RADIO AIDS
24 FEB 06
11
GENERAL INFORMATION
The general information contained on the following pages is provided for use as ‘quick reference’. It
has been compiled from a variety of sources. Additional information can be found elsewhere in the Radio Aids section.
GENERAL INFORMATION
FREQUENCY BANDS
Radio frequencies lie within a relatively narrow
range of the electro-magnetic spectrum between approximately 10 kHz and 300 GHz. This range is divided into bands, more or less in accordance with
the propagation characteristics of the frequencies.
These bands are:
VLF
Very Low Frequency
0 - 30 kHz
LF
Low Frequency
30 kHz - 300 kHz
108.0 - 111.975 MHz
ILS localizer (on
odd-tenths plus twentieth
frequencies, 108.1, 108.3
etc.)
108.0 - 111.975 MHz
VOR (even tenths or even
tenths plus a twentieth of
MHz).
111.975 - 117.975
MHz
VOR (even and odd
tenths of MHz).
328.6 - 335.4 MHz
ILS glide slope.
MF
Medium Frequency
300 kHz - 3 MHz
HF
High Frequency
3 MHz - 30 MHz
VHF
Very High
Frequency
30 MHz - 300 MHz*
960.0 - 1215.0 MHz
DME and TACAN.
UHF
Ultra High
Frequency
300 MHz - 3 GHz*
1563.42 - 1587.42
MHz
GPS
SHF
Super High
Frequency
3 GHz - 30 GHz
EHF
Extremely High
Frequency
30 GHz - 300 GHz
410 kHz
International DF (outside
continental USA).
*200 MHz - 3 GHz is considered UHF in Aviation.
475 kHz
Working frequency
exclusively for aircraft on
sea flights desiring an
intermediate frequency.
500 kHz
International frequency
for aircraft and ships over
the seas. Transmission
on this frequency (except
for urgent and safety
messages and signals)
must cease twice each
hour, for three minute
periods beginning at 15
and 45 minutes past each
hour.
3281 kHz
Lighter-than-aircraft.
All VHF markers (FAN TYPE, OUTER, INNER and
ZONE) operate on 75 MHz (75,000 KHz), and are
tone modulated as follows:
FM
Fan Marker (100
Watts)
3000 Hz
LFM
Low-Powered Fan
Marker (5 Watts)
3000 Hz
MM
Middle Marker
1300 Hz
OM
Outer Marker
400 Hz
Z
Station Location
Marker
3000 Hz
FREQUENCY ALLOCATION
Frequency allocation is established to provide a
clear channeling between the various functions performed by aeronautical navaids and communications facilities. Although a general allocation plan is
recognized on a world-wide basis, variations may
occur within certain ranges. The listing below is intended to provide that allocation most generally
used by civil operators.
AIRBORNE STATIONS
NAVIGATION AIDS
190 - 535 kHz
Nondirectional Radio
Beacon (low power) and
Radio Range (low power).
190 - 1750 kHz
Non-directional Beacon
(standard).
Non-directional
Beacon (standard).
Marker Beacon.
108.0 - 117.975 MHz
VOR test facility (VOT).
© JEPPESEN SANDERSON, INC. 2006. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
22 AUG 08
RADIO AIDS
15
SECTION 1. NAVIGATION AIDS
Information about Radio Aids published in this section is extracted from the United States Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA) Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM). It is provided for reference use only.
The information is generally applicable around the world. Regional variations may exist. Within the section itself, additional references may be made to U.S. Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs). Relevant
FARs can be obtained separately from Jeppesen, or they are available directly from the U.S. FAA by mail
or via the internet.
1-1-1
GENERAL
a. Various types of air navigation aids are in use
today, each serving a special purpose. These
aids have varied owners and operators, namely:
the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the
military services, private organizations, individual states and foreign governments. The FAA
has the statutory authority to establish, operate,
maintain air navigation facilities and to prescribe
standards for the operation of any of these aids
which are used for instrument flight in federally
controlled airspace. These aids are tabulated in
the Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD).
b. Pilots should be aware of the possibility of
momentary erroneous indications on cockpit
displays when the primary signal generator for
a ground-based navigational transmitter (for
example, a glideslope, VOR, or nondirectional
beacon) is inoperative. Pilots should disregard any navigation indication, regardless of its
apparent validity, if the particular transmitter was
identified by NOTAM or otherwise as unusable
or inoperative.
