WHITE YOUNG GREEN WATERWAY CORRIDOR STUDY 2006
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WHITE YOUNG GREEN WATERWAY CORRIDOR STUDY 2006 RIVER SHANNON AND ERRINA AND PARK CANALS: FINAL ECOLOGY REPORT TO THE HERITAGE COUNCIL September 2006 Reference: Waterways Corridor Study – Final Report Issue V4 Prepared by Verified by Dr Carmel Brennan Principal Ecologist Teri Hayes Director September 06 File Ref:C0042463/Reports/final White Young Green Ireland Apex Business Centre, Blackthorn Road, Sandyford, Dublin 18 Telephone: +353 (0) 1293 1200 Facsimile: +353 (0) 1293 1250 E-Mail: Dublin@wyg.com September 2006 C004246 CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................................... 1 2 METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................................................... 1 2.1 3 CORRIDOR DEFINITION ........................................................................................................................................ 2 THE SHANNON CORRIDOR DESCRIPTION............................................................................................... 2 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 HABITATS OVERVIEW............................................................................................................................................ 2 ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE, CONSERVATION VALUE AND VULNERABILITY ...................................................... 3 SPECIFIC ZONES OF CONSERVATION IMPORTANCE ............................................................................................... 4 HABITATS AND FLORA ........................................................................................................................................... 6 3.4.1 The River Shannon, Meelick to Portumna.............................................................................. 15 3.4.2 Lough Derg, Portumna to Killaloe/Ballina............................................................................. 17 3.4.3 ESB affected section, Killaloe to Parteen ............................................................................... 22 3.4.4 Limerick Metropolitan ..................................................................................................................... 24 3.5 FAUNA................................................................................................................................................................. 28 3.5.1 Mammals .............................................................................................................................................. 28 3.5.2 Amphibians and reptiles ................................................................................................................ 29 3.5.3 Invertebrates ...................................................................................................................................... 29 3.5.4 Birds ........................................................................................................................................................ 29 3.5.5 Fisheries ................................................................................................................................................ 36 3.6 WATER QUALITY................................................................................................................................................. 37 4 ISSUES OF CONSERVATION CONCERN WITHIN THE SHANNON CORRIDOR ........................ 39 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 6 AVAILABILITY AND QUALITY OF INFORMATION ............................................................................... 48 4.9 4.10 4.11 5 DATABASES ......................................................................................................................................................... 49 GAPS IN KNOWLEDGE ..................................................................................................................................... 49 NATURAL HERITAGE INDICATORS ................................................................................................................... 50 NATIONAL HERITAGE POLICY ..................................................................................................................... 52 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 6 WATER QUALITY................................................................................................................................................. 39 WATER LEVELS .................................................................................................................................................... 39 FISHERIES ........................................................................................................................................................... 41 INVASIVE SPECIES............................................................................................................................................... 42 TOURISM ............................................................................................................................................................ 45 AGRICULTURE ..................................................................................................................................................... 45 FORESTRY AND WINDFARM DEVELOPMENT .......................................................................................................... 46 PROTECTION OF THE CORRIDOR ......................................................................................................................... 47 WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE......................................................................................................................... 52 NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY PLAN........................................................................................................................... 53 NATIONAL HERITAGE PLAN ................................................................................................................................. 54 THE FISHERIES BOARD ....................................................................................................................................... 54 ELECTRICITY SUPPLY BOARD (ESB) ................................................................................................................... 55 THE NATIONAL PARKS AND WILDLIFE SERVICE .................................................................................................. 55 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................................ 56 September 2006 C004246 Table 1. Table 2. Table 3. Table 4. Table 5. Table 6. Table 7. Table 8. Designated sites within the study area Habitats within the study area Principal bird sites and their current status Principal fish species and their current status Principal rivers and their current status Lough Derg ESB water levels Lough Derg OPW monitoring stations Indicators and targets for flora, fauna and wildlife habitats within the study area Figure 1. Average monthly discharge for Ardnachrusha, Parteen Weir and the Shannon Total Appendix 1. Consultee list Appendix 2. NPWS Site synopses Appendix 3. NPWS Site maps June 2006 CE4246 The Heritage Council 1 White Young Green INTRODUCTION The study area encompasses the River Shannon from Meelick in County Galway to Shannonbridge in Limerick City. Most of the corridor is covered by international and national nature conservation designations, highlighting its natural heritage value. The study area can be divided into a number of sections for descriptive purposes. These are: • Meelick to Portumna • Lough Derg • The ESB affected section: Killaloe to Parteen and the Errina Canal • Limerick Metropolitan 2 METHODOLOGY The methods for this survey follow the approach taken in the Pilot Waterways Corridor Study (White Young Green, 2002) The ecological assessment comprised largely of desktop research with a short preliminary field assessment to gain familiarity with the study area. Documentary research and consultation was carried out with regard to habitats, flora and fauna. The National Parks and Wildlife Services (NPWS) archives and personnel provided the main source of site information. This information is largely derived form a number of national surveys including the Natural Heritage Areas survey (NPWS, 1997), Special Areas of Conservation surveys (NPWS, 1998a; 1998b; 1999; 2005), NPWS Draft management Plans (NPWS, 2000a; 2000b; 2000c) and site synopses (Appendix 1). Additional information was drawn from literature review, consultations with other relevant bodies, organisations and individuals and is referenced as appropriate. Supplementary data was gained from field assessment. Habitats are classified with reference to A Guide to Habitats in Ireland Fossitt (2000), which is the standard habitat classification system currently in use in Ireland. Prior to the introduction of this system, NPWS surveys were carried out with reference to the National ASI survey (Lockhart et al., 1993) and the available habitat maps (Appendix 1) are based on this system. These maps are currently being updated by the NPWS to reflect the standard system in use, but this information is not yet fully available. The Fossitt (2000) equivalent given in text is based on NPWS conversion methodology, with reference to habitat species composition where available and field assessment. A search for connected and related designated sites of ecological importance within the wider landscape was confined to a 5km radius of the waterways boundary. The sites described are either directly adjacent to the corridor or connected by means of a watercourse. Significant adjacent wetlands are also included. September 2006 1 CE4246 The Heritage Council White Young Green Due to the extensive and inaccessible nature of the study area, a field assessment of the waterways corridor was conducted by boat. The aim of the survey was to identify the principal habitats within the study corridor and identify management issues. Sections of the canals were visited by car and on foot where access allowed. From this process, key aspects of the natural heritage in the corridor were identified and assessed with regard to their significance on a local, regional, national or international level. The ecological significance of the corridor is described and the management issues are identified. 2.1 Corridor Definition For the purpose of the ecological investigation, the primary waterways corridor is considered to extend as far as the relevant designated area and includes the connected and related wetland and aquatic habitats. 3 3.1 THE SHANNON CORRIDOR DESCRIPTION Habitats Overview The study can be divided into four primary units: the Shannon Callows, Lough Derg and the Lower River Shannon comprising the ESB affected section and Limerick metropolitan area. The Shannon Callows dominate the stretch of the Shannon from Meelick to Portumna and comprise an area of pasture and hay-meadow on semi-natural lowland wet grassland. The River Shannon floods extensively along this stretch and is one of the few remaining natural floodplains in Europe. An embankment, built in 1929, limits the extent of flooding to the west and improved agricultural grasslands is more common here. Extensive areas of wet grassland are found to the east of the River Shannon and on both sides of the Little Brosna River. Outside the floodplains, improved agricultural grassland dominates where the restrictions imposed by flooding no longer apply. The islands and backwaters east of Meelick support a diversity of wetland and woodland vegetation that is largely untouched. Just south of Meelick, a series of lowland raised bogs are found within or adjacent to the river floodplains, which is an increasingly rare feature of the Irish landscape. Lough Derg encompasses the aquatic lake environment, fringing wetlands, woodlands and a network of connecting rivers. The native woodlands along the shore and in the immediate environs of the lake are one of Lough Dergs most significant features. Oak (Quercus spp.) and yew (Taxus baccata) woodlands are rare habitats, listed under Annex I of the E.U. Habitats Directive. Remnants of previously extensive areas of native woodland are found fringing Lough Derg and to the west of the lake in the vicinity of Woodford, Co. Galway. A substantial number of raised bog sites are found close to the lake, particularly September 2006 2 CE4246 The Heritage Council White Young Green in the north and west. While large areas of bog have been cutover, intact raised bog with good species diversity and typical hummock / hollow structure still remains. Conifer forestry is also a prominent feature within the landscape, particularly in Slieve Bearnagh Mountains to the west. Several rivers and streams drain into Lough Derg from the surrounding land. In this way, Lough Derg is strongly connected with the processes within the wider landscape. The main land use in the surrounding landscape is agriculture and outside the areas of semi-natural vegetation and forestry, improved agricultural grassland is the dominant habitat. The Lower River Shannon was extensively modified following the installation of Ardnacrucha. Despite this modification, the lower reaches of the Shannon remain an area of high conservation importance. The river channel and banks support a diversity of swamp, marsh and species-rich wet grasslands including an extensive area of blue-eyed grass (Sisyrinchium bermudiana), a species with very limited distribution in Ireland. Near Limerick City, extensive areas of alluvial woodland and marsh occur in low-lying ground subject to periodic flooding. Canals are also a feature of this area. 3.2 Assessment of Significance, Conservation Value and Vulnerability Almost the entire length of the Shannon Waterways Corridor is covered by either an international (cSAC, SPA) or national (pNHA, National Nature Reserve) designation indicating the overall ecological importance of the area (Table 1). The ecological significance of individual sites is identified in terms of its international, national, regional and local significance, based on available information and the designation status of the site. These represent sites that conform to certain criteria regarding quality, species complement and ecological processes. However, other sites that may not conform to these standards occur within the corridor and have been identified where possible. These represent areas of local biodiversity value and require further research. The waterways corridor supports a high proportion of semi-natural vegetation with high biodiversity value. Much of this resource is found fringing the river and lake or in other marginal areas that have not been subject to significant agricultural improvement or other human modification. Land use in the surrounding area is predominantly intensive agricultural grassland with a substantial amount of forestry and urban development, which in contrast, has limited ecological value. The designated sites described include the core area of the waterways corridor comprising the Shannon Callows cSAC, SPA, Lough Derg pNHA, Lough Derg North East Shore cSAC and the Lower River Shannon cSAC, SPA. Sites, which are directly adjacent or connected to the core area through a waterbody support adjacent populations of plants and animals similar to those found along the waterways corridor and are important in maintaining flora and fauna within the wider landscape. Connecting waterbodies provide valuable linkages within the landscape for wildlife and prevent populations from becoming isolated. The proximity of adjacent and connected sites enhances the ecological value of the core sites by enlarging the areas of semi-natural September 2006 3 CE4246 The Heritage Council White Young Green habitat adjacent to each other. Because of their connection, activities within adjacent sites can have a direct bearing on the ecological quality of the waterways corridor. A total of thirty primary habitat types have been recorded within the corridor (Table 2). Woodlands, wetlands and wet grasslands are the dominant ecological resources. These semi-natural habitats have evolved over time through natural processes and traditional management practices. Changes in the surrounding landscape and associated management of these sites can cause changes in the extent and character of habitats. The primary threats to their conservation value can be broadly summarised as habitat loss, habitat fragmentation and indirect habitat change through pollution, enrichment, invasive species and overexploitation. Aquatic and wetland habitats are, by their nature, vulnerable to changes in water quality and quantity. Terrestrial habitats are particular vulnerable to changes in agricultural practices, development and other land use changes. 3.3 Specific Zones of Conservation Importance The three main designated sites are the River Shannon Callows, Lough Derg and the Lower River Shannon, along with related and connected designated sites are described below. Table 1. Designated sites within the study area. Meelick to Portumna Area Conservation Rating County Shannon Callows 000216 cSAC, SPA River Little Brosna Callows 000564 pNHA, SPA Meeneen Bog 000310 NHA International Galway National Tipperary/ Offaly Adjacent National Galway 0.5km Ballymacegan Bog 000642 NHA Redwood Bog 002353 cSAC All Saints Bog and Esker 000566 pNHA, SPA National Tipperary Adjacent International Tipperary 0.5km Surrounded by callows National Tipperary 5km Adjacent to callows September 2006 Approx. Distance from Shannon Adjacent 4 Connection corridor to Linked to the adjacent stream flowing into the R. Shannon CE4246 The Heritage Council White Young Green Portumna to Killaloe Lough Derg North East Shore 002241 cSAC Lough Derg 000011 pNHA, SPA International Tipperary/ Galway - National - Friars Lough 000933 pNHA Kilcarren – Firville Bog 000647 cSAC Spring Park Wetland 000941 pNHA Lough Avan 001995 pNHA New Chapel Turlough 000653 pNHA National Tipperary/ Galway/ Clare Tipperary 2km Connected wetland International Tipperary 2km National Tipperary 5km At head Carriganorrig River Connected wetland National Tipperary 4km Adjacent wetland National Tipperary 3km Clareen Lough 000929 pNHA Slieve Bernagh Bog 002312 cSAC Lough O’Grady 001019 pNHA Cloonamirran Wood 001686 pNHA Derryoober Bog 002379 NHA Derrycrag Wood 000261 cSAC, NNR Cloonmoylan Bog 000248 cSAC Rosturra Wood 001313 cSAC/Nat. Res. Pollnaknockaun Wood 000319 cSAC/Nat. Res. Barroughter Bog 000231 cSAC National Tipperary 1km Adjacent wetland containing rare and threatened species similar to those found around L. Derg Adjacent wetland International Clare 1km National Clare 5km At head of Ardcloony River On Scarriff River National Clare 0.5km Adjacent bog woodland National Galway 1km On Coo’s River International Galway 5km International Galway 1km International Galway 3km International Galway 5km Connected via Woodford River Connected to L. Derg via streams Connected via stream. Associated woodland habitat Associated woodland habitat International Galway Adjacent International Clare/Limerick - Regional/ local Clare 5km of Killaloe-Limerick Lower River Shannon 002165 cSAC Knockalisheen Marsh pNHA 002001 Adjacent wet grassland habitat 3.4 September 2006 5 CE4246 The Heritage Council White Young Green Habitats and Flora Table 2. Habitats within the survey are classified according to Fossitt (2000). Habitats Mesotrophic lake Turlough Depositing/lowland river Canal Drainage ditches Calcareous springs Reed and large sedge swamps Tall-herb swamps Improved agricultural grassland Dry calcareous and neutral grassland Wet grassland Marsh Wet heath Raised bog Upland blanket bog Lowland blanket bog Cutover bog Rich fen and flush Oak-ash- hazel woodland Yew woodland Wet pedunculate oak-ash woodland Riparian woodland Wet willow-alder-ash woodland Bog woodland Mixed broadleaved woodland Conifer plantation Scrub Hedgerows Treelines Exposed calcareous rock Codes FL4 FL6 FW2 FW3 FW4 FP1 FS1 FS2 GA1 GS1 GS4 GM1 HH3 PB1 PB2 PB3 PB4 PF1 WN2 WN3 WN4 WN5 WN6 WN7 WD1 WD4 WS1 WL1 WL2 ER2 FRESHWATER Mesotrophic lake FL4 Lough Derg is the largest of the River Shannon lakes covering 13,000 ha and measuring 33 km from Portumna to Killaloe. The lake is relatively shallow at the northern end being mostly 6 m in depth, while the narrow southern end has the greatest average depth, with a maximum of 34 m. The extensive shoreline encompasses several sheltered bays and numerous islands. Lough Derg is currently described as a mesotrophic system. There has been a gradual reduction in the trophic status of the lake from strongly eutrophic in the mid 1991-94, through moderately eutrophic in 1995-97 to its current mesotrophic status (Toner et al., 2005). Eutrophication, is caused by inputs of nutrients, principally phosphorus, either directly to lakes or more commonly through inflowing rivers and it results in excessive plant growth, particularly phytoplankton and other algae. September 2006 6 CE4246 The Heritage Council White Young Green Turloughs FL6 Turloughs are ephemeral lakes that occupy in basins or depressions in limestone areas, and where water levels fluctuate markedly during the year. They are virtually confined to Ireland and are largely concentrated in Counties Clare, Galway and Roscommon. Their flora is characterised by distinct zonations (Fossitt, 2000). Newchapel Turlough pNHA is approximately 3km to the west of Lough Derg and supports a number of rare and restricted species found only in East Clare and North Tipperary. Turloughs are listed as priority habitats under the E.U. Habitats Directive. Depositing lowland river FW2 The sections of the River Shannon that occur within the study area are classified as depositing lowland river. The gradient between Meelick and Portumna is minimal and the river flows sluggishly. Several other rivers adjoin the river and lake. Two of the larger are the Little River Brosna east of Meelick and the Mulkear River, north-east of Limerick City. The lower reaches of these watercourses are classified as depositing lowland river where they join the Shannon Waterways Corridor. Canals FW3 These are defined as artificial, linear bodies of water, constructed through excavation, which diverts water away from the main watercourse (Fossitt, 2000). Three canals occur within the study area: the Ardnacrusha Headrace/trail races, which channels water through the power station, the disused Errina Canal and the Park Canal, which is currently being restored. Drainage ditches FW4 Drainage ditches occur extensively within the study area. They are primarily associated with hedgerow systems in agricultural fields and are quite frequent within the Shannon Callows. They are found within a number of peatland sites and can cause dewatering of the peatlands. They are also associated with forestry. Drainage ditches frequently support a diversity of wetland species. The rare species, oppositeleaved pondweed (Groenlandia densa) was found in this habitat in Meelick-Redwood area during the 1993 NHA survey and was last found in the Park Canal in 2001. Abundant and varied stoneworts (Chara species) also occur in this habitat. Calcareous springs FP1 Calcareous springs are fed by upwelling groundwater that is alkaline. They are characterised by distinct vegetation and an abundance of mosses. Calcareous springs with tufa formation are recognised as the priority habitat petrifying springs with tufa formation (Cratoneurion) (7220). A number have been found along the north-east shore of Lough Derg. September 2006 7 CE4246 The Heritage Council White Young Green Reedbed and large sedge swamp FS1 Reedbeds dominated by common reed (Phragmites australis) fringe the river and lake edge in many parts of the study area. Extensive areas of reedbed occur in the Meelick-Redwood area, especially in infilling backwaters. Other large stands occur along the embankment in Portumna and around Portland Island and in the sheltered bays and connecting rivers along Lough Derg. Common club-rush (Schoenoplectus lacustris) also occurs frequently in the backwaters at Meelick-Redwood and in Lower Lough Derg near Killaloe. The Lower River Shannon has been noted for its extensive swamp vegetation (Reynolds pers. comm). Although this habitat is typically species-poor, it is of high value for wildlife, especially birds. Tall-herb swamp FW2 This is a more species-rich stand of herbaceous vegetation swamp (Fossitt, 2000). It is typically found on the landward side of the taller reedbed and large sedge swamp where water levels are frequently high but permanent inundation does not occur. This vegetation type often grades into wet grassland and is commonly found fringing the river and lake in linear strips. GRASSLAND AND MARSH Improved agricultural grassland GA1 This habitat occurs more frequently outside areas of flooding and waterlogging. In general, flooding prohibits practices associated with grassland improvement, particularly reseeding and fertilisation. This habitat is typically species-poor and dominated by agricultural species including perennial rye-grass (Lolium perenne) and clover (Trifolium spp.). It is common within the wider landscape and of low biodiversity value. Dry calcareous and neutral grassland GS1 This habitat type is unimproved or semi-improved grassland that is either calcareous or neutral in character. Neutral grassland is more widespread in distribution and is generally associated with old pastures and less intensively managed land on neutral soils. Calcareous grassland is typically species-rich and restricted in distribution (Fossitt, 2000). It occurs in pockets along the north-east shore of Lough Derg in areas that have not been improved for agriculture. It frequently occurs in conjunction with limestone pavement and supports a diversity of species. This habitat has links with the Annex I priority habitat ‘semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometea) (important orchid sites) (6210) Wet grassland GS4 Wet grassland occurs extensively within the study area. It is typically species-rich and supports a number of rare plants including marsh pea (Lathyrus palustris) and marsh stitchwort (Stellaria palustris). Much of the Shannon Callows grasslands is classified as wet grassland and includes the Annex I habitats, Molinia September 2006 8 CE4246 The Heritage Council White Young Green meadows. They are largely associated with the floodplain of rivers and lake shoreline but can occur in waterlogged areas further inland. Marsh GM1 Freshwater marsh occurs most commonly where wet grasslands become too wet to graze on the water edge. It is frequently found as a narrow strip between wet grassland and the reedbed fringe. This habitat often supports a number of scarce species including greater water-parsnip (Sium latifolium), greater spearwort (Ranunculus lingua) and water dock (Rumex hydrolapathum). It is typically species-rich and is particularly well developed in the backwaters of Meelick-Redwood. HEATH AND DENSE BRACKEN Wet heath HH3 Wet heath is common on upland mountains and slopes and on lowland hills that are either too dry or too steep for deep peat accumulation. The vegetation typically comprises at least 25% cover of dwarf shrubs on peaty soils and shallow wet peats that typically have an average depth of 15-50 cm (Fossitt, 2000). Common species include ling (Calluna vulgaris) and cross-leaved heath (Erica tetralix). It often forms a mosaic with other vegetation types, including blanket bog and dry-humid acid grassland. It is well developed along mountain slopes in the Slieve Bernagh range to the west of Lough Derg. PEATLANDS Peatlands can be divided into two main types: ombrotrophic (rain-fed) bogs, which derive their water supply form rainfall and are acid and nutrient poor in character and minerotrophic fens, which fed through precipitation and groundwater sources. BOGS Raised bog PB1 Raised bog habitat is a distinctively Irish feature. They are confined to the lowlands of Ireland where drainage is impeded and peat accumulates in shallow basins or topographic depressions. Just south of Meelick, a series of lowland raised bogs are found within, or adjacent to the river floodplains. A number of large and relatively intact bogs occur to the west of Lough Derg including Cloonmoylan Bog pNHA, close to the western shore of Lough Derg and Barroughter Bog pNHA, located on the north-west shore of Lough Derg. Upland Blanket Bog PB2 Upland blanket bog occurs on flat or gently sloping ground above 150 m and is widespread on hills and mountains throughout Ireland (Fossitt, 2000). It is frequently used for grazing, turf cutting and forestry and many sites have suffered a decline in the extent and quality of this habitat. Slieve Bernagh Bog cSAC is an extensive area of upland blanket bog habitat dominated by typical upland blanket bog species September 2006 9 CE4246 The Heritage Council White Young Green including deergrass (Trichophorum caespitosum), hare’s cottongrass (Eriophorum vaginatum) and common cottongrass (E. angustifolium). This area has a high diversity and cover of Sphagnum moss. This habitat has links with the Annex I priority habitat ‘blanket bog (if active bog) (7130)’ Lowland Blanket Bog PB3 Lowland blanket bog has a relatively restricted distribution in Ireland and is mostly confined to wetter regions along the western seaboard where annual rainfall exceeds 1250 mm. Derryoober Bog pNHA represents an extensive area of lowland blanket bog within the study area supporting a diversity of typical lowland blanket bog species including white beak-sedge (Rhynchospora alba), deergrass (Trichophorum caespitosum) and sundews (Drosera spp.). This habitat has links with the Annex I habitat ‘depressions on peat substrates of the Rhynchosporion (7150)’ and the priority habitat ‘blanket bog (if active bog) (7130)’ Cutover bog PB4 Cutover is associated with all peat-forming systems. It is a variable habitat and includes areas that are being actively cutover as well as areas of abandoned and exhausted cutover. Many of the bogs found within the study area have been cutover to some extent. This habitat is especially common within the raised bog sites south of Meelick, some of which have been extensively cutover along the periphery. This habitat has links with the Annex I habitat ‘depressions on peat substrates of the Rhynchosporion (7150)’ FENS AND FLUSH Rich Fen and Flush PF2 Fens are characterised by a high diversity of tussock-forming and low-growing sedges, rushes and broadleafed herbs. Typical species including water mint (Mentha aquatica), marsh pennyworth (Hydrocotyle vulgaris), marsh bedstraw (Galium palustre), bogbean (Menyanthes trifoliata) and water horsetail (Equisetum fluviatile) (Doyle and Ó’Críodáin, 2003). Concern has grown about the decline of rich fen in Europe due to land reclamation and eutrophication (O’Críodáin and Doyle, 1997, Wheeler, 1984). The Annex I habitat, Alkaline fens (7230) occur frequently along the shores of Lough Derg, mainly in association with Cladium fens. This is a specific type of alkaline fen dominated by great fen sedge (Cladium mariscus). There are particularly well-developed stands in sheltered bays around Portumna Forest Park and near Kilgarvan Quay. Cladium fens with Cladium mariscus and species of the Caricion davallianae (7210)’ is an Annex I priority habitat on the E.U. Habitats Directive. September 2006 10 CE4246 The Heritage Council WOODLANDS White Young Green AND SCRUB SEMI-NATURAL WOODLANDS Oak-ash-hazel woodland WN2 This native, semi-natural woodland is found extensively along the shores of Lough Derg. The dominant canopy species are oak (Quercus robur), ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and hazel (Corylus avellana). The ground flora is generally rich in areas that are not overgrazed and contains wood anemone (Anemone nemorosa), wood sorrel (Oxalis acetosella), pignut (Conopodium majus) and wood sanicle (Sanicula europaea), among other species. Fossitt (2000) notes that although this habitat type is not annexed, it is very limited in extent in Ireland and should be regarded as being of conservation importance. Yew woodland WN3 Stands of native semi-natural yew woodland are extremely rare in Ireland and are confined to the west. The east shore of Lough Derg is particularly rich in good quality yew woodland. This habitat corresponds to the priority E.U. Annex 1 habitat ‘Taxus baccata woods of the British Isles (91J0)’ Wet pedunculate oak-ash-woodland WN4 This type of woodland is typically associated with areas that are flooded or waterlogged in winter but which dry out in summer (Fossitt, 2000). This