This paper was originally published at the "9th International Workshop on Large-Scale Integration of Wind Power
into Power Systems as well as on Transmission Networks for Offshore Wind Power Plants."
http://www.windintegrationworkshop.org/previous_workshops.html
Large-Scale Real-Time Simulation of Wind
Power Plants into Hydro-Québec Power System
Richard Gagnon, Gilbert Turmel, Christian Larose, Jacques Brochu, Gilbert Sybille, Martin Fecteau
 Abstract-- This paper is a synthesis of the work done at
Institut de Recherche d’Hydro-Québec for modeling and
simulating wind power plants for power system studies. The
electromagnetic transient model of a wind generator using a
doubly-fed induction generator is presented. Modeling
techniques for simulating large wind power plants are
described. Model validation using field measurements and
simulation study are presented. Real-time simulation of 25
aggregate wind power plants into the series-compensated
Hydro-Québec power systems is finally presented and
illustrates the feasibility of using large-scale electromagnetic
transient simulations for power system studies.
Index Terms—Wind generator, wind power plant,
modeling, model validation, simulation, real-time simulation.
I. NOMENCLATURE
WPP
WG
IREQ
DFIG
POI
EMT
MATLAB/SPS
HVDC
WFMS
wind power plant
wind generator
Institut de Recherche d’Hydro-Québec
doubly-fed induction generator
point of interconnection
electromagnetic transients
MATLAB/SimPowerSystems
high voltage direct current
wind farm management system
II. INTRODUCTION
B
Y 2015 Hydro-Québec will be carrying about 4000
MW of wind power over its transmission system.
Integrating WPPs generation under optimal conditions
requires extensive modeling and simulation. Modern WGs
use sophisticated conversion systems including power
electronics and advanced control systems. The diversity of
actual WG technologies, the rapidity with which these
technologies are developing and the difficulties to obtain
technical data from WG manufacturers due to intellectual
properties have for consequence that there is not any
standard WG models for power system studies.
Furthermore, WGs are generally grouped together to form
WPPs. A typical large WPP may count several tens of WGs
connected to a collector system comprising overhead lines
and cables. Due to power computation limitations, it
remains unrealistic to simulate each WG of each WPP of a
R. Gagnon , G. Turmel, C. Larose, J. Brochu, G. Sybille, are with
IREQ Varennes, QC Canada J3X 1S1 (email: gagnon.richard@ireq.ca)
M. Fecteau is with Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie, Montréal QC Canada
H5B 1H7.
power system. Simplified or aggregate models of WPPs are
thus required for power system studies. A major research
project on WPP modeling for Hydro-Québec power system
studies was therefore undertaken at IREQ.
The project objectives were:
 To develop a model of a type-III WG (DFIG)
for EMT studies
 To validate the model with field measurements
 To develop or validate methods to form
aggregate models of WPPs for load flow,
stability and EMT studies
 To validate the aggregate model of an actual
WPP with field measurements
 To develop methods for large-scale EMT
simulation of WPPs.
This paper is a synthesis of the work done in this project.
Most of the topics presented here have already been
published or are submitted for publication. Nevertheless,
none has been published on the integration of the diverse
methods and results issuing from this project for large-scale
real-time simulation of WPPs in the EMT domain. This last
achievement of the project is presented at the end of the
paper.
Knowing that a huge number of simulations would be
required to reach the project objectives we chose Hypersim
simulator with MATLAB/SPS models of WGs as simulation
environment. Hypersim is a fully digital simulator
developed by Hydro-Québec for real-time and off-line
simulation [1]. Hypersim can import the code generated
from a MATLAB/Simulink model through the MATLAB
Real Time Workshop (RTW) [2].
The paper is divided into four sections. The
MATLAB/SPS models of WGs and the modeling
techniques for simulating large WPPs with Hypersim are
respectively presented in sections III and IV. Section V
presents model validation. This includes validation of typeIII WG and WPP models using on-line disturbance
monitoring, validation of aggregation techniques for WPP
modeling and generic equivalent collector system
parameters for large WPPs. The last section presents the
real-time simulation of 25 generic WPPs connected to a
Hypersim 643-bus (3-phase bus) model of the HydroQuébec power system. This simulation illustrates the
feasibility of using EMT large-scale simulation for
integrating wind power and to study possible interactions
between series-compensated power system, real HVDC
controls, and massive wind power generation.
1 of 8
III. WIND GENERATOR MODEL
The Matlab/SPS model of the type-III WG is shown in
Fig. 1. The AC/DC/AC converter is divided into two
components: the rotor-side converter (Crotor) and the gridside converter (Cgrid). Crotor and Cgrid are VoltageSourced Converters that use forced-commutated power
electronic devices (IGBTs) to synthesize an AC voltage
from a DC voltage source. A capacitor connected on the DC
side acts as the DC voltage source. A coupling inductor L is
used to connect Cgrid to the grid. The three-phase rotor
winding is connected to Crotor by slip rings and brushes
and the three-phase stator winding is directly connected to
the grid.
The power captured by the wind turbine is transmitted to
the drivetrain modeled as a two-mass system. The turbine
model is illustrated in Fig. 2. Turbine and drivetrain
parameters are given in [3]. The drivetrain mechanical
power is converted into electrical power by the induction
generator and it is transmitted to the grid by the stator and
the rotor windings. The control systems in Fig. 3 to 5
generate the pitch angle command and the voltage command
signals Uctrl_rotor and Uctrl_gc for Crotor and Cgrid
respectively. These output signals are used to control the
speed of the generator, the DC bus voltage and the reactive
power at the grid terminals.
value of the q-axis flux of the generator in order to obtain
the reference rotor current Id_ref that must be injected in the
rotor by converter Crotor. The actual Id component is
compared to Id_ref and the error is reduced to zero by a
current regulator. The output of this current controller is the
voltage Vdr that will be generated by Crotor.
As for the reactive power, it is measured at the grid
terminals of the WG and it is compared to its reference
value (Qref). The error is reduced to zero by an integral
regulator (var regulator). Qref is the output of the wind farm
management system (WFMS) that regulates the voltage at
the POI of the WPP and the power system. The WFMS is
not described in this paper. The output of the var regulator is
the reference voltage Vref at the grid terminals of the WG.
The actual voltage is regulated to its reference value Vref by
an integral regulator. The output of this regulator is the rotor
current Iq_ref that must be injected in the rotor by converter
Crotor. The same current regulator as for the
electromagnetic torque control is used to regulate the actual
Iq component to its reference value. The output of the
current controller is the voltage Vqr that will be generated
by Crotor. The 3-phase voltage (Uctrl_rotor) of Crotor is
obtained from a d-q to ABC transformation.
turb
X
..
Wind
Turbine
[Turbine_speed]
[Pitch_deg]
1
TurbTorque_puMec
TurbTorque_puMec
Cp(,Pitch)
[Turbine_speed]
TurbineSpeed_pu
GenSpeed
DFIG
[wr_pu]
[Vabc_B1]
c
1
Tm
[Tm_pu]
A
A
a
2
m
A
a
B
3
C
b
C
c
A
B
C
B
C
A
B
Filter
Q=50
Choke
[Vabc_B1]
Vabc_stator_pu
[Iabc_stator]
Iabc_stator_pu
[Iabc_grid_conv]
c
[Uctrl_grid_conv]
[angle_rotor_rad]
g
A
b
B
+
A
C1
Iabc_rotor_pu
[Uctrl_rotor_conv]
Vdc_V
C
B
-
C
Cgrid
-
Porder
meas
Pitch_deg
..
