NFPA45:FlammableLiquids
andOtherHazardous
MaterialsinLaboratories
Prepared by: Sharon Gilyeat, Principal, P.E.
William Higgins, Fire Protection Engineer
Expertly Engineering Safety From Fire®
1
Introduction
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Presentation Format
Basic Requirements only
Codes are changing
NFPA 99, 1999 vs. NFPA 45, 2011
NFPA 45: Flammable Liquids and Other Hazardous
Materials in Laboratories
Koffel Associates, Inc. 2016©
1
Objectives
• Review applicable codes and associated terms/definitions
• Understand the scope and application of NFPA 45
• Understand how to apply NFPA 45 to the classification, design, and construction of Labs
• Understand the basic requirements for the proper storage, handling, and disposal of hazardous materials in NFPA 45
• How to apply NFPA 45 to a health care lab
• Compare NFPA 99, 1999 vs 2012
ApplicableCodes
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NFPA 101®, 2012 Edition
NFPA 45, 2011 Edition
NFPA 30, 2012 Edition
NFPA 99, 2012 Edition
NFPA 45: Flammable Liquids and Other Hazardous
Materials in Laboratories
Koffel Associates, Inc. 2016©
2
Application
• Applies to laboratories in which chemicals as defined are handled or stored
• Standard does not apply to:
• Lab units with less than 4 L (1 gal) of flammables
• Pilot plant laboratories
• Laboratories with a hazard rating of 1 or less for all categories
• Manufacturing plants
• Incidental testing facilities
• Hazards associated with explosive material and radioactive material
ScopeofNFPA45
• Provide basic requirements for the protection of life and property from fire and explosions in laboratories
• Control hazards and protect personnel
• Establish a comprehensive laboratory fire prevention and protection program
NFPA 45: Flammable Liquids and Other Hazardous
Materials in Laboratories
Koffel Associates, Inc. 2016©
3
RetroactivityandEquivalency
• Unless specified in this standard, provisions do not apply to existing facilities and structures
• AHJ and unacceptable degree of risk
• Equivalency
Chapter3‐ Definitions
• Chemicals – a substance with one or more hazard ratings as defined by NFPA 704 (health, flammability, instability)
• Educational Laboratory Unit – through 12th
grade
• Explosive Material – explosive, blasting agent, emulsion explosive, water gel, detonator
• Instructional Laboratory Unit – past the 12th
grade and before post college
NFPA 45: Flammable Liquids and Other Hazardous
Materials in Laboratories
Koffel Associates, Inc. 2016©
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Definitions
• Classification of Flammable Liquids
Definitions
• Laboratory Building – Principal use
• Laboratory Unit – Enclosed area including incidental
• Laboratory Work Area – Room or space for lab use
• Inside Liquid Storage Area – Separated room or building for storage of liquids –
NFPA 30
NFPA 45: Flammable Liquids and Other Hazardous
Materials in Laboratories
Koffel Associates, Inc. 2016©
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InsideStorageRoom– NFPA30
Definitions
• Safety Can – Limited to 18.9L (5 gal)
• Storage Cabinet – For storage of flammable and combustible liquids and complies with NFPA 30 Section 9.5
NFPA 45: Flammable Liquids and Other Hazardous
Materials in Laboratories
Koffel Associates, Inc. 2016©
6
Chapter4– LaboratoryUnitHazard
Classification
• Class A – high fire hazard
• Class B – moderate fire hazard
• Class C – low fire hazard
• Class D – minimal fire hazard
• Instructional Laboratory Units – Class C or Class D
• Educational Laboratory Units – Class D or 50% flammable and combustible for Class C
LabClassification
NFPA 45: Flammable Liquids and Other Hazardous
Materials in Laboratories
Koffel Associates, Inc. 2016©
7
ExplosionHazardClassification
• Classification needed when explosion of quantities or concentrations of materials result in serious or fatal injuries • Classification based on quantity of material and instability rating of 4
• Annex C provides additional information
• See NFPA 495, Explosive Material Code
Chapter5– LaboratoryUnitDesignand
Construction
• Maximum area of laboratory unit based on • Fire hazard classification
• Construction
• See Table 5.1.1
NFPA 45: Flammable Liquids and Other Hazardous
Materials in Laboratories
Koffel Associates, Inc. 2016©
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AdditionalRequirements
• Labs in Educational Occupancies – 1‐hr separation
