Issue 53
2015 - 1436
Power generators..
www.alkhorayef.com
the perfect solution for
a lack of electricity
Business Technology
Report
Academic Article
Steam injection technology
helping to release heavy crude
Colombia.. charming country
and multi-resource economy
Proactive influence tactics
Alkhorayef’s success
story of power
generators
Abdullah bin Ibrahim Alkhorayef
2015 | 1436
generators because we set up a specialized department to
manufacture generators in different sizes and capacities, with
the ability to work under all circumstances and in order to suit
work sites and conditions.
One of the pillars of this department is the ability to
develop, manufacture and market the products locally
and globally and provide better aftersales maintenance
as well as spare parts services, handled by qualified and
trained personnel eligible to work on this great product.
Alkhorayef is walking on the right path it planned, God willing,
to expand from the agricultural market, which we excelled in,
and reach out to the field of manufacturing and producing
power generators in order to reach the largest segment of
customers. We also succeeded in providing power equipment sufficient to meet customer requirements and to replace
alternative and traditional methods such as power plants.
It is worth mentioning that recent years of active mobility
in the application of these innovative solutions globally highlight the huge success of Alkhorayef equipment in
their ability to meet the needs of all customer segments.
Alkhorayef’s keenness to provide after-sales services confirms
the confidence in our success, such as the success story with
Savola (Azizia Panda United).
We contracted with APU to provide the best solutions for electric
power generators, including the replacement of old generators
with new ones from our manufacturing.
Another success story is our partnership with Arasco to provide
solutions for the company’s poultry farm. Aware of the importance of this project, Alkhorayef provides Arasco with technical
support around the clock as well as back-up generators and
spare parts at the site.
We continue our journey to provide the coming generations with
solutions for a safer life and sustained growth at a lower cost.
Alkhorayef and its partners around the world look forward to 2016,
hoping it will be a promising year full of opportunities, as estimates
reveal a booming demand for power equipment due to the growing
need in areas that need developing, including rural and less developed regions. This sets the stage for a truly outstanding year.
Quarterly Issue by Alkhorayef Group |
This magazine is printed on Manroland 700
When we began our journey in the Alkhorayef group more than
half a century ago, we were committed to continuous research
and development of contemporary patterns of technology,
inspired by new ideas to keep pace with the developments and
needs of the market, and to contribute to an easier life for people.
Today, nearly 200 years on from the discovery of electric power,
one of the most important pillars of human civilization in our
contemporary world, traditional power production has become
a global problem affecting even large and rich countries. This led
to greater investments to meet the growing demand for energy.
Global demand for energy is increasing due to continuing
population growth and economic growth in developing
countries. According to recent World Bank statistics, there is
an urgent need to expand annual global investments in the
energy field threefold to reach $1.25 trillion. Achieving these
results require $40 billion to $100 billion of investment annually.
With this in mind, we started in 2000 our journey in the
production of power generators (Gulf Power). The administration, represented by the Chairman of Alkhorayef Commercial,
Engineer Mohammed bin Abdullah Alkhorayef, was keen on
the development and optimal use of competencies to benefit
from the experience accumulated in previous years, to integrate the efforts of successful Alkhorayef Commercial partners
in Volvo Penta and John Deere, and take advantage of the
infrastructure in the group. The significant market opportunity in the world of generators has given us great ambition
and motivation for the manufacturing of power generators.
To achieve this great dream, we started simple but with honest
determination. After several trials, we gained great experience,
conducted developmental studies and used advanced technology in our product manufacturing, stemming from Alkhorayef
Commercial’s keenness on providing a high quality product and
maintaining its status.
We achieved excellence in the provision of marketing studies
as well as research and development, with both being closely
tied to the competitiveness of any company and maintaining
its strength in the market compared with other competitors.
Our dream came true and we were able to produce power
3
issue 53 2015 - 1436
inside
7 News
Report 20
Prince Faisal bin
Bandar bin Abdulaziz,
Governor of Riyadh
Region, patronized a
forum and exhibition
on the Saudization of
desalination industries
under the slogan,
“Industrialization
- Security and
Investment”..
Cover Story
As a country
that boasts a
charming nature
and lies on top
of towering
mountains
and sparkling
shores..
10
A question that always prevails is
how are remote villages and rural
areas supplied with energy?..
trust
vision
4
All our dealings with our
customers and partners are
based on the principle of
trust, so our customers put
their trust in us as well as in
the high professionalism and
ethics of all our employees.
| Quarterly Issue by Alkhorayef Group
Commitment
A full commitment to our
approach in every project we
perform in every partnership.
This is reflected by our
commitment towards our
customers, partners and
employees, where we focus
on building their skills and
enriching their knowledge
through training and
development programs.
Excellence
Containment
We seek excellence in all
that we do in terms of our
products and services,
and we are known for our
excellent skills in using
technology.
As a family company,
friendliness and warmth
prevail in all our dealings,
and this extends to our
customers and partners,
where we share ideas and
problems and decisionmaking processes as much
as possible.
2015 | 1436
17 Occupational
Safety
Occupational safety
and health is the top
priority in different
business sectors,
especially in oil
installations that are
considered home to
some of the most
dangerous work sites..
22 Academic Article
For the past two
decades, researchers
have examined the
specific types of
behavior used to
exercise influence..
Business Etiquette 26
Napoleon Bonaparte, the
late Emperor of France,
was once quoted as saying:
“An army of rabbits led by a
lion is better than an army
of lions led by a rabbit.”..
Business 28
Technology
Oilfields around
the world
have entered
a new stage
of production
processes thanks
to a long-awaited
technology
known as steam
injection..
This magazine is printed on Manroland 700
Publisher
2015 | 1436
Supervision:
Communications and public relations
management at Alkhorayef group
General manager: Kingdom of
Saudi Arabia/Partner
Abdallah Bin Abdulrahman Al-Akil
pr@alkhorayef.com
www.alkhorayef.com
info@alefinternational.com
Quarterly Issue by Alkhorayef Group |
5
Mr. Bandar
Alkhorayef, Member
of the Board of
Directors of the
Saudi Economic
Association (SEA)
Mr. Bandar
Alkhorayef has
been selected
as a member
of the board of
directors of the
Saudi Economic
Association
(SEA). He joined
the association
in 1990 while he
was studying for
his master’s. SEA
is a prominent
science association
that has been recognized by government
authorities, business and financial sectors and
the economic and financial media in general.
Gambia ambassador
visits Alkhorayef
factories
Omar
Gabriel Sala,
Ambassador
Extraordinary
and
Plenipotentiary
of the Gambian
Republic,
recently visited
Alkhorayef Group’s
factories producing
pipes, pumps, coaxial
irrigation systems and
power generators.
He was received by
Eng. Mohammed bin
Abdullah Alkhorayef,
CEO of the Group, who
welcomed the guest
6
Alkhorayef tower contract
signed
Abdullah Bin Ibrahim Alkhorayef
Sons Co. (AIA) signed recently a
contract with Shapoorji Pallonji
Company to build the Alkhorayef
tower project in Alkhobar. The
execution period will be two years.
The contract was signed by Sheikh
Saad bin Abdullah Alkhorayef, the
company’s Chairman of the Board
of Directors, and the president
of Shapoorji Pallonji Company.
A celebration that was attended
by members of the Alkhorayef
Group’s Board of Directors and
department managers was also
held on the occasion.
Alkhorayef Commercial
Participates in Saudi
Transport Exhibition
Alkhorayef Commercial
recently participated in the
Saudi Transport Exhibition
at the Riyadh International
Convention & Exhibition
Center (RICEC).
The Company exhibited
products including handling
equipment (Lindy), power
equipment (Gulf Power) and
water pumps. The Company’s
stand attracted substantial
attention from visitors.
