EXPERIMENT: 1.1
ANALYZING DC OPERATION OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
PREPARATION INFORMATION:
Figure 1.1
Inverting operation of operational amplifier is given in figure 1.1. Operational amplifiers are good at DC amplification. Input is applied to the negative pin of the inverting amplifier. There is a 180 degree phase difference between the input and the output. If positive signal is applied to the input, a negative signal is taken from the output with amplitude as much as the gain. Similarly, if negative signal is applied to the input, a positive signal is taken from the output with amplitude as much as the gain.
The resistance R1 is the input resistance and the resistance RF is the feedback resistance in the circuit. The voltage between the negative input (2 nd pin) of the operational amplifier and the chassis is zero volts. For that case;
Vi= Ii.R1.
For the output Ii=IF, so,
Vo= Ii.RF=IF.RF.
In electronic circuits gain always equals to the ratio of the output to the input.
A

Vo

Ii .
RF
Ii .
RI

RF
( Ii is cancel out )
Vi RI
It must always be remembered that there is a 180 degree phase difference between the inputs and the outputs of the inverting amplifier. For example, if the input voltage is
Vi=0,5 and the gain is A=20;
Vo= -(Vi.A) =-(0, 5 .20) =-10Volts.
As another example, if Vi=-0,2Volts;
Vo= -(Vi.A) =-(0,2. 20)=-(-4) =4Volts.
Operational amplifiers operate with both negative input signal and positive input signal.
So they are used for AC amplification. If the input and the output signals are visualized by using an oscilloscope with two channels, phase relation is easily observed.
In our experiment set, in the operational amplifier experiments, we have chosen 10K,
50K, and 100K for resistance RF for simplicity in calculations. 50K resistance is obtained by parallel combination of two 100K resistances since 50K is not a standard value.

EXPERIMENT: 1.1
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
Connect the circuit as shown in the figure.
1Apply power to the circuit.
2Adjust the input voltage to values (VM1) given in Table 1 by using potentiometer P.
Take note of the output voltage (VM2) in each step.
VM1 ( Volt
0,200
0,400
) VM2 ( Volt )
-0,200
-0,400
-0,600 0,600
Table 1
3Why is the output voltage negative??

4What is the voltage gain of the circuit?
NOTE: Do not consider the sign of the output signal.
5What does the gain of the inverting amplifier depend on?
6Open the short circuit O-A and short circuit O-B. Take note of the output voltages for the inputs given in the 2 nd step.
VM1 ( Volt ) VM2 ( Volt )
0,200
0,400
0,600
-1,00
-2,00
-3,00
Table 2
7Calculate the gain of the circuit?
8Does the equation A=
RF 2
satisfy the gain?
R 1
9Does the operational amplifier operate as DC amplifier?
10How should the supply be when the operational amplifier is operating as an DC amplifier?