EXPERIMENTAL LITERATURE
PHYSICS
Dr. Ludolf von Alvensleben
Laboratory Experiments
Summary
1 Mechanics
1.4.03
Viscosity of Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids
(rotary viscometer)
1.4.04
Viscosity measurements with the falling ball viscometer
1.1
Measurement Techniques
1.4.05
Surface tension by the ring method (Du Nouy method)
1.1.01
Measurement of basic constants: length, weight and time
1.4.06
Surface tension by the pull-out method with PC interface
1.1.02
Force measurement with PC interface
1.4.07
Barometric height formula
1.1.03
Measurement of rotational velocity
1.4.08
Drag (resistance to flow)
1.1.04
Measurement of minimal force differences
1.4.09
Lift and drag
1.2
Statics
1.5
Mechanical Vibration Acoustics
1.2.01
Moments
1.5.01
Vibration of strings
1.2.02
Modulus of elasticity
1.5.03
Velocity of sound in air and in metal rods w. PC-interface
1.2.03
Mechanical hysteresis
1.5.04
Acoustic Doppler effect
1.5.05
Acoustic Doppler effect with PC interface
1.5.06
Velocity of sound using Kundt’s tube
1.5.07
Wavelengths and frequencies with a Quincke tube
1.5.08
Resonance frequencies of Helmholtz resonators
with PC interface
1.3
Dynamics
1.3.01
Hooke’s law
1.3.02
Hooke’s law with PC interface
1.3.03
Newton’s law / Air track
1.3.04
Uniformly accelerated linear motion /
Air track with PC interface
1.5.09
Interference of acoustic waves, stationary waves
and diffraction at a slot with PC interface
1.3.05
Laws of collision / Air track
1.5.10
Optical determination of velocity of sound in liquids
1.3.07
Free fall
1.5.11
Phase and group velocity of ultrasonics in liquids
1.3.08
Free fall with an interface system
1.5.12
Temperature dependence of the velocity of sound in liquids
1.3.10
Atwood’s machine with PC interface
1.3.11
Projectile motion
1.3.12
Ballistic pendulum
1.3.13
Moment of inertia and angular acceleration
1.3.14
Moment of inertia and angular acceleration with
PC interface
1.3.15
Moment and angular momentum
1.6
Applied Mechanics
1.6.01
Notch bar impact test
1.6.02
Material testing: Tensile test / Compression test
1.7
Handbooks
1.7.01
Physics Demonstration Experiments –
Magnet Board Mechanics 1
1.7.02
Physics Demonstration Experiments –
Magnet Board Mechanics 2
1.3.16
Centrifugal force
1.3.17
Dependence of central force on angular velocity,
track radius and mass with PC interface
1.3.18
Mechanical conservation of energy / Maxwell’s wheel
1.3.19
Laws of gyroscopes / 3-axis gyroscope
1.3.20
Laws of gyroscopes / Cardanic gyroscope
1.3.21
Mathematical pendulum
2.1
Geometrical Optics
1.3.22
Reversible pendulum
2.1.01
Measuring the velocity of light
1.3.23
Variable g pendulum
2.1.02
Laws of lenses and optical instruments
1.3.24
Variable g pendulum –
Pendulum oscillations with PC interface
2.1.03
Dispersion and resolving power of the prism
2.1.04
1.3.25
Coupled pendula
Dispersion and resolving power of a grating /
Grating spectroscope
1.3.26
Harmonic oscillations of spiral springs –
Springs linked in parallel and in series
2.2
Interference
1.3.27
Forced oscillations – Pohl’s pendulum
2.2.01
Interference of light
1.3.28
Parallel axis theorem / Steiner’s theorem
2.2.02
Newton’s rings
1.3.29
Moments of inertia of different bodies /
Steiner’s theorem with PC interface
2.2.03
Interference at a Mica plate according to Pohl
2.2.04
Fresnel’s zone construction / Zone plate
1.3.30
Torsional vibrations and torsion modulus
2.2.05
Michelson interferometer
1.3.31
Moment of inertia and torsional vibrations
2.2.06
1.3.32
The propagation of a periodically excited
continuous transverse wave
Coherence and width of spectral lines with
Michelson interferometer
2.2.07
Refraction index of air and CO2 with
Michelson interferometer
2 Optics
1.3.33
Phase velocity of rope waves
1.4