1-1-2
NONDIRECTIONAL RADIO
BEACON (NDB)
a. A low or medium frequency radio beacon transmits nondirectional signals whereby the pilot
of an aircraft properly equipped can determine
bearings and “home” on the station. These
facilities normally operate in a frequency band
of 190 to 535 kilohertz (kHz), according to
ICAO Annex 10 the frequency range for NDBs
is between 190 and 1750 kHz, and transmit
a continuous carrier with either 400 or 1020
hertz (Hz) modulation. All radio beacons except
the compass locators transmit a continuous
three-letter identification in code except during
voice transmissions.
b. When a radio beacon is used in conjunction with
the Instrument Landing System markers, it is
called a Compass Locator.
c. Voice transmissions are made on radio beacons
unless the letter “W” (without voice) is included
in the class designator (HW).
d. Radio beacons are subject to disturbances that
may result in erroneous bearing information.
Such disturbances result from such factors
as lightning, precipitation static, etc. At night,
radio beacons are vulnerable to interference
from distant stations. Nearly all disturbances
which affect the Automatic Direction Finder
(ADF) bearing also affect the facility’s identification. Noisy identification usually occurs
when the ADF needle is erratic. Voice, music or
erroneous identification may be heard when a
steady false bearing is being displayed. Since
ADF receivers do not have a “flag” to warn the
pilot when erroneous bearing information is
being displayed, the pilot should continuously
monitor the NDB’s identification.
1-1-3
VHF OMNI-DIRECTIONAL
RANGE (VOR)
a. VORs operate within the 108.0 to 117.95 MHz
frequency band and have a power output necessary to provide coverage within their assigned
operational service volume. They are subject to
line-of-sight restrictions, and the range varies
proportionally to the altitude of the receiving
equipment.
NOTE: Normal service ranges for the various
classes of VORs are given in Navigational Aid
(NAVAID) Service Volumes, paragraph 1-1-8.
b. Most VORs are equipped for voice transmission on the VOR frequency. VORs without voice
capability are indicated by the letter “W” (without
voice) included in the class designator (VORW).
c. The only positive method of identifying a VOR
is by its Morse Code identification or by the
recorded automatic voice identification which is
always indicated by use of the word “VOR” following the range’s name. Reliance on determining the identification of an omnirange should
never be placed on listening to voice transmissions by the Flight Service Station (FSS) (or
approach control facility) involved. Many FSSs
remotely operate several omniranges with different names. In some cases, none of the VORs
have the name of the “parent” FSS. During periods of maintenance, the facility may radiate a
T-E-S-T code
(– • ••• –) or the code may be removed.
d. Voice identification has been added to numerous VORs. The transmission consists of a voice
announcement, “AIRVILLE VOR” alternating
with the usual Morse Code identification.
e. The effectiveness of the VOR depends upon
proper use and adjustment of both ground and
airborne equipment.
1. Accuracy. The accuracy of course alignment of the VOR is excellent, being generally plus or minus 1 degree.
2. Roughness. On some VORs, minor
course roughness may be observed, evidenced by course needle or brief flag
alarm activity (some receivers are more
susceptible to these irregularities than
others). At a few stations, usually in mountainous terrain, the pilot may occasionally
observe a brief course needle oscillation,
similar to the indication of “approaching
station.” Pilots flying over unfamiliar routes
are cautioned to be on the alert for these
© JEPPESEN, 1994, 2008. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
40
RADIO AIDS
22 AUG 08
SECTION 1. NAVIGATION AIDS
TABLE 1-1-5 GPS IFR Equipment Classes/Categories
TSO-C129
Equipment
Class
Int. Nav Sys.
to Prov. RAIM
Equiv.
RAIM
Oceanic
Enroute
Nonprecision
Approach Capable
Terminal
Class A - GPS sensor and navigation capability.
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
A1
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
A2
Class B - GPS sensor data to an integrated navigation system (i.e. FMS, multi-sensor navigation system,
etc.).
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
B1
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
B2
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
B3
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
B4
Class C - GPS sensor data to an integrated navigation system (as in Class B) which provides enhanced
guidance to an autopilot, or flight director, to reduce flight tech. errors. Limited to 14 CFR Part 121 or
equivalent criteria.
