AIMS, SCOPE AND SUBJECTS Aims: To provide a permanent record of the expanding corpus of scientific and technical knowledge for all IEEE members and others interested in the interdisciplinary field of dielectric and electrical insulation. It is an archival publication which disseminates the results of fundamental and applied research. Scope: Topics that are concerned with dielectric phenomena and measurements, with development and characterization of gaseous, vacuum, liquid and solid electrical insulating materials and systems; and with utilization of these materials in circuits and systems under condition of use. Subjects: Nanodielectrics, partial discharges, outdoor insulation; biodielectrics, dielectrics and electrical insulation at cryogenic temperatures, liquid dielectrics, solid dielectrics, gaseous dielectrics, vacuum insulation, electrostatics, electrical insulation of rotating machines, electrical insulation in power transformers, cable insulation, electrical and water trees, condition monitoring and diagnostics, insulation in power modulators and repetitive pulsed power. INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS Submit your paper online at www.cloznet.com/ieeetdei using Microsoft Word only and follow closely the template provided. Process for Submitting a Manuscript for Publication (1) The Editor must be informed if the manuscript has been presented, published, or submitted for publication elsewhere (give title, location, date, etc.). (2) Acceptance of manuscripts is conditional on referee and editorial approval (See the DEIS Editorial Policies), and on a completed Copyright form. Acknowledgement of new manuscripts will be by e-mail, showing the publication data, for verification by the correspondent. It is the policy of the IEEE to own the copyright to the technical contributions it publishes. To comply with U.S. copyright law, authors are required to sign the IEEE copyright transfer form before publication. This form is available electronically on the same website and must be completed during the submission of the paper and sent online directly to IEEE. Style of original manuscripts (1) Start with the names of all authors and give complete postal addresses. E-mail addresses should not be used in the manuscript, as they are not permanent and therefore not archival. IEEE TRANSACTIONS on DIELECTRICS and Electrical Insulation IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON DIELECTRICS AND ELECTRICAL INSULATION (2) Provide an informative and short (ca., 200 words) paragraph as Abstract in bold style. An Abstract is not required for Discussions. SI units must be used throughout, also in Figures and Tables. If needed, any non-SI units should be defined and placed in parentheses next to the SI unit. (3) Provide up to 10 Indexing Terms or Key Words immediately following the Abstract. These can be selected from the linked IEEE list of Indexing Terms. (5) Provide brief technical biographies of all authors after the References list. Begin with the author name followed by IEEE membership grade(s) and date(s) (e.g. S’91–M’95–SM’00–F’04). Continue with the date and place of birth, educational background, degrees received, dates and universities names, employment experience and special fields of interest. A photograph of head and shoulder of all authors should also be provided and placed next to the technical biography. Style for Figures and Tables Figures and Tables must be placed in single column and referred to in the text. Provide captions for all Tables and Figures. The captions should be placed above the Tables and below the Figures. All must be numbered, e.g., Table 1., Figure 1, in bold style. Multi component Figures should be identified as a, b, c, ... and similarly in the captions. Parentheses are not necessary to use with a, b, c, ... Open Access This publication is a hybrid journal, allowing either Traditional manuscript submission or Open Access (author-pays OA) manuscript submission. By selecting "YES" in the submission form to the Open Access question, you commit to pay the discounted $1,750 OA fee if your manuscript is accepted for publication in order to enable unrestricted public access. Any other applicable charges (such as the use of color in the print format) will be billed separately once the manuscript formatting is complete but prior to the publication. If you select Traditional submission, your article will be available to qualified subscribers and purchasers