A
a
b
B
b
cC
C
B
C
Crotor
c
Ideal
Transformer
Pitch Control
Qref _pu
angle_rotor_rad
X Tem cmd
[Vabc_rotor]
cA
a
PI
+_
ref
Pmeas
g
+
aB
Iabc_gridconv _pu
Uctrl_rotor_conv
[Vdc_V]
Qref_pu
2
[Uctrl_rotor_conv]
A
c
Uctrl_gridconv
c
[Iabc_rotor]
[Uctrl_grid_conv]
1
s +1
X
meas
[Vabc_grid_conv]
[Iabc_grid_conv]
Control System
Torque
..
Speed Regulator
meas
C
A
c
C
X
Fig. 2. Turbine model
B
b
B
Power
turb
[T m_pu]
-K-
Tm_Shaf tTorque_pu
K*Cp*Wind^3
Wind
WindSpeed_m/s
WindSpeed_m/s
[wr_pu]
Cp
Pitch
Drive Train
TurbineSpeed
Pitch_deg

Kb
PI
[Pitch_deg]
++
wr_pu
1
s +1
Pitch
Pitch Compensation
Fig. 1. Matlab/SPS model of the type-III WG
Porder
A. Crotor control system
The rotor-side converter controls the generator speed and
the reactive power measured at the grid terminals. The
speed regulator is illustrated in Fig. 3. The pitch and the
pitch compensation control loops are also illustrated in the
same figure. See [3] for more details.
The speed is controlled in order to follow a pre-defined
power-speed characteristic, named tracking characteristic.
The actual power Pmeas is measured at the grid terminals of
the WG and the corresponding speed of the tracking
characteristic is used as the reference speed for the speed
regulator. The output of the regulator is the electromagnetic
torque (Tem cmd) that must be generated by the generator.
Fig. 4 illustrates control of the electromagnetic torque
and of the reactive power. The d-axis of the rotating
reference frame, used for d-q transformation, is aligned with
the positive-sequence of stator voltage using a phase-locked
loop. The reference torque (Tem cmd) is divided by a scaled
PI
+_
1
Fig. 3. Speed regulator, pitch control, and pitch compensation control loops
Tem cmd
Flux
Estimator
Q ref
+_
Q meas
Ki
s
Phi q
K
V ref
_
+
V meas
Vdr
X Id ref +
_
.
.
Id meas
Kv
s
Current
Regulator
Vqr
Iq ref
dq Uctrl_rotor
to
abc
+_
Iq meas
Fig. 4. Control system for rotor-side converter
B. Cgrid control system
The converter Cgrid is used to regulate the voltage of the
DC bus capacitor and to keep grid converter reactive current
to zero. The control system, illustrated in the Fig. 5 consists
of a DC voltage regulator and a current regulator. The
rotating reference frame used for d-q transformation is the
same as for Crotor control system. The output of the DC
2 of 8
voltage regulator is the reference current Id_ref for the
current regulator. The current regulator controls the
magnitude and phase of the voltage generated by converter
Cgrid (Vgc) from the Id_ref produced by the DC voltage
regulator and Iq_ref = 0.
Vdc ref
+_
Vdc meas
PI
Id ref
Vd gc
+_
Id meas
Iq ref = 0
Current
Regulator
dq Uctrl_gc
to
Vq gc abc
+_
Fig. 6. Average modeling of a back-to-back PWM converter
Iq meas
Fig. 5 Control system for grid-side converter
IV. MODELING TECHNIQUES FOR SIMULATING
LARGE WWPS
A detailed EMT model of WPP, with all WGs
represented with the collector system, is required to validate
any aggregate model of WPP.
However, using traditional EMT simulation tools, it is
unrealistic to simulate each WG of a large WPP since
simulation time becomes extremely long as the network size
and number of WGs increase. On the other hand, progress
in simulator and supercomputer now allow real-time
simulation of large networks using EMT models.
IREQ’s real-time simulation expertise has been used to
develop efficient modeling techniques for WPPs. As a
result, a large WPP can now be simulated in detail, with
each WG individually represented, in real-time or close to
real-time. The resulting EMT simulation, performed on a
parallel supercomputer, is fast enough to fulfill simulation
needs in the time frame of EMT and transient-stability for
validating aggregate model of WPPs. The next sections
present a brief overview of the modeling techniques
developed for large WPPs. More details are available in [4].
A. Modeling of power electronics in a wind generator
Modern WGs (type-III and IV) use power electronic
converters with PWM switching frequencies in the 1- to 5kHz range. The simulation of PWM switching is very
demanding for EMT simulation, since each switching
implies matrix manipulation that is very costly in
computation time. Instead of using detailed switch model,
two different approaches were implemented. These are
identified as the average model and the switching-function
model.
In the average model, the converter is represented by a 3phase controlled voltage source. These sources are driven
by the control voltages of the PWM converters. The
capacitor voltage variation is also considered in this
representation, since the AC power flowing in or out the
converter must be kept equal to the DC power. The average
converter model implies no switching and no change in
circuit topology, offering very fast simulation speed. As
harmonics are not represented, time step as large as 20-50
µs can be used to conduct various power system studies.
Fig. 6 depicts the implementation of the average model for
back-to-back PWM converters of the type-III WG.
The second approach is the switching-function model.
The same techniques of controlled voltage source is used,
except that theses sources inject switched output voltages
derived from the PWM control signals and PWM
generators. Smaller time step is required for precise results
and this representation includes harmonics generated by
PWM switching.
B. Decoupling of WPP power system equations for parallel
processing on a supercomputer
Real-time digital simulators, based on multi-processor
system, have been relying on power system equation
decoupling for more than a decade. Using this technique,
part of the natural propagation delay of a transmission line
is absorbed by the communication time between two
processors. As a result, the large system impedance matrix
can be divided into multiple smaller matrices and can be
solved in parallel on many processors without numerical
error. The reduced matrix size drastically diminishes the
computation effort, thus improving simulation speed.
This technique is only applicable for overhead (O/H) line
or underground (U/G) cable that are long enough, in order
to have a total propagation delay that is longer than the
simulation time step. Unfortunately, WPP collector
networks use short lines, so the technique cannot be applied
directly.
It is known that the propagation delay (tpropag) of a line
involves its length (l) and its propagation speed (v), as in the
following equation:
t propag  l
v
and
 1
LC
(1)
In order to decouple WPP collector system, the
propagation delay of some selected U/G cables needs to be
artificially increased. To do so without affecting the
precision of the simulation results, this artificial increase is
done by virtually moving and grouping the C from the
surrounding power system components. Doing this, the
global capacitance of the system is not modified, and only
nearby capacitances are grouped to a punctual location.
To minimize the impact on simulation results, the virtual
displacement of capacitances should be done in order to
preserve the same total positive- and zero-sequence
capacitance. Using this technique, the collector system can
be decoupled in numerous sub-networks for very fast
simulation time. Fig. 7 a) depicts this technique.
Similarly, each WG present on the WPP can be
decoupled from the collector system for faster simulation. In
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this case, decoupling is done at the U/G cable, or at the
equivalent collector system impedance of an aggregate
WPP, that interconnects the generator transformer to the
collector system. If the total capacitance of surrounding U/G
cables is not sufficient for decoupling, part of the
transformer leakage inductance can be also moved to the
decoupling cable. However this virtual displacement of the
leakage inductance can only be done with a transformer
with delta connection, to avoid impact on the zero-sequence
impedance of the system. Fig. 7 b) depicts this technique.
a) Decoupling the WPP collector system
that the conformity of the model with the field
measurements is very good for this particular event. Such
good correspondence of the model for a number of different
operating conditions and recorded disturbances has greatly
contributed to increase the confidence in the validity of the
model. Fine-tuning the model is a process relatively
straight-forward for small disturbance, but it becomes more
complex with large and/or unbalanced disturbance due to
various non-linearities. Regardless of the disturbance
severity, this approach requires a good understanding of
internal dynamics and control strategies of the WG to
model.
b) Decoupling a WG from the WPP collector system
IG
Fig 7. Moving of L and C from surrounding components to allow
decoupling of WPP collector system equations.