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
C1
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
C2
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
C3
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
C4
TABLE 1-1-6 GPS Approval Required/Authorized Use
Equipment
Type1
Hand held4
VFR Panel
Mount4
IFR Enroute
and
Terminal
IFR
Oceanic/
Remote
IFR
Enroute,
Terminal,
and
Approach
Installation
Approval
Required
Operational
Approval
Required
IFR
Enroute2
IFR
Terminal2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
IFR
Approach3
Oceanic
Remote
In Lieu of ADF
and/or DME3
X5
X
X
X
X
1
To determine equipment approvals and limitations, refer to the AFM, AFM supplements, or pilot guides.
2
Requires verification of data for correctness if database is expired.
X
X
3
Requires current database.
4
VFR and hand-held GPS systems are not authorized for IFR navigation, instrument approaches, or as a primary instrument
flight reference. During IFR operations they may be considered only an aid to situational awareness.
5
Hand-held receivers require no approval. However, any aircraft modification to support the hand-held receiver; i.e.,
installation of an external antenna or a permanent mounting bracket, does require approval.
3. The GPS Approach Overlay Program is
an authorization for pilots to use GPS
avionics under IFR for flying designated
nonprecision instrument approach procedures, except LOC, LDA, and simplified directional facility (SDF) procedures.
These procedures are now identified by
the name of the procedure and “or GPS”
(e.g., VOR/DME or GPS RWY 15). Other
previous types of overlays have either been
converted to this format or replaced with
stand-alone procedures. Only approaches
contained in the current onboard navigation database are authorized. The navigation database may contain information
about nonoverlay approach procedures
that is intended to be used to enhance
position orientation, generally by providing
a map, while flying these approaches using
conventional NAVAIDs. This approach
information should not be confused with a
GPS overlay approach (see the receiver
© JEPPESEN, 1994, 2008. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
24 FEB 06
RADIO AIDS
111
DIRECTION FINDING PROCEDURES
Information about Direction Finding Procedures published in this section is extracted from ICAO Annex 10. It is provided for reference use only. The information is generally applicable around the world.
Regional variations may exist.
DIRECTION FINDING PROCEDURES
ICAO AERONAUTICAL
TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDS
— ANNEX 10
6.2
DIRECTION FINDING
INTRODUCTORY NOTES
1. Direction-finding stations work either singly or in
groups of two or more stations under the direction of a main direction-finding station.
2. A direction-finding station working alone can
only determine the direction of an aircraft in relation to itself.
6.2.1
Recommendation — A direction-finding
station working alone should give the following, as
requested:
1. true bearing of the aircraft, using the appropriate
phrase;
of service that is desired by the use of the appropriate phrase.
6.2.5
In radiotelephony, an aircraft station
which requests a bearing shall end the transmission
by repeating its call sign. If the transmission has
been too short for the direction-finding station to obtain a bearing, the aircraft shall give a longer transmission for two periods of the approximately ten seconds, or alternatively provide such other signals as
may be requested by the direction-finding station.
6.2.5.1
In radiotelephony, an aircraft station
which requests a bearing shall end the transmission
by repeating its call sign. If the transmission has
been too short for the direction-finding station to obtain a bearing, the aircraft shall give a longer transmission for two periods of the approximately ten seconds, or alternatively provide such other signals as
may be requested by the direction-finding station.
2. true heading to be steered by the aircraft, with no
wind, to head for the direction-finding station using the appropriate phrase;
NOTE: Certain types of VHF/DF stations require the
provision of a modulated signal (voice transmission)
in order to take a bearing.
3. magnetic bearing of the aircraft, using the appropriate phrase;
6.2.6
When a direction-finding station is not
satisfied with its observation, it shall request the aircraft station to repeat the transmission.
4. magnetic heading to be steered by the aircraft,
with no wind, to make for the station using appropriate phrase.
6.2.2
Recommendation — When direction-finding stations work as a network to determine
the position of an aircraft, the bearing taken by each
station should be sent immediately to the station
controlling the direction-finding network to enable
the position of the aircraft to be determined.
