Particles
of matter
in an
atom
3 states of
matter
(Particles
enlarged
to show
shape and
volume)
Atoms are composed (made up of) of particles
called protons, neutrons and electrons:
ATOM
Gas
Liquid
Protons and
neutrons are
inside the
nucleus
(center)
Solid
Remember:
Atoms are
teeny tiny, so
these
particles of
matter are
even tinier.
atom (the
smallest
amount of
an
element)
Basic building blocks of everything you see
around you, and even lots of things you can’t
see, like the air that you breathe. Atoms are so
small that there are millions and billions and
trillions in the tiniest speck you can see.
Solids, liquids, gases – all matter – are made up
of atoms (or other things, like molecules, that
are made up from atoms)!
Elements
(made
entirely
from one
type of
atom)
A basic substance that can't be simplified:
hydrogen-H
oxygen-O
Elements (4) you
silicon-Si
have to know for
Earth’s layers !!!
nickel-Ni
iron-Fe
gold-Au
molecule
Two or more atoms that are chemically joined
(stuck) together (H2, H2O-water )
Atom
A water molecule has
2 hydrogen atoms and 1
oxygen atoms.
22
There are 3.3 x 10
molecules in 1ml of
water.
Copper
Graphite
Diamond
Sulphur
Silver
Gold
2 or more Elements = 2 or more Minerals** = Rocks
(**Minerals shown above are single element minerals)
mineral
naturally occurring
inorganic
organic
Solid (one of states
of matter)
Crystal structure
definite chemical
composition
color
streak
Hardness
luster
cleavage
fracture
rock
rock cycle
see diagram below
A naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has a crystal structure and a
definite chemical composition.
must occur naturally
not formed from living things or the remains of living things
living things or the remains of living things
A mineral is always a solid with definite volume and shape.
Particles of a mineral line up in a particular pattern that repeats over and
over again.
Minerals always contain certain elements in definite proportions.
The color seen when light reflects off the surface of a mineral.
Air and water can change the color of a mineral.
The sun is another. A lot of minerals can change color because of
impurities, such as boron, iron, phosphorus, celedon, chromium, sulfur,
and the list goes on.
Rubbing or scratching an unglazed porcelain plate to reveal minerals true
color by the powder left behind.
The resistance of a mineral to being scratched. Moh’s Hardness scale is a
chart rating the minerals from 1-10 on their hardness.
The way a mineral’s surface reflects light. (metallic or non-metallic)
When a mineral breaks along a smooth, flat surface. Some minerals
don’t have this property.
When a mineral breaks unevenly and the surface is bumpy. Some minerals
do not have this property.
A natural material that is made of minerals. (Can be organic and
inorganic since decomposed organisms become part of some sedimentary
rocks.)
The series of processes and stages in which a rock forms, changes from
one type to another, is destroyed, and forms again through geological
processes.
*This is a slow change over time that can take millions of years to
complete.
uplift
Weathering
Erosion
deposition
Magma/Magma
Chamber
Rock Formation
igneous rock
(ex. Pumice)
sedimentary rock
(ex. Sandstone)
metamorphic rock
texture
foliation
A process that brings rock to the earth’s surface, where it can undergo the
weathering and erosion process.
The destructive forces such as wind, water and ice (freezing and
thawing), that breaks rocks into pieces, sediment or dissolves them.
The removal, build-up or creation of rock. (The removal of sediments.)
A process that explains how pieces of rock are deposited (dropped) or laid
down to a new location. This can causes constructing or building up of the
location.
Molten rock that is located under the surface of the Earth.
A magma chamber is usually located far beneath the surface of the Earth
where an oceanic plate is driven down (subduction) into the mantle by a
continental plate. The oceanic plate melts as it descends into the upper
layer of the mantle
Plate movement is also related to rock formation from folding, faulting
and uplift.
A rock that is formed when magma (intrusive-inside or deep within the
Earth)/lava (extrusive-at Earth’s surface)/melted rock reaches the crust
so that it can cool and harden.
Formed when pieces of rock are deposited into layers, compacted on top of
each other and are naturally cemented.
A rock that is changed by being squeezed under high pressure and high
heat conditions.
The arrangement of the crystals or pieces of sediment in a rock.
The texture of a metamorphic rock when the minerals are forced into
layers
Rock Cycle Diagram