SPC branch gets new identity
and his accompanying
delegation. Both
sides discussed
the possibilities
of industrial
and agricultural
cooperation and
exchanging expertise
in the field of power
and agriculture
solutions.
| Quarterly Issue by Alkhorayef Group
A new branding campaign
for the SPC branch in the
Owaidah industrial area in
Riyadh was recently launched
by Mr. Fahad Alkhorayef,
General Manager, SPC.
The launch ceremony was
one of the Company’s
initiatives to promote its
branches carrying the new
identity and branding.
2015 | 1436
NEWS
Riyadh Governor sponsors forum on
Saudization of desalination industries
Prince Faisal bin
Bandar bin Abdulaziz,
Governor of Riyadh
Region, patronized a
forum and exhibition
on the Saudization of
desalination industries
under the slogan,
“Industrialization
- Security and
Investment”. The
three-day forum was
organized by the Saline
Water Conversion
Corporation at the Ritz
Carlton Hotel.
Upon arrival, the
prince cut the ribbon
to open the exhibition.
Representatives from
Alkhorayef Industries
and other companies
in the field of
desalination and heavy
industry attended the
exhibition.
Alodhaib Balance
Alkhorayef
Company honors Castrol Commercial
joins KICP
Program
Alkhorayef
Commercial
participates in
WETEX 2015
2015 | 1436
of Alodhaib Balance
Company, thanked all
Alkhorayef Lubricants
employees who made
a positive contribution
towards increasing
sales of lubricants at
the service centers
of Alodhaib Balance
Company.
The ceremony was
attended by Eng.
Abdulaziz bin Hamad
Alkhorayef, Mr.
Mohammed Alshorbaji,
Hussam Almaghazi
from Castrol and
members of Alodhaib
Balance Company’s
Board of Directors.
Alkhorayef Commercial has
joined the Kavli Institute
for Cosmological Physics
(KICP) program that
incorporates a network
of leading international
companies working
with the King Abdullah
University for Science and
Technology (KAUST). This
program allows Alkhorayef
Petroleum Company to
participate in enhancing
the development and
innovation efforts led
by university professors,
researchers and graduates
for developing products.
Quarterly Issue by Alkhorayef Group |
7
This magazine is printed on Manroland 700
Alodhaib Balance
Company honored
employees of
Alkhorayef Lubricants
(Castrol) for their
efforts after both
sides signed an
exclusive cooperation
agreement. Alodhaib
Balance Company is a
distributor and service
center for Toyota and
Lexus in the Kingdom.
The ceremony was held
at the Intercontinental
Hotel, Riyadh.
Mr. Musaid bin
Mohammed Alodhaib,
Chairman of the
Board of Directors
Alkhorayef Commercial participated in
WETEX 2015, the international exhibition
for the latest technology applications in
the fields of water and electricity. The
exhibition was organized by the Dubai
Electricity and Water Authority from
April 21-24 at the Dubai International
Convention & Exhibition Centre.
HH Sheikh Hamdan bin Rashid Al
Maktoom, Vice Ruler of Dubai and
Minister of Finance, opened the
exhibition that was attended by
Dr. Saleh Alawaji, Saudi Electricity
Company’s Chairman of the Board of
Directors; Saiid bin Mohammed Altayer,
Managing Director and CEO of Dubai
Electricity and Water Authority; Ahmed
Alhaqabani, Secretary General of SAUDI
EXPORTS; and many other officials from
both countries.
Alkhorayef Commercial participated in its
capacity as one of the major exporters of
power systems in the region.
Alkhorayef Petroleum participates
in ESP international workshop
Alkhorayef Petroleum
participated in the ESP
International Workshop
that was held in US city
of Houston, Texas, in
May 2015.
The Company had
also participated in an
exhibition that aimed
to exhibit advanced
products in the field
of petroleum and
facilitate the exchange
of expertise among
international companies
specialized in oil pumps.
As part of the
workshop activities,
a team of engineers
working at Alkhorayef
Petroleum in Colombia
gave a lecture about
submerged electric
pumps.
Diesel power generators market ‘rapidly growing’
The diesel power generators market in
KSA is worth more than SAR 1.5 billion
and the local market is experiencing
high rates of demand because suppliers
cannot meet the increasing growth rate
of 15-20 percent annually, according to
the estimations of Samy Aquil, vice CEO
of Sawary Energy.
He said the Kingdom is achieving
economic growth rates that are faster
than international rates. The Saudi
market is experiencing increasing
economic growth due to its stability,
increasing rates of economic activities
and increasing local and foreign
investments, he said. He noted the
Kingdom is putting forward strong
investments in developing infrastructure
and diversifying economic performance.
This will support the growth of the
diesel power generators market in KSA,
he said.
He mentioned the diesel power
generators market in KSA has
witnessed remarkable development
because of government support.
He explained social and industrial
development all over the Kingdom
would support the capabilities of power
generators market and help it cope with
the increasing demand rate.
Aquil assured the diesel power
generators industry in KSA has
witnessed remarkable development due
to its high quality.
Middle East printing market ‘worth $20b’
An executive at a printing
company has stated that
the printing market in the
Gulf and UAE has a higher
demand than other markets
in Western Europe and
North America. According to
IDC, the growth rate of the
printing industry in the region
is estimated at 6-8 percent.
Dan Smith, Head of
the Regional Marketing
Department, Xerox, said
PIRA International estimated
the value of the Middle
East market to reach USD
20 billion by 2016. He was
8
| Quarterly Issue by Alkhorayef Group
citing PIRA’s report entitled,
“International Printing Markets
until 2016”.
He noted that the
international printing ink
market is growing at an
annual compound rate of 4.4
percent until 2018. He expects
the market for inkjet printers
to grow by 21 percent in 2015.
Responding to a question
about the value of the market
for equipment and ink, Smith
said: “The international market
for printing ink is focused, to
a large extent, on consumers
and applications. Analysts
expect the international
market for printing ink to
grow at an annual compound
rate of 4.24 percent from
2013 to 2018. Other specialists
expect the same market to
reach USD 19 billion by 2017.”
According to market
research, the ink jet
production printers market
is expected to grow by 21
percent annually in 2015.
2015 | 1436
NEWS
Water injection the basis of new fuel
efficiency technology
German carmaker BMW is seeking to
reduce fuel consumption in its M3 and
M4 models by using a new technology
of injecting water drizzle to cool the
compressed charge air.
In this technology, the water evaporates in
the accumulator behind the turbo charger.
Eventually, the temperature of the turbo
is reduced, leading to increasing charger
pressure without any side effects.
A spokesman for BMW said the company
is seeking to put cars with this technology
on the roads within two years, and plans
have already been made for producing a
series of cars of this type. This technology
has already been implemented in safety
cars used in motor racing.
BMW explained the same technology
can be used to reduce fuel consumption
and increase efficiency and activity by
8 percent approximately. Water drizzle
injection raises the power of the M4’s
six-cylinder turbo engine (431 hp) by
approximately 10 percent (50 hp) and the
torque by 50 Nm without increasing fuel
consumption rates.
Almost 6,800 productive plants
in KSA worth SAR 992 billion
2015 | 1436
SAR 117 billion. The
Eastern Province
came second with
1,560 plants worth
SAR 607.6 billion, and
Makkah region came
third with 1,270 plants
worth SAR 135.7
billion in investments.
Asir was fourth with
1,246 productive
plants worth a total
investment of SAR
4.3 billion, then
Al-Madinah with 209
plants worth a total
SAR 89.7 billion.
This was followed
by Jazan (66 plants
worth SAR 4.6
billion), Tabuk (60
plants worth SAR
2.5 billion), Hail (56
plants worth SAR 11.5
billion) and Al-Jouf
(53 plants worth SAR
939 million).
The number of Najran
plants is 34 worth
a total investment
of SAR 2.8 billion,
while the Northern
Borders region
had 29 productive
plants worth SAR
2.8 billion, and finally
Al-Baha came last
with 16 productive
plants worth a total
investment of SAR 63
million.