V. MODEL VALIDATION
A. Validation of type-III wind generator and WWP models
using on-line disturbance monitoring
For the purpose of model validation, on-line monitoring
equipment has been installed on a typical WPP connected to
the Hydro-Québec power system. This WPP is composed of
seventy-three 1.5-MW type-III WGs. Fig. 8 shows the
WPP, with the voltages and currents monitored and their
locations at the generator, feeder and POI levels. From 2007
to 2009, various disturbances (e.g. faults and frequency
deviations) were recorded. Those recordings have been used
to validate the type-III WG model in the EMT domain.
POI
230kV
V I
34.5kV
V I
Feeder
Selected type-III WG
V I
I
To other
feeders
IG
V I
V
Grounding
transformer
V
I
Voltage measurement
Current measurement
To other WGs
Fig. 8. Measurement points of a wind power plant
The model validation process used is based on playback
techniques, where the model is fed with recorded voltages
from the actual WG, and validation is confirmed when the
model produces the same current as those recorded during
the disturbance. Following the same approach of waveform
playback, the entire WPP model has also been validated,
using recorded voltages and currents at the POI level. The
WFMS was also modeled and validated in the mean time.
Fig. 9 shows a comparison between simulation results
and field measurements for a remote fault. It can be seen
Fig 9. Comparison of recorded and simulated waveforms at the type-III
WG level during a fault on the transmission network
B. Validation of aggregation techniques for WPP modeling
Use of the WPP aggregate models is required for power
system studies. However, until recently, precision and
validity of such models remained to be evaluated.
In order to validate the precision of aggregate models for
EMT simulation, a detailed model of an actual 109.5-MW
WPP was developed. Its 73 WGs of 1.5 MW are connected
to a 34.5-kV collector system comprising 17 km of
overhead lines and 62 km of cables. The detailed EMT
model was developed using the modeling techniques
presented in section IV.
With the availability of the fast-simulating detailed
model of this WPP, an exhaustive simulation study [5] was
performed for validating the adequacy of the National
Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) equivalencing
method [6]-[7] for modeling WPPs. This method, promoted
by the Wind Generation Modeling Group (WGMG) of the
Western Electricity Coordinating Council is illustrated in
Fig. 10. Aggregated WGs of a WPP are represented by an
equivalent WPP comprised of only one equivalent WG, one
equivalent collector system (ECS) and actual station step-up
and grounding transformers.
The simulation study demonstrates that the method
proposed by NREL appears to offer precise results for
various types of disturbances and operating conditions, for
both EMT and stability studies. Fig. 11 shows the
performance of the NREL method for WPP modeling. In
this figure, a 2-phase fault is applied to 4 different models of
WPP: the detailed 73-WG model, and three different
4 of 8
aggregate WPPs consisting of 1, 2 and 4 equivalent WGs.
Fig. 10. Single-machine equivalent WPP promoted by the WGMG.
Fig. 11. Comparison of a detailed WPP model with a 1-, 2- and 4-WG
equivalent WPP models. More than one equivalent WG is not necessary for
modeling a WPP when all WGs are exposed to the same wind speed.
C. Generic equivalent collector system parameters for
large WPPs
The equivalent collector systems of 17 WPPs rated
between 50 and 300 MW were analyzed. Using this sample,
a set of generic equivalent collector system parameters were
calculated to be used for prospective studies of WPPs for
which little or no information is available yet. An
exhaustive sensitivity study based on EMT simulations has
confirmed the adequacy of the generic equivalent collector
system parameters [8].
VI. LARGE-SCALE REAL-TIME SIMULATION OF WPPS
The objective of this section is to integrate the modeling
techniques explained in the previous sections in order to
simulate in real-time WPPs connected to the Hypersim
model of the series-compensated Hydro-Québec power
system.
A. Description of the Hypersim model of Hydro-Québec
power system
The Hypersim model of the main part of Hydro-Québec
power system is illustrated in Fig. 12. The eastern part of
this power system, connected at Lévis substation, is
illustrated in Fig. 13. In these figures the location of WPPs,
including WFMS, is shown by wind turbine pictures. For
the main part of the power system, all 735-kV buses are
represented, the main 315-kV and 230-kV buses and some
161- and 120-kV buses are also represented. As for the
eastern part of the power system, all 315- 230- 161- and
120-kV and some 69-kV buses are represented. The major
part of the lower voltage transmission and distribution
system, including the loads and generation, are represented
by reduced equivalents. The hydroelectric generators
models include turbine, automatic voltage regulator (AVR)
and stabilizer. The line series compensation is also
represented [9]. The simulated power system includes the
following main components:
 643 three phase buses
 34 hydroelectric generators (turbine, AVR,
stabilizer)
 1 steam turbine generator
 25 WPPs
 7 static VAR compensators
 6 synchronous condensers
 167 three-phase lines
 More than 150 transformers including magnetic
saturation
The total production is 35000 MW including 2700 MW
of wind power. 1800 MW of wind power are produced by
16 WPPs in the eastern power system. The 9 WPPs
connected to the main power system produce the remaining
900 MW.
The 25 WPPs are each modeled as single-machine
equivalents using the validated NREL method with generic
equivalent collector system parameters presented in section
V. Although various WG technologies could have been
used, all WPPs simulated here use the type-III model
presented in section III. In order to achieve real-time
simulation performance the modeling techniques presented
in section IV are used for decoupling WPP equations. The
average model is used to simulate the power electronic
converters of WGs.
B. Illustrative example of real-time simulation
The power system of Fig. 12 and 13 is simulated in realtime using a SGI Altix 4700 supercomputer using 72
processors, at a 50 s time step.
In steady-state each WPP is producing its nominal power
and zero reactive power. The speed of each WPP is 1.2 pu
(synchronous speed is 1 pu).
Simulation results shown in Fig. 14 illustrate the system
response to a 6-cycle single-line-to-ground fault. The fault
is applied at t = 0.1s at 315-kV Lévis bus and it is
eliminated at t = 0.2s.
The first column of Fig. 14 illustrates the three-phase
voltage at 315-kV Lévis bus and the positive-sequence
5 of 8
voltages at 735-kV Boucherville bus close to Montréal and
230-kV Matane bus in the eastern system. The terminal
voltage, the speed and the active and reactive powers of the
synchronous generator at Manic 5 are illustrated in the
second column of this figure. Finally, the two last columns
illustrate the active and reactive powers, the DC bus
voltages and the speeds of WPP7 and WPP9. WPP7 is
located in the far eastern part of the power system and
WPP9 is located in the south of Montréal. Speeds and
voltages of all synchronous generators and WPPs recover
after fault clearing. This particular power system
configuration is therefore stable for this particular WPPs
location.
VII. CONCLUSION
The WPP modeling project conducted at IREQ has
delivered the following models and methods: 1) a type-III
WG model, 2) validation of an aggregation method for
modeling WPPs and 3) validation of the WG and WPP
models of an actual WPP connected to the Hydro-Québec
power system. Field measurements have been used for
model validation.
The modeling techniques developed in this project for
simulating WPPs on a supercomputer allow rapid EMT
simulations of WPPs on large-scale power systems. Realtime simulation has been achieved to simulate 25 WPPs on
the Hydro-Québec power system.
It is now feasible to study possible interactions between
series-compensated power system, real HVDC controls, and
massive wind power generation.
VIII. REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
V.Q. Do, J.C. Soumagne, G. Sybille, G. Turmel, P.Giroux, G.