Mechanics of Liquids and Gaseous Bodies
2.3
Diffraction
1.4.01
Density of liquids
2.3.01
Diffraction at a slit and Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
1.4.02
Surface of rotating liquids
2.3.02
Diffraction of light at a slit and an edge
Summary
2.3.03
Intensity of diffractions due to pin hole diaphragms and circular
obstacles
2.3.04
Determination of diffraction intensity due to multiple slits and
grids
3.3
Calorimetry, Friction Heat
3.3.01
Heat capacity of metals
3.3.02
Mechanical equivalent of heat
3.3.03
Heat of formation for CO2 and CO (Hess’ Law)
3.3.04
COBRA – Calorimetry
3.4
Phase Transitions
2.3.05
Determination of the diffraction intensity at slit and double slit
systems
2.3.06
Diffraction intensity through a slit and a wire – Babinet’s theorem
2.4
Photometry
3.4.01
Vapour pressure of water at high temperature
2.4.01
Transmission of colour filters – Absorption of light
(UV-VIS spectroscopy)
3.4.02
Vapour pressure of water below 100°C / Molar heat of
vaporization
2.4.02
Photometric law of distance
3.4.03
Boiling point elevation
2.4.03
Photometric law of distance with PC interface
3.4.04
Freezing point depression
2.4.04
Lambert’s law
3.4.05
Phase transitions / Differential thermoanalysis
2.4.05
Lambert-Beer law – Diode array spectrometer
3.5
Transport and Diffusion
2.5
Polarisation
3.5.01
Stefan-Boltzmann’s law of radiation
2.5.01
Polarisation by quarterwave plates
3.5.02
Thermal and electrical conductivity of metals
2.5.02
Polarimetry
3.5.03
Diffusion potentials / Nernst equation
2.5.03
Fresnel’s equations – Theory of reflection
2.5.04
Malus’ law
3.6
Applied Thermodynamics
3.6.01
Solar ray collector
2.6
Applied Optics
3.6.02
Heat pump
2.6.01
Faraday effect
3.6.03
Heat insulation / Heat conduction
2.6.02
Kerr effect
3.6.04
Stirling engine
2.6.03
Recording and reconstruction of holograms
2.6.04
CO2-laser
3.7
Handbooks
2.6.05
LDA – Laser-Doppler-Anemometry
3.7.01
Glass jacket system
2.6.07
Helium Neon Laser
3.7.02
Air cushion table
2.6.08
Optical pumping
3.7.03
Physics Demonstration Experiments –
Magnet Board Thermodynamics
2.6.09
Nd-YAG laser
2.6.10
Fibre optics
2.6.11
Fourier optics – 2f Arrangement
2.6.12
Fourier optics – 4f Arrangement – Filtering and reconstruction
2.7
Handbooks
2.7.01
Physics Demonstration Experiments – Magnet Board Optics
2.7.02
Laser Physics I – Experiments with coherent light
2.7.03
Laser Physics II – Experiments with coherent light –
Holography
4 Electricity
4.1
Stationary Currents
4.1.01
Measurement of low resistance
4.1.02
Wheatstone bridge
4.1.03
Internal resistance and matching in voltage source
4.1.04
Temperature dependence of different resistors and diodes
Working definition of voltage
2.7.04
Laser Physics III – Experiments with coherent light –
Interferometry
4.1.05
4.1.06
Current balance / Force acting on a current-carrying conductor
2.7.05
Diode array spectrometer
4.1.07
Semiconductor thermogenerator
4.1.08
Peltier heat pump
4.1.09
Characteristic curves of a solar cell
4.1.10
Characteristic curves of electron tubes (diode, triode)
4.1.11
Characteristic and efficiency of PEM fuel cell and PEM electrolyser
4.2
Electric Field
4.2.01
Electrical fields and potentials in the plate capacitor
4.2.02
Charging curve of a capacitor
4.2.03
Capacitance of metal spheres and of a spherical capacitor
4.2.04
Coulomb’s law / Image charge
4.2.05
Coulomb potential and Coulomb field of metal spheres
4.2.06
Dielectric constant of different materials
3 Thermodynamics
3.1
Thermal Expansion
3.1.01
Thermal expansion in solids and liquids
3.2
Ideal and Real Gases
3.2.01
Equation of state of ideal gases
3.2.02
Heat capacity of gases
3.2.03
Maxwellian velocity distribution
3.2.04
Thermal equation of state and critical point
3.2.05
Adiabatic coefficient of gases – Flammersfeld oscillator