habitat occurs along the Lower Shannon near Limerick City. On alluvial sites, this type of woodland corresponds to the priority habitat ‘alluvial forests with Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus excelsior (Alno-padion, Alnion incanae, Salicion albae) (91E0)’ Riparian woodland WN5 This habitat typically includes wet woodlands of river margins (gallery woodland) and low islands that are subject to frequent flooding. These woodland types are dominated by willow (Salix spp.). Alder (Alnus glutinosa) is occasional. Good examples of this woodland type occur extensively around the University of Limerick. Wet willow-alder-ash woodland WN6 This includes woodlands of lakeshores and fen carr, dominated by willow (Salix spp.), alder (Alnus glutinosa) and ash (Fraxinus excelsior). Several of the river islands between Meelick and Portumna are dominated by willow and ash and conform to the Fossitt (2000) wet willow-alder-ash woodland (WN6) classification. Immediately south of the weir in Meelick, a group of islands including Friar’s Island have well developed examples of this woodland. Bog woodland WN7 Areas of bog woodland occur throughout the study area. They occur in areas of cutover bog or in the case of Clonamirran Wood, on raised bog which has been naturally recolonised by woodland species. September 2006 11 CE4246 The Heritage Council White Young Green Downey birch (Betula pubescens) is generally dominant. Holly (Ilex aquifolium), oak (Quercus spp.) and willow (Salix spp.) also frequently occur (Fossitt, 2000). This habitat has links with the Annex I priority habitat ‘bog woodland (91D0)’ which occurs on intact raised bog and is very rare in Ireland. (Mixed) broadleaved woodland WD1 This includes woodlands with native and non-native broadleaved trees and up to 25% cover of conifers. Some mixed stands occur around Lough Derg supporting beech (Fagus sylvatica), sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus), chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) and larch (Larix deciduas). Conifer plantation WD4 Conifer plantations occur extensively around the shores of Lough Derg, especially in the upland areas to the west. These are typically dominated by even-aged stands of non-native conifer species such as Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta). Scrub WS1 Scrub includes areas that are dominated by at least 50% cover of shrubs, stunted trees or brambles. It frequently develops as a forerunner to woodland invades abandoned grasslands or heath or marginal areas (Fossitt, 2000). It is found in inaccessible areas throughout the study area. It comprises hawthorn (Crataegua monogyna), blackthorn (Prunus spinosa), hazel (Corylus avellana), spindle (Euonymus europaeus) and gorse (Ulex europaeus). In wet areas, willow (Salix spp.) and small birch (Betula spp.) are more common. A special type of scrub occurs extensively along the eastern side of Lough Derg. Juniper (Juniperus communis) occurs in association with calcareous grasslands, heath and limestone pavement and also in association with the wetland vegetation at the lake edges. It also occurs above the flood level with species-rich calcareous grasslands. A good example can be seen north of Kilgarvan Quay. Stands of juniper scrub correspond to the annexed habitat ‘Juniperus communis formations on heaths or calcareous grasslands (5130)’ Hedgerows WL1 Hedgerows occur extensively within the region enclosing lowland farmland. The species composition typically comprises species that occur commonly within the area such as hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna), blackthorn (Prunus spinosa), hazel (Corylus avellana) and gorse (Ulex europaeus). Tree standards occurring along its length include ash (Fraxinus excelsior), oak (Quercus spp.) willow (Salix spp.) and small birch (Betula spp.) September 2006 12 CE4246 The Heritage Council White Young Green Treelines WL2 Tree lines are associated with the hedgerow systems. In addition to the species listed above, a number of non-natives frequently occur that have been planted in the past including beech (Fagus sylvatica), sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus), chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) and larch (Larix deciduas). Exposed calcareous rock ER2 Limestone pavement is included in this habitat type. Small amounts of this habitat occur along the eastern shore of Lough Derg. It frequently occurs in association with calcareous grassland. Examples of the habitat found within the study area did not include distinctive features normally associated with limestone pavement such as clints and grykes. This habitat has links with the Annex I habitats ‘calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation (8210)’ and the priority habitat ‘limestone pavements (8240) Non-marine islands A number of islands occur near the Shannon Callows. These are Friar’s island, Big Island, Ballymacegan, Long Island and Portland Island. These islands are important for breeding waders in summer as they provide sheltered areas with relatively low disturbance and long boundary with open water (NPWS, 2000c). A series of alluvial islands occur near Friar’s Island at Meelick, just above the confluence with the Little Brosna. The islands dotting Lough Derg are also an important ecological feature and are largely covered with native woodland. There are approximately 113 islands marked on the O.S. Discovery Series 1:50,000. Some are no more than rocks while the largest is Illaunmore measuring approximately a kilometre squared. There is an abundance of islands dotted along the north and west shores of Lough Derg. Some bear names of species that are frequent in the area such as Goose Island, Otter Island, Cormorant Island and Yew Island. Many of the islands support significant stands of juniper (Juniperus communis) formations. This is particularly evident on Bounla Island. Juniper often occurs as fringing vegetation around islands. The islands to the north of the lake near Portumna Forest Park provide nesting colonies for cormorants and 167 pairs were recorded there in 1995 (Heery, 1996). A total of 55 pairs of common terns (Sterna hirundo) were recorded on Goat Island (Hannon, 1997). Previous surveys recorded up to recorded 37 pairs (Reynolds, 1990). Goat Island has been managed by local BirdWatch groups to protect the site against changing water levels. On the Lower Shannon, St Thomas’ Island (outside the cSAC) is unmanaged and supports rough grassland, scrub and marsh along the western tip of the island. September 2006 13 CE4246 The Heritage Council White Young Green 3.4.1 September 2006 14 CE4246 The Heritage Council White Young Green The River Shannon, Meelick to Portumna The Shannon Callows cSAC The Shannon Callows is the largest area of semi-natural floodplain grassland in Ireland and Britain and has several features of a natural ecosystem (Nairn et al., 1988). It is considered one of the most natural floodplains remaining in Western Europe (Hooijer, 1996), highlighting its international importance. The site is of particular significance for bird populations and along with the adjoining Little Brosna, this area represents one of the great waterfowl sites in Ireland. The River Shannon Callows cSAC extends along the eastern side of the Shannon from Meelick to Portumna. The river gradient is minimal along this stretch, resulting in extensive flooding of the surrounding land in winter and spring. The fields affected by the seasonal flooding are known as ‘callows’ and the average width of affected area is approximately 0.75 km wide (Heery, 1991). The River Shannon Callows cSAC is designated for the following E.U. Annex I habitat: Molinia meadows, Lowland hay meadows, Limestone Pavement and Alluvial Forrest. The dominant habitat within the designated area is semi-natural, lowland wet grassland, which has a rich and distinctive assemblage of flora and is becoming increasingly rare throughout Ireland. Plant communities occur in response to different levels of flooding, which are influenced by elevation. The wet grassland communities are characterised by creeping bent (Agrostis stolonifera), brown sedge (Carex disticha), common sedge (Carex nigra), marsh marigold (Caltha palustris) and marsh bedstraw (Galium palustre). In areas of prolonged flooding, floating sweet-grass (Glyceria fluitans), yellow cress (Rorippa amphibian), water forget-me-not (Mysotis scorioides) and common spike-rush (Eleocharis palustris) are typical. On dryer elevated ground, low-growing sedge communities occur, characterised by yellow sedge (Carex virudula) and star sedge (Carex echinata). Two legally protected plant species Flora (Protection) Order, 1999 occur within the callows: opposite-leaved pondweed (Groenlandia densa) in drainage ditches and meadow barley (Hordeum secalinum) on dry alluvial grassland. Other plant species of note that occur rarely include marsh pea (Lathyrus palustris), marsh stitchwort (Stellaria palustris) and summer snowflake (Leucojum aestivum) (Heery, 1991). The 1999 SAC survey conducted by the NPWS noted that the main threats to the callows grassland come from intensification of grassland management, which would destroy the semi-natural nature and reduce botanical diversity. Currently, the flooding regime generally prevents intensification but herbicides and high fertiliser applications have been effectively used in a few places. Most of the meadows are old meadows and any trend towards change to permanent pasture would be detrimental. The survey also noted that drainage schemes, agricultural pollution and wildfowl hunting threaten the bird-life in the area and that boating, mostly by commercial cruisers, may also have a negative impact. September 2006 15 CE4246 The Heritage Council White Young Green Little Brosna River pNHA The River Little Brosna Callows pNHA is located near Meelick at the northern part of the study area. The main habitat is the extensive area of low-lying callows on the floodplains of the Little Brosna River and River Shannon. The grassland types present are alluvial, sedge-rich, calcareous and improved grasslands that are of similar species composition to the Shannon Callows. The southern boundary of the site encompasses cutover areas, now a mosaic of habitats of grassland, fen and downy birch woodland. There are notable stands of black bog-rush (Schoenus nigricans) and great fen sedge (Cladium mariscus). The site is of international importance for its waterfowl and is designated a Special Protection Area under the E.U. Birds Directive being noted both for numbers and diversity of species. Meeneen Bog pNHA Meeneen Bog pNHA is located to the south-west of Meelick, on the western banks of the River Shannon. The site consists of a distinct dome of high bog surrounded by cutover on all sides, but is most extensive in parts of the west and south. Birch and gorse scrub have encroached in places and small patches of birch woodland also occur on the cutover. The dome retains a good diversity of typical raised bog species but is dissected by trackways and some habitats are drying-out. An extensive area of flush occurs to the east of the site. Ballymacegan Bog pNHA Ballymacegan Bog pNHA is a small floodplain raised bog on the east bank River Shannon just south of Meelick. The bog dome is relatively flat and uniform and supports a good diversity of typical raised bog species. The structure of the bog is also diverse hummock/hollow complexes, pools and flushes. The bog is bounded by callow grassland to the north and west, while the south and eastern boundary of the bog is cutover. Parts of the cutover have been reclaimed for agriculture while birch is regenerating in other areas. Drainage, mechanical peat extraction and burning all pose a threat to conservation value of the site. Redwood Bog cSAC Further to the east, Redwood Bog cSAC has developed on the margins of the River Shannon and the Little Brosna floodplains. The site holds two active raised bog domes, which are found to the east of the site and largely separated by a small stream. Hummocks and pools occur in the northern dome of the bog and areas of flush occur along the length of the stream. The raised bog area shows good species and structural diversity. The west of the site is extensively cutover in the past but active cutting is minimal. On-going drainage and burning threaten the value of this site. The site supports the Annex I species, Greenland white-fronted goose (Anser albifrons), which in the past occured in larger numbers on the adjacent callows. There are no recent counts available from this site (Crowe, 2005). September 2006 16 CE4246 The Heritage Council White Young Green All Saints Bog and Esker cSAC This lowland raised bog is separated form the Little Brosna Callows by a fragmented esker ridge. The site supports the largest stand of birch woodland in Ireland growing on active raised bog and is unique in this respect. The woodland supports an interesting diversity of invertebrate fauna including two rarities: a species of fly (Dictenida bimaculata) and a species of ladybird (Hippodamia tredecimpunctata). This was traditionally a site for Greenland white fronted geese (Anser albifrons) but they do not appear to use the site anymore. Deterioration in habitat quality from drainage may have contributed to their decline. Merlin (Falco columbarius), another Annex I species is known to use the site (Crowe, 2005). 3.4.2 Lough Derg, Portumna to Killaloe/Ballina Lough Derg pNHA and Lough Derg North East Shore cSAC The entire lake is designated as a proposed Natural Heritage Area and Special Protection Area. The north-east shore is of significant ecological interest and has a high concentration of annexed and priority habitats listed under the E.U. Habitats Directive. Five Annex I habitats found in the area are; alkaline fen, juniper scrub formation, Cladium fen, petrifying spring and yew woodland, the latter three of which are priority habitats. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland is a dominant feature of the Lough Derg shoreline. The eastern shore supports some of the finest examples of Juniper formations in Ireland At Cornalack, yew forms a substantial area of scrub woodland and areas of tall juniper occur over loose limestone rubble with a diversity of herb species. A disused quarry near Cornalack supports substantial cover of yew. Other shrub species found here include hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna), hazel (Corylus avellana), cotoneaster (Cotoneaster spp.) and holly (Ilex spp.) and spindle (Euonymus europaeus) and ash (Fraxinus excelsior) are found among taller stands (NPWS, 2000a). North of Kilgarvan Quay, an extensive area of juniper (Taxus baccata) occurs in association with speciesrich calcareous grassland. Further north along this shore, juniper forms a mosaic with black bog-rush and saw sedge fen. Deciduous woodland circles the lake with intermittent clearing giving way to housing, marinas and agricultural land. Oak woodlands alternate with hazel and ash woodlands. Some areas of birch- dominated woodlands occur along the lake edge at Portumna. Beech (Fagus sylvatica) and scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) often occur at the lake edge in areas that were once parts of estates. The woodland ground flora is species-rich and supports early-purple orchid (Orchis mascula), wood anemone (Anemone nemorosa), wood-sorrel (Oxalis acetosella), pignut (Conopodium majus), bluebell (Hyacinthoides non- September 2006 17 CE4246 The Heritage Council White Young Green scriptus) and primrose (Primula vulgaris). These are typical ancient woodland indicators, which bear testament to the long and continuous history of native woodland in this area. Cladium fen typically forms dense stands and occurs along the lake margins, mainly in association with alkaline fen, reed and large sedge swamp. The fen is characterised by great fen sedge (Cladium mariscus) in association with black bog-rush (Schoenus nigricans), water horsetail (Equisetum fluviatile), bottle sedge (Carex rostrata) and occasionally slender sedge (Carex acuta). The community frequently merges with alkaline fen (NPWS, 2000a). A number of rare and protected plant species occur along the lakeshores including Irish fleabane (Inula salicina), which has its only known station in Ireland at Lough Derg. Invasive species, including the zebra mussel, have become a threat to the ecology of the lake in the last decade. Other significant threats are from eutrophication and high recreational pressure on the lake. The shoreline of Lough Derg is fringed by semi-natural woodlands. The location of woodland shown in Figure x is taken from the NHA survey. The scale of mapping for this survey is insufficient to identify the semi-natural woodland down to level three of Fossitt (2000). Extensive field survey would be required to further investigate this resource. Portumna Forest Park This Coillte owned conifer forest with areas of native woodland. It is the largest area of sitka spruce plantation in the country. The park is entirely within the boundaries of the Lough Derg North-east Shore cSAC and supports good populations of red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris), bats and fallow deer (Dama dama). One of the management objectives for the forest is to increase the area of native woodland in suitable areas. One of the strongest populations of red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) in Ireland occurs here. A programme to repopulate previous red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) habitats is underway using individuals from this site. Friars Lough pNHA This lake is a proposed Natural Heritage Area, connected to Lough Derg by the Lorrha Stream. The wetland supports dense reedbeds and broad-leaved oak woodland. The site is of note due to the presence of alder buckthorn (Frangula Alnus), which has a limited distribution in Ireland (Preston et al., 2002). Kilcarren – Firville Bog cSAC Kilcarren – Firville Bog cSAC is a substantial area of intact raised bog approximately 3km east of Lough Derg. The site is a complex of intact raised bog, wet pools and flushes at the centre and heavily September 2006 18 CE4246 The Heritage Council White Young Green damaged margins. Extensive peat extraction and drainage around the periphery of the site is causing the site to dry out. Spring Park Wetlands pNHA This is a small area of wetlands supporting large areas of extensive reedbeds and a diversity of other typical wetland species. It also supports water germander (Teucrium scordium), a species confined to the River Shannon and turloughs in North Tipperary and East Clare. This is an important site for local wildfowl and represents a semi-natural habitat in an area which is largely agricultural. Lough Avan pNHA Lough Avan pNHA is a small wetland complex approximately 4 km east of Lough Derg, is an important wildfowl area supporting Greenland white-fronted goose (Anser albifrons) and whooper swan (Cygnus cygnus) (Crowe, 2005). The site supports a high diversity of habitats including open water lakes and ponds, fringing reedbeds, wet grassland, calcareous grassland and oak woodland. Newchapel Turlough pNHA Newchapel Turlough pNHA is approximately 3km to the west of Lough Derg. The basin at the northern end is fringed with typical wetland species including water horsetail (Equisetum fluviatile) and common reed (Phragmites australis). Beyond this an area of wet grassland occurs, which is subject to inundation when water levels rise. Two smaller pools occur at the southern end. Species adapted to fluctuating water levels occur including lesser marshwort (Apium inundatum) and water germander (Teucrium scordium), which apart from the shore of Lough Derg and Lough Ree, is rare and restricted to turloughs in East Clare and North Tipperary. Clareen Lough pNHA This site comprises a system of wetlands to the north of the village of Puckaun in North Tipperary and is connected with Lough Derg at its north-west side. Extensive reedbeds occur across much of the site and are associated with a number of lakes. The main species include common reed (Phragmites australis), great fen sedge (Cladium mariscus), reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) and black bog-rush (Schoenus nigricans). Wet grassland and marshy areas occur on the edges of the reedbeds. Scrub communities of willow (Salix spp.), gorse (Ulex spp.) and birch (Betula spp.) are scattered throughout the site, while in a few places quite large blocks of dry broadleaved woodland occur. These woodlands support oak (Quercus spp.), beech (Fagus sylvatica), sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus), ash (Fraxinus excelsior), willow (Salix spp.) and birch (Betula spp.). Slieve Bernagh Bog cSAC Slieve Bernagh Bog cSAC is a large area comprising the Slieve Bernagh mountain range. It encompasses a range of upland habitats listed under Annex I of the E.U. Habitats Directive, for which it is designated. September 2006 19 CE4246 The Heritage Council White Young Green These are blanket bog, wet heath and dry heath. Upland Blanket bog is the dominant habitat and peat depth and condition is variable. In the lower areas, lowland blanket bog occurs and is much wetter, with pool systems of bog moss and characteristic species. It occasionally forms a mosaic with wet heath. Wet heath is well developed on the northern slopes. The range of moss and liverwort species in this community is exceptionally diverse. Dry heath occurs on the dryer south facing slopes, frequently in mosaic with dry – humid acid grassland. Turf cutting and low-intensity sheep grazing are the main land uses on site. The site is almost completely surrounded by conifer plantation. This site is considered to be one of the last remaining intact areas of open moorland habitat in this part of the country. Birds typical of this type of upland habitat occur on site including red grouse (Lagopus lagopus), skylark (Alaunda Arvensis), meadow pipit (Anthus pratensis) and raven (Corvus corax). Two hen harrier pairs (Annex I species) are located within range of the site. Lough O’Grady pNHA This is a small wetland site south-west of Scarriff. It encompasses Lough O’Grady and Keel Lough. The River Scarriff flows east from the site. The site supports a diversity of wetland vegetation including reedbed, wet grassland, marsh and wet woodland, which occur around the lakes. The site is of particular interest for wildfowl, particularly the Greenland white-fronted goose (Anser albifrons). Clonamirran Wood pNHA Cloonamirran Wood pNHA occupies an area of raised bog, which has been naturally recolonised by woodland species on the western shore of Lough Derg, 1km east of Mountshannon, County Clare. On this open wet woodland, downy birch (Betula pubescens) and holly (Ilex spp.) have become established as the dominant species with some areas of willow (Salix spp.) and alder (Alnus glutinosa). There are also a few oaks (Quercus spp.), which are regenerating well. Because this site has developed naturally with very little human intervention, it provides a very valuable example of plant succession. It is also a fine example of the relatively rare habitat wet mixed deciduous woodland on raised bog. The woodland ground flora consists of an interesting mixture of typical blanket bog plants with some woodland species such as barren strawberry (Potentilla sterillis) and honeysuckle (Lonicera periclymenum). In the clearings a true blanket bog flora occurs with some Sphagnum species and several heathers. Derryoober Bog pNHA Derryoober Bog pNHA is an extensive area of high quality lowland blanket bog. The site is almost 2km the west of Lough Derg, south of Woodford. It is bounded to the east and west by agricultural land and to the north and south by forestry. A small lake Black Lough, near the northern boundary of the site, supports reedbed. The Coos River flows along part of the southern boundary of the site. A number of streams flow through the site, entering Lough Derg. The surrounding forestry may impact on water quality in this area, particularly during harvesting. EPA water quality data for the Coos River shows that while water quality has improved in recent surveys the quality remains moderately polluted at Tooreeny September 2006 20 CE4246 The Heritage Council White Young Green Bridge (Toner, 2005) and agriculture is the suspected cause of pollution. Results from further upstream at Boylenabrone Bridge, is unpolluted, suggesting that currently there is no impact from forestry. Red grouse (Lagopus lagopus), a Red Data Book species occurs here. Derrycrag Wood cSAC Until the 1940s, the area east of Woodford, Co. Galway supported the largest stand of natural oak wood in the country. These areas were largely cleared and planted with conifers. The fragmented stands at Derrycrag Wood, Rosturra Wood and Pollnaknockaun Wood are remnants of the original native woodland. Derrycrag Wood cSAC and nature reserve is located on the Woodford River approximately 5km west of Lough Derg. Conifers largely dominate the site but remnants of old woodland still remain. The original woodland flora is still in evidence beneath the conifers in parts. The site supports a very high diversity of flora and fauna, among them a number of rare and threatened species including alder buckthorn (Frangula Alnus), blue-eyed-grass (Sisyrinchium bermudiana), lesser meadow-rue (Thalictrum minus) and wild columbine (Aquilegia vulgaris). Rare and protected fauna are also known to occur including pine marten (Martes martes), red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) and bat species. Kestral (Falco tinnunculus), sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) and jay (Garrulus glandarius) are present and the site may also contain other rare breeding woodland species, although a woodland survey would be required to assess this (Crowe, 2005) Cloonmoylan Bog cSAC Cloonmoylan Bog pNHA is a large, intact raised bog close to the western shore of Lough Derg. Part of the overall site has been damaged to some extent due to burning and drainage. The bog shows good habitat diversity and has a typical raised bog structure of pools, wet channels, hummocks and flushes. Brown beak-sedge (Rhynchospora fusca) a declining species (Preston et al., 2002) is found in the channels. Habitat diversity on this raised bog is good and the presence of scarce plant species adds to the sites importance. Rosturra Wood cSAC Elements of the original sessile oak woodland still remain. The site is now divided in two parts and remnant patches of oak wood and a rich ground flora are found throughout the site. Narrow-leaved helleborine (Cephalanthera longifolia) a protected species with very limited distribution (Preston et al., 2002) is found in both pats of the site. Pollnaknockauna Wood cSAC Much of the conifer plantation has been removed and native woodland regeneration is occurring. Invasion by beech (Fagus sylvatica) and rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum) is considered to be a threat. A stream passes through part of the site and feeds an area of wet alder and birch woodland, which supports a diversity of ground flora species including royal fern (Osmunda regailis). September 2006 21 CE4246 The Heritage Council White Young Green Barroughter Bog pNHA Barroughter Bog pNHA is a relatively small site supporting high quality raised bog. It is located on the north-west shore of Lough Derg and is unique in this respect. The adjacent habitats range from open water through extensive reed beds and marginal scrub, which adds to the overall ecological value of the site. The bog dome is in good condition, although slightly hollowed towards the eastern side. An extensive area of quaking mire is found towards the centre of the bog. Hummocks, pools and flushes also add to the structural diversity of the site. The Cappagh River runs through part of the site and wet grassland occurs along its bank. Turf extraction is widespread around the bog's perimeter and burning has caused some drying out of the bog surface. 3.4.3 ESB affected section, Killaloe to Parteen The Lower River Shannon cSAC The Shannon is dammed at the Parteen regulating weir forming a lake or reservoir from Killaloe to Parteen. On the southern part of the lake both shores are artificially embanked. In the past, extensive areas of land were flooded to form the lake. The dominant habitats found along the shore are improved agricultural grassland, wet grassland and marsh, with areas of reed and tall sedge swamp wet woodland and scrub. The improved agricultural grasslands found in this section are typical of this type of grasslands. Wet grassland occurs on both sides and supports rushes (Juncus spp.), sedges (Carex spp), bog thistle (Cirsium dissectum) and meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria). Wet grassland grades into marsh in wetter areas supporting water mint (Mentha aquatica), marsh cinquefoil (Potentilla palustre) and marsh lousewort (Pedicularis palustris). Strips of woodland and scrub occur along the edges of the lake comprising alder (Alnus glutinosa) and willow (Salix spp.), ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and some oak (Quercus petraea). Emergent vegetation, mainly reed and tall herb swamp fringe this area and comprises common reed (Phragmites australis), common club-rush (Schoenoplectus lacustris), reed sweet-grass (Glyceria maxima), bur-reed species (Sparganium spp.) and water horsetail (Equisetum fluviatile). Small areas of planted conifers also occur along the shore. Stands of conifer plantation occur along the eastern and along the adjoining Kilmastulla River, which is a fast-flowing river with a stoney bottom. All three lamprey species that occur in Ireland are reported from this section of the river (Kurz & Costello, 1996a; 1996b; 1998). September 2006 22 CE4246 The Heritage Council White Young Green O’Briensbridge to the Mulkear confluence South of O’Briensbridge, the River Shannon is slow flowing and naturally eutrophic. Semi-natural habitats, such as wet grassland, wet woodland, marsh, swamp and the Annex I habitat Molinia meadows occur by the river in several areas. Characteristic swamp vegetation along the edge of the river occurs frequently in this section and many inlets and larger vegetated islands occur, for example, downstream of Castleconnell (Reynolds pers. comm). Improved agricultural grassland is most common along the shores and is the dominant surrounding habitat. West bank The west bank of the River Shannon supports a large swathe of wet grassland, mostly dominated by rushes. A small patch of wet woodland is found on the west bank and dominated by willow (Salix spp.), birch (Betula pubescence), alder (Alnus glutinosa) and guelder rose (Viburnum opulus). The ground flora is well-developed and supports species including meadow sweet (Filipendula ulmaria), remote sedge (Carex remota), wood sedge (Carex sylvatica), wood angelica (Angelica sylvestris) and species of horsetails (Equisetum spp.). A strip of mixed broadleaved woodland is found along the bank of the river near Doonas Demense supporting species such as ash (Fraxinus excelsior), oak (Quercus spp.), sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus), crab apple (Malus sylvestris), English elm (Ulmus procera), yew (Taxus baccata), chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) and lime (Tilia cordata). The understorey and ground flora are relatively sparse but include some species rich areas with typical broadleaved woodland flora such as wood avens (Geum urbanum), barren strawberry (Potentilla sterilis), wood sanicle (Sanicula europaea) and pignut (Conopodium majus). East bank Species-rich wet grassland occurs along much of the eastern bank. At World’s End, just north of Castleconnell, wet meadows dominated by rushes, sedges, and scarce species such as blue-eyed grass (Sisyrinchium berudiana), pale sedge (Carex pallescens) and meadow brome (Bromus commutatus) occur. A diversity of species also occurs here including quaking grass (Briza media), flea sedge (Carex pulicaris), common spotted-orchid (Dactylorhiza fuchsia) and ragged robin (Lychnis flos-cuculi) (Reynolds, pers. Comm.). Noteworthy examples of Molinia meadows occur at World’s End. From Doonass Demense to Limerick City the natural and semi-natural vegetation remains relatively undisturbed and support a wide range of aquatic and emergent species, including the rare flat-stalked pondweed (Potamogeton friesii) (Reynolds, pers. comm). The Mulkear is a tributary of the River Shannon with generally good water quality. The river supports twaite shad (Alosa fallax fallax) and is an important spawning ground for sea lamprey (Petromyzon September 2006 23 CE4246 The Heritage Council White Young Green marinus) (Kurz & Costello, 1996a; 1996b and 1998). Habitats along the banks of the Mulkear consist of fringing willow – alder – ash woodland. Emergent vegetation comprising reed and tall herb swamp occurs occasionally along the river margins. Away from the immediate river bank, the land use is largely confined to intensive agriculture and improved agricultural grassland dominates. Errina Canal The Errina Canal runs east from the River Shannon, through the townsland of Drummeen before turning south-west after the Errina Bridge. It continues straight before joining the River Blackwater just north of the River Shannon, at the University of Limerick. The small, narrow canal is disused with a very low flow of water. It is largely overgrown by vegetation and is inaccessible in many areas. It provides a relatively undisturbed haven for wildlife and is likely to act as a valuable corridor for a number of species within the area. The banks are mostly steep and support dense broadleaved woodland dominated by ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus). Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) and elder (Sambucus nigra) occur frequently. Alder (Alnus glutinosa) and willow (Salix spp.) occur in wetter areas and occasionally dominate. Climbing species such as rose (Rosa spp.), honeysuckle (Lonicera pericyclamen), ivy (Hedera helix) and bramble (Rubus fruticosus agg.) are common throughout. The canopy is closed over in areas and the ground flora is densely shaded. The ground flora is reasonably well developed and supports wood avens (Geum urbanum), violets (Viola spp), primrose (Primula vulgaris), wood speedwell (Veronica montana), and ferns including hard fern (Blechnum spicant), Hart’s-tongue fern (Phyllitis scolopendrium) and Dryopteris spp. The canal is bounded by agricultural grassland. Ardnacrucha Headrace/tailrace In contrast to the diversity of the Errina Canal, the banks of the headrace and tailrace of the Ardnacrucha canal are largely bounded on both sides by improved agricultural grassland. The surrounding fields are enclosed by hedgerows typically supporting hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna), ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and elder (Sambucus nigra). One area of mixed woodland dominated by larch (Larix europaea) is found on the west bank just south of O’Briensbridge. 3.4.4 Limerick Metropolitan Alluvial woodland occurs on the banks of the Shannon and on islands in the vicinity of the University of Limerick and further upstream (NPWS, 2000b), with characteristic native species and exotic willows and the aliens gaint hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) and Indian balsam (Impatiens glandulifera) (Reynolds pers. comm.). The woodland is up to 50m wide on the banks and somewhat wider on the largest island. Riparian woodland is the prominent habitat type. dominated by white willow (Salix alba) with occasional alder (Alnus glutinosa). The canopy is The understorey comprised shrub willow (Salix cineres spp. oleifolia) and what appears to be a hybrid of willow (S. alba September 2006 24 CE4246 The Heritage Council White Young Green X S. viminalis). The herbaceous layer consists of tall herb swamp and reed and large sedge fringe of bulrush occurs on the riverside of the woodland. Remnants of wet pedunculate oak-ash woodland occur on higher ground above the riparian woodland. These are poorly developed and contain numerous exotic species including giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) and Indian balsam (Impatiens glandulifera). Alder (Alder glutinosa) is the main tree species with occasional oak (Quercus robur), elm (Ulmus glabra, U. procera), hazel (Corylus avellana), hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) and the shrubs guelder rose (Viburnum opulus) and willows (Salix spp.). The river channel, in the region of Plassey and below, supports good reed and large sedge swamp with bulrush (Typha latifolia) and reed canary-grass (Phalaris arundinacea) and some tall herb swamp with yellow flag (Iris pseudacorus). Small islands within the channel support a number of tree and shrubs including spindle (Euonymus europaeus) and hazel (Corylus avellana). Further downstream, an area of riparian woodland occurs at the confluence of the tailrace and the River Shannon. Park Canal The main habitats recorded here were the aquatic canal environment, wetlands, hedgerows and amenity grassland. The canal has been gradually filled by floating, submerged and emergent vegetation. There is one prominent area of wetland to the north of the canal, which is surrounded by bulrush infested marsh, with yellow flag and branched bur-reed intermittent. This area provides a valuable habitat to local water birds such as coot, moorhen, mallard and mute swan (Cygnus olor). In 1996, opposite leaved pondweed (Groenlandia densa) was recorded in two separate locations in the canal (Gibson & O’Connor, 1996). It was again recorded in 2001 (NATURA, 2001) but was absent from subsequent surveys (WYG, 2004, 2005) although this may have been due to seasonal constraints. G. densa is a protected species under the Flora (Protection) Order 1999 and is listed as vulnerable in the Irish Red Data book for plants (Curtis & McGough, 1988). Its presence is one of the reasons for the inclusion of this water body in the cSAC. Until recently, trees and hedgerows ran along the length of the canal. However, works carried out by Limerick City Council in connection with the restoration of the Park Canal has removed all vegetation west of the Park Bridge within the canal and on the adjacent banks through dredging and associated activity. East of Park Bridge most riparian woodland still exists on the northern canal bank, though some vegetation removal and bank digging have been carried out on the southern bank. Restoration works along the canal are ongoing. A number of invasive species have been recorded along the canal including giant hogweed, Japanese knotweed and most recently the water fern (Azolla filiculoides) (Reynolds, pers. comm.). The controlled species giant hogweed and Japanese knotweed may require control. September 2006 25 CE4246 The Heritage Council White Young Green A small lake, north of the Park Canal, supports a wide range of species, most notably tasteless water pepper (Persicaria mitis) (Reynolds, pers. comm.). Knockalisheen Marsh This site is situated just to the north of Limerick City and consists of grassland that grade into a wetland area, which drains into the River Shannon. The lower parts near the river are extremely wet and consist of wet grassland and fen communities, which are very species rich. Though the nutrient status is low throughout the area there is a mixture of calcicole and neutral grassland/marsh species. The dominant grasses are meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis), Yorkshire fog (Holcus lanatus), yellow rattle (Rhinanthus minor), tufted vetch (Vicia cracca), and devil's-bit scabious (Succisa pratensis), along with several rush species. Extensive areas of reedbed and swamp occur to the south of the site. The area is notable for the occurrence of several orchid species, especially marsh helleborine (Epipactis palustris) and there is a colony of the wetland plant skullcap (Scutellaria galericulata), a species that is rare in Co. Clare. The ornithological importance of this site is not known but it is likely to serve as a roosting and feeding area for birds of the adjacent Shannon. A stream marks most of the eastern side to the marsh with willow scrub adjacent. Drainage ditches are frequent especially to the south of the marsh. Lowland species–rich wet grassland, farmed at low-intensity occurs over much of the northern part of the marsh. A small lake occurs near Quinspool, which floods occasionally. Protected, threatened and rare flora Alder buckthorn (Frangula Alnus), a species of limited distribution, found along the northern shores of Lough Derg (Preston et al., 2002, Curtis and McGough, 1988). Black poplar (Populus nigra) has a limited distribution in Ireland and has its stronghold around Lough Derg. The species has been planted in the past and the current native status of the species is uncertain (Preston et al., 2002; Stokes et al., 2004). Blue-eyed grass (Sisyrhynchium bermudiana), occurs at one location near Portumna (Heery, 1998) and was found in Derrycrag wood and extensively along the east bank of the Lower Shannon. The species is unusual as it is a native of North America and Ireland but absent as a native from Britain and Europe (Heery, 1998; Preston et al., 2002). Brown beak-sedge (Rhynchospora fusca), an uncommon species on the edge of its range in Ireland, is reportedly declining in Ireland (Preston et al., 2002). September 2006 26 CE4246 The Heritage Council White Young Green Bog orchid (Hammarbya paludosa), drainage of bogs has caused a dramatic decline in this species which has been found on peatland sites to the north of Lough Derg (Preston et al., 2002, Curtis and McGough, 1988). Greater water-parsnip (Sium latifolium) is found along the River Shannon, at the callows and near Reboge, just south on the River Shannon. Also found to the north of Lough Derg. This species has declined through the effects of habitat destruction, drainage and land reclamation (Preston et al., 2002). Green-winged orchid (Orchis morio) has been found at a number of locations along the callows (Heery, 1998) and is a Red Data List species (Curtis and McGough, 1988). Irish fleabane (Inula salicina) is a native perennial herb, known only from the northern half of Lough Derg, where it has been recorded along the limestone shoreline and on the islands, occupying an intermediate, stony habitat between the flood level and the surrounding scrub. Populations of Irish fleabane have progressively declined. It disappeared from the S.E. Galway side of Lough Derg in the 1960s and there is now only one population in N. Tipperary. Its decline has been tentatively attributed to increased eutrophication of the lake and lakeshore. It has been transplanted to one former native site (Preston et al., 2002, Curtis & McGough, 1988). A conservation project has been initiated by the community of Terryglass, the National Botanic Gardens and BEC Consultants. This project has been sponsored by the Heritage Council to conserve this species. Ivy broomrape (Orobanche hederae), an annual or perennial parasite that frequently grows on the roots of ivy (Curtis & McGough, 1988). Marsh pea (Lathyrus palustris) was formerly a protected species in Ireland (Cutris and McGough, 1988) but is now a bracketed species. It now appears to be increasing in distribution through Ireland (Preston et al., 2002). It has been frequently recorded in a number of sites along the callows (Heery, 1991; Heery, 1998). Meadow barley (Hordeum secalinum) has been found along the callows and Limerick City (Heery, 1998; Preston et al., 2002) and is a Red Data List species (Curtis and McGough, 1988). The population appears to be stable in Ireland (Preston et al., 2002). Lesser meadow-rue (Thalictrum minus) occurs in Derrycrag Wood. Narrow-leaved helleborine (Cephalanthera longifolia) a protected species with very limited distribution (Preston et al., 2002) is found in Rosturra Wood. September 2006 27 CE4246 The Heritage Council White Young Green Opposite-leaved pondweed (Groenlandia densa) is a Red Data List species (Curtis and McGough, 1988) and is protected under the Flora (Protection) Order 1999. It occurs in a number of drainage ditches along the callows (Heery, 1998). It was previously recorded in the Park Canal in Limerick City (Gibson O’Connor, 1996, NATURA, 2001) but was not recorded from more recent surveys (White Young Green, 2004; White Young Green, 2005), most likely because of seasonal constraints in the timing of surveys and on-going restoration works. A rare Sphagnum moss (Sphagnum pulchrum), which is a very scarce plant in Ireland, occurs at Barroughter Bog. The stonewort, Chara tomentosa, is a Red Data book species with its stronghold in Lough Derg. Summer Snowflake (Leucojum aestivum), a species found in winter-flooded riversides with a very limited native distribution (Preston et al., 2002). Water germander (Teucrium scordium), which apart from the shore of Lough Derg and Lough Ree, is rare and restricted to turloughs in East Clare and North Tipperary Newchapel Turlough. Wood bitter-vetch (Vicia orobus), a species of base-rich grassland habitats, often adversely affected by overgrazing (Preston et al., 2002, Curtis & McGough, 1988). 3.5 3.5.1 Fauna Mammals Many protected and common Irish mammals are found within the study corridor. Protected species include otter (Lutra lutra), badger (Meles meles), hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus), Irish hare (Lepus timidus hibernicus), red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris), pine martin (Martes martes), pygmy shrew (Sorex minutus) and stoat (Mustela ermines). Common mammals found frequently include wood mice (Apodemus sylvatica), house mouse (Mus (musculus) domesticus), fox (Vulpes vulpes), brown rat (Rattus norvegicus), bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus), rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), American mink (Mustela vison), grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) and fallow deer (Dama dama) (Hayden and Harrington, 2000). Otter occur frequently between Meelick and Portumna where evidence of spraints and slides are often found. Many bat species forage in woodland and over water, and the combination of both habitats along the corridor makes the area particularly valuable for bat species. Built structures, such as bridges, that occur close to water are of particular value as roosts. Most of Irelands bat species occur in the study area and September 2006 28 CE4246 The Heritage Council White Young Green a number of conservation sites are dedicated to them along the corridor. The largest known nursery roost of the Daubenton’s Bat (Mystis daubentonii) is found in Castleconnell, Co Limerick. Colonies of Leisler’s bats (Nyctalus leisleri) are also known to occur. Other species that are known to occur are the lesser horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus hipposideros), whiskered bat (Myotis mystacinus), Natterer’s bat (Myotis nattereri), common pipistrelle (Pipistrellus pipistrellus), soprano pipistrelle (Pipistrellus pygmaeus), and brown long-eared bat (Plecotus auritus) (Hayden and Harrington, 2001). 3.5.2 Amphibians and reptiles The common frog (Rana temporaria), common lizard (Lacerta vivipara) and smooth newt (Triturus vulgaris) occur frequently within the study area. 3.5.3 Invertebrates A number of invertebrate Annex II species are found within the study area including white-claw crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes), is found in many of the rivers that feed into the eastern side of the lake including the Lorrha River, the Carrigahoric River, the Borrisokane River, the Ballinderry River, the Nenagh River and the Ballycolliton River. The Annex II species freshwater pearl-mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) occurs in many of the rivers that flow from the Slieve Aughy Mountains and feed into the western side of the lake freshwater pearl mussel. Other native mussels occur within the area including the duck mussel (Anodonta anatine) and the swan mussel (A. cygnea). These are both seriously threatened by the invasion of the zebra mussel. The woodland in All Saints Bog and Esker supports an interesting diversity of invertebrate fauna including two rarities: a species of fly (Dictenida bimaculata) and a species of ladybird (Hippodamia tredecimpunctata). A high concentration of invertebrates indicative of ancient woodland also occurs here. A rare mollusc Mercuria cf. similes occurs near Limerick City. There may also be potential for this species from other areas within the study area but this would require further investigation. Other important mollusc species that occur within the study area are Vertigo moulinsiana, which occurs along the eastern shore of Lough Derg and Vertigo pusilla, which is found on old ivy covered and shaded walls in Clare and Limerick (Moorkens pers. comm.). 3.5.4 Birds One of the most significant areas for birds in Ireland is the Shannon and the Little Brosna callows, which host internationally important for wintering wildfowl and breeding waders (Whilde, 1982; Hutchinson, 1979). Birdlife throughout the callows has remained rich, reflecting the health of the grassland habitats within the area (Heery, 1993; Heery, 2003). The Middle Shannon Callows SPA qualifies as a site of September 2006 29 CE4246 The Heritage Council White Young Green International Importance for wintering waterfowl both on the total numbers regularly exceeding 20,000 birds, for example 27,581 in winter 1998/99, and for the whooper swan (Cygnus cygnus) population, which had an average peak count of 287 during the period 1995/96-1999/00. Whooper swan (Cygnus cygnus) is listed in Annex I of the EU Birds Directive. Fifteen wintering species use the site in internationally important numbers. Breeding species include corncrake (Crex crex), redshank (Tringa tetanus) (10% population), shoveler (Anas crecca), quail (Coturnix coturnix), snipe (Gallinago gallinago), curlew (Numenius arquata), merlin (Falco columbarius) and hen harrier (Circus cyaneus). Five further species occur in numbers of national importance; mute swan (Cygnus olor) 349, wigeon (Anas penelope) 2,972, golden plover (Pluvialis apricaria) (Annex I, EU Birds Directive) 4,254, lapwing (Vanellus vanellus) 11,578 and black-tailed godwit (Limosa limosa) 388. A wide range of other species occur in numbers of regional or local importance, including Bewicks swan (Cygnus columbianus) (Annex I species) 7, teal (Anas crecca) 77, tufted Duck (Aythya fuligula) 33, dunlin (Calidris alpine) 369, curlew (Numenius arquata) 129, redshank (Tringa tetanus) 31 and black-headed gull (Larus ridibundus) 1,061. Small numbers of Greenland white-fronted goose (Anser albifrons) (Annex I, EU Birds Directive) use the Shannon Callows and these are generally associated with larger flocks which occur on the adjacent Little Brosna Callows and River Suck Callows. The callows also holds major concentrations of breeding waders, lapwing (Vanellus vanellus), redshank (Tringa tetanus), snipe (Gallinago gallinago) and curlew (Numenius arquata) and is one of the most important sites for theses species in Ireland and Britain. Although these species are relatively widespread in Ireland, their preferred nesting habitats are threatened and numbers, particularly of Lapwing, have declined in recent years. Lapwing have been in decline over most of its European range since 1990’s and have shown a serious decline in Northern Ireland through changes in agricultural practices. Black-tailed godwit (Limosa limosa), a very rare breeding species in Ireland, nests or attempts to nest in small numbers each year within the site. A further scarce breeding species, shoveler (Anas clypeata), also nests in small numbers each year. The Shannon Callows held almost half the Irish population of corncrake (Crex crex) in 1993 (Sheppard and Green, 1994) and continues to hold approximately 40% of the Irish population of corncrake (Crex crex) today. The species is of global conservation concern that is also listed on Annex I of the EU Birds Directive. Between 1997 and 2001, the average number of calling birds was 60, with a peak of 69. BirdWatch Ireland, in association with NPWS and the RSPB, operate a grant scheme to encourage farming practices that favour the corncrake and this has probably been responsible for the stabilisation of numbers in recent years. A related scarce species, the quail (Coturnix coturnix), is also known to breed within the callow grasslands. A good variety of other bird species are attracted to this site. Birds of prey, including scarce species such as merlin (Falco columbarius), peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) (Annex I species) and wintering hen harrier (Circus cyaneus) (Annex I, EU Birds Directive), are regularly reported hunting over the callows. September 2006 30 CE4246 The Heritage Council White Young Green A range of species associated with grassland and swamp vegetation breed, including sedge warbler (Acrocephalus schoenobaenus), grasshopper warbler (Locustella naevia), skylark (Alauda arvensis) and reed bunting (Emberiza schoeniclus). Kingfisher (Alcedo atthis) (Annex I, EU Birds Directive) is also regularly seen within the site. Whinchat (Saxicola rubetra), an uncommon breeding species, occurs in small numbers (Crowe, 2005; Heery, 1996; Nairn et al., 1988a; Nairn et al., 1988b). Individual sites have been assessed in Table 3. Lough Derg, including all islands, is an SPA and is rated as nationally important for wildfowl. The lake provides an excellent feeding and roosting ground for a range of species, with extensive areas of open water, reedbed, marsh, wet grassland and improved grassland. Threats to the site from agricultural and domestic pollution and from disturbance have been highlighted (NPWS, 1998). The lake supports Greenland white-fronted geese (Anser albifrons), an Annex I species of the EU Birds Directive. The lake holds nationally important numbers of mute swan (Cygnus olor), comorant (Phalacrocorax carbo), mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), teal (Anas crecca), tufted duck (Aythya fuligula) and goldeneye (Bucephala clangula). Frequently occurring Annex I species include the Greenland white-fronted goose (Anser albifrons), whooper swan (Cygnus cygnus), Bewick’s swan (Cygnus columbianus), golden plover (Pluvialis apricaria), corncrake (Crex crex), kingfisher (Alcedo atthis), merlin (Falco columbarius), peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) and hen harrier (Circus cyaneus). The Red Data Book species shoveler and black-tailed godwit breed within the site. The site consistently holds a high concentration of breeding waders including lapwing (Vanellus vanellus), redshank (Tringa tetanus), snipe (Gallinago gallinago) and curlew (Numenius arquata) (Crowe, 2005; Nairn et al., 1988b). The hen harrier (Circus cyaneus) frequently visits the site for hinting in autumn and winter (Heery, 1996). Other species that are frequently recorded include mute swan (Cygnus olor), shoveler (Anas clypeata), wigeon (Anas penelope), teal (Anas crecca) and dunlin (Calidris alpine). One of the callows' most famous residents is the corncrake (Crex crex); a bird threatened with global extinction, which still finds refuge in the hay meadows of the area. Almost half the Irish population of this species was recorded on the callows in 1993 (Sheppard and Green, 1994). However, the Little Brosna is at the southern limit of the area of wider callows used by the corncrakes and holds far fewer pairs. Lough Derg, including all islands, is an SPA and is rated as nationally important for wildfowl. The lake provides an excellent feeding and roosting ground for a range of species, with extensive areas of open water, reedbed, marsh, wet grassland and improved grassland. Threats to the site from agricultural and domestic pollution and from disturbance have been highlighted. The lake supports Greenland whitefronted geese (Anser albifrons), an Annex I species of the EU Birds Directive. The lake holds nationally September 2006 31 CE4246 The Heritage Council White Young Green important numbers of mute swan (Cygnus olor), comorant (Phalacrocorax carbo), mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), teal (Anas crecca), tufted duck (Aythya fuligula) and goldeneye (Bucephala clangula). September 2006 32 CE4246 The Heritage Council White Young Green Table 3. Principal bird sites within the study area and their current status Meelick to Portumna Area County Approx. Distance from Shannon Adjacent Conservation Rating (Birds only) Species Threats International Multi-species wintering and breeding. See text. Shannon Callows 000216 cSAC Galway/ Tipperary River Little Brosna Callows 000564 pNHA. 004086 SPA Meeneen Bog 000310 pNHA Ballymacegan Bog 000642 pNHA Redwood Bog 002353 cSAC All Saints Bog and Esker 000566 pNHA Tipperary/ Offaly Adjacent International Multi species wintering and breeding. See text Galway 0.5km Local None highlighted drainage, changing farm practices, disturbance, late summer floods Drainage, intensification agriculture, shooting Drainage, burning Tipperary Adjacent Local None highlighted Drainage, burning Tipperary 0.5km Regional GWG (A1) recent nos. unknown. Drainage, burning Tipperary 5km Regional Greenland white fronted geese former site (A1), Merlin (A1) Breeding teal, mallard, tufted duck, cormorant, common tern and wintering goldeneye. Drainage works. County Approx. Distance from Shannon - Conservation Rating (Birds only) Species Threats National Breeding teal, mallard, tufted duck, cormorant, common tern and wintering goldeneye. Boats (disturbance), holiday home development (pollution Portumna to Killaloe Area Lough Derg North East Shore 002241 cSAC September 2006 Tipperary /Clare 33 CE4246 The Heritage Council White Young Green disturbance), agriculture, zebra mussel (ecology change) Boats (disturbance), holiday home development (pollution disturbance), agriculture, zebra mussel (ecology change) None highlighted Lough Derg 000011 pNHA/SPA Tipperary /Clare - National Breeding teal, mallard, tufted duck, cormorant, common tern and wintering goldeneye. Friars Lough 000933 pNHA Kilcarren – Firville Bog 000647 cSAC Spring Park Wetland 000941 pNHA Lough Avan 001995 pNHA New Chapel Turlough 000653 pNHA Clareen Lough 000929 pNHA Slieve Bernagh Bog 002312 cSAC Tipperary 2km Local None highlighted Tipperary 3km Local None highlighted Tipperary 4km Local Tipperary 2.5km Regional Tipperary 3km Local Waterfowl (duck sp, whooper swan) GWG A1 (<1% national), whooper swan None highlighted None highlighted Tipperary 1km Local None highlighted None highlighted Clare 3.5km Regional/ National Afforestation, minor peat cutting Lough O’Grady 001019 pNHA Clare 5km Regional Red Grouse, Skylark, Meadow Pipit, Wheatear and Raven. Within range 2 hen harrier (A1) pairs. Greenland White-fronted Geese A1 (flock probably extinct), waterfowl Cloonamirran Wood 001686 pNHA Derryoober Bog 002379 pNHA Derrycrag Wood 000261 Nat. Res. Cloonmoylan Bog Clare 1km Local None highlighted Galway 2km Regional Red grouse R Grazing, burning Galway 5km Local Kestrel, sparrowhawk Jay Grazing Galway 1km Local None highlighted None specific to site September 2006 34 Land reclamation and mechanical peat cutting None highlighted None highlighted Agricultural improvement, water pollution. CE4246 The Heritage Council 000248 cSAC Rosturra Wood 001313 cSAC/Nat. Res. Pollnaknockaun Wood 000319 cSAC/Nat. Res. Barroughter Bog 000231 pNHA Slieve Aughty hills Proposed SPA Loughatorick South Bog 000308 cSAC Pat Reddans Lake Killaloe-Limerick Area Lower River Shannon 002165 cSAC White Young Green Galway 3km Local None highlighted highlighted unknown Galway 5km Local Jay Unknown Galway Adjacent Local None highlighted Peat cutting, burning Galway 5km National Hen harrier R Galway 6km Regional Red grouse R Snipe A Tipperary 6km National Gadwall (>1% wintering- regular) Wind farms, Afforestation, minor peat cutting Afforestation, wind farms None highlighted County Approx. Distance from Shannon Conservation Rating (Birds only) Species Threats International Red Grouse, Skylark, Meadow Pipit, Wheatear and Raven. Within range 2 hen harrier pairs. Disturbance, Developments, reclamation Knockalisheen Marsh Clare Adjacent Local/ regional None specified pNHA Glenomra Wood Clare 5km Local Woodcock A and snipe A 001013 cSAC A1 denotes Species that are listed as Annex I species under the E.U. Birds Directive Disturbance, Developments, Grazing some clear felling R denotes Red Listed Species – High conservation concern; A denotes Amber Listed Species – Medium conservation concern (Newton et al., 1999) Data are compiled with reference to Crowe (2005) and NPWS site data September 2006 35 CE4246 The Heritage Council White Young Green 3.5.5 Fisheries The River Shannon and Lough Derg is an internationally and nationally renowned angling destination for coarse and game fishing. Five species of fish listed on Annex II of the E.U. Habitats Directive are found within the site. These are sea lamprey, brook lamprey, river lamprey, twaite shad and salmon. All three lamprey species and the Atlantic salmon have all been observed spawning in the Lower Shannon or its tributaries. Two additional fish of note, listed in the Irish Red Data Book, also occur, namely European smelt and pollan (Harrold et al., 2001; EHS, 2005; Rosell et al., 2004). Only the former has been observed spawning in the Shannon. As assessment of the principal fish species in the study area and their current status is given in Table 4, based on current available information. The Lough Derg Angling Association has identified a number of areas around Lough Derg that are of value for fishing. The lake supports large areas that are considered to be of exceptional or high value for trout and pike fishing. Equally valuable areas for course fishing are distributed around the shores of Lough Derg and to the south but are less widespread. In addition, many small streams and rivers have been identified as important spawning grounds. Table 4. Principal fish species within the study area and their current status. Common name Sea lamprey River lamprey Latin name Origin Status Main threats Petromyzon marinus Lampetra fluviatilis Native Native *Intermediate *Intermediate Brook lamprey Lampertra planeri Native Pollan Coregonus autumnalis pollan Native European Smelt Osmerus eperlanus Native European eel Anguilla anguilla Native *Intermediate. Common in lower Shannon catchment *Endangered. Lough Derg is one of only 5 sites in Ireland where it occurs. Insufficient information on status *Vulnerable. Insufficient information on history, ecology, distribution and status in Irish waters Stocks declining Pollution Pollution and arterial drainage Pollution and arterial drainage Atlantic salmon Salmo salar Native Brown trout Salmo trutta Native February 2006 *Internationally important. Subject to international review Good stocks 36 Habitat destruction, competition from introduced cyprinids, eutrophication Estuarine and coastal pollution; Reduced access and damage to spawning grounds Pan-European decline International decline Loss of genetic C004246 The Heritage Council White Young Green Pike Esox lucius Native Insufficient information on genetic subpopulations e.g. Croneen trout Good stocks Roach Rutilus rutilus Non-native Good stocks Perch Perca fluvialtilis Non-native Good stocks Bream Tench Carp Rudd Abramis brama Tinca tinca Cyprinus carpio Scardinius erythrophthalmus Rudd/Roach, Roach/bream Non-native Non-native Non-native Non-native Good stocks Good stocks Good stocks Good stocks Non-native Good stocks Hybrid diversity Potential threat from over fishing Potential threat from zebra mussel Periodic, natural fluctuations in population are known to occur in this species (*Whilde, 1993) 3.6 Water Quality Water quality monitoring is carried out by the EPA along the rivers entering Lough Derg. Inputs from agriculture and domestic sewage have increased the nutrient load of the water body. Incidences of pollution from these sources have decreased in recent years and overall water quality is improving. The EPA is currently monitoring the lakes on the River Shannon (Bowman, 1998; Bowman, 2000). Detailed investigations of Lough Derg and Lough Ree have also been carried out (Bowman et al., 1993; Bowman et al., 1996) and they are now the subject of Catchment Monitoring and Management System study (Kirk McClure Morton, 1999). For each River Basin District, the Water Framework Directive requires that Surveillence, Operational and, where necessary Investigative monitoring programmes be established. These programmes are initiated following, and based on, the classification of all lakes according to biological, hydrological and chemical quality elements (Toner, et al., 2005). Full monitoring is scheduled to be operational by mid-2006. Several rivers flow into the River Shannon and Lough Derg within the study area. The EPA undertakes monitoring of these rivers in three-year cycles. Table 5 gives a synopsis of the status of principal rivers within the study area. February 2006 37 C004246 The Heritage Council White Young Green Table 5. Principal rivers within the study area and their current status River Little River 1999 Status Brosna Slightly polluted 2002/03 Status 02: Slightly polluted Lorrha Stream Moderately polluted Carrigahorrig River Ballyfinboy River Slightly polluted Unpolluted Nenagh River Unpolluted Ardgregane Stream Newtown River Unpolluted Youghal River Kilmastulla River Unpolluted Unpolluted 02: Unpolluted 02: Slightly polluted Ardcloony River Unpolluted 02: Unpolluted *Scarriff River Moderately polluted Bow River Unpolluted 03: Moderately polluted 02: Unpolluted Unpolluted 02: Moderately polluted 02: Slightly polluted 02: Slightly polluted 02: Slightly polluted 02: Slightly polluted 02: Unpolluted EPA assessment/threats Unsatisfactory/ widespread intense eutrophication agriculture sewage municipal discharges Unsatisfactory/ agriculture Unsatisfactory/ agriculture Deterioration unsatisfactory/ artificial eutrophication Deterioration unsatisfactory/ artificial eutrophication Deterioration unsatisfactory/ artificial eutrophication Slight deterioration/ enrichment Continuing satisfactory Deterioration unsatisfactory/ sewage, mine tailings, artificial eutrophication Almost pristine/ farm wastes pose threat Deterioration since 1999 below Scarriff town/ sewage Satisfactory/ farm wastes pose threat Derrainy River Unpolluted 02: Unpolluted Satisfactory **Coos River Seriously 03: Significant improvement/ polluted Moderately suspected agricultural polluted pollution. Woodford River Unpolluted 03: Unpolluted Satisfactory Cappagh River Unpolluted 03: Satisfactory/ Farm pollution Unpolluted1 further upstream was apparent in both years Mulkear River Unpolluted 02: Unpolluted Satisfactory/ signs of enrichment River Blackwater Unpolluted 02: Unpolluted Satisfactory Lower Shannon Slightly 02: Slightly Signs improvement/ continuing (Athlunkard) polluted polluted enrichment close to city. *Sampling point further upstream at Scarriff West Bridge is unpolluted ** Further upstream Br N of Boleynabrone is unpolluted Data are compiled from Toner et al., 2005. 