via IEEE Xplore. No OA payment is required for Traditional submission. For any questions regarding IEEE’s Open Access policy, please refer to our Frequently Asked Questions on Open Access http://www.ieee.org/documents/ieee_open_access_faq_2011.pdf Vol. 23, pp. 1–612, No. 1, February 2016 (4) References should appear in a separate Section at the end of the paper, with items referred in the text shown on-line by bracketed numerals, e.g. [37]. References should be complete with title, the inclusive page range, and with the names of all authors. Do not use abbreviations such as ‘et al.’ or ‘ibid’. Website references should not be used as they are not permanent and therefore are not archival. Papers: [1] A. B. Charles, Partial Discharges, IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., Vol. 123, pp. 45–67, 1987. Books: [2] D. E. Fredd and G. Halo, Superlative Insulators, Plenty Press, Inc., New York, 1899, Chapter 4. IEEE TRANSACTIONS on DIELECTRICS A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE DIELECTRICS AND ELECTRICAL INSULATION SOCIETY February 2016 Volume 23 and Electrical Insulation Number 1 ITDEIS (ISSN 1070-9878) VACUUM INSULATION, FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS Resistance Increase of Vacuum Interrupters Due to High-Current Interruptions.................................................E. Dullni, D. Gentsch, W. Shang, T. Delachaux Arc Location Predictor on a 2D Composite Surface in Vacuum .........................................................................................................R. S. Joshi and S. B. Gupta Breakdown Performance of Vacuum Circuit Breakers Using Alternative CF3I-CO2 Insulation Gas Mixture...................P. Widger, A. Haddad and H. Griffiths Estimation of Flashover Voltage along Cylindrical Insulator in Vacuum .........................................................................................H. Naruse and O. Yamamoto Recovery of Dielectric Strength after DC Interruption in Vacuum .........................................................................................T. Qin, E. Dong, G. Liu and J. Zou Control and Suppression of Impulse Surface Flashover in Vacuum Based on Discharge Development Mechanisms ...................................................................................................................................................Y. Nakano, H. Kojima, S. Iitsuka, K. Tsuchiya and N. Hayakawa Analysis of Conditioning and Damaging Process in Vacuum based on Breakdown Probability Distribution ............................................................................................................H. Kojima, Y. Otake, T. Takahashi, N. Hayakawa, K. Hasegawa, H. Saito and M. Sakaki Asymmetrical AC Field Emission Current Characteristics of Vacuum Interrupters Subjected to Inrush Current ....Y. Yu, J. Wang, H. Yang, Y. Geng and Z. Liu Improved Geometry of the Vacuum-Insulator-Anode Triple Junction.....................................................................E. J. Lauer, M. A. Lauer and G. J. Caporaso REGULAR PAPERS CABLES Optimization of Water Terminations for Testing of Solid Dielectric Cable......................................................................A. Sayah, N. Oussalah and S. A. Boggs On-Line Monitoring Method for Long Distance Power Cable Insulation..................................................................B. Pang, B. Zhu, X. Wei, S. Wang and R. Li Effects of the Structure and Insulation Material of a Cable on the Ability of a Location Method by FDR...................................................Y. Ohki and N. Hirai ELECTRICAL TREES Time-Evolution Phenomena of Electrical Tree Partial Discharges in Magnesia, Silica and Alumina Epoxy Nanocomposites .......................................................................................................................................................................................C. Nyamupangedengu and D. R. Cornish On the Conducting and Non-Conducting Electrical Trees in XLPE Cable Insulation Specimens ............................X. Chen, Y. Xu, X. Cao and S. M. Gubanski Effect of Pulse Frequency on Tree Characteristics in Epoxy Resin under Low Temperature ...............................B. X. Du, M. M. Zhang, T. Han and L. W. Zhu FILMS Tailored Wide-Frequency Dielectric Behavior of Polyimide Composite Films with BaxSr1-xTiO3 Perovskites Ceramic Particles ...................................................................................................................................................................................J.