3.2.06
Joule-Thomson effect
Summary
4.3
Magnetic Field
5.2.02
Law of radioactive decay
4.3.01
Earth’s magnetic field
5.2.03
4.3.02
Magnetic field of single coils / Biot-Savart’s law
Influence of the dead time of the counter
tube on the pulse distribution
4.3.03
Magnetic field of paired coils in Helmholtz arrangement
5.2.04
Visualisation of radioactive particles / Diffusion cloud chamber
4.3.04
Magnetic moment in the magnetic field
5.2.05
Poisson’s distribution and Gaussian
distribution of radioactive decay
4.3.05
Magnetic field outside a straight conductor
5.2.06
COBRA – Radioactivity
4.3.06
Magnetic field inside a conductor
5.2.07
COBRA – Statistics of the radioactive decay
4.3.07
Ferromagnetic hysteresis with PC interface system
5.2.21
Rutherford experiment
4.4
Electrodynamics
5.2.22
Fine structure of the a-spectrum of 241Am
4.4.01
Transformer
5.2.23
Study of the a-energies of 226Ra
4.4.02
Magnetic induction
5.2.24
Energy loss of a-particles in gases
5.2.31
Electron absorption
5.2.32
b-spectroscopy
5.2.41
Law of distance and absorption of gamma rays
4.4.03
Inductance of solenoids
4.4.04
Coil in the AC circuit
4.4.05
Capacitor in the AC circuit
4.4.06
RLC Circuit
5.2.42
Energy dependence of the g-absorption coefficient
5.2.43
Absorption of g-quantums and their dependence
on the material density
4.4.07
Rectifier circuits
4.4.08
RC Filters
5.2.44
Compton effect
4.4.09
High-pass and low-pass filters
5.2.45
Internal conversion in 137mBa
4.4.10
RLC measuring bridge
5.2.46
Photonuclear cross-section / Compton scattering cross-section
4.4.11
Resistance, phase shift and power in AC circuits
5.2.47
X-ray fluorescence and Moseley’s law
4.5
Electromagnetic Oscillations and Waves
5.3
Solid-state Physics
4.5.02
Coupled oscillating circuits
5.3.01
Hall effect in p-germanium
4.5.04
Interference of microwaves
5.3.02
Hall effect in n-germanium
4.5.05
Diffraction of microwaves
5.3.03
Hall effect in metals
4.5.06
Diffraction and polarization of microwaves
5.3.04
Band gap of germanium
4.5.08
Radiation field of a horn antenna / Microwaves
5.3.05
Superconductivity / Transition temperature
4.5.09
Frustrated total reflection / Microwaves
5.3.06
Superconductivity / Influence of current and B-field
4.6
Handbooks
5.4
X-ray Physics
4.6.01
Electrical Energy and Power
5.4.01
Characteristic X-rays and Bragg scattering with higher order
5.4.02
X-ray monochromatization
5.4.03
Duane-Hunt displacement law and Planck’s “quantum of action”
5.4.04
X-ray absorption
5.4.05
K and L-absorption edges of X-rays / Moseley’s law and
Rydberg constant
5 Physical Structure of Matter
5.1
Physics of the Electron
5.1.01
Elementary charge and Millikan experiment
5.4.06
Planck’s “quantum of action”
5.1.02
Specific charge of the electron – e/m
5.4.07
Compton scattering of X-rays
5.1.03
Franck-Hertz experiment
5.4.08
5.1.04
Planck’s “quantum of action” from photoelectric effect
(line separation by interference filters)
X-ray investigation of structures / Debye-Scherrer and Laue
methods
5.4.10
X-ray dosimetry
5.1.05
Planck’s “quantum of action” from the photoelectric effect
(line separation by defraction grating)
5.4.11
Physics Demonstration Experiments –
Magnet Board Optics
5.1.06
Fine structure and one-electron spectrum
5.4.12
COBRA – X-ray Spectroscopy
5.1.07
Balmer series / Determination of Rydberg’s constant
5.1.08
Atomic spectra of two-electron systems: He, Hg
5.1.09
Two-electron spectra with the prism spectrometer
5.1.10
Zeeman effect
5.1.11
Stern-Gerlach experiment
6.1.01
Science with COBRA
5.1.12
Electron spin resonance
6.1.02
COBRA – Force
5.1.13
Electron diffraction
6.1.03
COBRA – Movement recording
5.2
Radioactivity
6.1.05
COBRA – Pulse Rate, Frequency and Time
5.2.01
Half-life and radioactive equilibrium