Cloutier, S. Poulin « Hypersim, an integrated real-time simulator for
power network and control systems », Third International Conference
on Digital Power System Simulators (ICDS), Vasteras, Sweden, May
25-28, 1999.
MATLAB, Simulink and Real Time Workshop User’s Guides, The
Mathworks Inc., 1990-2010.
Dynamic Modeling of GE 1.5 and 3.6 Wind Turbine-Generators;
Prepared by: Nicholas W. Miller, William W. Price, Juan J. SanchezGasca; October 27, 2003, Version 3.0; GE-Power Systems Energy
Consulting; Copyright 2002 General Electric Company, U.S.A..
Available:
http://www.easthavenwindfarm.com/filing/high/modeling.pdf
C. Larose, R. Gagnon, G. Turmel, P. Giroux, J. Brochu, D. McNabb
and D. Lefebvre, “Large Wind Power Plant Modeling Techniques for
Power System Simulation Studies”, in Proc. 8th International
Workshop on Large-Scale Integration of Wind Power into Power
Systems. Bremen, Germany, Oct 2009, pp. 472-478.
J. Brochu, C. Larose and R. Gagnon, "Validation of single- and
multiple-machine equivalents for modeling wind power plants,"
submitted in April 2010 for publication in the IEEE Transactions on
Energy Conversion.
E. Muljadi, C. P. Butterfield, A. Ellis, J. Mechenbier, J. Hochheimer,
R. Young, N. Miller, R. Delmerico, R. Zavadil and J.C. Smith,
"Equivalencing the collector system of a large wind power plant,"
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Montreal, Qc, June 2006.
E. Muljadi, S.Pasupulati, A. Ellis and D. Kosterov, "Method of
equivalencing for a large wind power plant with multiple turbine
representation," presented at the IEEE Power and Energy Society
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the 21st Century, 2008.
[8]
[9]
J. Brochu, C. Larose and R. Gagnon, "Generic equivalent collector
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D. Paré, G. Turmel, J.-C. Soumagne, V.Q. Do , S. Casoria, M.
Bissonnette, B. Marcoux, , D. McNabb; " Validation Tests of The
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Network," in Proceedings of the International Conference on Power
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IX. BIOGRAPHIES
Richard Gagnon obtained his B.Sc.degree in physics engineering in
1990, his M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering in 1992 and his Ph.D.
degree in electrical engineering in 1997, all from Université Laval
(Québec). From 1996 to 2001, he was professor of electrical engineering at
Université du Québec à Rimouski. Since 2001, he has been a research
engineer at IREQ (Hydro-Québec’s research institute). His professional
interests include modeling and simulation of power system devices and
wind generators.
Gilbert Turmel obtained is DEC in 1980 in Longueuil, Canada. He
joined the Institut de recherche d'Hydro-Québec (IREQ) in 1980. He is
working in the power system simulation group since 1991. He is a senior
operator of the real-time simulator. His work involved the specification,
validation and operation of the Hypersim real-time simulator for power
system studies and also in giving training session on the use of the
Hypersim simulator.
Christian Larose received his B.Eng. degree in Electrical Engineering
in 1995 and M.Sc. degree in 1998, both from École de Technologie
Supérieure (Montréal, Canada). He joined Institut de recherche d'HydroQuébec (IREQ) in 1996 as a development engineer in the Power System
Simulation Laboratory. His main interest includes modeling and real-time
simulation of power systems.
Jacques Brochu obtained his B.A.Sc. and M.A.Sc. degrees in electrical
engineering from Université Laval in Québec City in 1981 and 1986
respectively and his Ph.D. degree from École Polytechnique de Montréal in
1997. From 1981 to 1983, he was production engineer for Canadian
General Electric. He is currently a research engineer at IREQ (HydroQuébec’s research institute) where he has worked since 1985. His main
areas of interest include power electronics and power flow control devices
for power systems. He has been involved in the development of the
Interphase Power Controller (IPC) technology and is the author of a
reference book on the subject.
Gilbert Sybille received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from
ESEO, Angers, France, in 1970 and M.Sc. degree from Laval University,
Quebec City, QC, Canada, in 1978. In 1978 he joined Hydro-Québec Power
System Simulation Department, Institut de Recherche d’Hydro-Québec
(IREQ), as a Research Engineer. He has been project leader in many
simulation studies where he developed an expertise in real-time testing of
FACTS controllers. He has also developed various models and software
programs for the IREQ’s real-time simulator. He is the technical leader and
one the key developers of the MATLAB SimPowerSystems simulation
software.
Martin Fecteau, ing. received a B.SC.A in electrical engineering in