In this up-to-date list
issued by the Ministry
of Commerce and
Industry, non-metallic
products plants
accounted for the
most productive
plants - 1,384 in total
- as of the end of
the first quarter of
this year, followed
by forged metallic
products plants
(excluding machinery
and equipment) with
918 plants, while there
were 850 rubber and
plastic plants and 719
food products plants.
This magazine is printed on Manroland 700
There are currently
6,789 productive
plants in Saudi
Arabia worth a total
investment of SAR
992 billion, according
to government
statistics. A total of
931,133 employees
work at these
facilities, said the
report by the Ministry
of Commerce and
Industry. The number
of plants that have
not yet started
production is 1,123
worth a total SAR 37.5
billion.
According to the
report, by the end
of the first quarter
of 2015 Riyadh
region had the most
productive plants
(2,911), worth a
total investment of
Quarterly Issue by Alkhorayef Group |
9
Power generators..
the perfect solution for
a lack of electricity
A question that always prevails is how are remote villages and rural
areas supplied with energy? What happens to hospitals and patients in
case of shortages or power cuts? Do they resort to emergency solutions
or pre-empt and search for solutions?
These complexities led several giant companies to create the most
convenient solution.
10 | Quarterly Issue by Alkhorayef Group
2015 | 1436
cover story
Engineer Abdullah bin
Mohammed Alkhorayef
General Manager
of Energy Systems Solutions
Long-suffering problem
The issue of power
disruptions is as old as the
invention of electricity itself
and before the invention of
the electricity networks. Thus,
generators were the obvious
solution to power outages.
But now, despite the
tremendous progress in
modern technology, United
Nations figures show that
more than 1.3 billion people
are forced to live in the
darkness due to the lack
of electricity and a similar
number of people only have
power available to them
intermittently.
In this regard, the
International Energy Agency
warned that the future does
not hold a lot of hope for
the so-called “energy poor”
unless there is a significant
improvement in the ongoing
efforts to provide electricity.
It warned that 1.4 billion
people in the world will
still not be able to take
advantage of electric power
in 2030.
This magazine is printed on Manroland 700
2015 | 1436
Quarterly Issue by Alkhorayef Group |
11
The generator is a
device that works
on converting
kinetic energy
into electrical
energy
Energy
generators of all
kinds have
become a
prerequisite to
power remote
areas
12 | Quarterly Issue by Alkhorayef Group
The solution seems simple
At first glance the solution
seems simple - using power
generators of all kinds. But
this solution has evolved
over the years, overcoming
problem after the other
since it was invented by the
English scientist Michael
Faraday in 1831.
The electric generator is a
device that converts kinetic
energy into electrical energy
in an existing magnetic
field, and is classified as a
mechanical device.
It is worth mentioning
that the generator does
not create energy, since
this energy is present in the
form of mechanical energy.
The generator converts
mechanical into electrical
energy, so we find that each
generator is connected to
a diesel motor, for example,
to provide the mechanical
energy. The tool that
provides the mechanical
energy of the generator is
called the basic engine in
the words of engineers.
When do we need the
electric generator?
Portable energy generators
are necessary in several
places, especially in work
environments of critical
importance such as
hospitals, clinics, pharmacies
and even retail stores and
universities, all of which
use power generators in
case of a shortage, outage
or any error in the main
power source, power plants
or electricity networks
connecting regions.
In several cases,
individuals have power
generators in their homes
as a backup in case of a
power outage so that some
electrical appliances such
as refrigerators and air
conditioners remain active.
In rural areas or
underdeveloped regions,
generators of all types
became a prerequisite
to feed remote areas,
whether they are used to
power homes, government
agencies, communication
towers and shops, especially
since there are countries
where power outages can
last up to 18 hours a day.
Even when carrying out
road works or training
camps for officers and
soldiers, having a power
generator as a backup is
necessary, and in this case
it is usually carried on a
vehicle or a mobile truck.
In companies, institutions,
workplaces and critical
government departments,
power generators are used
to ensure the servers are
working at all times, even in
the event of a power failure
from the energy source,
and to maintain the basic
equipment of the building.
Such generators work on
diesel, fuel or batteries.
Hospitals, medical cities,
therapeutic centers and
other medical services
facilities rely on generators
to maintain the power
supply in the operating
rooms, and to make sure
that the equipment and
medical devices needed
for patients are constantly
working.
Criteria selection
Experts and specialists have
set criteria for the selection
of generators to ensure their
longevity and save costs,
time and effort.
On the criteria for
selecting the best power
generator, experts say
the first step is to specify
the reasons and motive
for use, the amount of
energy required to run
the hardware, the cost of
operation and maintenance,
the nature of the tasks
and future need. Some
power generation systems
are not compatible with
the environment they
are operating in, while
some generators require
a mechanism to work
automatically in case of a
power shortage.
The power generator
should preferably be
connected to the power
supply of the building or the
desired location to facilitate
the flow of an electric
current through the wire or
cable. It is also important
that the generator is easy
to carry so that only one
person can connect and run
it within minutes.
Cost and quality are
no less important when
selecting a power generator
so it runs for the longest
possible period. Maintenance
costs increase with time
and it is often the case that
cheaper devices carry higher
maintenance costs that may
exceed the purchasing cost
of the unit in the first place.
Types
Electric power generators
vary depending on the fuel
source or kind of energy
supplied. In Japan, for
example, Mitsui announced
it is testing the first turbo
hybrid system to generate
electric power from wind
and water. The company
said the new system
could produce twice as
much energy produced
by conventional wind
turbines, as it incorporates
2015 | 1436
cover story
2015 | 1436
The diesel
generator has
proven its
efficiency in the
world of power
generation and
does not suffer
from problems or
errors
or rainy weather, as well as
the fact that solar panels are
expensive compared to wind
turbines and other energy
source.
Interestingly, Sweden
has recently been using
waste to run large energy
generators as it is one
of the countries that is
advanced in this field. It
even began to import waste
from Norway since it does
not have enough.
Energy production from
solid waste is apparently
an encouraging option
for large cities due to the
lack of space dedicated to
bridging and because of the
cost of garbage transfer.
But such energy production
techniques require years of
development before they
can be officially adopted
and also need a unified
mechanism, especially as
some methods emit metric
tons of carbon dioxide into
the air, thus threatening
the environment and
contributing to global
warming.
Diesel generators…best
global option
Despite the various fuel
sources, the diesel generator
has proven its efficiency
in power generation.
These generators can
bear maximum electrical
loads and do not suffer
disruptions or problems.
They are also considered
the best generators in terms
of ease of operation and
productivity and can interact
the best with different
environments.
Domestically, specialists
have estimated the value
of the market for diesel
generators in KSA at more
than SR1.5 billion. They
believe the market will
continue to grow due to
the growing demand for
electricity facilities and
because Saudi economic
growth exceeds global
averages.
Quarterly Issue by Alkhorayef Group |
13
This magazine is printed on Manroland 700
vertical wind turbines and
traditional paddles along
with turbines that generate
energy from underwater
ocean currents.
The length of the vertical
wind turbines is 154 feet
(about 45 meters), while
the turbine for the tidal
section is up to 49 feet
(about 15 meters). Both
sections are connected
to the power generator,
which allows the device
to generate double the
energy produced by
conventional wind turbines,
which is similar to hybrid
systems used in space.
Scientists overseeing the
manufacturing of the new
system expect that the unit
could generate enough
energy to provide about
300 homes with electricity.
Although wind
power generators are
theoretically beneficial,
since wind is available day
and night, they require
many years of work and
research. Wind is not a
steady source because it
changes direction from
time to time and such
generators need to be
located in places where
wind speed is high, such as
towers and high buildings,
desert or coastal areas, or
near highways to exploit
the energy generated from
speeding cars.
Solar-powered generators
are also another kind that
could provide electricity
by harnessing the energy
provided through sunlight.
One of the advantages
of solar energy is that
sunlight is abundant in
the summer and on sunny
days. However, this means
that the generator cannot
work at night or in cloudy
In a desert
environment that
needs electric
power, the diesel
engine is the best
due to its
efficiency and low
consumption of
water.