1 Data not available from nearest sampling point, Cloonmoylan Bridge Sampling Station No. 500. Taken from further upstream at Cappagh Bridge Sampling station No. 400. February 2006 38 C004246 THE HERITAGE COUNCIL 4 4.1 WHITE YOUNG GREEN ENVIRONMENTAL IRELAND ISSUES OF CONSERVATION CONCERN WITHIN THE SHANNON CORRIDOR Water Quality Since 1997, monitoring has indicated that the signs of eutrophication have declined significantly (Bowman, 1998). This improvement in water quality has coincided with the introduction of the invasive species, the zebra mussel and also the completion of a major programme of remedial measures, including phosphorus removal at waste treatment works serving a number of urban areas within the catchment. There are difficulties in distinguishing the relative contributions of each of these factors in reducing the trophic status. However, it is certain that the presence of zebra mussel is reducing the level of chlorophyll concentrations by which trophic status is defined (Toner et al., 2005) and thereby masking the true concentrations of phosphorus entering the system. Artificial enrichment from diffuse and point sources, principally through agriculture and municipal sources, remain the main cause of organic pollution in Lough Derg. Algal blooms are a natural occurrence but they can grow profusely under high nutrient conditions. Cladophera, a filamentous alga that grow profusely under enriched conditions, is a major hindrance to swimmers as it is fowl smelling and accumulates in large amounts on beaches. Prevailing winds exacerbate the problem and lead to the accumulations of algae on eastern shores of Lough Derg (Lough Derg Science Group, 2004; Minchin pers. comm.). Also, the discharge of sewage to the water has implication for the spread of pathogens including Cryptosporidium and Giaridia. Just over half of the rivers entering the study area are recorded as being slightly to moderately polluted and are of unsatisfactory status. The main source of pollution is from agriculture. Others sources identified are municipal sewage and industrial wastewater. A number of potential sources of polluting are associated with boating include fuel leakages, engine emissions, toxic effects of antifoulant boat paint and effluent although these are likely to contribute to a far lesser extent. While contributions from these sources may be considered minor overall, they are likely to have more localised effects particularly in confined areas such as harbours, marinas and enclosed bays. Currently, the level of use of antifoulant in Ireland is unknown (Murphy et al., 2005) 4.2 Water levels Water levels within Lough Derg are controlled by the ESB. Discharge on the River Shannon is regulated at Parteen Regulating Weir, which diverts water into the headrace canal supplying the Ardnacrusha generating station. The flow in the Old Shannon river channel is maintained at a statutory compensation September 2006 39 C004246 THE HERITAGE COUNCIL WHITE YOUNG GREEN ENVIRONMENTAL IRELAND flow (10m3sec-1), equal to the low summer flow before the Shannon scheme (Table 6). The average monthly discharge for Ardnacruha Station, Patreen Weir and Shannon Total are shown in Figure 1. ESB monitoring stations on Lough Derg are located at Portumna, Ballyvalley and Killaloe. Water levels are monitored daily and records are available from 1932. The OPW monitoring stations within the study area are listed in Table 7. Detailed data are available from these stations. Water level data are collected using either autographic recorder, which provides a continuous time-series of water level against time, or data loggers, providing information on water levels at 15 minute intervals. Lower water levels in summer impact on the ecology of the area by increasing the light intensity within the water column. This results in an increase in algal species such as Cladophera, which are otherwise limited by the availability of light reaching them. Zebra mussels filter planktonic algae from the water column and increase water transparency. This further increases the depth of light penetration within the water column. Therefore the combined effect of low water levels and greater water clarity may contribute to an increase in algal growth and the associated problems. Figure 1. Average monthly discharge for Ardnacrusha, Parteen Weir and Shannon Total (After ESB, 2004). 350 Discharge (m3 sec-1) 300 250 200 150 100 50 Ardnac rusha Stn Parteen W eir N o ve m be r D e ce m be r O ct o be r S ep te m be r A ug us t Ju ly Ju ne M ay A pr il M ar ch F eb ru ar y Ja nu a ry 0 Shannon Total Table 6. Lough Derg Water Levels (Poolbeg Datum) Maximum normal operating level 33.56m OD* Minimum normal operating level 33.10m OD† Minimum level for navigation 32.80m OD Highest recorded level 34.10m OD * Levels only exceed during flood † Levels rarely go below due to navigation and bank stability requirements Table 7. OPW Monitoring Stations Station name September 2006 River County 40 C004246 THE HERITAGE COUNCIL WHITE YOUNG GREEN ENVIRONMENTAL IRELAND Banagher Shannon Galway Meelick Weir U/S Shannon Galway Victoria Lock Canal Offaly Ball’s Bridge Abbey Estuary Limerick Park Lock Shannon Canal Limerick 4.3 Fisheries Atlantic salmon stocks are in decline globally. Research suggests that this is due to a number of factors including changes in oceanic circulation patterns caused by global warming, pollution and over fishing at sea. Over the past decade, wild adult salmon returning to the River Shannon have been in decline. It is not clear at this point if fisheries management and the freshwater quality contribute to their decline. Ireland, like most European countries, is also experiencing a decline in eel stocks. River Shannon eel stock has experienced a steady decline in juvenile recruitment in recent years. The overall yield from the River Shannon yellow eel fishery was similar for the 2003 and 2004 periods but remains very low for a river system of its size (ESB, 2004). Available evidence suggests that this is primarily due to climatic effects on ocean currents. Other threats include water quality problems and the spread of oriental eel parasites (Anguilicola crassus), which is now firmly established in the lower Shannon and is prevalent in the Lough Derg eels (Purcell and McCarthy, 1995; Conneely and McCarthy, 1986). The parasite is continuing to spread within the Shannon Catchment. In addition, obstacles, such as weirs along the river may impede their movement upstream and eel ladders may be required. Latest reports available for the ESB (2004) state that there is no evidence of eel stock recovery. The report highlights the need for an international approach to eel conservation, which is now widely appreciated by fishery scientists in Europe. It also recognizes that management decisions at local or regional levels will ultimately determine the success or failure of an integrated stock recovery plan (ESB, 2004). A number of rare and protected species occur in the River Shannon and Lough Derg waters that are understudies. Of greatest significance is the pollan, the future survival of which is now in question. A number of sub-species of brown trout occur and are largely unstudied. Certain areas have been identified by Fisheries Officers as requiring further work and are listed below in section 4.11. Most coarse fish stocks are currently considered to be good and no significant threats to these populations have been identified (Joe Caffrey, pers comm.). Overexploitation of pike has been raised as an issue in the consultation process. Pike fishing is still considered good, however data on pike status and catches are currently unavailable and there may be a decline in larger specimens (Caffrey pers. September 2006 41 C004246 THE HERITAGE COUNCIL WHITE YOUNG GREEN ENVIRONMENTAL IRELAND comm.). Bye-laws are in place to limit the catch of pike, however policing and enforcement is difficult and limited. In general, the enforcement of fishing bye-laws is considered to be inadequate and requires additional resources. In May 2005, the Central Fisheries Board has established a coarse fish policy review group with a view to developing an informed national policy on coarse fish and angling. One of the primary aims of the group is to establish the current status of the course fishery resource. The consequences of the invasion of zebra mussel are not fully understood. In other areas, studies have shown that changes in fish population dynamics have occurred following its invasion (Rosell, pers. comm.). The species alters the aquatic environment from a pelagic to benthic system. The redistribution of resources may favour bottom-feeders and may have knock-on effects on the overall food-web. In addition, some species may change behaviour from feeding in the water column to feeding on the bottom where food is more available. This change in behaviour may result in fish being more difficult to catch. No information is currently available on this for the study area. A number of other local issues threaten the fisheries potential of the area including habitat loss, habitat degradation, water pollution, residential and infrastructural development. The principal damaging activities include poor design and construction of culverting, bridges and fish passes, siltation and peat sedimentation and pollution. Private peat milling operations and peat extraction in close proximity to rivers has lead to a loss of habitat due to peat contamination (Mike Fitzsimons, pers. comm.). 4.4 Invasive Species Invasive plant and animal species are becoming increasingly common throughout the island. They threaten native species as they alter the natural balance that has developed over millennia. Non-natives frequently have a competitive advantage over native populations and can out–compete natives for vital resources such as food and space. This can lead to a massive expansion within the non-native population at the expense of the native species. Invasive species have been identified as one of the greatest threats to Irish biodiversity (Stokes et al, 2004). Zebra mussel The zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) is a recent introduction to the Irish fauna. This non-native freshwater shellfish has expanded its range from the Black Sea and Caspian Sea basins, to much of central and northern Europe over the past 200 years. Its expansion is linked to the building of canals, which link different river basins (Olenin et al., 1999) and through human mediated transport. Zebra mussels are frequently transported overland by boat or commercial fishing equipment to other waters, which carries a high risk of spread to enclosed water systems. Angling and recreation boats are an September 2006 42 C004246 THE HERITAGE COUNCIL WHITE YOUNG GREEN ENVIRONMENTAL IRELAND important dispersal vector for zebral mussel in Ireland (Minchin et al., 2002). Likely means of dispersal to new waterbodies in Ireland are spawnings of attached adults on boat hulls and hull scrapings. Zebra mussels attached to plants also constitute a source for their spread. The species was first recorded in Ireland in 1997 at Lough Derg (McCarthy et al., 1997) where it was is believed to have arrived in 1994 or earlier attached to the hulls of imported pleasure craft (McCarthy et al., 1997; Minchin and Moriarty, 1998; Minchin et al., 2002). It has since been genetically shown that the species arrived from Great Britain (Lucy pers. comm.). Since its arrival, zebra mussels have expanded their range and are now established in the Shannon, Boyle and Erne navigation. Dispersal to waterbodies outside these connected navigable waterways has been slower but new introductions continue. Zebra mussels cause a number of ecological, angling and recreational problems. The impacts and interactions are not yet fully understood and research is on going. They affect food sources of fish and aquatic invertebrates by filtering large quantities of phytoplankton and small zooplankton from the water. Early changes in the system include an increase in water clarity and a reduction in chlorophyll a concentrations. As a result, the water appears cleaner and the trophic status is lowered. However, these apparently positive changes mask serious impacts on the ecology of the system. Their ability to filter large volumes of water results in a depletion of food sources for native invertebrates and fish species. This changes the competitive interactions between species and alters the energy flow within the aquatic system from a pelagic to benthic ecosystem. Some fish may change their behaviour to feed on the bottom rather than in the water column as a result, which may make fish more difficult to catch and have a negative impact on angling. In contrast, the improved clarity of water may also improve the ‘catchability’ of fish, which can potentially lead to decreases in fish stocks. Zebra mussels invade fish spawning grounds by densely colonising gravel and stones used as spawning grounds, causing changes in fish population dynamics. Zebra mussels attach themselves to the outside of shells of native mussels such as the swan and duck mussels (Anodonta spp.) preventing them from opening and causing them to starve. Populations of these species are in now in decline. Zebra mussel causes fouling of boat hulls and clogging of water pipes. They alter the nutrient cycling of water bodies. Depleting the standing crop of phytoplankton can also result in a secondary effect of reducing the rate at which nutrients are used. They have also been shown to excrete significant amounts of ammonia and phosphorus. These processes may lead to increased amounts of dissolved nutrients (Maguire et al., 2004). Greater water clarity increases light penetration within the water column, resulting in a prolific weed growth. The zebra mussel has been shown to selectively filter out certain species of blue-green algae, September 2006 43 C004246 THE HERITAGE COUNCIL WHITE YOUNG GREEN ENVIRONMENTAL IRELAND which has sometimes lead to Microcystis blooms. This species of blue-green algae produces toxic conditions and is a health hazard. Aquatic environments are particularly susceptible to new invasive species. Commonly cultivated aquatics have spread in recent decades, probably from an initial release of discarded material from garden ponds or aquaria into the wild and subsequent spread. A number of plant species have been identified as being potentially highly threatening invaders (Carffrey pers. comm.). ƒ Curley leaved waterweed (Lagarosiphon major), a recent arrival to aquatic systems in Ireland. It is a submerged aquatic, which grows in standing waters, including lakes, ponds and flooded mineral workings, and in canals (Preston et al., 2002). It reproduces by vegetative fragmentation, which greatly aids rapid dispersal. Plant stands occupy the full water column and produce dense vegetation across the surface. Currently, Ireland is at an early stage of infestation. However, this species poses a serious threat for tourism, angling, boating and other recreational activities. It is considered to potentially pose a greater threat than zebra mussel (Carffrey pers. comm.). ƒ Nuttall’s waterweed (Elodea nuttallii) grows in the shallows of marina areas, close to the water surface and is a nuisance to navigation and swimmers. Aquarists and pondkeepers grow this species and it is likely that it was released through this means. It was first recorded in Ireland in 1984, at Lough Neagh (Preston et al., 2002). This species is known to occur along much of the lower half of Lough Derg but was recently found near Portumna (Caffrey pers. comm.). The potential environmental impacts of this species are considerable (Caffrey pers. comm.). ƒ New Zealand pigmyweed (Crassula helmsii), first recorded in Ireland in 1994 at Gosford Castle, Co. Armagh (Preston et al., 2002). ƒ Parrot’s-feather (Myriophyllum aquaticum), first recorded in Co. Down in 1990 (Preston et al., 2002). ƒ Water fern (Azolla filiculoides), known to occur adjacent to the Park Canal (Reynolds pers. comm.). ƒ Floating pennywort (Hydrocotyle ranunculoides) ƒ Chelicorophium curvispinum: An introduced crustacean responsible for fouling and disturbance of the physical habitat (Minchin pers. comm.) September 2006 44 C004246 THE HERITAGE COUNCIL WHITE YOUNG GREEN ENVIRONMENTAL IRELAND A number of terrestrial invasive plant species occur with the study area including Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica), giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum), rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum) and cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus) many of which threaten native woodlands. A comprehensive study has been prepared for County North Tipperary (Coroi, 2004). Equivalent data is unavailable from other areas. The American mink (Mustela vison) is an invasive terrestrial mammal, which poses a threat to native wildfowl and fauna. They compete with otters (Lutra lutra) and can also affect the white-clawed crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes), both protected native species. The grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) frequently out-competes the native red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) and seriously impact on the range of the species causes damage to native woodlands. A number of studies are currently underway in the National University of Ireland Galway to investigate the effects and distribution of these species. 4.5 Tourism Recreational activities of tourists such as power boating, jet skiing and cruising can cause disturbance to wildlife and wetland ecosystems (Mosisch and Arthington, 1998). Wave action associated with the wash from boats can damage nests, wetland vegetation and can cause erosion of banks. As traffic and waterbased recreation becomes increasingly popular, the effects are likely to be more pronounced. The Shannon Callows is an area of high ornithological value and is particularly vulnerable to the effects of noise disturbance and wave action, especially during the breeding season. The transportation of boats and jet skis is strongly associated with the introduction and spread of invasive species. This has implications for spreading existing invasive species within and outside the Shannon System and introducing new invasives to the catchment. 4.6 Agriculture Agriculture is one of the main land uses within the study area. It is also one of the primary sources of eutrophication through diffuse and point source pollution into the Shannon Catchment. Incidences of pollution and the extent of nutrient enrichment have decreased over the past decade but nutrient input, particularly phosphate, is still high. The effects of nutrient enrichment may be masked to some extent by the invasion of zebra mussel. High levels of phosphate within the system can encourage excessive growth of native and non-native species. True evaluation of phosphate levels is required to assertain the full extent of the problem September 2006 45 C004246 THE HERITAGE COUNCIL WHITE YOUNG GREEN ENVIRONMENTAL IRELAND The Shannon Callows are of international importance for wintering wildfowl, wading birds and the globally endangered corncrake. The callows are traditionally managed through low-intensity farming practices. Changes in these practices to more intensive agricultural management would adversely affect the callows. The Rural Environment Protection Scheme (REPS) provides a valuable mechanism whereby farmers with land in a candidate SAC, designated SPA or proposed NHA can join REPS and receive higher payments than those elsewhere. These lands will be subject to certain conditions regarding farming and land use practices as set out in the REPS plan for the farm. The NPWS has recently launched the NPWS Farm Plans Scheme. This scheme is open to farmers and other landowners in Special Areas of Conservation (SACs), Special Protection Areas (SPAs) and commonages and may also benefit owners of lands that are not farmed, e.g. woodlands, where designations and consequent environmentally friendly management for nature benefit cause loss or additional costs. The ecological success of these schemes may require the application of specific and appropriate measures. 4.7 Forestry and windfarm development Forestry and windfarm developments provide economically viable alternatives to agricultural land uses in marginal and upland areas. Conifer plantations are extensively located in the surrounding landscape, particularly to the west and northwest of Lough Derg. The siting of these can impact negatively on the ecology of the area. Forestry is frequently planted in marginal or upland areas, resulting in the loss of heath and bog habitats that are of high nature conservation value. To the west of the study area the soil covering is thin and derived from relatively mineral poor bedrock. Consequently, the soil may have a limited buffering capacity and rivers flowing through this area may be at higher risk of acidification. Forestry operations can adversely impact on water quality through ground preparation and drainage, the construction of roads, fertilizer application and harvesting operations. Increased drainage may result in an increase in the volume and velocity of water entering adjoining watercourses if adequate attenuation measures are not used. In addition, mature conifer plantations tend to scrub atmospheric pollutants from rainwater, thereby concentrating the acidity of the rain that reaches the ground. Rivers adjacent to conifer plantations are also vulnerable to increased sedimentation from run-off and valuable spawning grounds are particularly at risk. Overall, the potential negative effects of forestry are adverse visual impacts, eutrophication, sedimentation, acidification and periodic increases in the hydrological peak. Wind farm developments are becoming increasingly frequent in the surrounding upland areas. These are often sited on marginal agricultural land and peatlands, resulting in the loss of semi-natural vegetation within the wider landscape. There may also be an increased risk of siltation to adjacent watercourses, September 2006 46 C004246 THE HERITAGE COUNCIL WHITE YOUNG GREEN ENVIRONMENTAL IRELAND particularly during the construction phase. Turbines located along established flight paths or within the range of certain species present a threat to wildfowl. 4.8 Protection of the corridor Almost the entire corridor is covered by international and national conservation designations. However, developments along the Lough Derg lakeshore are widespread and include private housing, marinas, harbours and quarries. There is concern that habitats of high ecological interest, particularly native woodland and wetlands that are located mainly within a narrow margin of land adjacent to the lough shore are gradually being eroded. Some of the habitat losses occur within the boundaries of the cSAC, despite the fact that this designation offers the highest level of protection available for natural heritage. Problems associated with habitat loss, disturbance and habitat fragmentation occur where development results in the removal of semi-natural vegetation creating small, isolated patches of poorer quality habitat. Maintaining or restoring the spatial connection between similar habitats is fundamental in maintaining biodiversity resources. The study area encompass many of the classical landscape features (Forman and Godron, 1986) used to establish ecological networks, including core areas of high biodiversity that are connected by linear features, such as rivers, to outlying patches of similar habitats. From an ecological view point, the waterway corridor lends itself to the establishment of an ecological network within the regional landscape. Connecting rivers such as the Woodford and Scarriff Rivers support significant areas of high quality wetland vegetation, particularly along the lower reaches and many are also important spawning grounds. While water quality data are available, there is currently a lack of specific information on the ecology of these rivers. The effects of water based recreation on flora and fauna required further investigation. The Shannon navigation is one of Ireland’s principal waterways and as tourism and recreational use increases the impacts on wildlife are also likely to increase. Currently there is a lack of Irish studies on the specific impacts of boat wash on the flora and fauna and an integrated research programme is required (Murphy et al., 2005). A number of statutory organisations have responsibility for different aspects of the waterway corridor including the ESB, CFB, ShRFB, NPWS and Local Authorities and Waterways Ireland. Suggestions have been made by consultees to further integrate the management of the corridor by implementing an integrated management plan or a similar mechanism. September 2006 47 C004246 THE HERITAGE COUNCIL 6 WHITE YOUNG GREEN ENVIRONMENTAL IRELAND AVAILABILITY AND QUALITY OF INFORMATION A substantial body of information exists relating to the ecology of the study area. The NPWS surveys have covered much of the immediate area and the surrounding sites of interest. This information is freely available to the public. However, it is only available in hard copy format. Collecting and compiling this information is therefore laborious and time consuming. efficiency. Electronic data are handled with greater Some surveys date back to the early 1990s and are likely to require updating. The classifications used previously in surveys by the NPWS are not consistent with Fossitt (2000), the standard classification system currently in use. Conversion of survey data to the Fossitt (2000) classification system is currently underway by the NPWS. On the ground, Conservation Officers have excellent local, in-depth knowledge of each area. In some cases, where Officers have only recently been appointed or where Officers are absent, this may be unavailable. Extensive local botanical knowledge is available for the Botanical Society of the British Isles (BSBI) vice-county recorders. Individuals carry out the collection and dissemination of information on a voluntary basis in their private time and as a consequence their time and resources are under considerable pressure. BSBI records are compiled in the New Atlas of the British and Irish Flora (Preston et al., 2002), which shows the distribution of native and non-native plant species on the island. Extensive water quality monitoring is undertaken by the EPA and by the SRBDP in relation to the requirements of the WFD. EPA data are easily accessed through the EPA web-site and in publications. The Shannon Regional Fisheries Board and the Central Fisheries Board hold specific data and reports relating to different aspects of the fisheries. Currently there is no integrated research programme to assess the status of fish stocks, although a national research programme has recently been established and allocated a budget. It is unclear at this point how plans will be affected by the restructuring of Fisheries Boards. The ESB reports annually on fish management programmes. Published research papers are also available through library and Internet resources. Internet and library searches have highlighted a number of published reports and studies but there are considerable difficulties in identifying and accessing unpublished studies that may provide valuable local information. Information contained in Environmental Impact Statements and other consultancy reports may provide useful information of the area. This is largely inaccessible. September 2006 48 C004246 THE HERITAGE COUNCIL 4.9 WHITE YOUNG GREEN ENVIRONMENTAL IRELAND Databases Collating a comprehensive list of data relating to the area will require a dedicated database listing all known reports, studies and the originations with a vested interest in the area, which can be regularly updated. The format should be compatible with the future National Biological Recording System. 4.10 Gaps in Knowledge The principal gaps in knowledge occur in the interrelated areas of fisheries management, invasive species and water quality: ƒ The current status of pollan. This species urgently requires investigation (Igoe pers. comm.) and is considered to be on the verge of extinction in Ireland (McCarthy pers. comm.), ƒ Annual fisheries statistics, ƒ The current status of trout populations. A genetic study of brown trout diversity, croneen trout usage and the status of gillaroo (Igoe pers. comm.), ƒ Lamprey studies. The occurrence of landlocked lamprey in Lough Derg and the ability of sea lamprey to access the entire Shannon system above Ardnacrusha (Igoe pers. comm.), ƒ Ecology of Mysis relicta, ƒ Clear identification and protection of spawning sites. This is of particular urgency in the context of development (Igoe pers. comm.), ƒ An inventory of invasive species; protocol and research on managing invasions (Caffrey pers. comm., Minchin pers. comm.), ƒ Anti-fouling compounds used on boats maybe responsible for a build up in toxicity in harbours, ƒ The accumulation of toxins in the system may have a damaging effect on wildlife, ƒ Monitoring of Lough Derg water quality in relation to the patterns and sequences of nutrient enrichment and variations in other water parameters, ƒ Riverine ecology, ƒ Continued research on the impacts of zebra mussel including areas such as the impacts on fish populations and their contribution to algal blooms, ƒ The specific impacts of boat wash and disturbance on wildlife, ƒ The effects of climate change on the system. September 2006 49 C004246 THE HERITAGE COUNCIL WHITE YOUNG GREEN ENVIRONMENTAL IRELAND 4.11 Natural Heritage Indicators Heritage indicators are useful means of measuring change within the natural environment. They are generally simple measures used to detect significant changes in the quality and quantity of a natural resource. They can be are particularly useful in detecting negative changes, thus allowing corrective action to be taken to remedy the situation. A clear understanding of the natural system and detailed baseline ecological data is generally needed to define good indicators. Harmful factors may go unnoticed until significant damage has been caused if there is an over reliance on the wrong indicators. The pilot study (White Young Green, 2002) suggested natural heritage indicators for the River Shannon some of which have been incorporated in the County development plans. Most of these indicators are applicable to the current phase of the waterways survey including the following: Table 8. Indicators and targets for flora, fauna and wildlife habitats in the study area. Indicators Number or area in hectares, or proportion of the designated area (NHA, SAC, SPA) damaged or lost as a result of development or changes in management Changes in the area of Annex 1 habitats as a result of development or changes in management Five year mean populations of Annex 1 bird species including Greenland white-fronted goose, whooper swan, Bewick’s swan, golden plover, corncrake, kingfisher, merlin, peregrine falcon and hen harrier Changes in the water quality, illustrating both increases and decreases in quality Percentage of farms (expressed as a % of total farmland) within the area participating in the Rural Environment Protection Scheme (REPS) Percentage of farms (expressed as a % of total farmland) within the area participating in the Corncrake Protection Scheme Number, or area in hectares, or proportion of total bogs (of pNHA or SAC status) damaged or lost as a result of drainage (due to peat harvesting or agricultural improvement) Area in hectares of hay meadow Targets No reduction in area and, if possible, increase to additional qualifying sites that lack legal protection. Habitats should show favourable conservation status as defined in EU Habitats Directive Populations should show favourable conservation status as defined in the EU Habitats Directive Water quality should meet with relevant EU and National water quality standards Increase in the area of land managed under this scheme Increase in the area of land managed under this scheme Nil damage to habitats Increase in the area of land management as hay meadow The suggestions for indicators outlined are preliminary. It is recommended that the indicator monitoring programme should be extended, modified and refined over time as further baseline ecological data for the study corridor becomes available and as policies for the study area are agreed and implemented. September 2006 50 C004246 THE HERITAGE COUNCIL WHITE YOUNG GREEN ENVIRONMENTAL IRELAND In addition, it is recommended that any further work on establishing an indicator monitoring programme for the study area should be conducted in co-operation with NPWS, other relevant organisations such as Birdwatch Ireland, and with the relevant authorities. 