6.1.06
COBRA – Lux and Oxygen
6 Handbooks
1
Mechanics
Contents
1.1
1.1.01
1.1.02
1.1.03
1.1.04
Measurement Techniques
Measurement of basic constants: length, weight and time
Force measurement with PC interface
Measurement of rotational velocity
Measurement of minimal force differences
1.2
1.2.01
1.2.02
1.2.03
Statics
Moments
Modulus of elasticity
Mechanical hysteresis
1.3
1.3.01
1.3.02
1.3.03
1.3.04
1.3.05
1.3.07
1.3.08
1.3.10
1.3.11
1.3.12
1.3.13
1.3.14
1.3.15
1.3.16
1.3.17
Dynamics
Hooke’s law
Hooke’s law with PC interface
Newton’s law / Air track
Uniformly accelerated linear motion / Air track with PC interface
Laws of collision / Air track
Free fall
Free fall with an interface system
Atwood’s machine with PC interface
Projectile motion
Ballistic pendulum
Moment of inertia and angular acceleration
Moment of inertia and angular acceleration with PC interface
Moment and angular momentum
Centrifugal force
Dependence of central force on angular velocity, track radius and mass
with PC interface
Mechanical conservation of energy / Maxwell’s wheel
Laws of gyroscopes / 3-axis gyroscope
Laws of gyroscopes / Cardanic gyroscope
Mathematical pendulum
Reversible pendulum
Variable g pendulum
Variable g pendulum – Pendulum oscillations with PC interface
Coupled pendula
Harmonic oscillations of spiral springs – Springs linked in parallel and in
series
1.3.18
1.3.19
1.3.20
1.3.21
1.3.22
1.3.23
1.3.24
1.3.25
1.3.26
1.3.27
1.3.28
1.3.29
1.3.30
1.3.31
1.3.32
1.3.33
Forced oscillations – Pohl’s pendulum
Parallel axis theorem / Steiner’s theorem
Moments of inertia of different bodies/Steiner’s theorem with PC interface
Torsional vibrations and torsion modulus
Moment of inertia and torsional vibrations
The propagation of a periodically excited continuous transverse wave
Phase velocity of rope waves
1.4
1.4.01
1.4.02
1.4.03
1.4.04
1.4.05
1.4.06
1.4.07
1.4.08
1.4.09
Mechanics of Liquids and Gaseous Bodies
Density of liquids
Surface of rotating liquids
Viscosity of Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids (rotary viscometer)
Viscosity measurements with the falling ball viscometer
Surface tension by the ring method (Du Nouy method)
Surface tension by the pull-out method with PC interface
Barometric height formula
Drag (resistance to flow)
Lift and drag
1.5
1.5.01
1.5.03
1.5.04
1.5.05
1.5.06
1.5.07
1.5.08
1.5.09
Mechanical Vibration Acoustics
Vibration of strings
Velocity of sound in air and in metal rods with PC-interface
Acoustic Doppler effect
Acoustic Doppler effect with PC interface
Velocity of sound using Kundt’s tube
Wavelengths and frequencies with a Quincke tube
Resonance frequencies of Helmholtz resonators with PC interface
Interference of acoustic waves, stationary waves and diffraction at a
slot with PC interface
1.5.10 Optical determination of velocity of sound in liquids
1.5.11 Phase and group velocity of ultrasonics in liquids
1.5.12 Temperature dependence of the velocity of sound in liquids
1.6
Applied Mechanics
1.6.01 Notch bar impact test
1.6.02 Material testing: Tensile test / Compression test
1.7
Handbooks
1.7.01 Physics Demonstration Experiments – Magnet Board Mechanics 1
1.7.02 Physics Demonstration Experiments – Magnet Board Mechanics 2
2
Optics
Contents
2.1
Geometrical Optics
2.1.01 Measuring the velocity of light
2.1.02 Laws of lenses and optical instruments
2.4.04 Lambert’s law
2.4.05 Lambert-Beer law – Diode array spectrometer
2.5
Polarisation
2.1.03 Dispersion and resolving power of the prism
2.5.01 Polarisation by quarterwave plates
2.1.04 Dispersion and resolving power of a grating / Grating spectroscope
2.5.02 Polarimetry
2.2
Interference
2.2.01 Interference of light
2.2.02 Newton’s rings
2.5.03 Fresnel’s equations – Theory of reflection
2.5.04 Malus’ law
2.6