14 | Quarterly Issue by Alkhorayef Group
Diesel operated power
generators.. the best
alternative
The power generator was
invented in 1831 by the English
chemistry/physics scientist
Michael Faraday (1791-1867).
It is an apparatus that coverts
mechanical power into
electricity. The generator
obtains this mechanical power
from an engine operated by
diesel, petrol, steam or any
other source of power.
Electric power is generated
via electromagnetic induction.
In this mechanism, a group of
metal or magnetic coils rotate
around a similar, but stationary,
group of coils. A magnetic
field is generated in between
and with steady rotation it
turns into electric power in the
form of waves. For example,
a bicycle generator uses the
rotation power of the wheel
to produce electric power for
operating a bicycle lamp.
If electric power generators
depend on several types of
engines (according to the type
of fuel), then what is the best
engine for producing power?
Modern studies and
research show that diesel
engines are the best. This
was also the opinion of
Mikael Block, president of the
International Alliance of Engine
Manufacturers, as mentioned
in his paper “Future of Diesel
in the 21st century”; Professor
Mozaffer Sha’aban, professor
of electric engineering at
Aleppo University, in his study
“Diesel Engine and the Future
of Electric Power Generation”;
and Engineer Ghayath Al-Ali
in his paper “Diesel Generators
and Engines”.
In a desert environment
that requires the generation
of electric power, diesel
engines are the best due
to their efficiency and low
consumption of water. This
gives them an advantage
when using towing units and
emergency electric generators.
In KSA, modern societies
are increasingly depending
on electric power and
manufacturers are competing
with each other to improve
diesel engines with different
capacities and volumes to
satisfy multiple requirements.
Practically, Gulf Power diesel
generators that operate with
a diesel engine and electric
generator, which work at the
same time, are fixed together
on a steel base and provided
with an advanced cooling
system, proved their high
efficiency in performance by
providing electrical energy of
up to 3,100 kVA, depending on
the purpose of use, especially
in the oil, gas and construction
sectors.
On the reasons that directed
Alkhorayef Commercial
Company to manufacture Gulf
2015 | 1436
cover story
2015 | 1436
designed after taking into
consideration the local market
needs, and exploring the
views of the customers who
have confirmed that many
imported energy generators
are not compatible with high
temperatures in the Kingdom,
especially during the summer
period. This cemented the
company’s realization that
the Saudi market requires
solutions designed specifically
for local projects at a low
cost.”
He said that given the
importance of electric power
generators Alkhorayef was and
still is keen to develop aftersales services to keep pace
with the growing demand for
generator units in all areas.
Alkhorayef today has over
13 branches in the Kingdom,
spreading from north to
south and from east to west
(Riyadh, Jeddah, Yanbu, Hail,
Jouf, Tabuk, Qassim, Hail,
Jazan, Dammam), to serve its
customers in all areas through
maintenance centers and
sales teams and spare parts
technicians. This is based on
accumulated engineering
expertise to ensure highquality products with high
efficiency maintenance
for many customers, thus
ensuring the reliability and
continuity of power supply
units, he said.
He added, “The company
also provides periodic
maintenance every 200 hours
and provides guarantees of up
to two years for diesel backup
generators; because it trusts
the quality of the products it
offers to the market and has
confidence that the assembly
operations are of the highest
standards.”
He said, “In this regard
Alkhorayef Company is
cooperating with several
government and private
departments and institutions in
order to develop the required
specifications for electric
power generators in many
public and private projects, so
they are compatible with the
highest and latest international
standards through its
engineering sales team
covering various regions of the
Kingdom.”
He said Gulf Power, one
of the brands owned by
Alkhorayef, accounts for
some of the most important
industrial equipment provided
by the company, both for
the domestic or international
market, taking advantage of
the assistance of partnerships
with distinguished companies
such as the Volvo and John
Deere.
He explained that Gulf
Power generators incorporate
diesel engines made by Volvo,
John Deere, Stamford and
Commons, the latter of which
joined forces with Alkhorayef
in 2015.
He said, “Alkhorayef also
designs and manufactures all
multiple use and applications
panels, such as low-voltage
motor control panels, running
This magazine is printed on Manroland 700
Power generators, Engineer
Abdullah bin Mohammed
Alkhorayef, General Manager
of Energy Systems Solutions,
said: “Alkhorayef began
generator assembling
operations locally, stemming
from the idea upon which the
company was established,
which is the necessity of
localizing the industry and
the transfer of expertise to
the local market. We aimed
to create a competitive
environment to attract the
Saudi labor force to develop
such products. The company
has benefited from its contacts
and expertise of more than
40 years in the field of diesel
equipment to start generatorassembling operations at the
beginning of the 20th century.
Today, Alkhorayef performs
assembly operations within
the highest international
standards that ensure the
quality of the final product
through the application of
quality certification (ISO9001)
during the various assembly
operations to ensure the user
receives the highest quality
and efficiency standards.”
Engineer Abdullah
Alkhorayef said the brand,
which the company began
working on to produce more
than 10 years ago, now enjoys
a worldwide reputation for
high quality and provides
its customers with excellent
services, notably the provision
of integrated solutions and
after-sales service; thus
achieving high growth rates in
the Saudi market, especially in
government facilities, hospitals
and factories.
He said, “These generators
are characterized as matching
the climatic conditions of
the Kingdom in terms of
high temperature and dusty
atmosphere, as well as being
Quarterly Issue by Alkhorayef Group |
15
panels for generators and
motors, speed control panels,
automatic switches transfer
panels and synchronization
panels.”
Advantages and uses
Sha’aban takes us back to
1892 to get a glimpse into the
journey of the diesel engine
and its future. He said, “The
diesel engine is an internal
combustion engine invented
by German engineer Rodolf
Diesel in 1892 after five years
of research and development.
From the beginning and
during the whole 20th century,
the diesel engine was an
attractive solution for many
civil and military industrial
applications. Businessmen
were pleased to find a
practical, dependable and cost
effective power source. Now,
in light of the many changes
that occurred in the power
sector all through the century,
this engine shall cross the line
between both the 20th and
21st centuries, carrying a more
optimistic future in the service
of mankind.”
Diesel is more suitable for
powering vehicles such as
trucks, buses, trains and ships
as well as huge industrial
equipment.
Among the advantages of
diesel engine is safety - diesel
fuel is less flammable than
other fuels such as gasoline.
Operating efficiency stays
the same during the whole
operation period, especially if
it is maintained regularly.
In the case of power
generating plants, the diesel
engine is distinguished by
a long operational life and
provides several cost effective
solutions in many applications.
The most common use
of the diesel engine for
generating power is mobile
generators that operate in
16 | Quarterly Issue by Alkhorayef Group
The diesel engine
is still the most
competent of all
types of internal
combustion
engines.
needy locations, emergency
generators in hospitals,
food refrigerators and major
generating units in villages
and factories. It is also used
in stationary power plants
by connecting it to electric
generators. Other advantages
in power plants include cost
effectiveness, the engine’s
speed in reaching full load
(less than one minute), high
output in different capabilities,
simple plant components and
less water consumption.
Types of diesel engines
In his book “Diesel Engine
Generators”, Eng. Ahmed
Abdulmea’al classifies these
engines into two types: a
four-phase diesel engine and a
two-phase diesel engine.
According to this
classification, the mechanism
of the four-phase type starts
by moving the piston down
while the air inlet is open
(suction phase). The cylinder
should be full of air and the
air inlet closes. When the
piston starts moving upwards,
air is compressed inside the
cylinder (compression phase).
Before the piston reaches
its elevation peak, the fuel is
injected through a special inlet.
When the fuel mixes with the
compressed air, the mixture
combusts due to the heat of
compression and the piston is
pushed strongly downwards
due to the combustion of the
air-fuel mixture (expansion
or power phase). The piston
moves upwards again, where
the exhaust valve is open this
time, and extrudes combustion
gases forward (vacuum
phase). The operation starts
again by bringing in new air,
and the piston starts a new
suction phase.