2001 from Laval University in Québec city. Since 2002 he has worked for
Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie in the system studies group of the
transmission system planning department where he has been involved in
several studies concerning wind farm integration, grid code issues,
protection and EMTP modelling. Mr. Fecteau is a member of the IEEE
Power Engineering Society and is a registered professional engineer in the
province of Québec.
6 of 8
Hydro
Quebec
IREQ
Power System Simulator
Churchill
Hydro−Quebec Network
3 gr
hartjaune
*MS11
VD11
y
1/Z
Efd_Vstab
u
Vt_Pe
churchill_A1aA11
2
H
hartjaune_T4T5
La Grande
1
s140
2
A
P
T1aT11
D
POW
L1695
1
s138
2
390 MW
39 Mvar
churchill_T71aT76
*MS12
VD12
*MS19
y
1/Z
y
Efd_Vstab
1
Efd_Vstab
u
1
Vt_Pe_w
normand_T5T6
Vt_Pe
churchill_b2360
2
laforge1_A11aA16
churchill_b760
lagrande4_A1aA9
H
H
VD17
VD9
laforge1_b365
*MS17
P
*MS9
1/Z
y
2
Efd_Vstab
u
Vt_Pe_w
laforge1_T11aT16
1/Z
y
Efd_Vstab
u
Vt_Pe
normand_T2T3
nikamo_b465
DefCHUR
brisay_A1A2
1
lagrande2A_A1aA12
1
2
L3170_L3171
s14a
H
s146
L3172_L3173
H
s132
laforge2_b366
s145
y
Efd_Vstab
u
Vt_Pe_w
VD16
y
1/Z
Efd_Vstab
Vt_Pe
L3168_L3169
lagrande3_A1aA12
H
L3039
tilly_T2T3
1
u
lagrande2a_T21aT26
1/Z
y
Efd_Vstab
u
u
Efd_Vstab
radisson_b1020
2
laforge2_T21T22
1
1
165 MX
lagrande3_T1aT3
lagrande2_b749
CXC51_ZnO
CXC51
2
Manic
s167
1
L7055
L7056
L7054
2
lagrande3_charge
lagrande2_T1aT8
H
1
1
H
s13
s159
2
1
Vt_Pe_w
stemarguerite3_A1A2
B7051_c
laforge2_A1A2
lagrande2a_b349
L3162_L3163
lagrande1_T1aT12
lagrande1_T21T27
lagrande1_b361
*MS31
1/Z
y
Vt_Pe
tilly_b724
H
1
2
330 MX
*MS13
VD13
lagrande4_charge
lagrande2_A1aA16
2
1
L1498
L7051
VD31
brisay_T1T2
1
sgu = 0.164
2
lagrande4_T1aT3
Vt_Pe
*MS16
2
lagrande1_A1aA12
H
normand_b3170
1
L3166_L3167
2
Efd_Vstab
L7052
L7053
2
*MS18
*MS15
VD15
1/Z
y
1
CXC53
2
s9
CXC52
2
montagnais_T2T3
2
2
stemarguerite3_T1T2
1
1
montagnais_b710
s338
lemoyne_b723
L7060
2.1
1.1
L3115_L3116
VD25
*VD3
radisson_chargePQ_R
L7057
*MS3
1/Z
y
Efd_Vstab
u
*MS25
Efd_Vstab
u
Vt_Pe
*MS26
1/Z
y
1/Z
y
VD26
Vt_w_Pe
L7088
L7089
u
Efd_Vstab
Vt_Pe
L7031
manic5_A1aA8
L7033
L7032
eastman_A1aA3
H
SW1
L3152_L3153
H
chisasibi_b2799
manic5PA_A1aA4
330 MX
radisson_b720
arnaud_b309
990 MX
1
H
arnaud_T7T8
1
P
manic5_b41
s335
L7069_7070
L7059
L7061
radisson_T2T3
2
2
s337
s328
2
DefRAD
manic5_T51aT58
2
eastman_T1aT3
2
1
manic5_b41_R
L7062
2
*VD33
330 MX
Efd_Vstab
u
2
CXC33_ZnO
CXC33
arnaud_T3T5
2
Vt_w_Pe
1
arnaud_b1609
Efd_Vstab
Vt_w_Pe
arnaud_b709
s332
toulnustouc_b476
outardes4_A1aA4
toulnustouc_A1A2
1
2
1
toulnustouc_T1T2
1
1
1
H
H
1
1
u
2.2
1.2
2.2
BUS4
*MS33
1/Z
y
*MS29
VD29
1/Z
y
L3176_3177
1.2
CXC32
2
s319
2.1
1.1
1
CXC31
s317
BUS3
L7063
1
1
1
manic5pa_T41aT44
1
radisson_b320
CXC28
CXC27
CXC29
1
1
1
2
L3031_L3032
CXC70
CXC59_ZnO
CXC59
nemiscau_T1T2
CXC61
CXC62
s327
2
2
2
2
y
H
L3033_L3034
2
2
1/Z
Efd_Vstab
u
Vt_Pe
1.1
2
1320 MX
L3123
outardes4_T41aT44
albanel_b782
L7027
*MS24
VD24
1
nemiscau_b780
2
2
CXC69
manic3_A1aA6
CXC63
2
2.1
1
L7079
s227
1
1
s321
2
SVC_albanel
SVC_nemiscau
330 MX
2
manic3_T31aT36
s3CY
2
L3035_L3036
SVC_ALB_s
*VD37
1
P
*MS37
1/Z
y
s121
BrManic5
SVC_NEM_s
u
Efd_Vstab
Vt_w_Pe
U
L7076_7077
L7078
L7080
L7081
L7082
660 MX
U
micoua_b306
I
manicouagan_CS1CS2
L3027_L3028
H
Rp96
I
L7029
L7028
SVC_ALB
Efd_Vstab
y
SVC_NEM
2
RpOY
abitibi_CS1CS2
s114
H
micoua_T1aT4
1.2
2
2.2
1
micoua_T8T9
manicouagan_T23T24
1
1
1/Z
y
CXC78
CXC80
Efd_Vstab
u
1
manicouagan_b705
manic2_A21aA28
P
2
2
Vt_Pe
micoua_b706
CXC76
CXC77
abitibi_T61T62
2
SW5
2
2
1
H
1
chibougamau_b783
abitibi_b713
s374
L7090
manic2_T1aT4
L3021_L3022_L3023_L3024
1
2.1
1.1
2.1
1.1
*MS23
VD23
1
1
2
CXC81
CXC82
2
L7011
1
s14I
1
1
2
2
P
1
y
manicouagan_T1aT4
1
*MS7
*VD7
SW6
1
chibougamau_T2T3
1/Z
Efd_Vstab
u
s245
s244
Vt
2
495 MX
TrSVC_chibougamau
abitibi_T1aT3
2
manicougan_b305
2
s281
2
VD8
L7004_A
u
Vt_Pe
1
H
WT17_Park
I
SVC_CHI
2
bersimis2_T1aT5
2
s252
1
1
1
s257
1
bersimis1_T1aT8
Périgny
2
YgD_HT
1
hauterive_b1643
1
CXC04
bersimis2
1
bersimis2_b433
2
DYgHW
CHX
outardes2_A1aA3
P
2
H
2
L3009
CXC84
CXC85
2
outardes3_T31aT34
bersimis2_b434
2
T1
CXC86
2
s166
SW7
*ZZ_HRaa
saguenay_b718
chamouchouane_b7312
VD27
2
H
1
laverendrye_b714
1
charlevoixA
L7026
saguenay_T1aT3
TrSVC_chamouchouane
*MS27
1/Z
y
u
Efd_Vstab
s61
Vt_Pe
s59
CXC7
2
2
LF
TrSVC_laverendrye
WT14_Park
SVC_CHO_s
L_CLC_cham
LF_Cha
Efd_Vstab
u
*WT14
660 MX
Eastern
Network
levis_b303
2
2
2
Vt_w_Pe
T1
2
SVCsecLVD7
CXC23
CXC8
*MS28
*VD28
1/Z
y
s165
s57
1
1
1
outardes3_A1aA4
1
lebel_b528
Levis
315 kV
outardes2_T21aT23
2
s255
LF_WT17
s1HV
RHU
2
CXC19
1
1
1
CXC92
L7023_A
*WTI7
V_BusHT
FL
s32HY
1
2.2
CXC93
2
L7008_A
L7007_A
1
T1
Rp6I
chibougamau_b1683
2.2
1.2
1.2
1
CXC94
s234
s251
L3029_L3030
s258
L3150
2
hauterive_T1aT3T5aT7
2
H
L7092_7093
1
L3026
bersimis1_A1aA8
L7084_7085
U
L3151
hauterive_b643
L3010
bersimis2_A1aA5
Efd_Vstab
L3013_L3014
990 MX
L7086
*MS8
1/Z
y
L7019
SVC_CHI_s
660 MX
L7094
s56
s58
s60
