Statement:
 proper resource partitioning is a must to handle femto‐macro interference
 beam selection in MIMO‐enabled femto BS equipment could be made use of
 Innovative Proposition:
 design of suitable coordinated beam selection algorithm following LTE codebook designs
 comparative study between different restriction and codebook policies
 study outcomes: codebook restrictions yields gains to macro users at low femto capacity loss
50% improvement @ macro
5% deterioration
@ femto
Source: Qualcomm, BeFEMTO
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
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C. Self‐Organizing Networking
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
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Capacity‐Optimal Schedule?
With femtocells, the degrees‐of‐freedom (DOF) increase significantly – and with it complexity!
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
[presented by Interdigital: Globecom’11 – IWM2M, Houston]
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System Degrees of Freedom
High number of femtos/users/resources/etc + interference constraints ‐> Problem of DOF
Degrees of Freedom (DOF) / Area:
 new system DOF = old system DOF x 20‐30
 new system density = old system density x 4
 new DOF/km2 = old DOF/km2 x 100
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
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SON Is The Only Solution
 SON Helps For Previously Manual Processes:
 reduce manual intervention for deployment savings
 automate repetitive processes
 examples: automatic planning & self‐configuration
 SON Helps For Too Fast/Complex Processes:
 improve run‐time operation based on real‐time data
 automate optimization of critical network elements
 example: self‐optimization & self‐healing
 Among the many possible approaches, we deal with cognitive/docitive RRM to facilitate SON.
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
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SON In Cellular Networks
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
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Important SON Tradeoffs
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
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SON Through Cognition/Docition
 From cognitive to docitive networking paradigms:
 cognition: “system which is working under conditions it was not designed for”
 docition: “teaching” between expert nodes to accelerate learning/cognition
 result: truly autonomous SON with quick convergence
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
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Cognitive Approach – Q‐Learning
 FOR each (s, a) DO
 Initialize table entry:
Q ( s, a )  0
...
a1  p1
al  pl
 Observe current state s
s1
Q( s1 , a1 )
 WHILE (true) DO
s2
Q( s2 , a1 )
...
Q( s 2 , a * )
...
Q( s2 , al )
v
Q(v, a1 )
...
Q (v, a * )
...
Q (v, a l )
sk
Q( sk , a1 )
Q( s1 , al )
 Select action a and execute it
 Receive immediate cost c
 Observe new state v
 Update table entry for Q(s,a) as follows
Q(s, a)  Q(s, a)  [c   maxQ(v, a)  Q(s, a)]
a
Q( sk , al )
 State transition from s to v
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
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Docition Approach – Exchange of Q‐Entries

Nodes operate in a distributed and autonomous fashion but exchange suitable parts of their Q‐Table:
Output Action
pxy
Input State
 Startup Docition. Docitive femto BSs teach their policies to newcomers joining the network.  IQ‐Driven Docition. Docitive radios periodically share part of their policies with less expert nodes with similar gradient.
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
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Performance – Superior Capacity
 Macrocell capacity as function of femtocell density:
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
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Performance – Superior Convergence Precision
 CCDF of average SINR at macrouser for a 50 % occupation ratio:
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
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Performance – Superior Convergence Speed
 Convergence speed improves by order of magnitude from 20,000 (cognitive) to 4,000 (docitive) iterations:
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
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D. Future Challenges
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
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Conclusions on Outdoors 5G
Operator’s capacity challenge today and for next years: capacity requirements are far off reality
except for order‐of‐magnitude PHY, rather work on architecture
infrastructure cost is major driver since ROI margins tighten
management becomes major problem, SON is a must
1Gbps/Km2 architecture with the following properties...
… LTE(‐A) & WiMAX‐agnostic architecture
... anytime and everywhere in urban environments
… cost‐efficient to operators, service providers, users
… spectrally efficient using both licensed and exempt bands
... autonomous operation facilitating deploy & forget experience
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
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Conclusions on Femto Cells
Heterogeneity Is Quickly Increasing:
femtos, networked femtos, wifi, m2m, etc, etc
future use outdoors, mobile, in relay form
allow for viable QoS/QoE delivery
Self‐Organizing Networking Will Be Key:
distributed  localized SON (important for signaling)
standards compliant SON approaches for industry uptake
take energy constraints into account
Business Models
 subscriber models  FON‐like approaches
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
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Conclusions on Femto Cells
Femtocell rollouts of the future: Data Traffic:
 40% @Home
 35% On the Move
 25% Work
© BeFEMTO & Thierry Lestable, Sagemcom
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
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Rate
Heterogeneous Access Technology Landscape
high
low
WiFi & Femto
(IEEE, IETF, 3GPP)
Cellular xG
(ITU, 3GPP, ETSI)
ZigBee & LP Wifi
(IEEE, IETF)
M2M
(ETSI, 3GPP)
low
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
high
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Range
IEEE ComSoc Austin/Texas Chapter DLT
ANNEX
Subsequent slides are not part f endorsed by the IEEE nor ComSoc, and a private slide of M Dohler.
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
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Disclaimer
Besides my own, many third party copyrighted material – mainly from the BeFEMTO Femtocell Winterschool 2012 & BuNGee project – is reused within this tutorial under the 'fair use' approach, for sake of educational purpose only, and very limited edition.
As a consequence, the current slide set presentation usage is restricted, and is falling under usual copyrights usage.
Thank you for your understanding!
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
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CTTC [www.cttc.es]
Research, prototypes, commercialization:
6 cutting‐edge R&D areas:
> 200 papers per year!
Major branch in Hong Kong!!!
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
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LENA NS3 Open‐Source Simulators (femtos too)
 CTTC working with Ubiquisys, the leading femtocell manufacturer:
 develop a common platform for LTE femto/macro cell vendors to evaluate their different solutions
 open source to foster adoption/contributions; based on NS‐3; http://iptechwiki.cttc.es/LTE‐EPC_Network_Simulator_(LENA)
 use case: LTE‐based Self Organized Networks
 need to test SONs algorithms before deployment
 Ubiquisys made extensive use of simulation to design its first generation of WCDMA intelligent femtocells
 Product–oriented:
Real‐world interfaces for SON algorithms
FemtoForum MAC Scheduler API specification
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
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BeFEMTO Project [www.ict‐befemto.eu]
> 30 Deliverables!
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
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Femtocell Special Issues
© 2012 Mischa Dohler
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Transactions on Emerging Technologies
Year of Average Days to submission first decision Average Days to final decision 2009 158 243 2010 207 245 2011 61 83 © 2012 Mischa Dohler
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