• Alternative Suppression System Allowed
• Floor Seal and Floor Curbing Prevent Liquid Leakage
• Fire Barrier Requirements per NFPA 101
NFPA 45: Flammable Liquids and Other Hazardous
Materials in Laboratories
Koffel Associates, Inc. 2016©
9
AdditionalRequirements
• Occupancy Classification in NFPA 101
• Class A, B, and C lab units – Industrial
• Educational laboratories – Educational
• Instructional Laboratories and Class D –
Business
• Instructional Laboratories for past 12th
grade ‐ Business
MeansofEgress
• Second Means of Egress Required if:
Explosion hazard
Class A work area exceeds 46.5 sq m (500 sq ft)
Class B, C, or D work area 93 sq m (1,000 sq ft)
Hood adjacent to primary means of egress
Compressed gas cylinder larger than lecture bottle size location
• Cryogenic container location
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• Class A and B – door swing direction of egress
• Emergency Lighting if second means of egress required
NFPA 45: Flammable Liquids and Other Hazardous
Materials in Laboratories
Koffel Associates, Inc. 2016©
10
Chapter6– FireProtection
• Minimum Requirements
• Portable Fire Extinguishers
• Fire Alarm Systems
• Evacuation and Emergency Plans
• Automatic Sprinkler Protection
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All new laboratories
Class A and B – ordinary hazard group 2
Class C and D – ordinary hazard group 1
Quick‐response sprinklers
NFPA 25 Maintenance
• Automatic Suppression to activate fire alarm Chapter6– FireProtection
• Standpipe and Hose Systems
• 2 or more stories – standpipes required
• NFPA 25 Maintenance
• Portable Fire Extinguishers • NFPA 10
• Class A – extra hazard spacing
• Class B, C, and D – ordinary/moderate hazard spacing
NFPA 45: Flammable Liquids and Other Hazardous
Materials in Laboratories
Koffel Associates, Inc. 2016©
11
Chapter6– FireProtection
• Fire Alarm Systems
• NFPA 72
• Class A and B – manual fire alarm system
• Audible alarm
• Tie to local emergency responders or the public fire department
• Fire Prevention Procedures
• Maintenance Procedures
• Emergency Plans
Chapter7– ExplosionHazardProtection
• Limited requirements in this Chapter
• Most requirements found in NFPA 495
NFPA 45: Flammable Liquids and Other Hazardous
Materials in Laboratories
Koffel Associates, Inc. 2016©
12
Chapter8LaboratoryVentilating
SystemsandHoodRequirements
• Specific details beyond scope of presentation
• Applies to:
• Chemical fume hoods
• Special local exhaust devices
• Other systems for exhausting air from laboratory work areas
Chapter9– ChemicalStorage,Handling,
andWasteDisposal
• Limit spill less than 5 gal
• Handling
• Trained personnel
• Class 1 liquids not transferred in exit access corridor
• Chemicals outside storage maintained at lowest level necessary for work
• Refer to MSDS
NFPA 45: Flammable Liquids and Other Hazardous
Materials in Laboratories
Koffel Associates, Inc. 2016©
13
Chapter9– ChemicalStorage,Handling,
andWasteDisposal
• Storage
• Chemical inventories
• Max allowable quantities reduced based on stories above grade:
• Class B above Floor 3: 50%
• Class C and D Floors 4‐6: 25%
• Class C and D above Floor 6: 50%
• Class I flammable, and Class II combustible liquids not in use must be stored in safety cans or in storage cabinets
• Storage in fume hood prohibited
Chapter9– ChemicalStorage,Handling,
andWasteDisposal
• Waste Disposal
• Liquid waste containers shall not exceed 5 gal in lab work area
• Waste quantities not mixed or combined unless evaluated
• Waste quantities subject to maximum container sizes
• Waste quantities subject to maximum allowable quantity for lab unit
NFPA 45: Flammable Liquids and Other Hazardous
Materials in Laboratories
Koffel Associates, Inc. 2016©
14
Chapter10– Flammableand
CombustibleLiquids
• Quantity Limitations
• Density and total amount outside of flammable liquid storage rooms shall not exceed quantities in Table 10.1.1(a) and (b)
• Maximum quantities based on lab classification
NFPA 45: Flammable Liquids and Other Hazardous
Materials in Laboratories
Koffel Associates, Inc. 2016©
15
Chapter10– Flammableand
CombustibleLiquids
• Container Capacity Limitations
• Container types and maximum capacities must comply with Table 10.1.2
Chapter10– Flammableand
CombustibleLiquids
NFPA 45: Flammable Liquids and Other Hazardous
Materials in Laboratories
Koffel Associates, Inc. 2016©
16
Chapter10– Flammableand
CombustibleLiquids