V_BusHT
150 Mvar
L3001_L3002_L3003_L3004
L3020_L3012_L3011
U
U
LF_WT14
I
SVC_CHO
I
LF
166 MX
Rp3U
SVC_LVD7
Quebec
s329A
R96
s197
1
2
1
2
L7004_B
Rp16
DYg98
L7045
YgD_95
saguenay_b1618
T1
C99
*ZZ_93
WT13_Park
L7007_B
L7008_B
L7023_B
T1
*WT13
s80
lafontaine_T2T3
s78
L7044
2
laurentides_SRC
2
1
FL
L3058_L3059
laurentides_T1T2
U
RP9
s1PA
1
2
T2W
2
laurentides_b704
Tr433J
2
1
H33
XC35
*ZZ_P6
TrSVC_laurentides
2
L7010
chenier_T4aT6
levis_b703
L7047
petitenation_b577
F7_3V
1
L3052_L3053_B
1
2
L3052_L3053_A
Load3
L7024
330 MX
1
y
L7035
L7005
1
L7097
L7017
chenier_b715
B1277_capac
L7009
jacquescartier_b717
L7002
RpNL
s158
1
WT16_Park
lanaudiere_b462
duvernay_T2T3T5
Vt
petitenation_b1277
*VD_CS2
L3054_L3055
s3YS
carillion_b1507
L1126
1/Z
y
Efd_Vstab
1
B_jacquescartier_b317
LF_WT16
gentilly2
Vt_w_Pe
1
s189
2
2
s331
s334
1
2
H
duvernay_T8aT11
YgD_1Q
lanaudiere_b1262
DYg1T
L3069
duvernay_T21T22T23
s157
B317_capac
2
L2382
165 MX
L3102_L3110_L3106_L3107
s119
gentilly2_T2
C1U
B1230_capac
chateauguay_T12
L3046_L3047_L3048_1
chomedey_b430
levis_b2003
1
L2381
L3100_L3101
duvernay_b302
L2390
2
1
B1103_capac
s3ZC
L3046_L3047_L3048
s113
delery_T2T4
s10
2
1
L3019_L3098
mauricie_b488
Vt
1
carignan_b730
duvernay_b1102_b1103
lagabelle_b2217
1
delery_b483
1
L3086L3087
L1437_A_L1438_L1439
B2072_capac
mauricie_T1T2
R3_bidon
chateauguay_T1aT3
1
2
L3005
y
s116
s17
1
boutdelile_T3T4T8
B2290_capac
2
carignan_T2T3
B_saraguay_b1231
L2346
mauricie_b2188
2
L1256_L1257_A
s36
2
B_notredame_b427
1
s169
2
1
2
norskhydro_b2074_et_b2073
lagabelle_A1aA5
s29a
2
thetford_b2290
H
s6
L3091_L3092
s322
nicolet_b2007_A
L3057_L3056_L3061
2
L7095
L7096
L2383
s118
chateauguay_b719
chomedey_b1230
L2329
jacquescartier_b317
*ZZ_1Oas
L3016
L2375
becancour_b2072
L3015
H
B2003_capac
2
T1
B302_capacA
L3070_L3071
beauharnois_A1aA14
beauharnois_T1aT7
levis_T31T32
1
appalaches_T2T3
nicolet_T2aT4
2
Vt_Pe_w
s25
carillon_T1aT14
lachute_b8210
2
1
H
Efd_Vstab
T
s11S
R1R
2
1
*MS34
2
FL
s321V
B1262_capac
L3070_L3071_1
appalaches_b790
nicolet_b707
nicoletslack
1
s277
duvernay_CS1aCS3
Vt_Pe
y
jacquescartier_T2
V_BusHT
2
2
Vt_w_Pe
Load1
L7042
1
Efd_Vstab
u
lanaudiere_T2aT4
*CS2
Efd_Vstab
u
L3054_L3055_1
chomedey_T2T4T5
*MS2
VD2
y
1
2
1/Z
y
1
2
L1265_L1353_etc
s359
*MS22
1
s1
*MS10
Efd
H
duvernay_b702
L7046
H
Vt_w_Pe
levis_CS1CS2
2
330 MX
petite_nat_T1T2
u
Efd_Vstab
u
SVC_LAU
vignan_b1256
carillion_A1aA14
1/Z
levis_T1aT4
I
VD10
*CS3
*VD_CS3
U
grandbrule_b1170
2
F5_3W
L3104
L7020
vignan_T2aT4
B1258_capac
1/Z
XC36
2
levis_T12aT14
T1
CPC
2
vignan_b458
1
DYgPB
YgD_P8
charlevoixB
grandbrule_T2T3
1
y
I
SVC_LEV
3
laurentides_b304_R
L7025
1
345.7 MX
2
LF_WT13
s32PD
1
1
grandbrule_b770
L3058_L3059_tmp
s333
Ba3I
V_BusHT
laurentides_b304
L7018
L7016
s338a
B1280_capac
lafontaine_b1280
gentilly2_b2100
BUS1
la_gab_T1aT5
L3046_L3047_B
L1256_L1257_A1
saraguay_T1aT8
L2386
L2371_L2378
L7014
L2379
L2372
L3091_L3092_1
B1283_capac
s54
B319_capac
1
notredame_b427
s3050
descantons_b755
*VD30
carignan_b2030_R
B1228_capac
s110
trenche_b2220
L2358_B
dessources_b7280
2
2
WT10_Park
L2331_B
becancour_b2272
1
L2331_A
L2380
B1231_capacA
2
H
boucherville_b701
s19a
B_langlois_b1275
1
trenche_T1T6
saraguay_b1231
1
L1472
P
y
2
2
H
s38
beauharnois_A29aA35
y
1/Z
Efd_Vstab
u
1
LF_WT10
2
DYgFV
T1
Filtres CCHT
descantons_b2055
Vt_Pe_w
deshetres_b2178
y
1/Z
rapidedescoeurs_b2071
Vt
H
3
L2304
Efd
u
*ZZ_FQ
chuteallard_A1aA6
1
B2001_capacA
B2001_capacB
chuteallard_b2081
s503
*MS32
VD32
*VD6
y
1/Z
Vt
u
s386
s373
s18
Efd
u
FL
s1FU
*MS36
1/Z
CFW
s575
2
Vt
2
1
boucherville_b2001_R
H
L2358_A
beaumont_A1aA6
beaumont_T1aT6
wemotacie
L7048
boucherville_b2001_C
1/Z
*WT10
V_BusHT
RFT
2
YgD_FS
VD36
y
trenche_A1aA6
BrLd_BCV2
s3QO
beauharnois_A36
VD5
y
T1
s32FX
Vt_Pe_w
H
s59a
chuteallard_T1T2
P
165 MX
*MS4
VD4
H
Efd_Vstab
u
1
2
H
Montreal
Vt
1/Z
rapidedescoeurs_A1aA6
1
L2305
Efd
u
330 MX
rapidedescoeurs_T1T2
troisriviere_b2268_A
s383
*MS21
VD21
1/Z
y
*MS35
s16a
DefBOUC
2
lescedres_A14aA18
2
s30Y
langlois_b1275
s184
Efd_Vstab
VD35
boucherville_T5T7T8
H
beauharnois_T29aT35
s105
1
beauharnois_T36
Vt
rapideblanc_b2219
CX7U
saraguay315_25
2
*MS30
rapideblanc_A1aA6
1
s91
1
u
s2
s7
2
boutdelile_b1228
1
descantons_T2aT4
rapideblanc_T1aT6
lescedres_T3
L1435
1/Z
y
s7T
boucherville_T3T4
L1256_L1257_B
L1131
L1263
langlois_T2T3
L2385_A
carignan_b2030_C
2
saraguay_b431
1
1
delery_b1283
*MS5
s25a
Efd
u
Vt
VD20
y
L2358_C
1/Z
*MS7a
Efd
u
Vt
WT12_Park
s26a
T1
*WT12
1
V_BusHT
L1117_L1132
2
H
WT11_Park
latuque_A1aA6
latuque_T11aT13
T1
FL
*WT11
LF_WT12
V_BusHT
s32G9
LF_WT11
1
LF
s1G6
RG5
2
1
2
latuque_T11aT12
s32HD
RH9
s1HA
YgD_G4
s301
1
2
DYgG7
1
2
T1
DYgHB
CG8
YgD_H8
*ZZ_G2
T1
latuque_b2835_et_b3101
*MS1
VD1
y
1/Z
Efd
u
CHC
Vt
L7034
*ZZ_H6
hertel_T2aT4
beauharnois_A15aA22
L7038
L3044_L3045
H
1
2
L7006
aqueduc_T2T3
beauharnois_T15aT22
hertel_b708
s68
2
1
WPP9
B_viger_b463
1
2
L1201_L1202
monteregie_b784
L3065_L3066
L3073
s45a