Applied Optics
2.2.03 Interference at a Mica plate according to Pohl
2.6.01 Faraday effect
2.2.04 Fresnel’s zone construction / Zone plate
2.6.02 Kerr effect
2.2.05 Michelson interferometer
2.6.03 Recording and reconstruction of holograms
2.2.06 Coherence and width of spectral lines with Michelson interferometer
2.6.04 CO2-laser
2.2.07 Refraction index of air and CO2 with Michelson interferometer
2.6.05 LDA – Laser-Doppler-Anemometry
2.3
Diffraction
2.6.07 Helium Neon Laser
2.3.01 Diffraction at a slit and Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
2.6.08 Optical pumping
2.3.02 Diffraction of light at a slit and an edge
2.6.09 Nd-YAG laser
2.3.03 Intensity of diffractions due to pin hole diaphragms and circular
obstacles
2.6.10 Fibre optics
2.3.04 Determination of diffraction intensity due to multiple slits and grids
2.6.12 Fourier optics – 4 f Arrangement – Filtering and reconstruction
2.3.05 Determination of the diffraction intensity at slit and double slit
systems
2.3.06 Diffraction intensity through a slit and a wire – Babinet’s theorem
2.4
Photometry
2.4.01 Transmission of colour filters – Absorption of light
(UV-VIS spectroscopy)
2.4.02 Photometric law of distance
2.4.03 Photometric law of distance with PC interface
2.6.11
2.7
Fourier optics – 2 f Arrangement
Handbooks
2.7.01 Physics Demonstration Experiments – Magnet Board Optics
2.7.02 Laser Physics I – Experiments with coherent light
2.7.03 Laser Physics II – Experiments with coherent light – Holography
2.7.04 Laser Physics III – Experiments with coherent light – Interferometry
2.7.05 Diode array spectrometer
3
Thermodynamics
Contents
3.1
Thermal Expansion
3.1.01 Thermal expansion in solids and liquids
3.2
Ideal and Real Gases
3.2.01 Equation of state of ideal gases
3.2.02 Heat capacity of gases
3.5
Transport and Diffusion
3.5.01 Stefan-Boltzmann’s law of radiation
3.5.02 Thermal and electrical conductivity of metals
3.5.03 Diffusion potentials / Nernst equation
3.6
Applied Thermodynamics
3.2.03 Maxwellian velocity distribution
3.6.01 Solar ray collector
3.2.04 Thermal equation of state and critical point
3.6.02 Heat pump
3.2.05 Adiabatic coefficient of gases – Flammersfeld oscillator
3.6.03 Heat insulation / Heat conduction
3.2.06 Joule-Thomson effect
3.6.04 Stirling engine
3.3
Calorimetry, Friction Heat
3.7
Handbooks
3.3.01 Heat capacity of metals
3.7.01 Glass jacket system
3.3.02 Mechanical equivalent of heat
3.7.02 Air cushion table
3.3.03 Heat of formation for CO2 and CO (Hess’ Law)
3.7.03 Physics Demonstration Experiments – Magnet Board Thermodynamics
3.3.04 COBRA – Calorimetry
3.4
Phase Transitions
3.4.01 Vapour pressure of water at high temperature
3.4.02 Vapour pressure of water below 100°C / Molar heat of vaporization
3.4.03 Boiling point elevation
3.4.04 Freezing point depression
3.4.05 Phase transitions / Differential thermoanalysis
4
Electricity
Contents
4.1
Stationary Currents
4.3.05 Magnetic field outside a straight conductor
4.1.01 Measurement of low resistance
4.3.06 Magnetic field inside a conductor
4.1.02 Wheatstone bridge
4.3.07 Ferromagnetic hysteresis with PC interface system
4.1.03 Internal resistance and matching in voltage source
4.4
Electrodynamics
4.1.04 Temperature dependence of different resistors and diodes
4.4.01 Transformer
4.1.05 Working definition of voltage
4.4.02 Magnetic induction
4.1.06 Current balance / Force acting on a current-carrying conductor
4.4.03 Inductance of solenoids
4.1.07 Semiconductor thermogenerator
4.4.04 Coil in the AC circuit
4.1.08 Peltier heat pump
4.4.05 Capacitor in the AC circuit
4.1.09 Characteristic curves of a solar cell
4.4.06 RLC Circuit
4.1.10 Characteristic curves of electron tubes (diode, triode)
4.4.07 Rectifier circuits
4.1.11