5 September 2006 51 C004246 THE HERITAGE COUNCIL WHITE YOUNG GREEN ENVIRONMENTAL IRELAND NATIONAL HERITAGE POLICY Water Framework Directive 5.1 The new Water Framework Directive provides a mechanism for dealing with issues relating to water quality and quantity and is highly relevant to this study. As part of a restructuring of EU water policy and legislation, the Water Framework Directive updates existing water legislations and provides a coherent approach to inland surface waters, estuarine and coastal waters and groundwater. The fundamental objective of the Water Framework Directive aims at maintaining “high status” of waters where it exists, preventing any deterioration in the existing status of waters and achieving at least “good status” in relation to all waters by 2015. A number of other objectives are also particularly relevant to this study including: • Protecting and enhancing the status of aquatic ecosystems (and terrestrial ecosystems and wetlands directly dependent on aquatic ecosystems) • Providing for enhanced protection and improvement of the aquatic environment by reducing / phasing out of discharges, emissions and losses of priority substances • Establishing a register of designated areas for the protection of habitats or species. The implementation of the WFD is based on the idea of catchment management. The Directive utilises the river basin as the natural unit for water management. Each river basin within the country must be assigned to a river basin district (RBD) that is determined by the natural grouping of river catchments into regions. Local Authorities will have a primary role in implementing the WFD through the establishment of River Basin Management Projects to oversee each river basin districts (RBD). The overall objective of river basin projects is to establish an integrated monitoring and management system for all waters within a RBD and to produce a River Basin Management Plan. The Shannon River Basin District is one of the eight districts in Ireland, encompassing the entire length of the Shannon, its tributaries and associated lakes. It encompasses all or part of 18 Local Authority areas and a small portion of Northern Ireland. Implementing the measures set out in the management plan will require an integrated approach. Central to the Water Framework Directive is a requirement for Member States to encourage the active involvement of all interested parties, including the public, in its implementation. September 2006 52 C004246 THE HERITAGE COUNCIL 5.2 WHITE YOUNG GREEN ENVIRONMENTAL IRELAND National Biodiversity Plan Biodiversity is the common abbreviation for biological diversity, which is defined as the variety of all living things from all sources including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems. The term emerged from The Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD), which was a response to a growing concern that substantial losses were occurring globally within the natural world at the ecosystem, species and genetic levels. Increased human activity has resulted in direct habitat loss, habitat fragmentation and habitat degradation from factors such as pollution, disturbance and overexploitation. The convention also introduced the concept of sustainability. The CBD requires Contracting Parties to take measures for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity in their home territories. It is the responsibility of each country to decide how best to this goal. Ireland, as a signatory to the convention, undertook to promote, conserve and sustainably use its biological diversity through the preparation of a National Strategy, which is set out in the National Biodiversity Plan. Implementation of this plan requires the integration of policies at a national and local level and cross-sectoral co-operation. This means that all sectors, directly or indirectly connected with biodiversity, must examine their activities and minimise any negative impacts they are likely to cause. At a national level, policy relating to the conservation of natural heritage is formulated by the Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government. The Wildlife Act (1976) and the Wildlife (Amendment) Act (2000) provide statutory protection to Natural Heritage Areas (NHAs). The EU Habitats Directive, transposed into Irish law by the European Communities (Natural Habitats) Regulation (S.I. No. 94 of 1997), also provides protection of selected, designated sites. Approximately 9% of the total land area of Ireland is protected through designated sites, which represent some of the best examples of wildlife habitats in the country. However, this leaves a substantial amount of important habitat without protection. It is partly the function of the Local Biodiversity Plans to identify and protect the non- designated habitats of biodiversity value and to enhance the potential value of other areas to their full extent. Local Authorities are identified in the National Biodiversity Plan as key stakeholder and partners in promoting, conserving and integrating biodiversity at the local level. Their position within the community provides good potential to liaise with all the relevant partners and oversee the implementation of initiatives. Two principal actions are listed within the National Biodiversity Plan that specifically relate to Local Authorities. These are to prepare a Local Biodiversity Plan and to designate a contact officer for natural heritage conservation matters. The Local Biodiversity Plan is a complementary component of the Local Heritage Plan and both plans share a number of common objectives and goals. The main functions of a Local Biodiversity Action Plan are: September 2006 53 C004246 THE HERITAGE COUNCIL ƒ WHITE YOUNG GREEN ENVIRONMENTAL IRELAND To translate international, European and Irish policies and obligations into effective action in the ground ƒ To conserve biodiversity of national and local importance ƒ To provide a framework for the conservation of biodiversity and to coordinate existing and new initiatives ƒ To assist sustainable planning and development, and provide a framework that is complementary to the County Development Plan and Local Agenda 21 initiatives ƒ To raise public awareness of and involvement in the conservation of biodiversity ƒ To collect and collate information on the biodiversity of the area National Heritage Plan 5.3 The Heritage Act 1995 defines flora, fauna and wildlife habitats as an intrinsic part of our natural heritage. In April 2002, the government published the National Heritage Plan, which endorses the importance of developing a framework for the management of heritage. The National Heritage Plan sets out objectives and actions with regard to protecting the built and natural heritage. Its main objectives are to: ƒ Place the protection and enjoyment of heritage at the heart of public life ƒ Promote measures required for protection of heritage ƒ Encourage accumulation of knowledge ƒ Promote awareness and enjoyment of our heritage This is an important document in both strategic and practical term for the conservation and promotion of the natural heritage within the country. It identifies other objectives in relation to the natural heritage including promoting awareness and its sustainable use and integration with other sectors. The Local Biodiversity Plan will become an integrated component of the Local Heritage Plan. Each of the four Local Authorities with in the study area plays an important role in the co-ordination and implementation of the WFD, Local Biodiversity and Heritage Plans. 5.4 The Fisheries Board The Fisheries Act (1980) amalgamated the Boards of Fishery Conservators and the Inland Fisheries Trust and created seven Regional Fisheries Boards and the Central Fisheries Board. The Central Fisheries Board acts as a coordinating body for the Regional Fisheries Boards and also undertakes fisheries research. The boards are independent statutory bodies with mandatory responsibility for the protection, conservation and management of all fish and of the entire fisheries habitat, in their region. The brief of the Fisheries Boards was further broadened in 1999 to consider the biodiversity of sustainable development and heritage issues in their region (Fitzsimons and Igoe, 2004). September 2006 54 C004246 THE HERITAGE COUNCIL WHITE YOUNG GREEN ENVIRONMENTAL IRELAND The Fisheries Board are currently undergoing a restructuring process where by the seven Regional Fisheries Boards will be amalgamated into a single executive body, the National Inland Fisheries Authority (NIFA). The current scientific resources and responsibilities of the Inland Fisheries Sector will be transferred to the Marine Institute. The Marine Institute is currently responsible for research and management in relation to Altantic salmon and eel. The restructuring is envisaged to take place over two phases. The first will establish the NIFA, a number of regional advisory boards and the transfer of the scientific research function. The second will see the realignment of the NIFAs regional executive structures and the regional advisory boards on the river basin districts, the establishment of an independent regulatory entity and the development of a new model to encourage greater participation by local users and beneficiaries of the inland fisheries sector. It is anticipated that the restructuring will incorporate an extensive consultation period and will take 3-5 years. 5.5 Electricity Supply Board (ESB) The ESB was established in 1927. Dams, which blocked the routes for migratory fish salmon and eel, were constructed along the River Shannon. As a result the ESB were required to buy out the fishing rights and now own the fishing rights for the entire River Shannon, upstream of Limerick City. They are responsible for managing the fisheries and operate a salmon and eel management programme, which stocks upstream of the dams with produces juvenile hatchery salmon and juvenile eels trapped downstream of the dams (Fitzsimons and Igoe, 2004). Some authors (Mathers et al., 2002; Gibson, 2002) and organisations, particularly anglers have questioned the efficacy of the management programme. 5.6 The National Parks and Wildlife Service The National Parks & Wildlife Service (NPWS), part of the Department of the Environment, Heritage & Local Government (DEHLG), manages the Irish State's nature conservation responsibilities under National and European law. It is responsible for the conservation of a range of ecosystems and populations of flora and fauna in Ireland. One of its primary responsibilities is implementing the E.U. Habitats Directive and the E.U. Birds Directive, which requires that a network of SACs and SPAs is established and protection for habitats and species as part of the NATURA 2000 European Network. Natural Heritage Areas (NHAs) are protected under national legislation (Wildlife (Amendment) Act, 2000). NPWS are also responsible for the management and development of National Parks and Nature Reserves. September 2006 55 C004246 THE HERITAGE COUNCIL 6 WHITE YOUNG GREEN ENVIRONMENTAL IRELAND REFERENCES Bowman, J.J. (1998). The River Shannon – Results of Monitoring 1995 – 97. Environmental Protection Agency, Wexford. Bowman, J.J. (2000). The River Shannon – Results of Monitoring 1998 – 99. Environmental Protection Agency, Wexford. Bowman, J.J., McGarrigle, M.L. and Clabby, K.J., (1993). Lough Derg – An Investigation of Eutrophication and its Causes. Part 1. Water Quality Assessment, Nutrient Sources, Conclusions and Recommendations. A Report to The Lough Derg Working Party. Environmental Research Unit. Bowman, J.J., Clabby, K.J., Lucey, J., McGarrigle, M.L. and Toner, P.F., 1996. Water Quality in Ireland 1991-1994. Environmental Protection Agency, Wexford. Clabby, K.J., Lucey, J. & McGarrigle, M.L. (2004). Interim Report on the Biological Survey of River Quality Results of the 2003 Investigation. Environmental Protection Agency Ireland. Conneely, J.J. and McCarthy, T.K. 1986 Ecological factors influencing the composition of the parasite fauna of the European eel, Anguilla anguilla (L.), in Ireland. Journal of Fish Biology 28, 207–19. Coroi, M. (2004). A Study of the Alien Species of County North Tipperary. North Tipperary County Council, Co. Tipperary. Crowe, O. (2005). Irelands Wetlands and their Waterbirds: Status and Distribution. BirdWatch Ireland, Co. Wicklow. Curtis, T.G.F. & McGough, H.N. (1988). Irish red data book 1. Vascular plants. Wildlife Service, Office of Public Works, Dublin. EHS (2005). Draft All–Ireland Species Action Plan Pollan (Coregonus autumnalis). Environmental Heritage Service. ESB (2004). ESB Fisheries Conservation Annual Report [Year ending December 2004]. ESB Fisheries Conservation, Ardnacrusha Co. Clare. September 2006 56 C004246 THE HERITAGE COUNCIL WHITE YOUNG GREEN ENVIRONMENTAL IRELAND Fitzsimons, M. Igoe, F. (2004). Freshwater fish conservation in the Irish Republic: a review of pressures and legislation impacting on conservation efforts. Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Vol. 104B, No. 3, 17-32. Forman, R.T.T. & Godron, M. (1986). Landscape Ecology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. Fossitt, J. (2000). A Guide to the Habitats of Ireland. Heritage Council, Kilkenny. Gibson, R.J. (2002). The myth of ‘green’ energy. Meanders. Newsletter of the SIL working group on the conservation and management of running waters 11, 4_/9. Gibson O’Connor (1996). Limerick City Navigation EIS – November 1996. Unpublished report to Limerick City Council. Hannon, C (1997). The 1995 All Ireland Tern Survey. Unpublished report, BirdWatch Ireland, Dublin. Harrod, C., Griffiths, D.,McCarthy T.K. and Rosell, R.S. (2001). The Irish Pollen, Coregonus autumnalis: options for its conservation. Journal of Fish Biology. 59, Suppl A. 339-55 Hayden, T. and Harrington, R. (2000). Exploring Irish Mammals. Townhouse, Dublin. Heery, S. (1991). The plant communities of the grazed and mown grasslands of the River Shannon Callows. Procedures of the Royal Irish Academy, 91(B), 1-19. Heery, S. (1993). The Shannon floodlands – A Natural History of the Shannon Callows. Tír Eolas, Kinvara. Heery, S (1996). Birds in Central Ireland: Mid-Shannon Bird Report 1992-1995. BirdWatch Ireland, Dublin. Heery, S (1998). Rare and Scarce Plants on the Shannon Callows. Unpublished report to Duchas, The Heritage Service, Dublin. Heery, (2003). Callows and floodplains. In: Wetlands of Ireland. (ed. M. Otte). University College Dublin Press, Dublin A. Hooijer (1996). Floodplain Hydrology. PhD thesis Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam. September 2006 57 C004246 THE HERITAGE COUNCIL WHITE YOUNG GREEN ENVIRONMENTAL IRELAND Hutchinson, C. (1979). Ireland’s Wetlands and their Birds. Irish Wildbird Conservancy, Dublin. Kirk McClure Morton (1999). Management Proposals Report - Lough Derg & Lough Ree catchment monitoring and Management System. Kurz, I. and Costello, M.J. (1996a). Current knowledge on the Distribution of Lampreys, and Some Other Freshwater Fish Species Listed in the Habitats Directive, in Ireland. Unpublished report to the National Parks and Wildlife Service, Dublin. Kurz, I. and Costello, M.J. (1996b). Proposed Special Areas of Conservation for Lampreys and Shads. Unpublished report to the National Parks and Wildlife Service, Dublin. Kurz I. and Costello, M.J. (1998). An outline of the biology, distribution and conservation of lampreys in Ireland. Irish Wildlife Manuals No. 5. Dublin. Duchas, The Heritage Service. Lockhart, N., Madden, B., Wolfe-Murphy, S., Wymer, E. and Wyse Jackson, M. (1993). National ASI Survey: Guidelines for Ecologists. Unpublished report to the National Parks and Wildlife Service, Office of Public Works, Dublin. Lough Derg Science Group (2004). Newsletter Number 1. Castlelough, Tipperary. Nairn, R.G.W., Herbert, I.J. & Heery, S. (1988a). Shannon Callows 1987. Report of a Survey of Breeding Birds and Plant Communities in the River Shannon flood plain. Unpublished report, Irish Wildbird Conservancy, Dublin. Nairn, R.G.W., Herbert, I.J. & Heery, S. (1988b). Breeding waders and other wet grassland birds of the River Shannon Callows, Ireland, Ireland. – 1987. Irish Birds 3, 521 – 38 NATURA (2001). Limerick Main Drainage: Assessment of Distribution of Groenlandia densa within the Park Canal, Limerick. Unpublished report to Limerick City Council. NPWS (1997). National NHA Survey for Site 800002165 (Lower River Shannon) Site Notes. Unpublished. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Dublin. NPWS (1998). Natura 2000 form for Site 800002165 (Lower River Shannon) and Site Notes. Unpublished. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Dublin. September 2006 58 C004246 THE HERITAGE COUNCIL WHITE YOUNG GREEN ENVIRONMENTAL IRELAND NPWS (1998). Natura 2000 form for Site 800002241 (Lough Derg North-East Shore) and Site Notes. Unpublished. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Dublin. NPWS (1999). Natura 2000 form for Site 800000216 (River Shannon Callows) and Site Notes. Unpublished. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Dublin. NPWS (2005). Revised River Boundary Project Site Notes. Unpublished. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Dublin. NPWS (2000a). Draft Conservation Plan for Lough Derg NHA. Unpublished. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Dublin. NPWS (2000b). Draft Conservation Plan for the Lower River Shannon. Unpublished. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Dublin. NPWS (2000c). Draft Conservation Plan for the Middle Shannon Callows SPA. Unpublished. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Dublin. Newton, S., Donaghy, A., Allen, D. and Gibbons, D. (1999). Birds of conservation concern in Ireland. Irish Birds 6 No. 3 Maguire, C.M., Roberts, D. and Rosell, R.S. (2004). The ecological impacts of a Zebra Mussel invasion in a large Irish lake, Lough Erne: a typical European experience? Aquatic Invaders, Special AIS Conference Issue, pp 1-8. Mathers, R.G., De Carlos, M., Crowley, K. and O´Teangana, D. (2002). A review of the potential effect of Irish hydroelectric installations on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) populations, with particular reference to the River Erne. Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 102B, 69 - 79. McCarthy, T.K., Fitzgerald, J., Cullan, P., Doherty, D. Copley. L. (1997). Zebra Mussels in the River Shannon their Present Distribution, their Probable Ecological Effects, Economic Impact and Prospects for Controlling their Spread to Other Irish River Systems. A report to the E.S.B. Fisheries Conservation. Zoology Department, NUIG, Galway. Minchin, D. & Moriarty, C. (1998). Zebra Mussels in Ireland. Fisheries leaflet 177. Marine Institute, Dublin. September 2006 59 C004246 THE HERITAGE COUNCIL WHITE YOUNG GREEN ENVIRONMENTAL IRELAND Minchin, D, Lucy, F. & Sullivan, M.R. (2002). Zebra mussel: Impacts and Spread. In: Invasive Aquatic Species of Europe: Distribution Impact and Management. (eds. E. Leppäkoski, S. Gollasch, S. Olenin) Kluwer Press, pp. 135-146 Mosisch, T.D. and Arthington, A.H. (1998). The impacts of power boating and water skiing on lakes and reservoirs. Lakes & Reservoirs: Research and Management. 3, no. 1, pp. 1-17. Murphy, J., Morgan, G. & Power, O. (2005). Literature Review on the Impacts of boat wash on the Heritage of Irelands Inland Waterways. The Heritage Council, Kilkenny. Ó'Críodáin, C. & Doyle, G.J. (1997). Schoenetum nigricantis, the Schoenus fen and flush vegetation of Ireland. Procedures of the Royal Irish Academy, 97B, 203-218. Ó'Críodáin, C. & Doyle, G.J. (2003). Peatlands – fens and bogs. In: Life in Wetland Environments. (ed. M. Otte). University College Dublin Press, Dublin. Olenin, S., Minchin, D & Orlova, M., (1999). Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas, 1771) Dreissenidae, Bivalvia. In: Case History Studies, (eds H. Rosenthall, D. Minchin, S. Gollasch & M. Voight), Testing Monitoring Systems for risk assessment of harmful introductions by Ships to European waters, EU Concerted Action (MAS3 – CT97-0111) Preston, C.D., Pearman, D.A. & Dines, T.D. (2002). New Atlas of the British and Irish Flora. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Purcell, P. and McCarthy, T.K. (1995). Metazoan parasite assemblages of yellow eels (Anguilla anguilla L.) in Lough Derg. Abstracts of the Fifth Environmental Researchers’ Colloquium, University College Cork, 13–15 January, p. 44. Reynolds, J.V. (1990). The breeding Gulls and Terns of the Islands of Lough Derg. Irish Birds 4: 217226 Rosell, R.S., Harrod, C., Griffiths, D. and McCarthy T.K. (2004). Conservation of the Irish Population of the Pollan Coregonus autumnalis. Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 104B, 67-72. Sheppard, R. & Green, R.E. (1994). The status of corncrake in Ireland. Irish Birds 5, 125 – 38. September 2006 60 C004246 THE HERITAGE COUNCIL Stokes, K., O'Neill, K. & McDonald, R.A. (2004). WHITE YOUNG GREEN ENVIRONMENTAL IRELAND Invasive Species in Ireland. Unpublished report to Environment & Heritage Service and National Parks & Wildlife Service. Quercus, Queens University Belfast, Belfast. Toner, P., Bowman, J., Clabby, K., Lucey, J., McGarrigle, M., Concannon, C., Clenaghan, C., Cunningham, P., Delaney, J., O’Boyle, S., MacCárthaigh, M., Craig M. and Quinn, R. (2005). Water Quality in Ireland 2001-2003. Environmental Protection Agency Johnstown Castle, Co. Wexford, Ireland. Wheeler, B.D. (1984). British fens: a review. In: European Mires (ed P.D. Moore), pp. 237-281. Academic Press, London. White Young Green (2002) Ecological Element of the Pilot Waterways Corridor Study. Heritage Council White Young Green (2004). Ecological Assessment for the Park Canal Restoration Project. Unpublished report to Limerick City Council, Limerick. White Young Green (2005). Assessment of the Distribution of Groenlandia densa within the Park Canal. Limerick. Unpublished report to Limerick City Council, Limerick. Whilde, A. (1982). Irish Wetlands Survey. Report to the Federation of Hunting Associations of the EEC, Brussels, and the National Association of Regional Game Councils, Ireland. Whilde, A. (1993). Irish red data book 2: Vertebrates. HMSO, Belfast. September 2006 61 C004246 THE HERITAGE COUNCIL September 2006 WHITE YOUNG GREEN ENVIRONMENTAL IRELAND 62 C004246 CONSULTEES LIST Position Name Status NPWS, Western Regional Manager Dr. Enda Mooney No reply to date NPWS, Western Regional Manager Mr Tim O’Connell Contacted NPWS, Divisional Ecologist Dr Julie Fossitt Contacted NPWS, Divisional Ecologist Dr Jarvis Good No reply to date NPWS, Local Conservation Ranger Galway southeast Rebecca Teesdale Contacted NPWS, Local Conservation Ranger Galway south Robert Steede No reply to date NPWS, Local Conservation Ranger Clare east David Lyons No reply to date NPWS, Local Conservation Ranger Limerick east Seamus Hassett Contacted NPWS, District Conservation Officer Tipperary northwest Ann Fitzpatrick Contacted NPWS, District Conservation Officer Stefan Jones Contacted NPWS Coordinator Management Planning Support Unit Dr Rebecca Jeffrey Contacted NPWS Conservation Scientist Marie Dromey Contacted Central Fisheries Board Dr Joe Caffrey Contacted Shannon Regional Fisheries Board Mr Mike Fitzsimons Contacted Shannon Regional Fisheries Board Mr Fran Igoe Contacted Lough Derg Science Group Dr. Dan Minchin Contacted Lough Derg Science Group Mr. Rick Boland Contacted ESB Fisheries Manager Pat Gilbride Contacted ESB Fisheries Biologist Denis Doherty Contacted ESB Chief Civil Engineer Jack O’Keeffe Contacted Coillte Environmental Manager Kevin Donnellan Contacted Birdwatch Ireland (HQ) Olivia Crowe Contacted Birdwatch Galway Marianne ten Cate Contacted Birdwatch Clare Tom Lynch Contacted Birdwatch Limerick Geoff Hunt Contacted Lough Derg Anglers Association Kevin Grime Contacted Lough Derg Anglers Association Joe O’Donoghue Contacted Irish Peatland Conservation Council Caroline Hurley Contacted Mollusc expert Dr Evelyn Moorkens Contacted Botanist and author/expert on the Shannon Callows Mr Stephen Heery Contacted Zebra mussel education officer Dr. Aoife Thornton Contacted Shannon River Basin District Project Mr. Enda Thompson Contacted National University of Ireland (Zoology Dept.) Dr. T.K. McCarthy Contacted BSBI Galway South-East Dr. M. Sheehy-Skeffington Contacted BSBI Galway North-East Dr. C.M. Rodan No reply to date BSBI Tipperary North Dr. D. Nash No reply to date BSBI Tipperary South Miss. R. Fitzgerald No reply to date BSBI Limerick Mrs. S. Reynolds Contacted BSBI Clare Mrs. F. Devery No reply to date NPWS SITE SYNOPSIS SITE NAME: RIVER SHANNON CALLOWS cSAC SITE CODE: 000216 The River Shannon Callows is a long and diverse site which consists of seasonally flooded, semi-natural, lowland wet grassland, along and beside the river between the towns of Athlone and Portumna. It is approximately 50 km long and averages about 0.75 km wide (reaching 1.5 km wide in places). Along most of its length the site is bordered by raised bogs - many, but not all, in the process of large-scale harvesting - esker ridges and limestonebedrock hills. The soils grade from silty-alluvial to peat. This site has a common boundary, and is closely associated, with two other sites of similar habitats, River Suck Callows and Little Brosna Callows. The River Shannon Callows is mainly composed of lowland wet grassland. Different plant communities occur, depending on elevation, and therefore their flooding patterns. Two habitats listed on Annex I of the EU Habitats Directive are well represented within the site – Molinia meadows and lowland hay meadows. The former is characterised by the presence of the Meadow Thistle (Cirsium dissectum) and Purple Moor-grass (Molinia caerulea), while typical species in the latter include Meadow Fescue (Festuca pratensis), Rough Meadow-grass (Poa trivialis), Downy Oat-grass (Avenula pubescens), Common Knapweed (Centaurea nigra), Ribwort Plantain (Plantago lanceolata) and Common Sorrel (Rumex acetosa). In places these two habitats grade into one another. Low-lying areas of the callows with more prolonged flooding are characterised by Floating Sweet-grass (Glyceria fluitans), Marsh Foxtail (Alopecurus geniculatus) and wetland herbs such as Yellow Cress (Rorippa spp.), Water Forget-me-not (Myosotis scorpioides) and Common Spike-rush (Eleocharis palustris). Most of the callows consist of a plant community characterised by Creeping Bent (Agrostis stolonifera), Brown Sedge (Carex disticha), Common Sedge (Carex nigra), and herbs such as Marsh Marigold (Caltha palustris) and Marsh Bedstraw (Galium palustre). While the more elevated and peaty areas are characterised by low-growing sedges, particularly Yellow Sedge (Carex flava agg.) and Star Sedge (Carex echinata). All these communities are very diverse in their total number of plant species, and include the scarce species Meadow-rue (Thalictrum flavum), Summer Snowflake (Leucojum aestivum), and Marsh Stitchwort (Stellaria palustris). Other habitats of smaller area but equal importance within the site are lowland dry grassland, drainage ditches, freshwater marshes and reedbeds. The dry grassland areas, especially where they exist within hay meadows, are species-rich, and of two main types: calcareous grassland on glacial material, and dry grassland on levees of river alluvium. The former can contain many Orchid species, Cowslip (Primula veris), abundant Adder's-tongue Fern (Ophioglossum vulgatum) and Spring-sedge (Carex caryophyllea), and both contain an unusually wide variety of grasses, including False Oatgrass (Arrhenatherum elatius), Yellow Oatgrass (Trisetum flavescens), Meadow Foxtail (Alopecurus pratense), and Meadow Brome (Bromus commutatus). In places Summer Snowflake also occurs. Good quality habitats on the edge of the callows included in the site are wet broad-leaved semi-natural woodland dominated by both Birch (Betula pubescens) and Alder (Alnus glutinosa) and dry broad-leaved woodland dominated by Hazel (Corylus avellana). There are also areas of raised bog, fen on old cut-away bog with Black Bog-rush (Schoenus nigricans), and a 'petrifying stream' with associated species-rich calcareous flush which supports Yellow Sedge (Carex lepidocarpa), Blunt-flowered Rush (Juncus subnodulosus) and Stoneworts (Chara spp.). Two legally-protected plant species (Flora (Protection) Order 1999) occur in the site: Opposite-leaved Pondweed (Groenlandia densa) in drainage ditches, and Meadow Barley (Hordeum secalinum) on dry alluvial grassland. This is one of only two known inland sites for the Meadow Barley in Ireland. The Red Data Book plant Green-winged Orchid (Orchis morio) is known from dry calcareous grasslands within the site, while the site also supports a healthy population of Marsh Pea (Lathyrus palustris). The Shannon Callows is of International Importance for wintering waterfowl, involving fifteen main species and many others (total birds at least 27,000 1986/7), including Whooper Swan, Wigeon, Black-tailed Godwit, Lapwing, Golden Plover, Teal, Mute Swan, Bewick’s Swan, Mallard, Shoveler, Dunlin, Curlew. Small flocks of Greenland White-fronted Goose use the Shannon Callows; these are generally associated with larger flocks which occur on the adjacent Little Brosna Callows and River Suck Callows. Shoveler (an estimated 12 pairs in 1987) and Black-tailed Godwit (Icelandic race) (one or two pairs in 1987) breed within this site. These species are listed in the Red Data Book as being threatened in Ireland. The scarce bird Quail is also known to breed within the area. The Callows continues to hold over 40% of the Irish population of the globally endangered Corncrake, although numbers have declined in recent years. A total of 66 calling birds were recorded in 1999. The total population of breeding waders (Lapwing, Redshank, Snipe and Curlew) in 1987 was one of three major concentrations in Ireland and Britain. The breeding Redshank, numbers was estimated at 10% of the Irish population, making it Nationally significant. Also, the Annex I species Merlin and Hen Harrier are regularly reported hunting over the callows during the breeding season. This site holds a population of Otter, a species listed on Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive, while the Irish Hare, which is listed in the Irish Red Data Book, is a common sight on the callows. The Shannon Callows are used for summer dry-stock grazing (mostly cattle, with some sheep and a few horses), and permanent hay meadow. About 30 ha is a nature reserve owned by voluntary conservation bodies. The River Shannon is used increasingly for recreational purposes with coarse angling and boating accounting for much of the visitor numbers. Intermittent and scattered damage to the habitats has occurred due to over-deepening of drains and peat silt deposition, water-skiing, ploughing and neglect of hay meadow (or reversion to pasture). However, none of these can as of yet be said to be serious. Threats to the quality of the site may come from the siting of boating marinas in areas away from