s43a
1
WT9_Park
T1
*WT9
monteregie_T1
V_BusHT
WT15_Park
T1
2
*WT15
Load2
FL
s180
V_BusHT
LF_WT9
s32W0
B1232_capac
RVW
FL
LF_WT15
1
s1VX
1
2
2
s32S2
hertel_b308
RRY
aqueduc_b1232
1
s1RZ
1
2
DYgVY
YgD_VVaa
2
T1
viger_b463
DYgS0
YgD_VVRX
CVZ
monteregie_b1184
T1
*ZZ_VT
CS1aa
*ZZ_RV
735 kV Boucherville Bus
Fig. 12. Hypersim model of the main part of Hydro-Québec power system
Hydro
Quebec
IREQ
Power System Simulator
ST−LAWRENCE RIVER
Eastern Network
Riviere_du_Loup_120
WT3_Park
J_A_Brilland_LdP
DYg_NO
J_A_Brilland_LdQ
s147
T1
*WT3
2
2
1
V_BusHT
Riviere_du_Loup_LdP
Riviere_du_Loup_LdQ
s121a
YgD_12
LF
LF_WT3
1
s2NP
DYg_OI
WT1_Park
J_A_Brilland_230
Rimouski_230
2
1.2
2
Levis
315−kV bus
1
condoshunt_2_rdl
Rim_69kV_LdP
B1272_capac
Π
2
1
Riviere_du_Loup_315
T1
Rim_69kV_LdQ
CpNR
s2OJ
V_BusHT
YgD_LJ
LF
Donohue_230
2
RLOH
T1
SW_2
YgD_VV
s2DM
s697
s130
1
*ZZT0
2.2
2
1.2
sOS
rimouski_T8
Mont_Joly_LdP
Mont_Joly_LdQ
2
L2388_2387D1
2
1
Π
2
Nordais1_230
L2341D
2
riv_d_lou_T3
1
DYg_15
RL24
2
s42a
s156
1
WT4_Park
2
T1
*WT4
V_BusHT
Π
L2340_2341E
Π
1.1
LRB
s369
Goemon_230
Π
Goemeon_69_LdP
Matane_LdP
L3078_3079_3080_308189
1.1
YgD_3
*ZZT5
1
s49a
CXC2
1
YgD_OG
Les_Boules_230
2
YgD_13
C1_rim
1.2
MontLouis_230
s21
T1
s154
Π
TroisPistoles_LdP
s363
2.2
P
CpOL
1
YgD_7
TroisPistoles_230
1
230 kV Matane Bus
1
s9Q
LF_WT1
2
1
1
L3078_3079_3080_3081_1
Donohue_LdQ
2
*WT1
L2387D2
riv_d_lou_T2
Levis_315
1.1
Donohue_LdP
s10V
RLNN
rimouski_T7
condoshunt_3_rdl
Goemon_69_LdQ
1
1
2
Matane_LdQ
1
2
LF
2
LF_WT4
1.2
s155
s19aaa
2.2
3.1
3.2
1.1
1.2
T1
goemon_T2_T3
Matane_230
1.1
T1
DYg_16
YgD_17
s2BJ
s2BI
1.2
1.1
1.2
Π
2.1
1.1
L2340_2341_2392A2
s150
1.2
Π
L2340_2341_2392_2393A1
1.1
Π
3.2
2
Π
3.1
1
1.2
s2MP
L2388C1
1.2
Π
2.2
1.1
Π
2.1
1.1
L2388_2387B3
s2LJ
1.2
1.1
Π
L2388_2387_2392_2393B2
s2TE
Π
2
LJI
2
Π
1
Π
1
L2388A2
s2AI
1.2
Π
1.1
2.2
2.1
Π
2.2
2.1
Π
L2388_2387_2392_2393A1
L2313_2314_2
2.2
riv_d_lou_T5
L2340_2341_2392A3
Π
L2388B1
s187
L2313_2314_1
2.1
2.2
2.1
Π
Riviere_du_Loup_230
s371
2.2
Π
s370
2.1
L2388_2387_2392_2393C2
1.1
1.2
1
2
Cp24
*ZZ_4
*ZZ_5
CXC1
s167a
s178
s174
3.2
2.1
3.1
2.2
2.1
Π
3.1
WT5_Park
Grosse_Morne_230
2.1
2.2
2.2
Π
2.2
Π
2.1
Π
2.2
s2B7 1
2.1
s2AU
s165a
Π
2.1
2.2
2
Π
2.1
s2N1
L2387C1
1
Π
s2LV
Π
3.2
s2TQ
LNV
LDR
SW_2388
1.2
1.2
Π
3.1
1.1
1.2
1.1
Π
1.1
Π
1.2
2.2
Π
1.1
4.1
s2AUx
2.1
s384
4.2
P
LJU
1.1
s1R0
s59
4.1
YgD_14
3.2
CXC4
Π
3.1
2.1
2
1
s387a
3.2
Π
s269
3.1
3.2
L2396
TLM_1
L2341C
RL12
s213
s200
1
1
2
T1
2
*WT5
4.2
V_BusHT
MontJoly_230
DYg_10
CXC3
LK7
3.1
L2392_2393B3
1.1
L6D
3.2
s286
s2ND
Π
s2FM
Π
s2U2
2.2
1.2
LesMechins_230
s281a
3.1
3.2
s244a
s299
Π
2.2
Π
Π
2.1
3.2
3.1
L2340_2341_2392A4
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.1
L2388_2387HK
s202
L2349_235C3
L2349_2350A
1.2
Π
s510
LK6
2.1
s2DV
s2B6
L2340_2341_2392B
Cp12
1.2
Cp26
Rimouski_315
RL26
1
FL
rimouski_T3
s2FY
2.1
2.2
4.1
Π
4.2
Nordais2_230
s2SZ
BaieDesSables_230
Π
4.1
L2387_2392_2393B1
L2387_2392_2393A2
4.2
s2MD
Π
3.2
Π
3.1
s2T2
Π
Π
4.2
Π
4.1
2
1
2.2
2.1
LKJ
4.1
3.2
s2CV
s2A6
Π
3.1
L3082_3083
4.2
2.1
2.2
Π
1
2.1
2.2
2.1
1
T1
YgYGD_np2
1.1
1
Π
1.2
2
YgYgD_npx
2
*ZZ_13
s302
rimouski_T4
goemon_T12
2
1
841
s44a
2
2
1
LF_WT5
2.2
TLM8
YgYgD_np10
Goemon_161
2
P
s8
1455_1
R9Q11
1454_1
DEF_RIM
2
StLeandre_230
s1XA
1
RHQ
1
1.1
1.1
2.1
s28G11
YgD_1
s1WM
YgD_2
1
1.1
2
2
L1454_1455_2
s111
L1601_A
DYg_94aa
s214
Π
Π
2.1
1
Cp9Eaa
2
DYg_11
2.1
WT3c_Park
1.2
2.2
2
CpDH
DYg_6
L1_rim
Sayabec_120
RDQ
s242
1.1
V_BusHT
WT3b_Park
T1
2.1
s260
1
2
LF
Π
Π
L3089_3090
V_BusHT
L1454_1455_3
RiviereSteAnne_161
LF_WT3b
1
2.2
1.2
LF_WT3c
T1
LF
s134
*WT3c
1
Sayabec_LdP
s1DT
Uniboard_120
1.1
C1_RSA
DYg_14
Uniboard_LdQ
WT1a_Park
DYg_13
2.1
L1454_1455_4
Π
Π
2
2
1
*WT1a
V_BusHT
WPP7
s161aaa
L3_lissage_rsa
*WT3b
CpUCaa
2
T1
s280
WT2_Park
DYg_8
s349
LF
YgD_4
C_filtre_RSA
LF_WT1a
2.2
1.2
s1D6
s3ZB
TLM_10
1
1.2
REM
T1
charge_193K
charge_193A
C2_RSA
LF
1
2
L_filtre_RSA
T1
1
2.2
L1454_5
s3G5
1.1
V_BusHT
T1
Uniboard_LdP
s1DI
1
s1EN
Π
Π
*ZZ_1
LF_WT2
*ZZ_2
L1455_5
L1601_B
*WT2
2.1
T1
2
y
s95
YgD_15
*C5S
*VVD_CPN
2
Amqui_120
CEP
1/Z
u
Efd_Vstab
Vt_w_Pe
WT6_Park
s205
WT6a_Park
*ZZ_8
1
Copper_CS
T1
YgYGD_np7
R_filtre_RSA
2
RL5A
s7a
2
1
T1
2
1
V_BusHT
*WT6
*ZZ_3
V_BusHT
T1
Amqui_LdP
*WT1c
MontagneSeche_161
charge_19_L
charge_19_R
LF
LF_WT6a
V_BusHT
sDX
LF_WT6
L1613B
Π
2
1
2
1
2
Causapscal_120
FL
2
s294
LF
T1
s190
miller_34
RL9
LF_WT1c
DYg_5B
s25Cc
H
T1
*WT6a
1450
WT1c_Park
1
*ZZDI
YgD_6
Cp5E
1
s3FBaa
L3089_3090_1
RJ6aa
s1J7aa
1
2
1
YgD_5
DYg_3
DYg_7
1
2
Copper_161
L1613A
2
DYgJ8a
YgD_19aa
s259
Π
2
WT1b_Park
1
1
1
TLM_15
CGP
T1
cop_mount_T1T2
cop_mount_T3aT5
copper_34
T1
*WT1b
RL8
sDL
L1613C
s55
1
2
CJaa
2
1
Π
WT6b_Park 2
V_BusHT
2
1
2
s127
s157a
*ZZ_13a
LF_WT1b
LF
DYg_4
YgD_9
Causapscal_LdP
T1
s10R
RDC
s1DD
1
2
WT7_Park
T1
*WT6b
2
V_BusHT
1
Anse_A_Valleau_161
Cp8
DYgDE
1.2
2.2
1.1
2.1
LF_WT6b
DYg_V9
s25VA
*ZZCD
LF
Copper_69_kV_LdQ
Copper_69_kV_LdP
Copper_12_LdP
RLV8
V6
T1
*WT7
.