• Liquid Dispensing
• Dispensing Class 1 liquids in containers less than 5 gal
• Chemical fume hood
• Ventilation adequate to prevent accumulations exceeding 25% of the lower flammability limit
• Inside liquid storage area
• Dispensing Class 1 liquids greater than 5 gal
• Separate area outside
• Liquid storage area
• Class I transferring of containers greater than 1 gal (4 L) must be grounded
Chapter11– CompressedandLiquefied
Gases
• Cylinders not in use cannot be stored in the laboratory unit
• Quantity of compressed and liquefied gases to comply with Table 6.3.1 of NFPA 55
• Instruction laboratory work areas –
quantities limited to 10% of NFPA 55 quantities or 10 lecture bottle sized cylinders
NFPA 45: Flammable Liquids and Other Hazardous
Materials in Laboratories
Koffel Associates, Inc. 2016©
17
OtherChapters
• Chapter 12 – Laboratory Operations and Apparatus
• Chapter 13 – Hazard Identification
• Entrances to laboratories identified by signs indicating hazard of contents
• Labeling of containers
CaseStudy
• North Pole Hospital (Floor 1)
NFPA 45: Flammable Liquids and Other Hazardous
Materials in Laboratories
Koffel Associates, Inc. 2016©
18
Survey– WhatDoWeHave
Case A – Health Care Lab
• Tissue processors
• Stainers
• Recyclers Inventory
• Not in Approved Liquid Storage Room
Liquid
NFPA Container Size
Class
(gal)
In Closed In Process Containers
(gal)
(gal)
Recycler
Being Distilled
(gal)
Recycler Completed Being
Stored
(gal)
Acetone
IB
1
0
11
0
0
Cyto‐Stain
IB
1
0
11
0
0
Reagent Alcohol
IB
1 or 5
14
0
10
10
10
10
TOTAL 1B
Xylene
56
IC
1 or 5
6
0
26
TOTAL 1C
82 (In Use and Stored), 62 (In Use)
TOTAL 1
Formaldehyde
Formalin
II
1
0
3
0
0
IIIB
1 or 5
4
40
0
0
NFPA 45: Flammable Liquids and Other Hazardous
Materials in Laboratories
Koffel Associates, Inc. 2016©
19
ApplyingNFPA45,2011
• Classify lab based on Table 10.1.1(b)
• Total Class 1 – 82 gallons
• No reductions in Table required – Lab is on Floor 1
• Quantity per 100 sq ft unit – (82*100)/2878= 2.9 gal (some in use and some just stored)
• Quantity per 100 sq ft unit – (62*100)/2878= 2.1 gal (in use)
• Lab is classified as Class B
NFPA 45: Flammable Liquids and Other Hazardous
Materials in Laboratories
Koffel Associates, Inc. 2016©
20
LabSeparationandHeight
• Class B – 1 hr, Floors 1‐3
• Not permitted in Basement
CaseALabDesignRequirements
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Class B 1‐hr fire separation
Sprinkler protection – Ordinary Hazard Group 2 Fire alarm system tied to central station system
Fire Extinguishers – Ordinary Hazard
Storage and Handling
Other Requirements
NFPA 45: Flammable Liquids and Other Hazardous
Materials in Laboratories
Koffel Associates, Inc. 2016©
21
NFPA99,1999vs.NFPA99,2012
ImpactonHealthCareLaboratories
• What is the effect of NFPA 99 removing laboratory requirements in 2012 Edition
• NFPA 99 Requirements
• 10‐4.2 Processors must be 5 ft from storage of combustibles or 1‐hr separation
• 10‐7.2.2
• Total volume of Class I, II, and IIIA Not In Approved Storage Containers and Cabinets – Limited to 1 gallon per 100 sq ft
• Total volume of Class I, II, and IIIA Including those In Approved Storage Containers and Cabinets – Limited to 2 gallons per 100 sq ft
• 10‐7.3 Transfer from bulk containers limited
• In flammable liquid storage room
• Under approved hood
Conclusion
• Existing case study would not meet NFPA 99, 1999 requirements, quantity too high, over 1 and 2 gal limits
• Using NFPA 45 now has relaxed the requirements – allowing a greater quantity of flammable liquids in health care labs
• Committee work to do
NFPA 45: Flammable Liquids and Other Hazardous
Materials in Laboratories
Koffel Associates, Inc. 2016©
22
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• Join our LinkedIn Discussion Groups
• Life Safety Code
• People can join the group and submit their questions or
• People can email linkedin@koffel.com and submit anonymously • Smoke Management • Proposed Changes to the IBC
• Ask the Expert • FAQ.Koffel.com
Questions?
Sharon Gilyeat, Principal, P.E.
sgilyeat@koffel.com
Koffel Associates, Inc.
8815 Centre Park Drive, Suite 200
Columbia, MD 21045‐2107
410‐750‐2246
www.koffel.com
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Expertly Engineering Safety From Fire®
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NFPA 45: Flammable Liquids and Other Hazardous
Materials in Laboratories
Koffel Associates, Inc. 2016©
23