-W. Zha, Q. Liu, Z.-M. Dang and G. Chen Surface Potential Behavior of Fluorinated Polyimide Film under Low Temperature...............................................................................B. X. Du and Y. Q. Xing Ferroelectric Properties of Polymeric Bilayer Systems ............................................................................D. von Nordheim, A. Austin, B. Ploss and K.-H. Chew Effects of Water Absorption on Surface Charge and Dielectric Breakdown of Polyimide/Al2O3 Nanocomposite Films .........................................................................................................................................................................................B. X. Du, Z. Y. He, Q. Du and Y. G. Guo Electric Characterization of LDPE Films with TSC and Dielectric Spectroscopy........................................................E. Logakis, L. Herrmann and T. Christen A Model for Calculating Thickness and Surface Conductivity of Water Film on an Inclined Insulator String .................................B. Porkar and M. Farzaneh Development of Low Temperature Co-Fired Ceramic (LTCC) Coatings for Electrical Conductor Wires....................Z. Wang, R. Freer, L. Fang and I. Cotton GASEOUS DIELECTRICS Statistical Evaluation of AC Corona Images in Long-Time Scale and Characterization of Short-Gap Leader ................................................................................................................................................X. Li, Q. Ye, W. Gu, R. Chen, Z. Wang, Z. Rao, Y. Hu and Z. Jiang Nonlinear Modeling of Streaming Electrification Measured in Swinging Cylinder System...................................................................D. Zmarzły and P. Frącz Reconstructing and Extracting Information on SF6 Decomposition Characteristic Components Induced by Partial Overthermal Fault in GIE ..................................................................................................................................................F. Zeng, J. Tang, X. Zhang, Y. Xie, Q. Yao, Y. Miao and C. Zhang Classification of Impulse Breakdown Mechanisms under Non-uniform Electric Field in Air .........................................................................H. Kojima, K. Hotta, T. Kitamura, N. Hayakawa, A. Otake, K. Kobayashi, T. Kato, T. Rokunohe and H. Okubo Breakdown in Low Pressure Ne Gas: Mechanisms and Statistical Analysis of Time Delay..............................................Č. A. Maluckov and S. A. Mladenović A Method for Synergistic Effect Evaluation of SF6/N2 Gas Mixtures.............................................................................................C. Guo, Q. Zhang and T. Wen LIQUID DIELECTRICS Simulation on the Microvaristor Chain Formation in Liquid Epoxy under Electric Field..................D. Komesu, M. Mori, S. Ishibe, M. Kozako and M. Hikita Detection of Power Transformer Bushing Faults and Oil Degradation Using Frequency Response Analysis............N. Hashemnia, A. Abu-Siada and S. Islam Influence of Barrier on Corona Discharge Activity in Liquid Nitrogen under AC Voltages Adopting UHF Technique ..R. Sarathi, L. Mittal and K. Sethupathi Creepage Discharge of Oil-Pressboard Insulation in AC-DC Composite Field: Phenomenon and Characteristics ..................................B. Qi, Z. Wei and C. Li Understanding the Ageing Aspects of Natural Ester Based Insulation Liquid in Power Transformer .........................................................................................................................................................K. Bandara, C. Ekanayake, T. K. Saha and P. K. Annamalai Comparative Studies on the Aging of Thermally Upgraded Paper Insulation in Palm Fatty Acid Ester, Mineral Oil, and Natural Ester ......................................................................................................................................................................J. Tokunaga, H. Koide, K. Mogami and T. Hikosaka Charge Transport in Thermally and Electrically Stressed Oil-Impregnated Paper Insulation..................M. Huang, Y. Zhou, C. Dai, W. Chen, L. Lu and Y. Sha NANODIELECTRICS Evaluation of Aging in Nanofilled Polypropylene by Surface Discharges...........................................A. B. Poda, R. Dhara, MD. Afzalur Rab and P. Basappa 1–7 8–13 14–21 22–28 29–34 35–42 43–48 49–57 