6.2.2.1
Recommendation — The station
controlling the network should, on request, give the
aircraft its position in one of the following ways:
1. position in relation to a point of reference or in
latitude and longitude, using the appropriate
phrase;
6.2.7
When a heading or bearing has been requested, the direction-finding station shall advise the
aircraft station in the following form:
1. the appropriate phrase;
2. bearing or heading in degrees in relation to the
direction-finding station, sent as three figures;
3. class of bearing;
4. time of observation, if necessary.
6.2.8
When a position has been requested, the
direction-finding control station, after plotting all simultaneous observations, shall determine the observed position of the aircraft and shall advise the
aircraft station in the following form:
2. true bearing of the aircraft in relation to the direction-finding station or other specified point using
the appropriate phrase, and its distance from the
direction-finding station or point, using the appropriate phrase;
1. the appropriate phrase;
2. the position;
3. magnetic heading to steer with no wind, to make
for the direction-finding station or other specified
point using the appropriate phrase, and its distance from the direction-finding station or point,
using the appropriate phrase.
6.2.9
As soon as the aircraft station has received the bearing, heading or position it shall repeat back the message for confirmation, or correction.
6.2.3
Aircraft stations shall normally make request for bearings, courses or positions, to the aeronautical station responsible, or to the station controlling the direction-finding network.
6.2.4
To request a bearing, heading or position,
the aircraft station shall call the aeronautical station
or the direction-finding control station on the listening frequency. The aircraft shall then specify the type
3. class of position;
4. time of observation.
6.2.10
When positions are given by bearing or
heading and distance from a known point other than
the station making the report, the reference point
shall an aerodrome, prominent town or geographic
feature. An aerodrome shall be given in preference
to other places. When a large city or town is used as
a reference place, the bearing or heading, and the
distance given shall be measured from its center.
© JEPPESEN SANDERSON, INC. 2006. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
RADIO AIDS
19 MAY 06
121
NAVIGATION AIDS LEGEND
LEGEND
NAVIGATION AIDS
The listings are in alphabetical sequence by country. The following information is provided:
Name
Official name (followed by location name, when different than navaid name).
Ident
Identifier.
Freq.
Frequency. VOR ghost frequency for TACAN or DME.
Class
The following codes are used:
VOR
V
TACAN (channels 17-59 and 70-126)
T
TACAN (channels 1-16 and 60-69)
M
DME
D
Terminal Class
T
High Altitude Class
H
Low Altitude Class
L
Class Unrestricted
U
1
N
Not co-located VOR and TACAN or DME
NDB (2000 watts or more)
H
NDB (50 - 1999 watts)
H
H
NDB (Less than 50 watts)
H
Used as LOM
H
O
M
Used as ILS back course locator
H
C
Locator (no class specified)
H
Marine Beacon
M
L
Voice capability:
Scheduled Weather Broadcast
B
No Voice on navaid frequency
W
(omitted on TACAN and DME facilities)
A
Automatic Transcribed Weather Broadcast
EXAMPLE:
(H) VORDME
V
D
(H) VORTAC
V
T
H
T
H
(H) TACAN
H
(T) VOR
V
T
(HH) NDB (2000 watts or more)
H
H
W
N1
W
1. The letter “N” indicates that the VOR and TACAN or DME facility are separated by at least 6 seconds (one
tenth of a minute) of either longitude or latitude. The TACAN (T) or DME (D) facility class code is included with
the VOR listing and the INS coordinates shown are for the VOR facility. On the line immediately below this
listing the TACAN or DME facility information is listed with the TACAN or DME coordinates. To further highlight
the difference in coordinates TACAN or DME identifier is offset below the VOR identifier.
INS Coordinates
In avionics keyboarding format, latitude and longitude in degrees, minutes and tenths of
minutes.
VAR/Stn Decl
Magnetic variation/station declination.
Elev.
Station elevation, shown only for those navaids with DME capability and if this
information is officially published by State authority.
© JEPPESEN SANDERSON, INC., 1982, 2006. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
14 NOV 08
RADIO AIDS
AU-13
AUSTRALIA – BROADCAST STATIONS
Aviation authorities do not issue NOTAM for broadcast stations. It is possible that the information listed
may be inaccurate. The station identification is the general location of the reception area and is not
necessarily the site of the transmitter. Coordinates shown apply to position of transmitter. Note that
the datum used is not WGS84 but Australian Geodetic Datum 1966 (AGD66). CAUTION: A considerable
number of stations relay broadcasts.