centres of population, fertilising of botanically-rich fields, the use of herbicides, reversion of hay meadow to pasture, neglect of pasture and hay meadow, disturbance of birds by boaters, anglers, birdwatchers and the general tourist. The maintenance of generally high water levels in winter and spring benefits all aspects of the flora and fauna, but in this regard, summer flooding is a threat to breeding birds, and may cause neglect of farming. The Shannon Callows has by far the largest area of lowland semi-natural grassland and associated aquatic habitats in Ireland and one in which there is least disturbance of natural wetland processes. Botanically, it is extremely diverse with two legally protected species of plants and many scarce species. Excellent examples of two habitats listed on Annex I of the EU Habitats Directive occur within the site – Molinia meadows and lowland hay meadows. In winter the site is internationally important for numbers and species of waterfowl. In spring it feeds large numbers of birds on migration. And in summer it holds very large numbers of breeding waders, rare breeding birds and the endangered Corncrake, as well as a very wide variety of more common grassland and wetland birds. The presence of Otter, an Annex II species, adds further importance to the site. 2.10.2001 SITE NAME: RIVER LITTLE BROSNA CALLOWS pNHA SITE CODE: 000564 The River Little Brosna Callows NHA is located 5 km south-west of Banagher, Co. Offaly and stretches from the canal at the junction with the River Shannon, some 9 km along the River Little Brosna to a point 1 km above the new bridge on the R438 road. The site extends from both sides of the river and is situated in the townlands of Clonahenoge, Cloghan Demesne, Gortskeha, Newtown, Clonrah and Glaster in County Offaly and the townlands of Annagh, Clongowna and Ballyoughter in Co. Tipperary. The main habitat is the extensive area of low-lying callows on the floodplains of the River Little Brosna and River Shannon. These wet meadows are subject to prolonged flooding in winter and early spring. A wide range of callow pasture is present, with the vegetation influenced by the exact flooding regime and the peat content of the soil. The raised bog habitat at Cloghan Demesne consists of a small dome of high bog with associated cutover. Four remnants of raised bog are also included on the southern side of the Little Brosna with Annagh bog, the most easterly, being the largest and most intact. Mixed deciduous woodland, east of Cloghan Demesne is included in the site. The main grassland types present are alluvial, sedge-rich, calcareous and improved grasslands. The inundated alluvial grassland is dominated by Floating Sweet-grass (Glyceria fluitans) with other low-growing, wetland grasses such as Creeping Bent (Agrostis stolonifera) and Marsh Foxtail (Alopecurus geniculatus). Wetland herbs such as Water Mint (Mentha aquatica) and Water Forget-me-not (Myosotis scorpioides) are frequent, and the distinction between this grassland and freshwater marsh is indistinct. Sedge-rich grasslands occur on peaty soils, with small sedges such as Yellow Sedge (Carex demissa), Flea Sedge (Carex pulicaris) and Carnation Sedge (Carex panicea) present. The high base status and the naturalness of this vegetation is indicated by species such as Bog Pimpernel (Anagallis tenella) and Meadow Thistle (Cirsium dissectum). Similar areas that have received more fertiliser are dominated by Soft Rush (Juncus effusus). Some improved agricultural pasture is included in the site and dry grassland occurs in the well-drained calcareous areas. The high bog at Cloghan Demesne is a flat uniform dome and supports characteristic raised bog vegetation and well developed hummock/ hollow complexes. A number of softer areas occur but none of these are quaking. The scarce species Brown Beak-sedge (Rhynchospora fusca) is recorded from the site. There is a small flush to the east. Cutover surrounds all of the bog margins, and scrub encroachment has occurred to the north and north-east on old abandoned cutover. The southern boundary of the site encompasses cutover areas, now a mosaic of habitats of grassland, fen and Downy Birch (Betula pubescens) woodland. There are notable stands of Black Bog-rush (Schoenus nigricans) and Saw Sedge (Cladium mariscus). Cregg wood is found to the east of the raised bog at Cloghan Demesne. It is a mature mixed woodland mainly dominated by Oak (Quercus sp.) along with some Downy Birch and Beech (Fagus sylvatica). Some felling has taken place in the recent past. This site also boasts outstanding variety and quality of wet grassland and marshland. The ditches that cross the site are also an important refuge for many scarce wetland species such as Flowering Rush (Butomus umbellatus) and River Water-dropwort (Oenanthe fluviatilis). Other scarce or notable plant species on the site include Bee Orchid (Ophrys apifera) at Annagh bog, Pale Butterwort (Pinguicula lusitanica) and Oblong-leaved Sundew (Drosera intermedia) in the cutaway areas. The River Little Brosna Callows is an internationally important site for wintering waterfowl, being noted both for numbers and diversity of species. In the five year period 1995/96 to 1999/00, the mean peak waterfowl count (excluding gulls) was 30,223 birds (qualifying threshold for international importance is 30,000). Of particular note is the internationally important flock of Greenland White-fronted Geese based along the Brosna (though the birds also have a range of other feeding and roosting sites on grassland and bogs in the vicinity). Average peak count for the flock over the five winters 1995/96 to 1999/00 was 454. The population of Black-tailed Godwit is also of international importance, with an average maximum of 2,900 for the same five-year period. This flock, which is the largest in the country, has exceeded 4,000 and there is also an important spring passage. A further seven species have populations of national importance. These are Whooper Swan 122, Wigeon 9,608, Teal 2,756, Pintail 130, Shoveler 164, Golden Plover 11,408 and Lapwing 2,900. The populations of Wigeon, Teal and Golden Plover are consistently among the largest in the country. Other species which have regionally important populations include Mute Swan 82, Mallard 334 and Dunlin 434, the latter species being of note as it is the largest inland population in the country. Of the species which occur regularly at this site, three (Greenland White-fronted Geese, Whooper Swan, Golden Plover) are listed on Annex I of the E.U. Birds Directive. The Brosna callows are also of importance for breeding waders. In 2002, 22 pairs of Redshank and 23 pairs of Snipe were recorded. These numbers, however, are considerably lower than in 1987 when 65 pairs of Redshank and 35 pairs of Snipe were present, along with 41 pairs of Lapwing (no Lapwing present in 2002). The globally endangered Corn Crake formerly bred on the Brosna callows, with 2 calling birds in 1993, and may still breed occasionally. Part of the site is a no shooting area, the Little Brosna Wildfowl. Current landuse on the site consists of peat-cutting at Cloghan Demesne, along all the margins of the high bog. However there are no recent drains on the high bog. Damaging activities associated with this landuse include drainage and burning. These are all activities that have resulted in loss of habitat and damage to the hydrological status of the high bog, and pose a continuing threat to its viability. The River Little Brosna Callows NHA is a site of considerable conservation significance, including as it does, a raised bog, a rare habitat in the E.U. and one that is becoming increasingly scarce and under threat in Ireland. This bog is one of the few remaining raised bogs developed on the former floodplain of the River Shannon and its tributaries. The site supports a good diversity of raised bog microhabitats including some hummock/hollow complexes. The presence of mature deciduous woodland adds to the overall habitat diversity. The close proximity to the River Shannon increases the ecological interest and conservation value of the site. Ireland has a high proportion of the total E.U. resource of raised bog (over 50%) and so has a special responsibility for its conservation at an international level. The site is of international importance for its waterfowl and is designated a Special Protection Area under the E.U. Birds Directive. 14.11.2002 SITE NAME: MEENEEN BOG NHA SITE CODE: 000310 Meeneen Bog NHA is situated mainly in the townlands of Meeneen, Tiranascragh and Tullinlicky, 6 km south-west of Eyrecourt, Co Galway. The site comprises a medium-sized raised bog that includes both areas of high bog and cutover bog. The River Shannon runs to the south-east of the site. This raised bog consists of a distinct dome of high bog divided into three sections by trackways. The fragmented nature of the high bog has led to the overall desiccation of this habitat, and a lowering of the water table. There is a large flush in the central lobe. To the north-west and south-east of the site several small areas of mixed deciduous woodland occur. The bog is surrounded by cutover on all its margins. Much of the high bog has vegetation typical of the Midland Raised Bog type, consisting of Ling Heather (Calluna vulgaris), cottongrass (Eriophorum spp.), and Carnation Sedge (Carex panicea). Other common species on the high bog include Bog Asphodel (Narthecium ossifragum) and Deergrass (Scirpus caespitosus). Bog moss (Sphagnum spp.) growth is good. The overall topography is dominated by hummocks. Many pools contain algae and are showing signs of drying out. In the western lobe, good Sphagnum papillosum hummocks occur and some pools contain S. cuspidatum and Bogbean (Menyanthes trifoliata). The sundews Drosera rotundifolia and D. intermedia also occur. Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) has been recorded from a cutface along the north-eastern margins. An extensive flush dominated by Purple Moor-grass (Molinia caerula) occurs to the east of the site. Other species associated with the flush include Bog-myrtle (Myrica gale), Downy Birch (Betula pubescens), Cranberry (Vaccinum oxycoccos) and the Heath Spotted-orchid (Dactylorhiza maculata). There is extensive cutover to the north-west, south-west and south-east of the site. Downy Birch and Gorse (Ulex europaeus) have encroached onto the cutover in many areas. In the north-west two small areas of birch wood occur and a larger area is found on cutover in the south-west. Irish Hare, a Red Data Book species has been recorded on the site. Current landuse on the site consists of peat-cutting along the south-east, south-west and north-west margins of the site. A small area of afforestation is found on cutover to the east. Damaging activities associated with this landuse include drainage and burning. Fire damage has been recorded in the 1980s but there is little evidence of recent burning on the high bog. These are all activities that have resulted in loss of habitat and damage to the hydrological status of the site, and pose a continuing threat to its viability. Meeneen Bog NHA is a site of considerable conservation significance, comprising as it does, a raised bog, a rare habitat in the E.U. and one that is becoming increasingly scarce and under threat in Ireland. This site supports a good diversity of raised bog microhabitats including hummock/hollow complexes, some pools and a significant flush which add to the diversity and conservation value of the site. Ireland has a high proportion of the total E.U. resource of raised bog (over 50%) and so has a special responsibility for its conservation at an international level. 14.11.2002 SITE NAME: BALLYMACEGAN BOG NHA SITE CODE: 00642 Ballymacegan Bog NHA is situated in the floodplain of the River Shannon approximately 7 km south west of Banagher Co Offaly and 6 km north-west of Rathcabban, in the townland of Redwood, Co. Tipperary. The site comprises a raised bog that includes both areas of high bog and cutover bog. Pasture grassland occurs to the south of the site. The River Shannon runs just north and west of the site and Redwood Bog is to the east. The site consists of a small floodplain raised bog. The high bog is flat and uniform, with active peat-cutting on the south-west, south and the eastern boundaries. Downy Birch (Betula pubescens) scrub occurs on the old cutover. Flushes are found to the south of the high bog. The bog is surrounded by callow grassland on the west and northern boundaries. Much of the high bog has vegetation typical of a Midlands Raised Bog, and includes such species as cottongrass (Eriophorum angustifolium and E. vaginatum), Ling Heather (Calluna vulgaris), Deergrass (Scirpus cespitosus), White Beak-sedge (Rhynchospora alba), Carnation sedge (Carex panicea) and sundews (Drosera anglica and D. rotundifolia). Midland Raised Bog indicator species found on the bog include Bog-rosemary (Andromeda polifolia), Cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccos) and the bog moss Sphagnum magellanicum. Hummockforming bog mosses on the site include Sphagnum fuscum and S. imbricatum, while S. cuspidatum and S. palustre are found in hollows, pools and drains. The site supports a number of other moss species including Campylopus introflexus, Hypnum jutlandicum and Pleurozium schreberi, and the liverworts Frullania tamarisci, Lejeunea ulicina, Calypogeia muellerana and Odontoschisma sphagni. Tear pools surrounded by pools colonised by algae occur to the south of the site in the vicinity of a flush. These pools support such species as the bog moss Sphagnum cuspidatum, Bogbean (Menyanthes trifoliata) and Bog-sedge (Carex limosa). The flush to the south of the high bog supports Crowberry (Empetrum nigrum), Bogrosemary, Cranberry, Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), birch and the bog moss Sphagnum recurvum. A number of epiphytic lichens including Hypogymnia physodes, Evernia prunastri and Lecanora chlarotera occur on the birch trees. The cutover has areas of birch scrub and humid grassland. Current landuse on the site consists of peat-cutting around the south and east of the site. Areas of cutover have been reclaimed for agricultural purposes to the south of the site. Peatcutting on the site appears to be mechanised peat extraction for domestic purposes. Damaging activities associated with these landuses include drainage around the high bog and burning of the high bog. These are all activities that have resulted in loss of habitat and damage to the hydrological status of the site, and pose a continuing threat to its viability. Ballymacegan Bog NHA is a site of considerable conservation significance, comprising as it does, a raised bog, a rare habitat in the E.U. and one that is becoming increasingly scarce and under threat in Ireland. The site supports a good diversity of raised bog microhabitats, including hummock/hollow complexes, pools and flushes, as well as a number of scarce plant species. Ireland has a high proportion of the total E.U. resource of raised bog (over 50%) and so has a special responsibility for its conservation at an international level. 14.11.2002 SITE NAME: REDWOOD BOG cSAC SITE CODE: 002353 Redwood Bog is located 7 km south west of Banagher mainly in the townland of Redwood, Co. Tipperary. The site comprises a raised bog that includes both areas of high bog and cutover bog. The site is bounded by the Middle Shannon Callows Special Protection Area (SPA) to the north and the River Little Brosna SPA to the north-east. The site is a candidate Special Area of Conservation selected for active raised bog, degraded raised bog and Rhynchosporion, habitats that are listed on Annex I of the E.U. Habitats Directive. Active raised bog comprises areas of high bog that are wet and actively peatforming, where the percentage cover of bog mosses (Sphagnum spp.) is high, and where some or all of the following features occur: hummocks, pools, wet flats, Sphagnum lawns, flushes and soaks. Degraded raised bog corresponds to those areas of cutover and high bog whose hydrology has been adversely affected by peat cutting, drainage and other land use activities, but which are capable of regeneration. The Rhynchosporion habitat occurs in wet depressions, pool edges and erosion channels where the vegetation includes White Beaksedge (Rhynchospora alba) and/or Brown Beak-sedge (R. fusca), and at least some of the following associated species, Bog Asphodel (Narthecium ossifragum), Sundews (Drosera spp.), Deergrass (Scirpus cespitosus), Carnation Sedge (Carex panicea). The bog has developed on the margins of the River Shannon and Little Brosna floodplains. The site can be divided into two sections, a cutover and drained western side and the eastern side that contains intact high bog. This eastern part of the site consists of two domes, which are separated to some extent by a stream that runs south to north. Hummocks and pools occur in the northern dome of the bog. The flushes in the site are found along the length of the stream. Much of the high bog has vegetation typical of the Western Raised Bog type consisting of Ling Heather (Calluna vulgaris), the moss Racomitrium lanuginosum and the liverwort Pleurozia purpurea. There are some hummocks of the bog moss Sphagnum imbricatum. A few of the pools in the north-west of the site support Great Sundew (Drosera anglica), the bog moss Sphagnum cuspidatum and Bogbean (Menyanthes trifoliata). West of this section there is an area of high bog with tear pools. In this area Sphagnum cover is high and there are small amounts of the bog mosses S. imbricatum and S. magellanicum. Hummocks of the moss Leucobryum glaucum are also found here. In the north-west of the site lichen cover is high with Cladonia portentosa, C. uncialis and C. subcervicornis. In the west of the site Deergrass, White Beak-sedge and the moss Campylopus introflexus are common in an area that was previously burnt. In the hollows throughout much of the high bog Bog Asphodel dominates. Both the northern and southern areas of flush contain Purple Moor-grass (Molinia caerulea), Downy Birch (Betula pubescens) and Ling Heather. The southern section of flush is dryer with Devil’s-bit Scabious (Succisa pratensis) and Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) found there. The central section of flush is the wettest and there is a bog moss (S. cuspidatum)dominated pool surrounded by Purple Moor-grass and Hare’s-tail Cottongrass (Eriophorum vaginatum). Patches of Carnation Sedge have been recorded along the western edge of this flush. The cutover to the north and west of the high bog is colonised by mixed deciduous woodland that contains large amounts of Gorse (Ulex sp.). Greenland White-fronted Goose, a species that is listed on Annex I of the E.U. Birds Directive, and that frequents the adjacent SPAs has been recorded on the site. There has been extensive peat-cutting in the western half of the site but active cutting is minimal and has only been recorded in the north and north-west of this area. Damaging activities associated with this landuse include drainage throughout the site (both old and recent) and extensive burning of the high bog. There are many indications that this site has been burnt on a regular basis. These are all activities that have resulted in loss of habitat and damage to the hydrological status of the site, and that pose a continuing threat to its viability. Redwood Bog is a site of considerable conservation significance comprising as it does a raised bog, a rare habitat in the E.U. and one that is becoming increasingly scarce and under threat in Ireland. This site supports a good diversity of raised bog microhabitats, including hummock/hollow complexes, pools and flushes. This bog has developed on the margins of a floodplain and is one of the few remaining floodplain bogs in the country. Active raised bog is listed as a priority habitat on Annex I of the E.U. Habitats Directive. Priority status is given to habitats and species that are threatened throughout the E.U. Ireland has a high proportion of the total E.U. resource of this habitat type (over 60%) and so has a special responsibility for its conservation at an international level. Part of the site is already a stateowned nature reserve and supports Greenland White-fronted Geese, a bird listed on Annex I of the E.U. Birds Directive. 31.10.2002 SITE NAME: ALL SAINTS BOG AND ESKER Pnha, SPA SITE CODE: 000566 All Saints’ Bog is a lowland raised bog lying about 5 km north-west of Birr and separated from the Little Brosna Callows by a fragmented esker ridge. The site is unique in that it contains the largest stand of birch woodland in the country growing on an active raised bog. Three distinct vegetation types occur. The true ombrotrophic bog is dominated by Sphagna species, e.g. S. cuspidatum in pools, S. magellanicum forming carpets and S. imbricatum forming hummocks. White Beak-sedge (Rhynchospora alba) and Bog Asphodel (Narthecium ossifragum) are abundant in the wetter areas and Heather (Calluna vulgaris) occurs on the hummocks. The presence of Brown Beaksedge (Rhynchospora fusca), a relatively rare species, and the liverwort Pleurozia purpurea, a western species, are notable. Approximately in the centre of the bog is an elongated flushed area with an outer non-wooded area surrounding a central wooded area. The non-wooded area is dominated by Sphagnum recurvum and S. fimbriatum, with hummocks of S. palustre and S. capillifolium. Hare’s-tail Cottongrass (Eriophorum vaginatum) is common and Heather, Crowberry (Empetrum nigrum) and Cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccus) are abundant. The wooded area, which covers c. 20 ha, is dominated by birch (mostly Betula pubescens but with a little B. pendula), 5 - 8m high. There are scattered pines and a shrub layer of willows (Salix aurita and S. atrocinerea), a dwarf shrub layer of Heather and Crowberry and a thick mat of mosses and lichens: Sphagnum fimbriatum, S. palustre, Aulacomnium palustre, Polytrichum commune, Peltigera cf. canina and Cladonia portentosa. In drier and more open areas Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) is locally dominant with grasses, e.g. Anthoxanthum odoratum and the Field Wood-rush (Luzula campetris). In wetter areas Bottle Sedge (Carex rostrata) occurs. The rare Myxomycete fungus, Badhamia lilacina has been recorded from the site. The birch wood supports an interesting invertebrate fauna, with two rare species being recorded; a fly (Dictenida bimaculata) and a ladybird (Hippodamia tredecimpunctata). There is a concentration of saproxylic invertebrates in the birch woodland, which suggests that the woodland is ancient. The bog has traditionally been used as an occasional refuge for part of the Little Brosna flock of Greenland White-fronted Geese, an Annex I species of the EU Birds’ Directive, although in recent years they have not been observed on the bog. An extensive area in the NE corner of the bog, representing about 20% of the bog surface, is being cut by machine, with drains running into the eastern edge of the birch woodland. This appears to be leading to the bog drying out as the surface is reported to be much drier than when first surveyed in the mid-1980s. The absence of the geese may also be indicative of drying out. To the south of the bog are the fragmented remains of an esker ridge, which may have an influence on the hydrology of the flush. It is included in the site partly for this reason, but also for its own intrinsic value. The area south-east of Coneycarn pit is steeply sloping and unfertilised, and supports species-rich calcareous esker grassland. A large population of Green-winged Orchid (Orchis morio), a species listed in the Irish Red Data Book of vascular plants, occurs here. Coneycarn pit itself supports populations of one legally protected and one threatened plant species: Red Hemp-nettle (Galeopsis angustifolia) and Blue Fleabane (Erigeron acer), both annual species of ruderal habitats, listed in the Irish Red Data Book of vascular plants. All Saints’ Bog is a unique bog, important for its vegetation types, plants, invertebrates and birds. To conserve the site peat cutting needs to stop, drains blocked and marginal dams built to raise the water table. The esker supports species-rich grassland, including rare species. They should continue to be grazed but left unfertilized. Further gravel extraction should be prevented, although some disturbance may be required to conserve the red hempnettle and blue fleabane. 18.10.1999 SITE NAME: LOUGH DERG, NORTH-EAST SHORE cSAC SITE CODE: 002241 Lough Derg, the lowest order lake on the River Shannon, is one of the largest bodies of freshwater in Ireland. The site, however, only includes the northern shore of the lake from the mouth of the Cappagh River in the north-west to just below Black Lough at the northeastern shore. The greater part of this site lies on Carboniferous limestone, although there is Old Red Sandstone on the southern shores of the eastern section. The site is of significant ecological interest, with four habitats listed on Annex I of the EU Habitats Directive. Two of these are priority habitats - Cladium fen and Yew woodland. Other annexed habitats present include alkaline fen and Juniper scrub formations on heath and calcareous grasslands. In addition, the lake itself is an SPA (Special Protection Area) that supports important numbers of wintering wildfowl, Greenland White-fronted Goose, Common Tern and Cormorant. Both the Greenland White-fronted Geese and Common Tern are listed under Annex I of the EU Birds Directive. A Wildlife Sanctuary is located in the lake close to Portumna Forest Park. The priority Annex I habitat, Cladium fen occurs occasionally along the lake margins, mainly in association with alkaline fens, Common Reed (Phragmites australis) and other swamp vegetation. Typically Saw Sedge (Cladium mariscus) forms dense stands up to 2 m in height. Associated species include Common Reed, Black Bog-rush (Schoenus nigricans),Water Horsetail (Equisetum fluviatile) Bottle Sedge (Carex rostrata) and occasional Slender Sedge (Carex lasiocarpa). This community generally merges with alkaline fen dominated by Black Bog-rush with Purple Moor-grass (Molinia caerulea), Marsh Horsetail (Equisetum palustre), Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria) and scattered tussocks of Greater Tussock-sedge (Carex paniculata). Yew (Taxus baccata) woods in Ireland are mostly confined to the west of the country. However, a substantial area of Yew is located on limestone at Cornalack, where Yew forms a scrub woodland along the east shore of Lough Derg. Here, Yew is found in association with small amounts of Juniper (Juniperus communis), which forms protection against grazing for the young Yew. Other notable species present include, Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna), Hazel (Corylus avellana), Holly (Ilex aquifolium) Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster microphyllus) along with occasional Ivy (Hedera helix), Strawberry (Fragraria vesca), Bramble (Rubus fruticosus agg.) and Wood-sorrel (Oxalis acetosella). Elsewhere, small stands of Yew up to 5 m high occur with Spindle (Euonymus europaeus), Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa), Gorse (Ulex europaeus) and Ash (Fraxinus excelsior). Due to shading and in places cattle trampling the ground flora supports few herbs. However, the bryophyte layer is good with many moss covered rocks present. Juniper occurs throughout this site in a range of habitats, associated with calcareous grasslands, heath and limestone outcrops. Some of the finest examples of Juniper formations in Ireland occur along the lake edge where upright, bushy Juniper shrubs up to 6 m tall are found. Typically, Juniper forms dense hedges with Ash, Hawthorn, Gorse, Hazel and Bramble and occasional Yew. These tall Juniper shrubs are a unique feature in Ireland, where it is more typically found growing in prostrate form. In places along the lake shore Juniper forms a mosaic with Black Bog-rush and Saw Sedge fen. The best examples are seen at the north and north east of the site. On drier ground above the flood level, Juniper occurs in association with species-rich calcareous grassland with Mouse-ear Hawkweed (Hieracium pilosella), Daisy (Bellis perennis), Lady’s Bedstraw (Galium verum), Thyme (Thymus praecox) and Burren Blue Grass (Sesleria albicans). An extensive area of this vegetation is seen north of Kilgarvan Quay. Many of the islands also support significant Juniper cover. This is particularly evident on Bounla Island. Juniper generally occurs as fringing vegetation around the islands, which typically have wooded centres. At Cornalack, along the eastern shore of Lough Derg, tall Juniper is found in association with loose limestone rubble with a significant cover of Yew. Deciduous woodlands are also a notable feature of the site, dominated by Oak (Quercus spp.), as at Bellevue, and Hazel/Ash at many of the examples along the north eastern shore. The woodlands along the lake edge at Portumna are Birch (Betula spp.) dominated with some Willow (Salix spp.), Ash and Hazel. Typically the ground layer includes Early-purple Orchid (Orchis mascula), Violets (Viola spp.), Ivy (Hedera helix), Lesser Celandine (Ranunculus ficaria), Bluebell (Hyacinthoides non-scripta), Wood Anemone (Anemone nemorosa), Woodsorrel, Primrose (Primula vulgaris), Bramble, Ground Ivy (Glechoma hederacea), Pignut (Conopodium majus) and Honeysuckle (Lonicera periclymenum). Beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) are often present at the lake edge along areas which were once parts of estates. Some areas of coniferous forestry have been included within the site. When these areas are felled no further planting should take place as afforestation damages the wetland habitats between the plantation and lake edge. The only known site in the country for the Red Data Book plant Irish Fleabane (Inula salicina) occurs along the lake shore. This plant is legally protected under the Flora (Protection) Order 1999. Other Red Data Book species present within this site are Marsh Pea (Lathyrus palustris) and Ivy Broomrape (Orobanche hederae). The Red Data Book stonewort Chara tomentosa has its stronghold in Lough Derg. The lake is rated as nationally important for waterfowl. The entire lake, including all islands, is a designated SPA. Counts from I-WeBS Report 1995/96 carried out at 7 locations on the lake indicate that the lake holds nationally important numbers for Mute Swan, Cormorant, Mallard, Teal, Tufted Duck and Goldeneye. The lake also supports a number of Greenland White-fronted Geese, a bird species listed on Annex I of the EU Birds Directive. There is a Wildlife Sanctuary at the north western edge of the lake. Lough Derg is of conservation interest for its fish and freshwater invertebrates. Lampreys, listed under Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive, are known to occur and the lake contains a landlocked population of Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). Brook Lamprey (L. planeri) is known to be common in the lower Shannon catchment where all three Lamprey species breed. The endangered fish species Pollan (Coregonus autumnalis pollan) is recorded from Lough Derg, one of only three sites in Ireland and in western Europe. The Pollan is a landlocked species of Coregonid or “White Fish” thought to have colonised Irish waters after the last Ice Age. Its nearest relative, the Arctic Cisco, is found as far away as Alaska, Northern Canada and Siberia. Although it is anadromous throughout most of its northern range, the Irish population are all non-migratory and purely freshwater. Lough Derg is also a well known fishing lake with a good Trout (Salmo trutta) fishery. Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) also use the lake as a spawning ground. Although this species is still fished commercially in Ireland, it is considered to be endangered or locally threatened elsewhere in Europe and is listed on Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive. The Otter and Badger have been recorded within the site. Both of these species are listed in the Irish Red Data Book and are legally protected by the Wildlife Act 1976. Landuse within the site is mainly of a recreational nature with many boat hire companies, holiday home schemes and angling clubs located at the lake edge. Recreational disturbance may pose a threat to the wintering wildfowl populations though tourism is scaled down during the winter. The water body is surrounded mainly by improved pastoral farmland to the south and east with areas of bog to the southwest and west. Coniferous plantations are present along the west and north west shore and small areas of these are included within the site. The main threats to the quality of the site are water polluting activities resulting from intensification of agricultural activities around the lake shore, uncontrolled discharge of sewage, which is causing eutrophication of the lake, and housing and boating development which has resulted in the destruction of lakeshore habitats. There is also significant fishing and shooting pressure on and around the lake. Forestry can result in the loss of some areas of wetland habitat. The spread of Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) in Lough Derg also poses a threat the ecology of the lake. 30.11.2001 SITE NAME : LOUGH DERG pNHA, SPA SITE CODE : 000011 Lough Derg is one of the major freshwater lakes of Ireland and the largest of the River Shannon lakes. The lake covers 13,000 ha of non-tidal waters, measuring 33 km from Killaloe, Co. Clare to Portumna, Co. Galway. Its maximum breath across the Scarriff-Youghal Bay transect is about 13 km. For most of its length the breath is less than 5 km. The lake is relatively shallow at the northern end being mostly 6 m in depth but in the middle region it has an axial trench and descends to over 25 m in places. The east-west section (from Scarriff Bay to Youghal Bay) has a narrow trench along the southern margins with depths up to 36 m while the narrow southern end of the lake has the greatest average depth, with a maximum of 34 m. The greater part of the lake lies on Carboniferous limestone but the narrow southern section is underlain by Silurian strata and there is Old Red Sandstone on the southern shores of the east-west section. Most of the lower part of the lake is enclosed by hills on both sides, the Slieve Aughty Mountains to the west and the Arra Mountains to the east. The northern end is, however, bordered by relatively flat country. The site is of significant ecological interest, with five habitats listed on Annex I of the EU Habitats Directive. Three of these are priority habitats - Cladium fen, Petrifying spring and Yew woodland. Other annexed habitats present include, alkaline fen and Juniper scrub formations on heath and calcareous grasslands. These priority habitats are found mainly at the north and north east of the lake. In addition, the site is an SPA of National Importance as it supports important numbers of wintering wildfowl, Greenland White-fronted Geese (Anser albifrons flavirostris), Common Terns (Sterna hirundo) and Cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo). Both the Greenland White-fronted Geese and terns are listed under Annex I of the Birds Directive. A Wildlife Sanctuary is located in the lake close to Portumna Forest Park and there are four Corine Sites located within the pNHA. The priority Annex I habitat, Cladium fen occurs occasionally along the lake margins, mainly in association with alkaline fens, Phragmites and other swamp vegetation. Typically Saw Sedge (Cladium mariscus) forms dense stands up to 2 m in height. Associated species include Common Reed (Phragmites australis), Black Bog-rush (Schoenus nigricans),Water Horsetail (Equisetum fluviatile) Bottle Sedge (Carex rostrata) and occasional Slender Sedge (Carex lasiocarpa). This community generally merges with alkaline fen dominated by Black Bog-rush with Purple Moor-grass (Molinia caerulea,), Marsh Horsetail (Equisetum palustre), Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria) and scattered tussocks of Greater Tussock-sedge (Carex paniculata). Yew (Taxus baccata) woods in Ireland are confined to the west of the country. However, a substantial area of Yew is located on limestone at Cornalack, where Yew forms a scrub woodland along the east shore of Lough Derg. Here, Yew is found in association with small amounts of Juniper (Juniperus communis), which forms protection against grazing for the young Yew. Other notable species present include, Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna), Hazel (Corylus avellana), Holly (Ilex aquifolium) Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster microphyllus) along with occasional Ivy (Hedera helix), Strawberry (Fragraria vesca), Bramble (Rubus fruticosus agg.) and Wood-sorrel (Oxalis acetosella). Elsewhere, small stands of Yew up to 5 m high occur with Spindle (Euonymus europaeus), Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa), Gorse (Ulex europaeus) and Ash (Fraxinus excelsior). Due to shading and in places cattle trampling the ground flora supports few herbs. However, the bryophyte layer is good with many moss covered rocks present. Juniper occurs throughout this site in a range of habitats, associated with calcareous grasslands, heath and limestone outcrops. Some of the finest examples of Juniper formations in Ireland occur along the lake edge where upright, bushy Juniper shrubs up to 6m tall are found. Typically, Juniper forms dense hedges with Ash, Hawthorn, Gorse, Hazel, and Bramble and occasional Yew. These tall Juniper shrubs are a unique feature in Ireland, where it is typically found growing in prostrate form. In places along the lake shore Juniper forms a mosaic with Black Bog-rush and Saw Sedge fen. The best examples are seen at the north and north east of the site. On drier ground above the flood level, Juniper occurs in association with species-rich calcareous grassland with Mouse-ear Hawkweed (Hieracium pilosella), Daisy (Bellis perennis), Lady’s Bedstraw (Galium verum), Thyme (Thymus praecox) and Burren Blue Grass (Sesleria albicans). An extensive area of this variety is seen north of Kilgarvan Quay. At Cornalack, along the eastern shore of Lough Derg, tall Juniper is found in association with loose limestone rubble with a significant cover of Yew. This habitat could also be described as limestone pavement as defined in the EU Habitats Directive Manual. Many of the islands support significant Juniper cover. This is particularly evident on Bounla Island. Juniper generally occurs as fringing vegetation around the Islands, which typically have wooded centres. Other habitats present within the site include wooded islands, semi-natural deciduous woodland, callow grasslands and improved grassland. The latter areas are included in the site because they are used as feeding grounds by waterfowl. The woodlands are a notable feature and are dominated alternatively by Oak (Quercus spp). as at Bellevue and Hazel with Ash in many of the examples along the north eastern shore. The woodlands along the lake edge at Portumna are Birch (Betula spp.) dominant with some Willow (Salix spp.), Ash and Hazel. Typically the ground layer includes Early-purple Orchid (Orchis mascula), Violets (Viola spp.), Ivy (Hedera helix), Lesser Celandine (Ranunculus ficaria), Bluebell (Hyacinthoides non-scripta), Wood Anemone (Anemone nemorosa), Woodsorrel, Primrose (Primula vulgaris), Bramble, Ground Ivy (Glechoma hederacea), Pignut (Conopodium majus) and Honeysuckle (Lonicera periclymenum). Beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) are often present at the lake edge along areas which were once parts of estates. Some areas of coniferous forestry have been included within the site. When these areas are felled no further planting should take place as afforestation damages the wetland habitats between the plantation and lake edge. The only known site in the country for the Red Data Book species Inula salicina occurs along the lake shore. This plant is legally protected by the Flora Protection Order 1987. Other Red Data Book species present within this site are Marsh Pea (Lathyrus palustris) and Ivy Broomrape (Orobanche hederae). In addition plants which do not have a very wide spread distribution in the country are found in the site including Buckthorn (Rhamnus catharticus) and Whitebeam (Sorbus aria s.l.). The Red Data Book stonewort, Chara tomentosa, has its stronghold in Lough Derg. This species is very sensitive to pollution. The lake is rated as nationally important for waterfowl. The entire lake to the HWM and including all islands are within an SPA (Special Protection Area: Lough Derg, site code 2220). Counts from I-WeBS Report 1995/96 carried out at 7 locations on the lake indicate that the lake holds nationally important numbers of Mute Swan (Cygnus olor), Cormorant, Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), Teal (Anas crecca), Tufted Duck (Aythya fuligula) and Goldeneye (Bucephala clangula). The lake also supports a number of Greenland White-fronted Geese, a bird species listed on Annex I of the Birds Directive and in the Irish Red Data Book. There is a Wildlife Sanctuary at the north western edge of the lake known as Lough Derg (parts). The Otter (Lutra lutra) and Badger (Meles meles) have been recorded within the site. Both of these species are listed in the Irish Red Data Book and are legally protected by the Wildlife Act 1976. Lough Derg is also a well known fishing lake with a good Trout (Salmo trutta) fishery. The Lamprey listed under Annex II of the E.U. Habitats Directive is associated with Lough Derg. The existence of a landlocked River Lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis) population in Lough Derg, is suspected. Brook Lamprey (L. planeri) is known to be common in the lower Shannon catchment where all three Lamprey species breed. The endangered fish species Pollan (Coregonus autumnalis pollan) is recorded from Lough Derg, one of only three sites in Ireland and in western Europe. The Pollan is a landlocked species of Coregonid or “White Fish” thought to have colonised Irish waters after the last Ice Age. Its nearest relative, the Arctic Cisco, is found as far away as Alaska, Northern Canada and Siberia. Although it is anadromous throughout most of its northern range, the Irish population are all non-migratory and purely freshwater. Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) also use the lake as a spawning ground. Although this species is still fished commercially in Ireland, it is considered to be endangered or locally threatened elsewhere in Europe and is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. White-clawed Crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes), also an Annex II species, is found in many of the rivers which feed into the eastern edge of the lake. These rivers flow over Carboniferous limestones and include the Lorrha River, the Carrigahoric River, the Borrisokane River, the Ballinderry River, the Nenagh River and the Ballycolliton River. The Annex II animal Freshwater Pearl-mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera), occurs in many of the rivers which flow from the Slieve Aughty Mountains and feed into the western edge of the lake. Landuse within the site is mainly of a recreational nature with many boat hire companies, holiday home schemes and angling clubs located at the lake edge. Recreational disturbance may pose a threat to the wintering wildfowl populations though tourism is scaled down during the winter. The water body is surrounded mainly by improved pastoral farmland to the south and east with areas of bog to the southwest and west. Coniferous plantations are present along the west and north west shore and small areas of these are included within the site. The main threats to the quality of the site are water polluting activities resulting from intensification of agricultural activities around the lake shore, uncontrolled discharge of sewage which is causing eutrophication of the lake, housing and boating development which has resulted in the destruction of lakeshore habitats. There is also significant fishing and shooting pressure on and around the lake. Forestry can result in the loss of some areas of wetland habitat. The spread of Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) on Lough Derg has already been documented. They can clog intake pipes, drains and screens causing reduced delivery to boat engines, power plants, industries, fish hatcheries and municipal waterworks resulting in engine overheating, fish mortalities, increased maintenance costs and sometimes short term closures in production. In addition these mussels occur in such numbers that they can change the ecology of some aquatic systems. 5.6.1998 SITE NAME: FRIARS LOUGH pNHA SITE CODE: 000933 Friars Lough is a small lake with adjacent woodland, situated near the village of Lorrah in N. Tipperary. The lough itself is fringed with dense reed beds of Common Reed (Phragmites australis) along much of it's shore, but the most extensive habitat is broadleaved woodland. A narrow band of dry woodland, mostly of native Oak (Quercus sp.) occurs east of the lough, but a much more species-rich wet woodland lies to the west of the lough. The most dominant trees here are Dorny Birch (Betula pubescens), Alder (Alnus glutinosa), various Willows (Salix spp.), Hazel (Corylus avellana) and Ash (Fraxinus excelsior), but many other species also occur ,including exotics such as Beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris). Scrubby and boggy comitis occur under the canopy, with species such as Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) and Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus). Of special importance in this site, however, is the presence of a healthy population of the uncommon shrub Alder Budathom (Frangula alnus). This plant was first recorded here in 1899. This site is a refuge for local wildlife in a highly farmed area. SITE NAME: KILCARREN - FIRVILLE BOG cSAC SITE CODE: 000647 Kilcarren - Firville Bog is situated approximately 2 km east of the village of Carrigahorig in north Tipperary. It is a lowland raised bog complex which extends about 4.5 km from east to west and is bisected by a road. Vegetation on intact raised bog is dominated by Heather (Calluna vulgaris), Cross-leaved Heath (Erica tetralix), Common Cottongrass (Eriophorum angustifolium), Deergrass (Scirpus cespitosus), Carnation Sedge (Carex panicea), Bog Asphodel (Narthecium ossifragum) and Bog Moss (Sphagnum spp.). Away from the cutaway margins, the bog is wet and pool systems are well developed. Localised flushes support Downy Birch (Betula pubescens) and Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris). Peripheral areas have been extensively damaged by peat cutting, drainage and land reclamation. Cutaway bog is frequently dominated by Purple Moor-grass (Molinia caerulea) and Bog Myrtle (Myrica gale) is locally abundant. Birch woodland with some Holly (Ilex aquifolium) and Willow (Salix spp.) is widespread in most cutaway areas. Scots Pine is common in a few locations. Land reclamation and mechanical peat cutting are the main threats to the site. An extensive peripheral drainage network is affecting peat hydrology and is causing the bog edge to dry out. Active raised bogs once characteristic of central Ireland, are now rare and vulnerable, and have been recognised by the European Union as a habitat of international importance. Ireland has a special responsibility to conserve the best of its remaining bogs. SITE NAME: SPRING PARK WETLANDS pNHA SITE CODE: 000941 This site occurs about 5 km north of Borrisokane. It consists of two small wetlands separated by agricultural land and the Borrisokane to Portumna road. The westerly area is the largest and has extensive Reedbeds (Phragmites australis). In a survey by An Foras Forbatha the following plants were recorded: Water Mint (Mentha aquatica), Water Cress (Rorippa spp.), Forget-me-not (Myosotis caespitosa, M. scorpoiodes), Marsh Bedstraw (Galium palustre), Silverweed (Potentilla anserina), Lady's Smock (Cardamine pratensis) and Rushes (Juncus articulatus, J. inflexus). The eastern part of the site is occupied by a turlough-like water body and there is little or none emergent vegetation. This is a site for Water Germander (Teucrium scordium), a species confined to the River Shannon and turloughs in North Tipperary and East Clare. These small lakes attract waterfowl during winter but there are no recent systematic counts. In February 1993, however, at least 20 Whooper Swans were present, along with some Teal, Mallard, Pochard, Tufted Duck and Gadwall. This site, although small, is of interest as it represents a semi-natural habitat in an area which is largely agricultural. Previous surveys have shown that the vegetation is well developed on at least the western lake. The site also appears to be of at least local importance for waterfowl. SITE NAME: LOUGH AVAN pNHA SITE CODE: 001995 Lough Avan is a wetland area situated to the NE of the village of Coolbaun in North Tipperary. A high degree of habitat diversity exists for a site of this size, ranging from lakes and ponds through to dry broadleaved woodland. A number of small lakes occur here, with extensive fringing reedbeds, mostly of Common Reed (Phragmites australis) but with other species such as Saw sedge (Cladium mariscus) and Black bog rush (Schoenus nigricans) extensive in places. Areas of wet grassland occur on slightly higher ground where cattle graze. Some of these locations are traditional winter feeding sites for Greenland White fronted Geese, as well as ducks and wild swans. Pockets of scrub are scattered throughout the site. Gorse (Ulex europeans), Blackthorn (Prunnus spiuosa) and Willows (Salix spp) are the most frequent plants, but one area has a healthy population of Juniper (Juniperus communis). Woodland comprising Beech (Fagus sylvatica), Oak (Querus spp.), Holly (Ulex aquifolium) and others is included to the SE of the wetlands, while a glacial deposit supporting a calcareous grassland community is included in the site to the NE of Lough Avan. The habitat and species diversity displayed by this site is extremely valuable in an area that is otherwise intensively farmed. SITE NAME: NEWCHAPEL TURLOUGH pNHA SITE CODE: 000653 Newchapel Turlough lies some 6 km west of Borrisokane. The shore of Lough Derg lies some 3km to the west, over the Kilbarron Hills. The basin lies in Magnesian limestone. The level of the lough fluctuates as water is conducted in or out of the basin through small passages in the rock. In 1972 the site was designated an Area of Scientific Interest (ASI), it is now redesignated a Natural Heritage Area (NHA). The basin is occupied by a lough in the northern end, fringed with Water Horsetail (Equisetum fluviatile) and Common Reed (Phragmites australis), and by unimproved wet grassland, subject to inundation when the waterlevel rises. There are two smaller pools in the southern end. Wet grassland species include Creeping Bent (Agrostis stolonifera), with wetland herbs such as Water Mint (Mentha aquatica), Marsh Pennywort (Hydrocotyle vulgaris) and Lesser Spearwort (Ranunculus flammula). Specialist species typical of areas of fluctuating water levels include Lesser Marshwort (Apium inundatum) and the moss Fontinalis antipyretica as well as Water Germander (Teucrium scordium), which apart from the shore of Loughs Derg and Ree is rare and restricted to turloughs in East Clare and North Tipperary. An area mature scrub has been included within the NHA because of its ecological position in relation to the turlough. It adds an element of diversity to the whole site. Being extensively underlain by limestone, areas of the Republic of Ireland are renowned for turloughs, which have been recognised by the European Union as a habitat of international importance, Ireland has a special responsibility to conserve the best of its remaining turloughs. Drainage, or improvement for agriculture, for example by intensive fertilisation, are not consistent with this responsibility. SITE NAME: CLAREEN LOUGH pNHA SITE CODE: 000929 This site comprises a system of wetlands to the north of the village of Puckaun in North Tipperary. At its north west side the site is connected with Lough Derg. Extensive reedbeds occur across much of the site, there being associated with the five or six lakes present. The main reedbed plants are Common Reed (Phragmites australis), Saw Sedge (Cladium mariscus), Canary grass (Phalaris) and Black Bog Rush (Shrenus nigricans). Wet grassland and marshy areas occur on the edges of the reedbeds, these places usually being grazed by cattle, sheep and horses. Rushes (Juncur spp.), Devil's Bit Scalions (Succisa pratensis) and other species are common in this habitat. Scrub communities of Willow (Salix sp.), Gorse (Ulex europeaus) and Birch (Betula pubescens) are scattered throughout the site, while in a few places quite large blocks of dry broadleaved woodland occur. These woodlands support Oak (Quercus sp.), Beech (Fagus sylvatica), Sycamore (Acer pseudoplatunus), Ash (Fraxinus excelsior), Willow and Birch. SITE NAME: SLIEVE BERNAGH BOG cSAC SITE CODE: 002312 Slieve Bernagh Bog is situated to the west of Lough Derg, in the south-east of Co. Clare. The site comprises the Slieve Bernagh mountain range, with the highest peaks at Moylussa (532 m) and Cragnamurragh (526 m), and the surrounding peatlands that flank its northern slopes. Slieve Bernagh Bog is a candidate SAC selected for blanket bog, wet heath and dry heath, all habitats listed on Annex I of the E.U. Habitats Directive. The summit plateau that stretches from Lough Avullig, in the west, to Moylussa, in the east, is dominated by mountain blanket bog of varying peat depth and condition. At the western end the terrain is undulating and some areas of peat are shallow and in parts eroded. Further east the terrain is flatter, the peat depth much greater (> 4 m) and the surface wetter. In general the vegetation is dominated by typical blanket bog species such as Deergrass (Scirpus cespitosus), Heather (Calluna vulgaris), Hare’s-tail Cottongrass (Eriophorum vaginatum) and Common Cottongrass (E. angustifolium), with local differences in soil factors, slope and exposure determining their relative cover. Other frequent species in the vegetation include Bog Asphodel (Narthecium ossifragum), Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), Heath Milkwort (Polygala serpyllifolia), Purple Moor-grass (Molinia caerulea), Tormentil (Potentilla erecta), Cross-leaved Heath (Erica tetralix) and species characteristic of mountain blanket bog such as Crowberry (Empetrum nigrum) and Fir Clubmoss (Huperzia selago). Moss cover is variable but in the wetter areas can be high (c. 80% ground cover), mainly dominated by bog mosses, such as Sphagnum capillifolium and S. papillosum, together with Hypnum jutlandicum, Hylocomium splendens, Racomitrium lanuginosum and occasional Aulacomnium palustre and Dicranum scoparium. Small pool systems near Moylussa contain floating carpets of Sphagnum cuspidatum with patches of Common Cottongrass. Blanket bog also occurs on the low-lying flanks of the mountain range, in the townlands of Ballybroghan and Ballydonaghan. Here the bog is much wetter, with pool systems of bog mosses, and species characteristic of western lowland blanket bog such as Pleurozia purpurea and Campylopus atrovirens. Wet heath vegetation has developed on the slopes beneath the mountain summits and in mosaic with blanket bog on the shallower peat soils. Wet heath is especially well developed on the northern slopes below Cragnamurragh. Here the cover of Heather and Bilberry is high and a wide range of typical associates occur, including Hard Fern (Blechnum spicant), Cross-leaved Heath, Bell Heather (Erica cinerea), Crowberry, Cottongrasses, Great Wood-rush (Luzula sylvatica), sedges (Carex binervis, C. panicea, C. echinata), rushes (Juncus effusus, J. squarrosus). The range of moss and liverwort species in this community is exceptionally diverse and includes a number of epiphytes growing on Eared Willow (Salix aurita). On the drier, south facing slopes a dry heath community occurs in mosaic with upland grassland. Here species such as Bell Heather, Mat-grass (Nardus stricta), Sheep’s Fescue (Festuca ovina), Common Bent (Agrostis capillaris), Tormentil and Heath Bedstraw (Galium saxatile) are prominent. Moss cover is low, mainly characterised by species such as Hypnum jutlandicum. In wetter areas, rushes (Juncus effusus and J. articulatus) become dominant. Several species of birds, typical of open moorland, have been recorded from this site. These include Skylark, Meadow Pipet, Red Grouse, Wheatear and Raven. At least two pairs of Hen Harriers are known to occur within the Slieve Bernagh to Keeper Hill region. This species is listed on Annex I of the E.U. Birds Directive. Landuse within the site consists of some peat cutting to the north-west of the summit and low intensity sheep grazing confined to the lower grassy slopes. The site is, however, almost entirely surrounded by coniferous forest plantations and this remains the greatest threat. Slieve Bernagh Bog is a site of considerable conservation importance as it contains a range of peatland types, including active blanket bog, a habitat listed with priority status under the E.U. Habitats Directive. It is one of the last remaining areas of intact open moorland habitat in this part of the country. 2.12.2002 SITE NAME: LOUGH O'GRADY pNHA SITE CODE: 001019 Lough O'Grady is a medium sized lake situated about 3 km south-west of Scarriff. Keel Lough, a small lake north-west of O'Grady, is part of the site. The River Graney flows into the lake at the west end, while the River Scarriff flows out at the eastern side. The fringing vegetation is sparse but diverse. There are few emergent plants and only small pockets of Reeds (Phragmites), mainly at the SE and NE shore. Wet woodland occurs at the western end of side and is mainly of Willow (Salix spp.) and Birch (Betula pubescens). A variety of wet grassland, which in places grades into freshwater marsh, occurs around the lake. There is a good diversity of plants, with sedges (Carex spp.) and rushes (Juncus effusus) dominant in places, along with such species as Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria), Cuckoo plant (Cardamine pratensis), and Devil's Bit Scabious (Succisa pratensis). The drier areas of grass are less species rich and are dominated by grasses and rushes. Island O'Grady near the southern shore is mainly improved pasture and is well grazed. The lake is an important wildfowl site with regionally significant populations of Wigeon, Teal, Mallard and Lapwing. Greenland White-fronted Geese regularly visit the site and use Island O'Grady as a roost. The lake is a popular angling site and is also shot over during winter. Cattle and horses graze in the area. There are some signs of agricultural improvement around the lake, mostly scrub clearance, drain clearance and fertilization. The main interest of this site is as a waterfowl site, especially for Greenland White-fronted Geese. However, there is also a good diversity of habitats ranging from open water to wet grassland/marsh and wet woodland and scrub. There has been relatively little damage to the site. 13.2.1995. SITE NAME: CLOONAMIRRAN WOOD pNHA SITE CODE: 001686 On the western shore of Lough Derg, 1km east of Mountshannon, County Clare, Cloonamirran Wood occupies an area of raised bog which has been naturally recolonised by woodland species. On this open wet woodland, Downy Birch (Betula pubescens) and Holly (Ilex aquifolium) have become established as the dominant species with some areas of Willow (Salix spp.) and Alder (Alnus glutinosa). There are also a few Oaks (Quercus spp.) which are regenerating nicely. Because this site has developed naturally with very little human intervention, it provides a very valuable example of plant succession. It is also a fine example of a relatively rare habitat- wet mixed deciduous woodland on raised bog. The woodland ground flora consists of an interesting mixture of typical blanket bog plants with some woodland species such as Barren Strawberry (Potentilla sterilis) and Honeysuckle (Lonicera periclymenum). In the clearings a true blanket bog flora occurs with some Sphagnum species and several heathers (Erica cinerea, Erica tetralix and Calluna vulgaris). Mosses are also widespread. SITE NAME: DERRYOOBER BOG NHA SITE CODE: 002379 Derryoober Bog NHA is a lowland blanket bog situated approximately 2 km east of Lough Derg and 5 km south of Woodford in east Co. Galway. It lies within the townlands of Derrygoolin South, Derrygoolin North, Derryoober West and Coos North. The site contains an extensive area of lowland blanket bog that has formed in depressions between low-lying hills and lies between an altitude range of 50 m to 100 m. It is bounded to the north by forestry and a minor track, to the east by minor roads and enclosed agricultural land, to the south by the Coos River and commercial forestry and to the west by enclosed agricultural land and a minor track. The bedrock geology consists of Old Red Sandstone. A number of streams run through the site and drain into Lough Derg. A former lake, Black Lough, is now overgrown by a reed bed. The hill of Coos North provides a watershed and the bog at Derrygoolin South is a headwater bog. Blanket bog vegetation is dominated by Cross-leaved Heath (Erica tetralix), Purple Moor-grass (Molinia caerulea), Ling Heather (Calluna vulgaris) and Bog-myrtle (Myrica gale). There are frequent hummocks of bog mosses (Sphagnum spp.) with Round-leaved Sundew (Drosera rotundifolia). There are also hummocks of the moss Leucobryum glaucum with Hare’s-tail Cottongrass (Eriophorum vaginatum). Between the hummocks are lawns of White Beaksedge (Rhynchospora alba), Bog Asphodel (Narthecium ossifragum), Carnation Sedge (Carex panicea), Deergrass (Scirpus cespitosus) and Many-stalked Spike-rush (Eleocharis multicaulis). Other species include Common Cottongrass (Eriophorum angustifolium). On the low hills with shallower peat, the vegetation is dominated by Ling Heather with Deergrass, Purple Moor-grass, Cross-leaved Heath, Tormentil (Potentilla erecta), Common Cottongrass, lichen Cladonia portentosa and scattered bushes of Bog-myrtle and Western Gorse (Ulex gallii). There are pools towards the south east of the site, close to the Coos River. These pools support Brown Beak-sedge (Rhynchospora fusca), Oblong-leaved Sundew (Drosera intermedia), Common Cottongrass and the bog moss Sphagnum auriculatum. Lawns of White Beak-sedge, Cross-leaved Heath and Sharp-flowered Rush (Juncus acutiflorus) surround the pools. Red Grouse, an Irish Red Data Book species, has been recorded on the site. Current landuse on the site consists of grazing and burning. In the south-east, just north of the Coos River, there are excavation scars and evidence of cattle poaching close to the track. The land to the north and south of this is afforested with conifer plantations. This could have an adverse effect on the hydrology of the site and on the water quality of Lough Derg as the bog provides a catchment through which several streams flow into the lake. Derryoober Bog NHA is a site of high conservation value supporting excellent blanket bog habitat. Blanket bog is a globally scarce resource. It is largely confined to coastal regions with cool, wet, oceanic climates at temperate latitudes. North-west Europe contains some of the best-developed areas of blanket bog in the world. Lowland blanket bog comprises less than 3% of the world’s peatlands. In Europe this type of blanket bog is restricted to Ireland, Britain, Norway and Iceland. The lowland blanket bog that occurs in Ireland is considered to be an extreme hyperoceanic variant of the habitat type, found nowhere else in the world except on the coastal fringes of north-west Scotland. 24.2.2004 SITE NAME: DERRYCRAG WOOD cSAC, NNR SITE CODE: 000261 Derrycrag Wood is an old Oak (Quercus sp.) woodland, a habitat listed on Annex I of the EU Habitats Directive. It is situated 1.5 km south-east of Woodford, Co. Galway, and is traversed by the Woodford River. The underlying rock is Old Red Sandstone, which is overlain in places by drift. The soils vary from thin, acidic podzols to deeper, gleyed brown earths. The site is dominated by planted conifers, but fragments of old oak woodland still occur. Elements of the original ground flora persist beneath the conifers, especially where mature Scot’s Pine (Pinus sylvestris) is present. The woodland also contains Rowan (Sorbus aucuparia) and Downy Birch (Betula pubescens), and Holly (Ilex aquifolium) and Yew (Taxus baccata) are locally abundant. Hazel (Corylus avellana) and Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) occur on the slightly richer soil. The ground flora consists mainly of Hard Fern (Blechnum spicant), Great Wood-rush (Luzula sylvatica), Wood-sedge (Carex sylvatica) and Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), with an abundance and diversity of mosses in the more open areas. At one small location on the Woodford River bank there is a remarkably rich flora, including the Red Data Book species Alder Buckthorn (Frangula alnus) and three plant species which are otherwise scarce in Ireland: Blue-eyed-grass (Sisyrinchium bermudiana), Lesser Meadow-rue (Thalictrum minus) and Wild Columbine (Aquilegia vulgaris). Most of the site is also designated as a Nature Reserve, but an adjacent area of thinned out Scot's Pine with a very diverse ground flora and an area of wet grassland are also included. Pine Marten and Badger, both Red Data Book species, Red Squirrel, Fox and Fallow Deer are all found in the wood. Bat species also forage in the area. Kestrel, Sparrowhawk and Jay are a few of the more notable bird species present in the site. Management of the wood includes the gradual removal of all conifers except for a few areas with mature Scot’s Pine. The cleared areas, however, are vulnerable to invasion by nonnative species, e.g. Beech (Fagus sylvaticus) and to grazing by deer. Derrycrag Wood is of considerable conservation significance as an old Oak woodland, a habitat listed on Annex I of the EU Habitats Directive. Furthermore it supports a diverse flora and fauna including the Red Data Book species Alder Buckthorn, Pine Marten and Badger. 