The two-phase diesel engine
is similar to four phase diesel
engines, except that exhaust
gases are pushed off the
cylinder via a special extrusion
device when the piston is
at his highest position. Also,
combustion in this engine
happens every cycle, while
it happens every two cycles
in the four phase type. Most
big diesel engines use the
two-phase type.
Challenges and solutions
The largest challenges
facing diesel engines are the
environmental impacts of
their usage, such as emitted
gases, large noise and high
cost of manufacturing due to
their large size and the type of
metals used to make them.
Despite this, Engineer
Abdullah bin Mohammed
Alkhorayef said: “Alkhorayef
Commercial Company
worked for nearly 10 years to
address these challenges. It
was successful in providing
integrated solutions through
support generators with
a special section for the
manufacture of panels. The
basic accessories supplied
for generators include
automatic converter panels,
manual conversion panels,
synchronization panels,
different sizes of fuel storage
tanks, sound-proofed and
weather-proofed containers,
mobile generators, silencers
and flexible exhaust
connections.”
Scientists, engineers and
specialists are continuing
to improve the functions
of these engines in order
to provide a cleaner and
more efficient generation of
models. At the same time,
they predict that the demand
for diesel engines will not
decrease for the foreseeable
future, and they justify
this by the ever increasing
demand for electricity and
the shortcomings of other
types of fuel. Therefore, the
diesel engine is still the most
competent of all types of
internal combustion engines,
especially with the increasing
number of daily developments
and improvements it is
experiencing.
2015 | 1436
Occupational
safety
The occupational safety
official at oil installations
This magazine is printed on Manroland 700
Profession of
the first
and last mistake
By Maya Kassar
Occupational safety and health is the top priority in different business sectors, especially
in oil installations that are considered home to some of the most dangerous work sites.
Therefore, accurate knowledge of occupational safety rules and a total commitment to
health and safety is considered very crucial and necessary to ensure employees work in
a safe environment and are far from any risk of accidents. However, what are the risks
of non-compliance with these rules and what are the tasks of the occupational safety
officer in industrial plants? We discuss this in the following..
2015 | 1436
Quarterly Issue by Alkhorayef Group |
17
88% of human errors
Any breach of safety rules at
oil installations constitutes a
grave mistake, especially if
the country has the largest
oil reserves in the world. In
this case, would be the first
and last time the error would
occur, as it could lead to the
death of the perpetrator and
others around him, as well as
disrupt world markets and
have a negative impact on oil
prices.
In this context, recent
statistics have shown that
88 percent of accidents are
caused by human error, 10
percent by mechanical faults,
and the remaining 2 percent
are attributed to unknown
causes.
International Labor
Organization (ILO) reports
indicate the occurrence
of one death every 15
seconds as a result of work
accidents in all sectors
and a daily average of an
estimated 6,300 deaths. Up
to 2.3 million deaths result
from injuries or faulty and
unsafe practices within the
workplace annually. One
hundred and sixty workers
are exposed every 15
seconds to a work injury of
some kind, while the number
of accidents involving
workers annually reaches 317
million, most of which occur
due to the absence of safety
standards at work, with an
estimated treatment cost of
4 percent of the total global
GDP annually.
The 33rd statistical report
of the General Organization
for Social Insurance in the
Kingdom said there were
75,825 work injuries among
insurance subscribers in
2012, and 1.4 percent of total
subscribers on the job. This
indicates the existence of a
18 | Quarterly Issue by Alkhorayef Group
Several tasks are
performed by
occupational
safety officials at
oil installations
- mostly consisting
of regular
inspections of the
workplace
real problem that primarily
affects the national economy,
which could incur significant
losses as a result of the
high incidence of workrelated injuries and increases
the need to concentrate
on meeting the safety
requirements of sectors
characterized by risky jobs.
Risks in the oil industry
The fact that oil is typically
extracted from beneath the
surface of the earth and is a
mixture of hydrocarbons or
derivatives, which take gas,
liquid, spray or solid forms,
means that workers in the
oil industry are exposed to
several dangers. This requires
the provision of high levels
of industrial safety measures
in the workplace in order to
avoid hazards and protect
workers and equipment and
the work environment.
Such dangers are related
to petroleum materials and
how to deal with them during
loading, exchanging, trading
and storing, as well as the
risks associated with failing
to follow safety procedures
in various work activities,
starting with the operations of
exploration, drilling, supplying,
welding, construction,
extensions and wiring, and
bombing, the latter of which
is considered the most
dangerous type of work.
The losses due to lax
safety measures are not only
limited to loss of life, but may
also lead to the cessation
of production and influence
the global demand for oil.
Countries invest billions of
dollars in its oil installations
in order to protect the
investment from disasters
and accidents and to reduce
losses - if any - to a minimum
to ensure the continuity of
production and pumping.
There are many examples
of accidents that took place
in some global facilities,
leading to confusion in
oil prices and disrupted
production.
Variety of injuries
Occupational injuries usually
vary from fractures, falls,
burns, etc. to injuries that
take days, months or years
to appear, such as tendonitis,
headaches and muscle
tension. In both categories,
such injuries cause real
problems for the employee
and the employer at the
same time, including low
2015 | 1436
Occupational
safety
productivity and morale,
pain and discomfort. The
company will also be forced
to pay medical expenses
and compensation to the
worker and the injuries can
sometimes lead to crippling
or fatal outcomes.
This has led to an
emphasized importance
of securing employees
and protecting them from
exposure to accidents,
injuries and occupational
diseases; preserving
assets such as gears and
equipment; ensuring the
implementation of all
requirements of occupational
safety to ensure a safe
environment; spreading the
feeling of safety among
workers; and reducing
anxiety and panic among
those who work with
materials and tools that may
carry life-threatening risks.
Solution: comprehensive
knowledge
The question that comes to
mind here is this: what is the
solution to ward off these
risks?
Achieving the general
objectives of any project
requires building on solid
foundations. Optimizing the
application of occupational
safety in Saudi Arabia
facilities requires proper
and meaningful technical
planning as well as full
knowledge of all safety
requirements and their
application based on sound
scientific principles.
Specialized training
courses in the field of
occupational safety and
health are considered the
basis for the work of oil
facilities. Such courses
introduce employees to
several safety rules before
they start work. This
includes the concept of
safety, responsibilities and
rules of safety, familiarity
with the initial principles in
firefighting, optimal use of
equipment and amortization,
knowledge of the risks
of extraction processes,
knowledge of the electrical
and mechanical hazards of oil
and ways to prevent losses,
identifying the primary
principles of civil defense and
first aid procedures in case of
emergency.
These would work
alongside training courses
that teach employees on
how to adjust their behavior
to work safely and provide
information on hazardous
materials and the safety of
the business.
It is important to provide
the highest professional
safety ratings, paving the
way to achieving high levels
of accident-free production.
This is done through a
variety of arrangements,
including the provision
of courses and training
programs for staff and
officials to introduce the
regulations and rules for
mitigating injury rates
and deaths in different
work environments, and
decreasing the rate of
various workplace-related
diseases, which ensures
reasonable protection from
potential hazards. It is also
important that employees
start their work only after
being sure of their ability
to perform their duties
correctly and properly and
by identifying business risks
and preventive measures
that are to be taken by
managements and clearly
explained to all workers.
Tasks of occupational safety
officials at oil installations:
2015 | 1436
Quarterly Issue by Alkhorayef Group |
19
This magazine is printed on Manroland 700
Breaching safety
rules in oil
facilities could kill
the perpetrator
and others
around him
»» Regularly inspects the
workplace and detects any
potential sources of harm.
»» Investigates accidents at work.
»» Oversees the selection of
appropriate personal protective
equipment.
»» Works on spreading a safety
culture.
»» Collects accurate statistics on
accidents at work.
»» Participates in the Occupational
Safety Committee.
»» Oversees the implementation of
occupational safety programs
assessed by the Commission.