58–60 61–69 70–76 77–84 85–94 95–103 104–112 113–120 121–128 129–133 134–141 142–148 149–157 158–164 165–173 174–182 183–193 194–201 202–210 211–215 216–221 222–229 230–236 237–245 246–257 258–265 266–274 275–287 OUTDOOR INSULATION Insulation Contamination of Overhead Transmission Lines by Extreme Service Conditions...........................P. N. Bychkov, I. K. Zabrodina and V. S. Shlapak 288–293 Evaluation of the Retention and Recovery of Hydrophobicity of Insulating Materials in High Voltage Outdoor Applications under AC and DC Stresses with the Dynamic Drop Test.......................................C. Bär, R. Bärsch, A. Hergert and J. Kindersberger 294–303 Infrared Analysis of Dry-Band Flashover of Silicone Rubber Insulators .....................M. Albano, R. T. Waters, P. Charalampidis, H. Griffiths and A. Haddad 304–310 Evaluation of the Aging Process of Composite Insulator based on Surface Charaterisation Techniques and Electrical Method .........................................................................................................................................................................................G. Haddad, K. L. Wong and P. Petersen 311–318 (continued on inside) IEEE DIELECTRICS and ELECTRICAL INSULATION SOCIETY IEEE DIELECTRICS and ELECTRICAL INSULATION SOCIETY The IEEE DIELECTRICS AND ELECTRICAL INSULATION SOCIETY is an organization, within the framework of the IEEE, of members with principal professional interest in dielectrics and in electrical insulation. Members of the IEEE and others are eligible for membership in the Society and will receive this TRANSACTIONS upon payment of the annual Society membership fee and $20.00. For information on joining, write to the IEEE or to the Membership Chairman, as given below. The DEIS WWW home page, at http://sites.ieee.org/deis/ has all available data on the DEIS. President P. L. Lewin Electrical Power Engng. Group, ECS University of Southampton Southampton Hampshire, SO17 1BJ United Kingdom R. A. C. Altafim R. Garcia-Colon E. Tuncer 2016 Historian G. Stone Iris Power LP 3110 American Dr. Mississauga Ontario L4V 1T2 Canada VP Administrator R. Gerhard University of Potsdam Department of Physics Potsdam, D-14469 Germany P. C. Gaberson B. G. Stewart A. Tzimas Awards & Recognition C. W. Reed 116 Woodhaven Dr. Scotia NY 12302-4808 USA E. David J. Fothergill S. Lang Chapters Vacant Magazine R. J. Fleming School of Physics Monash Univ. Victoria, 3800 Australia Aging Factors H. zhu Doble Engineering Co. 85 Walnut St. Watertown, MA 02472 USA HVDC Cable Systems G. Mazzanti Univ. of Bologna Dept. Electr. Eng. Bologna 40136 Italy VP Technical P. C. Gaberson Curtis-Wright 1000 Wright Way Cheswick, PA 15221 USA Magazine E. A. Cherney Elect. & Cmp. Eng. Univ. of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada Liquid Dielectrics B. Noirhomme IREQ Montreal Quebec Canada 2017 2018 S. Chakravorti D. Fabiani I. Ramirez-Vasquez Y. Ohki Y. Tanaka N. Frost Administrative Committee Chairs Education Andrea Cavallini Dept. Elect. Eng. Univ. of Bologna Viale Risorgimento 40136 Bologna Italy Meetings R. zarb Iris Power LP 3110 American Dr. Mississauga Ontario L4V 1T2 Canada Nanodielectrics M. F. Frechette Hydro Quebec Res. Inst. Material Sci. 1800 boul. Lionel-Boulet Varennes Quebec J3X 1S1 Canada Membership K. zhou R&D, HV Cable Accessories G&W Electric Co. Bolingbrook IL 60440 USA kai.zhou@ieee.org Discharges in Air in UHV L. Wang Lab Advanced Tech. Electr. Eng. and Energy Tsinghua University Beijing China Numerical Methods Applied to Dielectrics F. Baudoin Université Paul Sabatier 31062 Toulouse Cedex France Representatives Sensors G. C. Stone Iris Power LP 3110 American Drive Mississauga Ontario L4V 1T2 Canada T. Saha H. Sedding Y. Wen Fellows J. C. Fothergill Pro-Vice Chancellor City University Londong Northampton Square London EC1V 0HB United Kingdom Technical Committee Chairs Diagnostics M. Florkowski ABB Corporate Research ul. starowislna 13A 31-038 Krakow Poland Superconductivity D. Swaffield Converteam UK Rugby Warwickshire CV21 1BU United Kingdom Secretary B. G. Stewart School of Eng. and Built Environ. Glasgow Caledonian Univ. Glasgow Scotland, G4 0BA United Kingdom Adcom Members Constitution D. L. Schweickart Air Force Research Lab. 2645 Fifth St., Rm D101 MS: AFRL/PRPG Wright Patterson AFB OH 45433 USA Biodielectrics J. F. Kolb Leibniz Inst. Plasma Sci. Techn. Greifswald, V17489 Germany Energy Policy R. C. Wicks DuPont Company 5401 