25.2.1998 SITE NAME : CLOONMOYLAN BOG cSAC SITE CODE : 000248 Cloonmoylan Bog is a very large expanse of level raised bog, situated close to the western shore of Lough Derg, near Woodford in County Galway. It lies at an altitude of approx. 50m above sea-level. This site contains a large area (90ha) of good quality, intact raised bog habitat. A further 100ha also qualifies as raised bog habitat, sensu Annex I of the European Habitats Directive, but has been damaged to some extent due to burning and drainage. The surface of the bog displays a typical, undulating pattern of pools, wet channels and low hummocks. A wide variety of Bog Mosses (Sphagnum spp.) occur over the surface of the bog, forming hummocks and wet lawns and colonising the pools. Lawns of Sphagnum pulchrum occur this species is rare in Ireland. Brown Beak-sedge (Rhynchospora fusca) is found in the channels - this species is uncommon and on the edge of its range in Ireland. The low hummocks are typically colonised by scattered large bushes of Ling Heather (Calluna vulgaris), with abundant Cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccus) and Bog Rosemary (Andromeda polifolia). Some larger hummocks support Crowberry (Empetrum nigrum) and a range of mosses. The pool system has escaped burning due to its extreme wetness. A number of flushes occur on the bog. These are dominated, for the most part, by Purple Moor-grass (Molinia caerulea) and Bog Myrtle (Myrica gale), with Downy Birch (Betula pubescens) and Rowan (Sorbus aucuparia) forming a woodland canopy in places. Raised bogs are vulnerable to turf-cutting and any drain excavation, since these practices affect the hydrology of the bog. Burning is also damaging, causing drying-out of the surface and removal of vegetation. Cloonmoylan Bog is of high conservation value, due to the large area of good quality raised bog habitat present. Raised bogs have largely disappeared from Europe, and in Ireland, are threatened by peat extraction. Habitat diversity on this raised bog is good and the presence of scarce plant species adds to the sites importance. 14.1.1997 SITE NAME: ROSTURRA WOOD cSAC, NNR SITE CODE: 001313 The site comprises part of what was formerly a large stand of Sessile Oak (Quercus petraea) woodland. It is situated about 3 km east of Woodford, Co. Galway and consists of two separate areas. In the 1930s and 1940s much of the wood was cleared and planted with coniferous species. However, the wood retains significant remnants of the original stands of Oak and its associated ground flora. The wood is situated on rich loamy soils and consequently the size and quality of the hardwood and the diversity of the ground flora is greater than in most Irish Oak woods. The rare and legally protected (Flora Protection Order, 1987), Narrow-leaved Helleborine (Cephalanthera longifolia) occurs in both sections of the wood. The dominant ground flora consists of Hard Fern (Blechnum spicant), Great Wood-rush (Luzula sylvatica), Wood Sedge (Carex sylvatica) and Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus). Yew (Taxus baccata) and Holly (Ilex aquifolium) are present and sometimes locally abundant in the understorey. The canopy consists of large trees of Sessile Oak, with occasional Ash (Fraxinus excelsior), Downy Birch (Betula pubescens) and Hazel (Corylus avellana). Almost half of the site has been designated as a Statutory Nature Reserve. Oakwoods are rare in Ireland and those found on rich soils which are not the result of planting are even rarer. The remnants of original Oak wood at Rosturra Wood (and at the neighbouring Derrycrag Wood and Pollnaknockaun Wood) are part of what was, until 1940, the largest area of natural Oak wood in the country. Oak and Yew woodland such as that found at Rosturra Wood are rare habitats of considerable conservation significance and are listed on Annex I of the EU Habitats Directive. SITE NAME: POLLNAKNOCKAUN WOOD cSAC, NNR SITE CODE: 000319 Pollnaknockaun Wood is situated approximately 2 km north-east of Woodford, Co. Galway. It is a large area of former oakwood with significant remnants of the original stands of Sessile Oak (Quercus petraea) and even larger areas of intact ground flora. The area is underlain by Old Red Sandstone, which is covered in places by drift. The soils vary from thin acidic podzols to deeper gleyed brown earths. In the 1930s and 1940s the area was cleared of hardwoods and planted with commercial conifers - Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis) and Scot’s Pine (Pinus sylvestris). Most of these conifers have now been removed and woodland regeneration is occurring. Invasion by Beech (Fagus sylvaticus) and Rhododendron is now a threat. Because of the relatively fertile nature of the soil, the size and quality of the hardwood and the diversity of the ground flora is greater than in other Irish oakwoods. The dominant ground flora consists of Hard Fern (Blechnum spicant), Great Wood-rush (Luzula sylvatica), Wood-sedge (Carex sylvatica) and Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus). Yew (Taxus baccata) and Holly (Ilex aquifolium) are present and sometimes locally abundant in the understorey. The canopy consists of tall Sessile Oak with occasional Ash (Fraxinus excelsior), Downy Birch (Betula pubescens) and Hazel (Corylus avellana). Two less common shrubs, Spindle (Euonymus europeaus) and Guelder-rose (Viburnum opulus), also occur. The site boundary has been taken to include all of the Nature Reserve plus an adjacent, similar sized area owned by Coillte. Here Scot’s Pine planting in the past has allowed the ground flora to survive. Management of this section should follow that of the state-owned section. Also included is a tongue of woodland to the east which consists of a good stand of Oak with an understorey of Yew and Holly. A stream which passes through the Nature Reserve, is also included in the site. Rough Horsetail (Equisetum hyemale), a species which is rare in the west of Ireland, is found on the stream-bank. The stream feeds an area of wet Alder/Birch woodland, which supports a very diverse ground flora dominated by Remote Sedge (Carex remota), Royal Fern (Osmunda regalis) and a Buckler Fern (Dryopteris sp.). An adjacent area of wet grassland has Sharp-flowered Rush (Juncus acutiflorus), Purple Moorgrass (Molinia caerulea) and locally abundant Mosses (Sphagnum spp.). A varied bird community, including the Jay, is present in the wood and Fallow Deer (Dama dama) graze part of the site. Old Oak Woodlands are listed on Annex I of the E.U. Habitats Directive. Oakwoods are rare in Ireland and oakwoods on rich soils which are not the result of planting are even rarer. The remnants of original oakwood in Pollnaknockaun are part of what was, until 1940, one of the largest areas of natural oakwood in Ireland. Pollnaknockaun Wood represents an opportunity to recreate an oakwood with its associated fauna and a diverse ground flora. The wet woodland, stream and wet grassland add further interest to this site. 7.1.2000 SITE NAME : BARROUGHTER BOG cSAC SITE CODE : 000231 Barroughter Bog is a relatively small raised bog, situated on the shores of Lough Derg, a few kilometres east of Woodford, and bounded in the north by the Cappagh River. The bog has a good dome, which is slightly hollowed towards the eastern side. The north-eastern corner (cut off by an old drain and track), and a narrow area in the south-east, are fairly dry due to drainage and burning. A large area (about 34 hectares) in the centre shows an outstanding raised bog habitat with small and large pools containing Bog Mosses (Sphagnum spp.), including Sphagnum pulchrum - a very scarce plant in Ireland. Extensive flat lawns of a range of Bog Mosses (Sphagnum spp.) and low hummocks occur between the pools, and the whole area is quaking. Despite frequent burning, regeneration of Bog Mosses around this central area is good and the ground is wet and spongy. A small flushed area occurs in the centre and towards the edge of the quaking area. This flush adds diversity to the bog, with a few small Birch (Betula pubescens) trees, Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), Crowberry (Empetrum nigrum) and Cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccus) in abundance, and a range of moss species. The site also includes some wet grassland along the Cappagh River and an area of rocky grassland in the north. A threat to the extent and quality of the central and most interesting habitat is present in the form of active "hopper" turf extraction around 90% of the bog's perimeter. This is especially serious along the south-west facing edge, where the quaking area lies quite close to the perimeter. Burning has caused some drying out of the bog surface. The area of outstanding habitat (i.e. the very wet, quaking area) in the centre of the bog could be extended if burning was prevented, especially towards the south-west. Barroughter Bog is a raised bog of considerable conservation value. Given its relatively small size, the area of outstanding quaking habitat is remarkably large. Its proximity to the shores of Lough Derg, with its succession from open water through extensive reed beds and marginal scrub, to raised bog, adds to its importance. It is also the only raised bog on the shores of Lough Derg. 13.1.1997 SITE NAME : LOWER RIVER SHANNON cSAC SITE CODE : 002165 This very large site stretches along the Shannon valley from Killaloe to Loop Head/ Kerry Head, a distance of some 120 km. The site thus encompasses the Shannon, Feale, Mulkear and Fergus Estuaries, the freshwater lower reaches of the River Shannon (between Killaloe and Limerick), the freshwater stretchers of much of the Feale and Mulkear catchments and the marine area between Loop Head and Kerry Head. The Shannon and Fergus flow through Carboniferous limestone as far as Foynes, but west of Foynes Namurian shales and flagstones predominate (except at Kerry Head, which is formed from Old Red Sandstone). The eastern sections of the Feale catchment flow through Namurian Rocks and the western stretches through Carboniferous Limestone. The Mulkear flows through Lower Palaeozoic Rocks in the upper reaches before passing through Namurian Rocks, followed by Lower Carboniferous Shales and Carboniferous Limestone. The Mulkear River itself, immediately north of Pallas Green, passes through an area of Rhyolites, Tuffs and Agglomerates. Rivers within the sub-catchment of the Feale include the Galey, Smearlagh, Oolagh, Allaughaun, Owveg, Clydagh, Caher, Breanagh and Glenacarney. Rivers within the sub-catchment of the Mulkear include the Killeenagarriff, Annagh, Newport, the Dead River, the Bilboa, Glashacloonaraveela, Gortnageragh and Cahernahallia. The site is a candidate SAC selected for lagoons and alluvial wet woodlands, both habitats listed on Annex I of the E.U. Habitats Directive. The site is also selected for floating river vegetation, Molinia meadows, estuaries, tidal mudflats, Atlantic salt meadows, Mediterranean salt meadows, Salicornia mudflats, sand banks, perennial vegetation of stony banks, sea cliffs, reefs and large shallow inlets and bays all habitats listed on Annex I of the E.U. Habitats Directive. The site is also selected for the following species listed on Annex II of the same directive – Bottle-nosed Dolphin, Sea Lamprey, River Lamprey, Brook Lamprey, Freshwater Pearl Mussel, Atlantic Salmon and Otter. The Shannon and Fergus Estuaries form the largest estuarine complex in Ireland. They form a unit stretching from the upper tidal limits of the Shannon and Fergus Rivers to the mouth of the Shannon estuary (considered to be a line across the narrow strait between Kilcredaun Point and Kilconly Point). Within this main unit there are several tributaries with their own ‘sub-estuaries’ e.g. the Deel River, Mulkear River, and Maigue River. To the west of Foynes, a number of small estuaries form indentations in the predominantly hard coastline, namely Poulnasherry Bay, Ballylongford Bay, Clonderalaw Bay and the Feale or Cashen River Estuary. Both the Fergus and inner Shannon estuaries feature vast expanses of intertidal mudflats, often fringed with saltmarsh vegetation. The smaller estuaries also feature mudflats, but have their own unique characteristics, e.g. Poulnasherry Bay is stony and unusually rich in species and biotopes. Plant species are typically scarce on the mudflats, although there are some Eel-grass beds (Zostera spp.) and patches of green algae (e.g. Ulva sp. and Enteromorpha sp.). The main macro-invertebrate community, which has been noted from the inner Shannon and Fergus estuaries, is a Macoma-Scrobicularia-Nereis community. In the transition zone between mudflats and saltmarsh, specialised colonisers of mud predominate: swards of Common Cord-grass (Spartina anglica) frequently occur in the upper parts of the estuaries. Less common are swards of Glasswort (Salicornia europaea agg.). In the innermost parts of the estuaries, the tidal channels or creeks are fringed with species such as Common Reed (Phragmites australis) and Club-rushes (Scirpus maritimus, S. tabernaemontani and S. triqueter). In addition to the nationally rare Triangular Club-rush (Scirpus triqueter), two scarce species are found in some of these creeks (e.g. Ballinacurra Creek): Lesser Bulrush (Typha angustifolia) and Summer Snowflake (Leucojum aestivum). Saltmarsh vegetation frequently fringes the mudflats. Over twenty areas of estuarine saltmarsh have been identified within the site, the most important of which are around the Fergus Estuary and at Ringmoylan Quay. The dominant type of saltmarsh present is Atlantic salt meadow occurring over mud. Characteristic species occurring include Common Saltmarsh Grass (Puccinellia maritima), Sea Aster (Aster tripolium), Thrift (Armeria maritima), Sea-milkwort (Glaux maritima), Sea Plantain (Plantago maritima), Red Fescue (Festuca rubra), Creeping Bent (Agrostis stolonifera), Saltmarsh Rush (Juncus gerardi), Long-bracted Sedge (Carex extensa), Lesser Sea-spurrey (Spergularia marina) and Sea Arrowgrass (Triglochin maritima). Areas of Mediterranean salt meadows, characterised by clumps of Sea Rush (Juncus maritimus) occur occasionally. Two scarce species are found on saltmarshes in the vicinity of the Fergus Estuary: a type of robust Saltmarsh-grass (Puccinellia foucaudii), sometimes placed within the compass of Common Saltmarsh-grass (Puccinellia maritima) and Hard-grass (Parapholis strigosa). Saltmarsh vegetation also occurs around a number of lagoons within the site. The two which have been surveyed as part of a National Inventory of Lagoons are Shannon Airport Lagoon and Cloonconeen Pool. Cloonconeen Pool (4-5 ha) is a natural sedimentary lagoon impounded by a low cobble barrier. Seawater enters by percolation through the barrier and by overwash. This lagoon represents a type which may be unique to Ireland since the substrate is composed almost entirely of peat. The adjacent shore features one of the best examples of a drowned forest in Ireland. Aquatic vegetation in the lagoon includes typical species such as Beaked Tasselweed (Ruppia maritima) and green algae (Cladophora sp.). The fauna is not diverse, but is typical of a high salinity lagoon and includes six lagoon specialists (Hydrobia ventrosa, Cerastoderma glaucum, Lekanesphaera hookeri, Palaemonetes varians, Sigara stagnalis and Enochrus bicolor). In contrast, Shannon Airport Lagoon (2 ha) is an artificial saline lake with an artificial barrier and sluiced outlet. However, it supports two Red Data Book species of Stonewort (Chara canescens and Chara cf. connivens). Most of the site west of Kilcredaun Point/Kilconly Point is bounded by high rocky sea cliffs. The cliffs in the outer part of the site are sparsely vegetated with lichens, Red Fescue, Sea Beet (Beta vulgaris), Sea Campion (Silene maritima), Thrift and Plantains (Plantago spp.). A rare endemic Sea Lavender (Limonium recurvum subsp. pseudotranswallinum) occurs on cliffs near Loop Head. Cliff-top vegetation usually consists of either grassland or maritime heath. The boulder clay cliffs further up the estuary tend to be more densely vegetated, with swards of Red Fescue and species such as Kidney Vetch (Anthyllis vulneraria) and Bird’s-foot Trefoil (Lotus corniculatus). The site supports an excellent example of a large shallow inlet and bay. Littoral sediment communities in the mouth of the Shannon Estuary occur in areas that are exposed to wave action and also in areas extremely sheltered from wave action. Characteristically, exposed sediment communities are composed of coarse sand and have a sparse fauna. Species richness increases as conditions become more sheltered. All shores in the site have a zone of sand hoppers at the top and below this each of the shores has different characteristic species giving a range of different shore types in the pcSAC. The intertidal reefs in the Shannon Estuary are exposed or moderately exposed to wave action and subject to moderate tidal streams. Known sites are steeply sloping and show a good zonation down the shore. Well developed lichen zones and littoral reef communities offering a high species richness in the sublittoral fringe and strong populations of Paracentrotus lividus are found. The communities found are tolerant to sand scour and tidal streams. The infralittoral reefs range from sloping platforms with some vertical steps to ridged bedrock with gullies of sand between the ridges to ridged bedrock with boulders or a mixture of cobbles, gravel and sand. Kelp is very common to about 18m. Below this it becomes rare and the community is characterised by coralline crusts and red foliose algae. Other coastal habitats that occur within the site include the following: • stony beaches and bedrock shores - these shores support a typical zonation of seaweeds (Fucus spp., Ascophyllum nodosum and kelps). • shingle beaches - the more stable areas of shingle support characteristic species such as Sea Beet, Sea Mayweed (Matricaria maritima), Sea Campion and Curled Dock (Rumex crispus). • Sandbanks which are slightly covered by sea water at all times – there is a known occurrence of sand/gravel beds in the area from Kerry Head to Beal Head. • sand dunes - a small area of sand dunes occurs at Beal Point. The dominant species is Marram Grass (Ammophila arenaria). Flowing into the estuaries are a number of tidal rivers. In some cases non-tidal portions of the rivers have been included in the site, most notably the Shannon from Killaloe to Limerick (along with some of its tributaries, such as the Mulkear and Feale catchments and the Kilmastulla River), the Fergus up as far as Ennis, and the Cloon River. The three rivers are very different in character: the Shannon being broad, generally slow-flowing and naturally eutrophic; the Fergus being smaller and alkaline; while the narrow, fast-flowing Cloon is acid in nature. Semi-natural habitats, such as wet grassland, wet woodland and marsh occur by the rivers, however, improved grassland is most common. One grassland type of particular conservation significance, Molinia meadows, occurs in several parts of the site and the examples at Worldsend on the River Shannon are especially noteworthy. Here are found areas of wet meadow dominated by rushes and sedges and supporting a diverse and speciesrich vegetation, including such uncommon species as Blue-eyed Grass (Sisyrinchium bermudiana) and Pale Sedge (Carex pallescens). Floating river vegetation characterised by species of Water-crowfoot (Ranunculus spp.), Pondweeds (Potamogeton spp.) and the moss Fontinalius antipyretica are present throughout the major river systems within the site. The rivers contain an interesting bryoflora with Schistidium alpicola var. alpicola recorded from in-stream boulders on the Bilboa, new to county Limerick. Alluvial woodland occurs on the banks of the Shannon and on islands in the vicinity of the University of Limerick. The woodland is up to 50m wide on the banks and somewhat wider on the largest island. The most prominent woodland type is gallery woodland where White Willow (Salix alba) dominates the tree layer with occasional Alder (Alnus glutinosa). The shrub layer consists of various willow species with sally (Salix cinerea ssp. oleifolia) and what appear to be hybrids of S. alba x S. viminalis. The herbaceous layer consists of tall perennial herbs. A fringe of Bulrush (Typha sp.) occurs on the riverside of the woodland. On slightly higher ground above the wet woodland and on the raised embankment remnants of mixed oak-ash-alder woodland occur. These are poorly developed and contain numerous exotic species but locally there are signs that it is invading open grassland. Alder is the principal tree species with occasional Oak (Quercus robur), Elm (Ulmus glabra, U. procera), Hazel (Corylus avellana), Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) and the shrubs Guelder-rose (Viburnum opulus) and willows. The ground flora is species-rich. Woodland is infrequent within the site, however Cahiracon Wood contains a strip of old Oak woodland. Sessile Oak (Quercus petraea) forms the canopy, with an understorey of Hazel and Holly (Ilex aquifolium). Great Wood-rush (Luzula sylvatica) dominates the ground flora. Less common species present include Great Horsetail (Equisetum telmeteia) and Pendulous Sedge (Carex pendula). In the low hills to the south of the Slievefelim mountains, the Cahernahallia River cuts a valley through the Upper Silurian rocks. For approximately 2km south of Cappagh Bridge at Knockanavar, the valley sides are wooded. The woodland consists of Birch (Betula spp.), Hazel, Oak, Rowan (Sorbus aucuparia), some Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and Willow (Salix spp.). Most of the valley is not grazed by stock, and as a result the trees are regenerating well. The ground flora feature prominent Greater wood-rush and Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) with a typical range of woodland herbs. Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) features. Where there is more light available, The valley sides of the Bilboa and Gortnageragh Rivers, on higher ground north east of Cappamore, support patches of semi-natural broadleaf woodland dominated by Ash, Hazel, Oak and Birch. There is a good scrub layer with Hawthorn, Willow, Holly and Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa) common. The herb layer in these woodlands is often open with a typically rich mixture of woodland herbs and ferns. Moss species diversity is high. The woodlands are ungrazed. The hazel is actively coppiced in places. There is a small area of actively regenerating cut away raised bog at Ballyrorheen. It is situated approx. 5km north west of Cappamore Co. Limerick. The bog contains some wet areas with good moss (Sphagnum) cover. Species of particular interest include the Cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccos) and the White Sedge (Carex curta) along with two other regionally rare mosses including S. fimbriatum. The site is being invaded by Birch (Betula pubescens) scrub woodland. Both commercial forestry and the spread of rhododendron has greatly reduced the overall value of the site. A number of plant species that are Irish Red Data Book species occur within the site - several are protected under the Flora (Protection) Order, 1999: • Triangular Club-rush (Scirpus triqueter) - in Ireland this protected species is only found in the Shannon Estuary, where it borders creeks in the inner estuary. • Opposite-leaved Pondweed (Groenlandia densa) - this protected pondweed is found in the Shannon where it passes through Limerick City. • Meadow Barley (Hordeum secalinum) - this protected species is abundant in saltmarshes at Ringmoylan and Mantlehill. • Hairy Violet (Viola hirta) - this protected violet occurs in the Askeaton/Foynes area. • Golden Dock (Rumex maritimus) - noted as occurring in the River Fergus Estuary. • Bearded Stonewort (Chara canescens) - a brackish water specialist found in Shannon Airport lagoon. • Convergent Stonewort (Chara connivens) - presence in Shannon Airport Lagoon to be confirmed. Overall, the Shannon and Fergus Estuaries support the largest numbers of wintering waterfowl in Ireland. The highest count in 1995-96 was 51,423 while in 1994-95 it was 62,701. Species listed on Annex I of the E.U. Birds Directive which contributed to these totals include: Great Northern Diver (3; 1994/95), Whooper Swan (201; 1995/96), Pale-bellied Brent Goose (246; 1995/96), Golden Plover (11,067; 1994/95) and Bar-tailed Godwit ( 476; 1995/96). In the past, three separate flocks of Greenland White-fronted Goose were regularly found but none were seen in 1993/94. Other wintering waders and wildfowl present include Greylag Goose (216; 1995/96), Shelduck (1,060; 1995/96), Wigeon (5,976; 1995/96); Teal (2,319; 1995-96); Mallard (528; 1995/96), Pintail (45; 1995/96), Shoveler (84; 1995/96), Tufted Duck (272; 1995/96), Scaup (121; 1995/96), Ringed Plover (240; 1995/96), Grey Plover (750; 1995/96), Lapwing (24,581; 1995/96), Knot (800; 1995/96), Dunlin (20,100; 1995/96), Snipe (719, 1995/96), Black-tailed Godwit (1062; 1995/96), Curlew (1504; 1995/96), Redshank (3228; 1995/96), Greenshank (36; 1995/96) and Turnstone (107; 1995/96). A number of wintering gulls are also present, including Black-headed Gull (2,216; 1995/96), Common Gull (366; 1995/96) and Lesser Black-backed Gull (100; 1994/95). This is the most important coastal site in Ireland for a number of the waders including Lapwing, Dunlin, Snipe and Redshank. It also provides an important staging ground for species such as Black-tailed Godwit and Greenshank. A number of species listed on Annex I of the E.U. Birds Directive breed within the site. These include Peregine Falcon (2-3 pairs), Sandwich Tern (34 pairs on Rat Island, 1995), Common Tern (15 pairs: 2 on Sturamus Island and 13 on Rat Island, 1995), Chough (14-41 pairs, 1992) and Kingfisher. Other breeding birds of note include Kittiwake (690 pairs at Loop Head, 1987) and Guillemot (4010 individuals at Loop Head, 1987) There is a resident population of Bottle-nosed Dolphin in the Shannon Estuary consisting of at least 56-68 animals (1996). This is the only known resident population of this E.U. Habitats Directive Annex II species in Ireland. Otter, a species also listed on Annex II of this directive, is commonly found on the site. Five species of fish listed on Annex II of the E.U. Habitats Directive are found within the site. These are Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), Brook Lamprey (Lampetra planeri), River Lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis), Twaite Shad (Allosa fallax fallax) and Salmon (Salmo salar). The three lampreys and Salmon have all been observed spawning in the lower Shannon or its tributaries. The Fergus is important in its lower reaches for spring salmon while the Mulkear catchment excels as a grilse fishery though spring fish are caught on the actual Mulkear River. The Feale is important for both types. Twaite Shad is not thought to spawn within the site. There are few other river systems in Ireland which contain all three species of Lamprey. Two additional fish of note, listed in the Irish Red Data Book, also occur, namely Smelt (Osmerus eperlanus) and Pollan (Coregonus autumnalis pollan). Only the former has been observed spawning in the Shannon. Freshwater Pearl-mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera), a species listed on Annex II of the E.U. Habitats Directive, occurs abundantly in parts of the Cloon River. There are a wide range of landuses within the site. The most common use of the terrestrial parts is grazing by cattle and some areas have been damaged through over-grazing and poaching. Much of the land adjacent to the rivers and estuaries has been improved or reclaimed and is protected by embankments (especially along the Fergus Estuary). Further, reclamation continues to pose a threat as do flood relief works (e.g. dredging of rivers). Gravel extraction poses a major threat on the Feale. In the past, Cord-grass (Spartina sp.) was planted to assist in land reclamation. This has spread widely, and may oust less vigorous colonisers of mud and may also reduce the area of mudflat available to feeding birds. Domestic and industrial wastes are discharged into the Shannon, but water quality is generally satisfactory - except in the upper estuary, reflecting the sewage load from Limerick City. Analyses for trace metals suggest a relatively clean estuary with no influences by industrial discharges apparent. Further industrial development along the Shannon and water polluting operations are potential threats. Fishing is a main tourist attraction on the Finn and there are a large number of Angler Associations, some with a number of beats. Fishing stands and styles have been erected in places. The River Feale is a designated Salmonid Water under the E.U. Freshwater Fish Directive. Other uses of the site include commercial angling, oyster farming, boating (including dolphin-watching trips) and shooting. Some of these may pose threats to the birds and dolphins through disturbance. Specific threats to the dolphins include underwater acoustic disturbance, entanglement in fishing gear and collisions with fast moving craft. This site is of great ecological interest as it contains a high number of habitats and species listed on Annexes I and II of the E.U. Habitats Directive, including the priority habitat lagoon, the only known resident population of Bottle-nosed Dolphin in Ireland and all three Irish lamprey species. A good number of Red Data Book species are also present, perhaps most notably the thriving populations of Triangular Club-rush. A number of species listed on Annex I of the E.U. Birds Directive are also present, either wintering or breeding. Indeed, the Shannon and Fergus Estuaries form the largest estuarine complex in Ireland and support more wintering wildfowl and waders than any other site in the country. Most of the estuarine part of the site has been designated a Special Protection Area (SPA), under the E.U. Birds Directive, primarily to protect the large numbers of migratory birds present in winter. 14.1.2003 SITE NAME: KNOCKALISHEEN MARSH pNHA SITE CODE: 002001 This site is situated mostly within Co. Clare but just to the north of Limerick City. It consists of grassland that slopes gradually to a wetland area, which then drains into the River Shannon. Much of the northern part of the site is unimproved pasture, while the lower parts near the river are extremely wet and consist of wet grassland and fen communities, which are very species rich. Though the nutrient status is low throughout the area there is a mixture of calcicole and neutral grassland/marsh species. The dominant grasses are Meadow Fescue (Festuca pratensis), Yorkshire Fog (Holcus lanatus) and Rough Meadow Grass (Poa trivialis). The commonest herb species are Yellow Rattle (Rhinanthus minor), Tufted Vetch (Vicia cracca), and Devil's-bit Scabious (Succisa pratensis), along with several rush species (Juncus spp.). At the southern end of the site there is a reedbed of Common Reed (Phragmites australis) and Bulrush (Typha spp.). The area is notable for the occurrence of several orchid species, especially Marsh Helleborine (Epipactis palustris). There is a colony of the wetland plant Skullcap (Scutellaria galericulata), a species which is rare in Co. Clare. The ornithological importance of this site is not known but it is likely to serve as a roosting and feeding area for birds of the adjacent Shannon. Low intensity grazing, mostly by cattle, has maintained the high species diversity of this site and should continue. The importance of this site is that it is a good example of an unimproved grassland/wetland, with a high plant species diversity. This is now a scarce habitat, especially close to a large city. NPWS SITE MAPS