Colombia
charming country and
multi-resource economy
By Lamisse Farhat
As a country that boasts a charming nature and lies on top of
towering mountains and sparkling shores, Colombia proves it is not
only a tourist destination but also a developing nation stepping out
of the shadow of Latin America’s emerging states in terms of economy
and market strength and becoming a leading country that depends on
its abundant geographical and industrial components.
20 | Quarterly Issue by Alkhorayef Group
2015 | 1436
Countries
Difficulties and challenges
In spite of the difficulties
caused by the internal armed
conflicts, the Colombian
market economy grew
steadily in the late 20th
century, with an increase
in GDP at an average rate
of over 4 percent a year
2015 | 1436
Colombia has a
huge reservoir of
natural gas and
coal, especially
because hydro
plants provide 70%
of the country’s
electricity needs
between 1970 and 1998.
However, the country
returned to recession in 1999
before it was then able to
achieve growth in recent
years, reaching 8.2 percent
in 2007 and recording one
of the highest growth rates
in Latin America. At the
same time, the Colombian
stock market increased a
thousand points from the
date of its inception in 2001
to more than 7,300 points
before 2008.
Rates of progress
It seems the Colombian
economic situation is getting
better, as the country
occupies second place
in growth rates amongst
Latin American countries,
according to local reports.
In 2014 the growth rate
increased to 4.7 percent,
according to government
reports of Colombia. The
country has seen a rise
in the volume of foreign
investments, as indications
show that the country
recorded the fourth largest
income from foreign
investment in Latin America
during the past year, an
estimated $17 billion and an
increase of 8 percent from
the previous year.
According to a recent
report of the World Bank,
business is easier in Manizales,
Ibagué and Pereira, but more
difficult in Cali and Cartagena.
Reforms in the field of
specialized management have
helped reduce the time taken
to prepare documentation for
business and trade.
Saudi Arabia’s leadership in
Bogota
About a fifth of the
Colombian workforce is
concentrated in the areas
of industrial activity, with
most of the factories
concentrated in Bogota,
Medellín and Cali. Small
factories also vary in size
and most of them operate
in the fields of textiles, food
products, chemicals and
metal industries, and cement
manufacturing.
Colombia relies on coal
and oil as sources of energy.
Despite its mineral wealth,
mining is a small part of
Colombian income, as it uses
its enormous stockpiles of
metals in manufacturing. Other
sources of income include
coal, iron ore, petroleum and
natural gas. It also produces
more than 90 percent of
emeralds in the world and is a
main gold producer.
After Colombia was forced
to import oil previously, it
managed in the 1980s to
become one of the exporting
countries and enjoys a huge
reservoir of natural gas and
coal. Hydro power plants
provide 70 percent of the
electricity used in the country.
In this area, Alkhorayef
Petroleum Company in
Colombia is considered one
of the leading entities in the
country, as it is specialized in
providing excellent service in
the exploration of oil and gas
in Bogota.
The company was founded
in 2011 and is working to dig
wells and provide various
services to oil companies.
The size of its business
reached $31.2 million
annually, making it one of the
largest companies in the field
of oil and gas exploration
services in Colombia and
providing jobs to more than
82 employees.
This magazine is printed on Manroland 700
The Constitutional Republic
of Colombia is located in
the northwestern part of the
South American continent,
bordered by the Caribbean
Sea to the north, Venezuela
and Brazil to the east, Peru
and Ecuador to the south,
Panama from the northwest
and the Pacific Ocean to
the west, making it the only
country in South America
to enjoy the coasts of the
Pacific Ocean and the
Caribbean Sea.
Colombia is one of the
central powers, the third
largest economy in South
America and a member of
CIVETS, consisting of six
emerging markets countries.
Colombia’s basic industries
include food and beverages,
textiles and clothing,
footwear, chemicals, cement,
plastics, ferroalloys, coal,
nickel, gold, emeralds, oil,
coffee, sugar cane, oilseeds,
forest products, flowers and
other agricultural products.
The country is
characterized by six main
natural areas that granted
the country a prestigious
status as a tourist destination,
starting from the Andes
mountain area shared
​​
with
Panama and Ecuador, the
coastal region on the Pacific
shared with Panama and
Venezuela, and the joint
meadows with Venezuela,
reaching an Amazon shared
with Venezuela, Brazil, Peru
and Ecuador.
Quarterly Issue by Alkhorayef Group |
21
Proactive
influence
tactics
From “Leadership in Organizations”, by Gary Yukl
Translated By: Baher Abdelhadi
For the past two decades, researchers
have examined the specific types of
behavior used to exercise influence.
Four general types of behavior that
can be differentiated according to
their primary purpose are impression
management tactics, political tactics,
proactive tactics and reactive tactics.
22 | Quarterly Issue by Alkhorayef Group
2015 | 1436
academic
article
Researchers have
identified four
types of influence
tactics impression
management
tactics, political
tactics, proactive
tactics and
reactive tactics.
1- Impression management
tactics
These tactics are intended
to influence people to
like the agent or to have
a favorable evaluation
of the agent. Examples
include providing praise,
ingratiation and talking
about one’s achievements
or qualifications (selfpromotion). These tactics
can be used by leaders to
influence followers, or by
followers to influence a
leader.
3- Reactive influence
tactics
These tactics are used to
resist an unwanted influence
attempt or to modify the
agent’s request or proposal
to be more acceptable
to the target. From the
perspective of an observer,
the agent and the target
2015 | 1436
4- Proactive influence
tactics
These tactics have an
immediate task objective,
such as getting the target
to carry out a new task,
change the procedures used
for a current task, provide
assistance on a project or
support a proposed change.
When a request is clearly
legitimate, relevant for the
work and something the
target knows how to do,
then it is often possible to
get target compliance by
using a “simple request”
based on legitimate power.
However, when a target
resistance is likely, then
the agent may need to
use a proactive influence
tactic such as rational
persuasion.
Two research programs
have used inductive and
deductive approaches to
identify distinct types of
proactive tactics. Kipnis,
Schmidt and Wilkinson
developed a preliminary
taxonomy by analyzing
critical incidents that
described successful
influence attempts.
Schriesheim and Hinkin
later conducted a factor
analysis of the Profile of
Organizational Influence
Strategies (POIS) using
data from samples of
agents who rated their own
use of the tactics in upward
influence attempts with
their boss.
Quarterly Issue by Alkhorayef Group | 23
This magazine is printed on Manroland 700
2- Political tactics
These tactics are used to
influence organizational
decisions or otherwise gain
benefits for an individual
or group. They are also
used to influence how
important decisions are
made and who makes
them. Examples include
influencing the agenda
for meetings to include a
certain person’s issues, or
influencing decision makers
to use criteria that will
bias decisions in a certain
person’s favor, or selecting
decision makers who will
promote and defend his
interests.
Political tactics are also
used to defend against
opponents and silence
critics. Some of these
tactics involve deception,
manipulation and abuse of
power.
have switched roles when
reactive tactics are being
used.
In this regard, some
specific influence tactics
can be used for more than
one purpose, but they may
not be equally effective for
different purposes.
This study found support
for six of the proposed
tactics (i.e. rationality,
exchange, ingratiation,
assertiveness, coalition and
upward appeal). A research
program on proactive
tactics was carried out by
Yukl and his colleagues.
The Influence Behavior
Questionnaire (IBQ) was
developed to provide other
influence tactics and renew
old tactics:
Rational Persuasion
Appraising
Inspirational Appeals
The agent makes an appeal to values and ideas or seeks to arouse the target
person’s emotions to gain commitment for a request or proposal.
The agent encourages the target to suggest improvements in a proposal or
to help plan an activity or change for which the target person’s support and
assistance are desired.
Exchange
The agent offers an incentive, suggests an exchange of favors, or indicates
willingness to reciprocate at a later time if the target will do what the agent
requests.
Personal Appeal
Ingratiation
24 | Quarterly Issue by Alkhorayef Group
The agent explains how carrying out a request or supporting a proposal will
benefit the target personally or help advance the target person’s career.