Jefferson Davis Highway Richmond VA 23234 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Officers Treasurer W. McDermid Manitoba Hydro 1840 Chevrier Blvd. Winnipeg Manitoba R3T 1Y6 Canada Corresponding D. Koenig (Germany) A. Calva (Mexico) N. Nakamura (Japan) U. Gäfvert (Sweden) Finance W. McDermid Manitoba Hydro 1840 Chevrier Blvd. Winnipeg Manitoba R3T 1Y6 Canada Nominations F. Hegeler Naval Rsrch. Lab/CTI Plasma Phys. Division Washington, DC 20375 USA frank.hegeler@nrl.navy.mil Gold A. Tzimas Univ. of Manchester School of Elect. Eng. Manchester M13 9PL United Kingdom Publications E. David Ecole de technologie superieure Montreal Quebec H3C 1K3 Canada eric.david@etsmtl.ca Electrohydrodynamics G. Touchard Universite de Poitiers Lab. d’Etudes Aerodynamique Futuroscope-Chasseneuil Cdx. 86962 France Outdoor Insulation E. Cherney University of Waterloo 200 Univ Ave W. Waterloo N2L 3G1, Waterloo Canada Past President F. Hegeler Naval Rsrch. Lab/CTI Plasma Phys. Division Washington, DC 20375 USA Smart Grid V. Catterson Dept. Electrical Electronic Eng. Univ. of Strathclyde Glasgow, G1 1XW United Kingdom Transactions R. Hackam 725 N. Talbot Rd. Windsor Ont. N9G 1M8 Canada High Fields High Freq. Effects Hulya Kirkici ECE Dept. Auburn University Auburn AL 36849-5201 hulya.kirkici@ieee.org Standard Liaison S. Cherukupalli BC Hydro POD B03 6911 Southpoint Dr. Burnaby British Columbia V3N 4X8 Canada New Technology J. K. Nelson El., Com., & Sys. Eng. Dept. Rensselaer Polytech Inst. 110 8th St., Rm JEC 5012 Troy NY 12180-3590 IEEE Smart Grid B. Bernstein Consultant 1433 Longhill Drive Rockville MD 20854 The INSTITUTE of ELECTRICAL and ELECTRONIC ENGINEERS, Inc. Officers H. E. Michel (President) B. L. Shoop (President-Elect) S. K. Ramesh (Vice President, Educational Activities) S. Hemami (Vice President, Publication Services & Products) B. P. Kraemer (President, Standards Association) V. Piuri (Vice President, Technical Activities) J. A. Jeffries (President IEEE-USA) H. Akagi (Division II Director) The IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON DIELECTRICS AND ELECTRICAL INSULATION is published bimonthly by The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Inc. Responsibility for the contents rests upon the authors and not upon the IEEE, the Society, or its members. IEEE Corporate Office: 3 Park Avenue, 17th Floor, New York, NY 10016-5997; telephone: 212-419+extension: Information 7900; General Manager 7910; Public Information 7867; Spectrum 7556; Standards 7960; Technical Activities 7890. NY Telex: 236-411 (International messages only). IEEE Operations Center (for orders, subscriptions, address changes, educational activities, region/section/student services): 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854-4141; telephone: 732-981-0060. IEEE-USA (for US professional activities): 2001 L Street, NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC 200364910 USA; telephone: 202-785-0017. Price/Publication information: Individual copies: IEEE members $20.00 (first copy only), nonmembers $72.00 per copy (Note: add $20.00 postage and handling charge to any order, including prepaid orders). Member and nonmember subscription prices on request. Available in microfiche and microfilm. Copyright and reprint permissions: Abstracting is permitted with credit to the source. Libraries are permitted to photocopy beyond the limits of US Copyright law for private use of patrons: (1) those post-1977 articles that carry a code at the bottom of the first page, provided the per-copy fee indicated in the code is paid through the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923; (2) pre-1978 articles without fee. For all other copying, reprint, or republication permission, write to: Copyright and Permissions Dept., IEEE Publishing Services at the Service Center. Copyright 2013 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA. Periodicals class postage paid at New York, NY and at additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Send address changes to Transactions DEI, IEEE, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854-4141. GST registration No. 125634188. EDITORIAL POLICIES The IEEE Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Society (DEIS) is responsible for leadership, coordination, and communication among those who are concerned with dielectric phenomena and measurements; with development and characterization of gaseous, liquid, and solid electrical