T1
1
1
2
2
V_BusHT
s360
DYg_1S
YgYgD_np1V
CDF
YgYGD_nV7
s21Q
T1
L1605_D1
FL
s1RA
*ZZ_10
1
1
2
T1
2
L239QM
*WT8a
2
*ZZVE
V_BusHT
L1602
CpVC
T1
LF
s139
Cp1T
2
Riv_au_Renard_161
Π
*ZZ_1O
LF_Wt8a
1
1
L1605_2
YgD_11
L3084_3085
2
Wt8_Park
Perce_161
Π
s287
s142
Cascapedia_230
YgYgD_npVR
2
DYg_94
1
s28G
L1605_1
T1
2
1
1
DYg_22
*WT8
2
V_BusHT
Riv_au_Renard_LdP
T1
L3089_3090_2
LF
s26N
Matapedia_230
Perce_LdP
LF_WT8
Cascapedia_69
T2WD
1.2
2.1
2.2
3.1
3.2
1.2
s26Z
*ZZ_MX
s3UM
s3VQ
L715BA1
Π
1
2
2
LWM
s138a
s307
1.1
1.2
2.2
L2351_2352_717A1
L2397_2398A1
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.1
Gaspe_161
Micmac_230
L2351_2352A2
s3B8
1.2
2.2
Π
s3TI
Π
2.2
Π
2.2
Π
1.2
Π
1.1
2.1
1.2
Π
4.1
Π
2.1
L2101_2102_2397_2398A1
s2EFaa
L2397_2398A
s25C
2
1
L1602_1607
L2351_2352B
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.2
micmac_T1aT3
L1603
L1604
s2IL
1.2
L1604_1605
L1604_1607
1.1
1.2
2.1
2.2
1.1
Π
1
matapedia_T3_T4
2.2
s72
Micmac_161
1
Π
Π
Π
Matapedia_315
s2E3
1.1
Π
2
Π
1
1.1
L715D2_2397_2398_714C2
L715D1
1
Π
Nouvelle_69
L7143D1
Cp9E
T2T3
L715D3_2397_2398_714C3
s2WP
2
1
1.2
YgD_10
s194
1
1.1
2.1
2.2
s141
2.1
2.1
2.2
2.2
2.1
s126
s2Y6
2.2
L1607
2.1
Π
2.1
2
2
s2UY
s2BK
s20J
2.1
Π
s2TU
Π
Π
3.2
Π
3.1
s301a
2.2
1
L32
s3DF
s34O
3.1
2.2
YgYgD_np3
Gaspe_LdP
Lp5N
2
s20V
4.2
3.1
L2397_2398_714A2
s3IR
3.2
1
Π
s2DR
4.1
Π
Π
s271
2
3.2
Π
L714C1
L714D3
1
Π
2
1
s2BW
Π
4.2
4.1
s250
2.1
Π
1
2.1
T243
1.2
3.1
2
L714A1
3.2
Π
Π
L2351_2352C
LFY
1.1
L2397_2398_7142A2
L717C2
micmac_T12aT14
1
s158a
1.2
1
condoshunt_1_mata
B2174_capac
RL15
RL25
65 Mvar @ 230kV
65 Mvar @ 230kV
66 Mvar @ 239kV
Π
66 Mvar @ 239kV
Π
Π
Π
Π
1.1
2.1
YgYgD_np1
Π
Π
2
s179
P
Nouvelle_LdP
SW_L2351
2
PortDaniel_69
2.2
s129
Paspebiac_230
C2_mic
C15_mic
1
Micmac_LdP
23.1 Mvar @ 167.3kV
YgD_8
PortDaniel_69_LdP
Cascapedia_LdP
Cascapedia_LdQ
2
s116a
2
3.1
F_N7D
4.2
F_N88
Paspebiac_LdP
1.2
2.2
3.2
F_NB2
F_NB1
F_NB7
s355aaa
Madawaska_315
Π
L3113_1
2.2
1
s2BZ
L3113_2
2
L2102
L2101
1.2
Load12_Ldp
Load12_LdQ
*CVE
*VD_CVF
y
1/Z
u
Efd_Vstab
Vt_w_Pe
EelRiver_230
L1_mada
Eel_River_CS
1
H
YgDD_np1
2
3
EelRiver_37
F12_1
F24_1
F12_2
F24_2
F12_3
EelRiver_11
F24_3
Load1_LdP
Load1_LdQ
Load11_LdP
Load11_LdQ
Load10_LdQ
NEW−BRUNSWICK
MAINE
Fig. 13. The eastern part of Hydro-Québec power system
7 of 8
21 Mvar @ 167.3kV
LF_WT7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
0.9
0.95
1
1.05
0
0
ScopeView
0.15
s
2
s
1
2
s
PosSeq Matane 230kV
1
3
3
0.2
Vb Levis 315kV
PosSeq Boucherville 735kV
0.1
Va Levis 315kV
Vc Levis 315kV
−2
0.05
−1
0
1
2
1.1
pu
V
pu
pu
4
4
0.25
3
3
4
4
4
1.2
1.205
1.21
1060
1080
1100
1120
1140
−0.5
0
0
0
1
2
s
2
s
2
s
Q WPP7
Speed WPP7
1
Vdc WPP7
1
P WPP7
Fig. 14. System response to a 6-cycle single-line-to-ground fault
1.19
2
s
Q Manic5
2
s
2
s
0
P Manic5
1
Speed Manic5
1
0
0.5
1
1.5
1.195
0
0
0
Vterminal Manic5
500
1000
1500
2000
0.999
0.9995
1
1.0005
1.001
0.98
1
1.02
1.04
1.06
pu / 100MVA
V
pu
3
3
3
4
4
4
−0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
1.19
1.195
1.2
1.205
1.21
1000
1050
1100
1150
1200
pu / 100MVA
V
pu
pu
pu
MVA
8 of 8
0
0
0
1
2
s
2
s
2
s
Q WPP9
Speed WPP9
1
Vdc WPP9
1
P WPP9
3
3
3
1/1
4
4
4