Consultation
Collaboration
There are many
ways to use
proactive
influence tactics.
In rational
persuasion,
explanations and
arguments are
used to show that
the request is
feasible.
The agent uses logical arguments and factual evidence to show a proposal or
request is feasible and relevant for attaining important task objectives.
The agent offers to provide relevant resources and assistance if the target will
carry out a request or approve a proposed change.
The agent asks the target to carry out a request or support a proposal out of
friendship, or asks him for a personal favor before saying what it is.
The agent uses praise and flattery before or during an influence attempt, or
expresses confidence in the target’s ability to carry out a difficult request.
Legitimating Tactics
The agent seeks to establish the legitimacy of a request or to verify authority
to make it by referring to rules, policies, contracts, or precedents.
Pressure
The agent uses demands, threats, frequent checking, or persistent reminders
to influence the target to carry out a request.
Coalition
The agent seeks the aid of others as a reason for the target to agree.
How to benefit from
proactive influence tactics?
There are many ways to
benefit from proactive
influence tactics. Rational
persuasion involves the
use of explanations, logical
arguments and factual
evidence to show that
a request or proposal is
feasible and relevant for
attaining task objectives.
Rational persuasion is
most appropriate when
the target person shares
the same task objectives
as the manager, but does
not recognize the proposal
is the best way to attain
the objectives. If the agent
and target person have
incompatible objectives,
then this tactic is unlikely to
be successful for obtaining
target commitment or even
compliance.
With appraising tactics,
the agent explains why a
request or proposal is likely
to benefit the target person
as an individual. One type of
benefit involves the target
person’s career, which could
be aided by opportunities
to learn new skills, meet
important people, or gain
more visibility and a better
reputation.
Inspirational appeal
involves two types - an
emotional appeal or
value-based appeal - in
contrast to the logical
arguments used in rational
persuasion. An inspirational
appeal is an attempt
to develop enthusiasm
and commitment by
arousing strong emotions
and linking a request or
proposal to a person’s
needs, values, hopes and
ideals. Some bases for
appealing to most people
include their desire to be
important, to feel useful, to
develop and use their skills,
to accomplish something
worthwhile, to perform
an exceptional feat, to
2015 | 1436
academic
article
2015 | 1436
Collaboration tactics
involve an offer to provide
necessary resources
or assistance, such as
offering to show the
target person how to
do a requested task,
offering to provide the
equipment or technical
assistance needed to
perform a requested task,
and offering to help the
target person deal with
a problem that would be
caused by carrying out the
request. Collaboration may
seem similar to exchange
in that both tactics
involve an offer to do
something for the target
person. However, there
are important differences
in the underlying
motivational processes
and facilitation conditions.
Exchange usually involves
an impersonal trade of
unrelated benefits, whereas
collaboration usually
involves a joint offer to
accomplish the same task
or objective.
A personal appeal
involves asking someone to
do a favor out of friendship
or loyalty to the agent.
This influence tactic is not
Ingratiation
includes giving
compliments,
doing unsolicited
favors as well as
acting deferential
and respectful.
However,
ingratiation is
likely to be viewed
as manipulative
when it is used
just before asking
for something.
feasible when the target
person dislikes the agent
or is indifferent about what
happens to the agent. The
stronger the friendship or
loyalty, the more likely it
will be used when asking
for something that is not
part of the target person’s
regular job responsibilities
(e.g. provide assistance, do
a personal favor).
Ingratiation includes
giving compliments,
doing unsolicited favors
and acting deferential
and respectful. However,
ingratiation is likely to be
viewed as manipulative
when it is used just before
asking for something.
Therefore, ingratiation is
less useful for an immediate
influence attempt than a
longer-term strategy to
improve relationships with
people.
The Yukl study also
covered legitimating tactics
that involve attempts to
establish one’s authority or
right to make a particular
request. However, a
legitimating tactic may be
needed when a request
is unusual, or it clearly
exceeds your authority.
Pressure tactics include
threats, warnings and
assertive behavior such
as repeated demands or
frequent checking to see
whether the person has
complied with a request.
Pressure tactics are
sometimes successful in
eliciting compliance with a
request, particularly if the
target person is just lazy
or apathetic rather than
strongly opposed to it, or
it may cause resentment
and undermine working
relationships. In response,
the target person may try
to avoid, discredit or restrict
the power of the agent.
The last type in the
Yukl study is coalition.
Coalition tactics involve
getting help from other
people to influence the
target person. The coalition
partners may be peers,
subordinates, superiors, or
outsiders. When assistance
is provided by the superior
of the target person, the
tactic may be called an
“upward appeal”.
Quarterly Issue by Alkhorayef Group | 25
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be a member of the best
team, or to participate in
an exciting effort to make
things better.
Consultation occurs
when the target person
in invited to participate in
planning how to carry out
a request or implement a
proposed change. There are
several reasons for using
consultation as a decision
procedure. In one common
form of consultation,
the manager presents a
proposed policy or plan
to a person who will be
involved in implementing
it to discover whether the
person has any doubts or
concerns.
Exchanging tactics
involves the explicit or
implicit offer to provide
something the target
person wants in return for
carrying out a request. This
tactic is especially useful
when the target person
is indifferent or reluctant
about complying with a
request because it offers
no important benefits and
would involve considerable
effort and inconvenience.
An essential condition for
effective use of this tactic
is control over something
the target person
desires enough to justify
compliance. The incentive
may involve a wide range
of tangible or intangible
benefits (e.g. a pay increase
or promotion, scarce
resources, information,
assistance on another task,
assistance in advancing the
target’s career). Sometimes
the promise may be implicit
rather than explicit, such
as the suggestion that the
favor will be returned in an
unspecified way at a future
time.
To lead others, you must apply your ideas to yourself first
How to lead your team
to success
By Said Al Hasanieh
Napoleon Bonaparte, the late Emperor of France, was once quoted as saying: “An army of
rabbits led by a lion is better than an army of lions led by a rabbit.”
This quote reflects the important role of leadership in achieving jobs and tasks.
Whenever tasks are assigned, there must be a successful leadership to manage them. Based
on Napoleon’s quote, what applies to arms would definitely apply to companies and work
teams running the business. Therefore, a successful leader is a must.
How does a successful leader lead his team to success? How can everyone apply his plans
to achieve company objectives?
26 | Quarterly Issue by Alkhorayef Group
2015 | 1436
business
etiquette
A simple equation
Many people often question their
position in business world, and many
people go to work every day without
knowing the real reason for being
there, other than earning money. They
probably don’t even know the role
they are playing or don’t understand
its importance within the major work
plan of their establishment. Whichever
doubts they may have, they are still
responsible for appreciating their role
and their importance before their
employer.
That’s why researchers say, “If you
want to be a leader, you have to lead
yourself first.” Proactive work means
you have to be your own leader
because your career depends on
what you do, not what others do. The
equation of success is simple: “Set an
example for others; apply your ideas to
yourself first.”
2015 | 1436
must secure a safe work environment
for his employees, and realize that
the objective of flexibility means
implementing a positive change.
Leadership means the leader must
be tough. It is a symbol of security.
He must not be defeated or broken
by a simple challenge. A tough leader
lives by owning an inner power to
control the situation and keeping it
under control. He knows that he is
totally responsible for his choices and
behavior. Leadership requires daily
action for building safe limits and
improving self confidence.
Leadership means understanding
that we are all different. No two people
have similar fingerprints. Likewise, no
two employees are similar to each
other. Everyone has different traits.
A successful leader must realize that
each person has his own strength and
personalities. He must know how to
recognize other people’s intelligence.
If the leader tries to apply a uniform
attitude to all employees, it won’t work.
Many people go to
work every day without
knowing the real reason
for being there, other
than earning money.
Talent
Some people are born leaders;
others acquire leadership gradually
by applying and practicing its basic
principles. Leadership in social
positions, business and at home all
need common basic traits for creating
independent personalities. Dr. Howatt’s
book is testament to this.