insulating materials and vacuum; and with utilization of these materials in circuits and systems under conditions of use. The Society offers two publications which are relevant to the dissemination of information within its scope: these TRANSACTIONS ON DIELECTRICS AND ELECTRICAL INSULATION and the EI MAGAzINE. In each publication, every paper is reviewed and evaluated for acceptability in terms of its relevance, its technical contribution, and, for the TRANSACTIONS ON DIELECTRICS AND ELECTRICAL INSULATION, its continuing value as part of the permanent literature. Reports and articles worth writing deserve skillful presentation. The text must be stylistically and grammatically correct. The facts and ideas need to be expressed clearly, succinctly, and attractively for the average reader; the author should not assume that every reader is an expert in the author’s field. Stimulating and informative communication of scientific and technical knowledge that has continuing value is required. Good style and clarity are courtesies that the author owes to the reader. The purpose of publication is to convey technical information. Good writing insures that this is accomplished. The author need not be a member of the IEEE or of the DEIS. All persons active in the field are encouraged to submit papers for consideration, irrespective of professional affiliation. An essential part of research is open publication of its results. Therefore, it can be argued that a research project should bear part of the publication cost, usually paid in the form of page charges. Nevertheless, the DEIS currently does not levy page charges. All publication costs are paid by the DEIS as a service to its members and the research community. However, if either the figures, tables or other artwork in the manuscript violate the guidelines, or if changes are made on the final proof beyond the original manuscript, the author will be charged appropriate modification costs. The TRANSACTIONS ON DIELECTRICS AND ELECTRICAL INSULATION is published bimonthly to provide a permanent record of the expanding corpus of scientific and technical knowledge for all IEEE members and others interested in the interdisciplinary field of dielectrics and electrical insulation. It is an archival publication which disseminates the results of fundamental and applied research. This journal is edited to encourage deeper understanding and greater effectiveness in the reporting of facts and theories germane to dielectric behavior and properties of electrical insulating materials and systems. Thoughtfully prepared and carefully documented papers dealing with fundamental concepts of dielectric behavior, with original theoretical and experimental studies, and with reproducible means of evaluating performance of materials and equipment are most appropriate. Tutorial or synoptic papers are encouraged, provided they present a fresh approach and a penetrating analysis of an established subject in the field of dielectrics or electric insulation. Conclusions must be supported by data or literature references so that the reader may judge the paper’s validity independently. The author is expected to differentiate between conclusions based on association and those that can be attributed to specific causes. The manuscript should be precise, concise, and candid. All pertinent literature, including antithetical references, should be cited. Mere summaries of the literature, progress reports having no permanent value, and papers containing commercial overtones are not acceptable. Failure either to disclose the generic name of a material, or to characterize it technically, and the improper use of a trademark will result in a request for revision as a condition of acceptance. The TRANSACTIONS ON DIELECTRICS AND ELECTRICAL INSULATION publishes four categories of technical reports: papers, reviews, communications, dielectric letters, and discussions. Papers, as described above, are well-documented final reports of research projects. Communications (up to 5 pages) and dielectric letters (up to 3 pages) are shorter and contain noteworthy items of technical interest or ideas required rapid publication. Reviews are synoptic papers on a subject of general interest, with ample literature references, and written for readers with widely varying background. Discussions on published reports, with author rebuttals, form the fourth category of TRANSACTIONS ON DIELECTRICS AND ELECTRICAL INSULATION publications.