Characteristic and efficiency of PEM fuel cell and PEM electrolyser
4.4.08 RC Filters
Electric Field
4.4.09 High-pass and low-pass filters
4.2
4.2.01 Electrical fields and potentials in the plate capacitor
4.4.10 RLC measuring bridge
4.2.02 Charging curve of a capacitor
4.4.11
4.2.03 Capacitance of metal spheres and of a spherical capacitor
4.5
Resistance, phase shift and power in AC circuits
Electromagnetic Oscillations and Waves
4.2.04 Coulomb’s law / Image charge
4.5.02 Coupled oscillating circuits
4.2.05 Coulomb potential and Coulomb field of metal spheres
4.5.04 Interference of microwaves
4.2.06 Dielectric constant of different materials
4.5.05 Diffraction of microwaves
4.3
Magnetic Field
4.5.06 Diffraction and polarization of microwaves
4.3.01 Earth’s magnetic field
4.5.08 Radiation field of a horn antenna / Microwaves
4.3.02 Magnetic field of single coils / Biot-Savart’s law
4.5.09 Frustrated total reflection / Microwaves
4.3.03 Magnetic field of paired coils in Helmholtz arrangement
4.3.04 Magnetic moment in the magnetic field
4.6
Handbooks
4.6.01 Electrical Energy and Power
5
Physical Structure of Matter
Contents
5.1
5.1.01
5.1.02
5.1.03
5.1.04
5.1.05
5.1.06
5.1.07
5.1.08
5.1.09
5.1.10
5.1.11
5.1.12
5.1.13
5.2
Physics of the Electron
Elementary charge and Millikan experiment
Specific charge of the electron – e/m
Franck-Hertz experiment
Planck’s “quantum of action” from photoelectric effect
(line separation by interference filters)
Planck’s “quantum of action” from the photoelectric effect
(line separation by defraction grating)
Fine structure and one-electron spectrum
Balmer series / Determination of Rydberg’s constant
Atomic spectra of two-electron systems: He, Hg
Two-electron spectra with the prism spectrometer
Zeeman effect
Stern-Gerlach experiment
Electron spin resonance
Electron diffraction
Radioactivity
5.2.01 Half-life and radioactive equilibrium
5.2.02 Law of radioactive decay
5.2.03 Influence of the dead time of the counter tube on the pulse
distribution
5.2.04 Visualisation of radioactive particles / Diffusion cloud chamber
5.2.05 Poisson’s distribution and Gaussian distribution of radioactive decay
5.2.06 COBRA – Radioactivity
5.2.07 COBRA – Statistics of the radioactive decay
5.2.21 Rutherford experiment
5.2.22 Fine structure of the a-spectrum of 241Am
5.2.23 Study of the a-energies of 226Ra
5.2.24 Energy loss of a-particles in gases
5.2.31
5.2.32
5.2.41
5.2.42
5.2.43
5.2.44
5.2.45
5.2.46
5.2.47
5.3
5.3.01
5.3.02
5.3.03
5.3.04
5.3.05
5.3.06
5.4
5.4.01
5.4.02
5.4.03
5.4.04
5.4.05
5.4.06
5.4.07
5.4.08
5.4.10
5.4.11
5.4.12
Electron absorption
b-spectroscopy
Law of distance and absorption of gamma rays
Energy dependence of the g-absorption coefficient
Absorption of g-quantums and their dependence on the material
density
Compton effect
Internal conversion in 137mBa
Photonuclear cross-section / Compton scattering cross-section
X-ray fluorescence and Moseley’s law
Solid-state physics
Hall effect in p-germanium
Hall effect in n-germanium
Hall effect in metals
Band gap of germanium
Superconductivity / Transition temperature
Superconductivity / Influence of current and B-field
X-ray physics
Characteristic X-rays and Bragg scattering with higher order
X-ray monochromatization
Duane-Hunt displacement law and Planck’s “quantum of action”
X-ray absorption
K and L-absorption edges of X-rays / Moseley’s law and Rydberg
constant
Planck’s “quantum of action”
Compton scattering of X-rays
X-ray investigation of structures / Debye-Scherrer and Laue methods
X-ray dosimetry
Experiments of the X-ray unit
COBRA – X-ray Spectroscopy
6
Handbooks
Contents
6.1.01 Science with COBRA
6.1.02 COBRA – Force
6.1.03 COBRA – Movement recording
6.1.05 COBRA – Pulse Rate, Frequency and Time
6.1.06 COBRA – Lux and Oxygen