Lead yourself
Dr. Howatt points out: “In order to
become a great leader, you must lead
yourself first. Employees are actually
their own leaders; if they don’t follow
work regulations and realize the
essence of their roles, they will be
discharged or downsized. We might
not be able to control everything at
work, but we can control our own jobs.
In order to work proactively, we must
be our own leaders. Most of the time,
our futures depend on ourselves.”
Dr. Howatt assures that the formula
for successful leadership is simple: “To
lead others, you must apply your ideas
to yourself first. Define the level that
suits you, and be proud of it. Policies
adopted by companies represent
the minimum level expected from
the employees; therefore, we have to
upgrade ourselves to a higher level to
leave a margin for human error. We all
make mistakes, but no one wants to
make big mistakes. We can correct our
mistakes by acquiring good work habits
and by equal participation in other jobs
that we consider unimportant.
Quarterly Issue by Alkhorayef Group | 27
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Skills and traits
We often use and talk a lot about
leadership, but in most cases we don’t
comprehend all leadership traits that
we should apply, and that was the
center point of Dr. William Howatt’s
book, “How to Be a Successful Leader.”
The author has defined a set of skills
and traits that a successful leader must
possess, such as the following:
Leading by a leader. Every operation
starts with him. The manager is a
leader; he must clearly define his
objectives and attitudes, and set small,
definite steps in order to reach the final
result that he wants to achieve, for
himself and his team.
Leaders work for people. As a leader,
he must look beyond the approved
system, machines and numbers. Real
people are doing the work. Hence, he
must apply the rule: “My men are my
most important customers. To be a
successful leader, I must communicate
with them and appreciate them.
Without them, I will never be a leader.”
Leadership means flexibility. The
leader must have a plan A and several
plan Bs. He must be creative in order
to achieve the targeted result. A good
leader bends, but never breaks. He
Dr. Howatt: We all make
mistakes, but no one
wants to make big
mistakes. We can
correct our mistakes by
acquiring good work
habits,being there, other
than earning money.
Steam injection
technology
helping to release heavy crude
28 | Quarterly Issue by Alkhorayef Group
2015 | 1436
Business
Technology
By Mustafa Shihab
Oilfields around the world have entered a new stage of production
processes thanks to a long-awaited technology known as steam
injection, which could help oil-producing countries accrue billions
of barrels of heavy oil that they were previously unable to extract
using traditional methods. This process, therefore, prolongs the
supply of many oil-producing countries.
The steam injection process is usually performed in deposits of heavy
oil (very sticky and dense, similar to syrup or black honey). This heavy
oil is better than light oil when used as fuel, despite the fact that
companies are facing greater difficulty in the extraction of heavy oil.
Heavy oil reservoirs reside in depths exceeding a thousand meters,
and the liquid is known for its high density to the extent it loses its
fluidity in some wells and fields and thus becomes non-extractable
using traditional methods, necessitating the need to resort to new
technologies such as steam injection.
Heavy crude oil is also more expensive than light oil because it
requires more processing operations and costs more in order to
refine and extract fuel from it. However, it is regarded as the future
of the oil industry around the world following the depletion of light
oil production fields in oil-producing countries in the past decades.
2015 | 1436
This technique allows for
the extraction of more oil
from rocks after using
initial methods
This technique allows for the extraction
of more oil from the rocks after using the
initial methods. In the first phase between
20 and 40 percent is extracted and to
increase this amount the viscosity of the
remaining oil is reduced using heat.
Although it is difficult to extract heavy
oil, it is abundantly available. Statistics
from the World Energy Council based
Wafra is the only region in
the Middle East that is
testing the steam
injection technique on a
large scale in a carbonate
reservoir
Wafra field experience
In the Wafra oil field along the Saudi
Arabia - Kuwait border, Saudi Arabia
Chevron started experimenting with
steam injection at a small corner in order
to produce more than 500,000 barrels
of oil a day from a location considered to
be an abundant source of extractable oil,
home to more than six billion barrels.
There is no doubt that the results of this
technique were remarkable. According to
officials in Chevron, the steam injection
experience at the first Eocene reservoir in
Wafra, at a cost exceeding $350 million,
increased production by 600 percent.
Officials say that the effect of steam
injection is large and enormous. Over 60
years ago, traditional methods contributed
to the extraction of about 5 percent of the
oil located in the first Eocene reservoir.
Note that the extraction of another 1
percent of the reservoir alone adds more
than 100 million barrels reserves to the
Wafra field, as the estimated quantity of oil
in the first Eocene reservoir is about nine
billion barrels.
Wafra is the only operation zone to
test the steam injection technique on a
large scale in a carbonate reservoir in the
Middle East, in light of estimates that 60
percent, perhaps more, of hydrocarbon
reserves in the world are trapped in
carbonate reservoirs mostly in the Middle
East.
In 2007, in the Sultanate of Oman as
well, Occidental began a steam injection
project in the Mukhaizna Al-Oman field.
This increased production by 15 times,
confirmed that this effective technique
will work to extract the last drop of oil in
fields around the world.
Quarterly Issue by Alkhorayef Group | 29
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The story of this technique
This technology saw the light during the
1960s because it was new at the time
and was used by company US Chevron in
order to extract heavy oil from the Kern
River Oil Field in Bakersfield, California.
This field yielded less than 10 percent
of its oil through the use of traditional
methods. Using the steam injection
method, the American company was able
to pump nearly 80 percent of its crude oil
from the field.
Later, with the growing demand for
energy and the beginning of the depletion
of light oil fields around the world, nations
and international companies decided
to switch to the more difficult source
of heavy oil in the depth of the deserts,
and extract it through steam injection
techniques.
This process begins by injecting steam
through wells to the reservoir where the
giant boilers convert water into steam,
then long pipes carry the steam at a
temperature of up to 315 degrees Celsius
(600 Fahrenheit) into the ground. This
then heats the oil underground to ease its
density and thickness, improve its ability to
move, and thus releasing it. In the vicinity
of these wells is a network of pumps to
transfer the oil to the surface for extraction.
on data from the body of US surveys
indicate the presence of 91 heavy oil fields
in 21 countries, including 11 nautical fields.
The total oil discovered is about 2,064
trillion barrels that would cover world
consumption at current levels for a period
of 100 years. The total reserves and
recoverable resources were estimated at
297 billion barrels.
In the Middle East alone, there are about
78 billion barrels of recoverable heavy oil;
three and half times more than the total
reserves of the United States.
Self development
to cultivate wheat, do not seed corn
By Jehad Abu Hashem
You may think that there are plenty of different success theories. However, the
following points outlined below present a comprehensive strategy of what one can do
to develop himself. The writer of these points is Steve Jobs, the late founder of Apple
who inspired the whole world and achieved great success when he applied these rules.
In other words, you must prepare yourself for success and seed whatever you want to
cultivate. You must “seed” your objectives, make plans to achieve them and “cultivate”
success. Jobs’ points of success were as follows:
Start small,
think big
Do what you
really like to do
Always
learn
Follow your
feelings and take
the first step
Be hungry
and eager for
success
Think
differently
Perform your
task properly
and accurately
Fight to achieve
your dreams
Don’t think
only in terms
of tomorrow;
think also of the
future
Consider
other people’s
ideas
Criticize your
opponents, but
benefit from
their ideas
Don’t leave
without leaving
your mark
Say 1,000
“NO’s” to
everything that
might block
your thinking
Innovate
Don’t target
quantity, but
quality
30 | Quarterly Issue by Alkhorayef Group
Learn from
your failure
2015 | 1436
infographic
The seven habits
2015 | 1436
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Quarterly Issue by Alkhorayef Group |
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ve
cti ility)
a
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Think Win-Win
(fair treatment)
rst
Fi
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In his famous book “The Seven Habits of Highly Effective
People” that sold more than 15 million copies, Stephen
Covey set seven principles for self development:
31