IDENT
STATION
AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY
Canberra
2CN
2RN
Canberra
Canberra
Canberra
2CA
1RPH
Canberra
Canberra
2CC
2PB
Canberra
NEW SOUTH WALES
Albury
Albury
2AY
Armidale
2RN
Armidale
2AD
Bathurst
2BS
Bega
2EC
Bega
2BA
Bourke
2WEB
Bowral
2ST/T
Broken Hill
2BH
Broken Hill
2NB
Byrock
2BY
Cobar
Coffs Harbour
Cooma
Cooma
Corowa
Cumnock
Deniliquin
Dubbo
Glen Innes
Gosford
Goulburn
Goulburn
Grafton
Grafton
Griffith
Gunnedah
Inverell
Kempsey
Kempsey
Lismore
Lithgow
Lithgow (City)
Moree
Mudgee
Murwillumbah
Murwillumbah
2DU/T
2CS
2XL
2CP
2CO
2CR
2QN
2DU
2GL
2RN
2GN
2NR
2GF
2RG
2MO
2NZ
2MC
2KP
2LM
2LT
2LG
2VM
2MG
2ML
2MW
FREQ (KHZ)
PSN LAT LONG
POWER
666
846
1008
1053
1125
1206
1440
S35
S35
S35
S35
S35
S35
S35
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
09
09
15
20
00
09
09
E149
E149
E149
E149
E149
E149
E149
07
07
06
08
07
07
07
21
21
58
53
00
21
21
5k
10k
300
1296
1494
720
1134
1503
765
810
585
1215
567
999
657
972
639
918
1602
675
549
1521
1251
819
801
1098
1368
738
1206
963
1080
1188
531
684
900
900
1395
1530
1449
720
972
S36
S36
S30
S30
S33
S36
S36
S30
S34
S31
S31
S30
S31
S30
S36
S36
S35
S32
S35
S32
S29
S33
S34
S34
S29
S29
S34
S30
S29
S31
S31
S28
S33
S33
S29
S32
S28
S28
03
03
29
32
22
44
42
06
29
56
55
39
31
28
14
13
57
56
37
16
47
19
44
44
29
40
19
59
46
06
00
45
24
29
29
34
14
19
22
22
51
48
22
41
47
09
35
25
48
04
01
19
23
45
26
07
37
21
31
44
50
49
37
01
48
10
27
29
27
57
23
23
08
59
39
39
E146
E146
E151
E151
E149
E149
E149
E145
E150
E141
E141
E146
E145
E153
E149
E149
E146
E148
E144
E148
E151
E151
E149
E149
E153
E152
E146
E150
E151
E152
E152
E153
E150
E150
E149
E149
E153
E153
57
57
39
36
32
56
49
58
23
26
29
25
50
01
08
08
25
42
54
40
45
27
41
41
06
58
07
12
13
49
56
21
06
09
53
34
30
30
48
48
49
07
09
16
10
51
54
36
06
33
07
53
56
08
05
37
42
32
52
53
44
45
51
57
57
41
30
56
50
31
00
35
26
11
37
29
540
5k
2k
5k
2k
2k
50
2k
5k
4k
10k
5k
350
500
2k
10k
300
5k
2k
50
10k
50k
2k
2k
10k
5k
200
2k
50k
5k
5k
2k
2k
5k
10k
5k
5k
200
2k
5k
400
5k
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 2003, 2008. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
31 OCT 08
RADIO AIDS
AU-37
NAVAID LIMITATIONS – AUSTRALIA
This listing provides only those navaids (VOR, DME, TACAN, NDB) where range and/or navaid limitations
are applicable. Navaids are sequenced by their official names. City names are included in parentheses
when different than the navaid name. Distances are nautical miles. Bearings and radials are from the
navaid.
LOCATION
IDENT NAVAID LIMITATIONS
Adelaide, SA
AD
NDB
Range: 130HJ/85HN
Albany, WA
ABA
NDB
Range: 100HJ/60HN, over water
200HJ/110HN.
Albury, NSW
AY
NDB
Range: 65
Alice Springs, NT
NDB
AS
Range: 110HJ/90HN
Amberley, QLD
AMB
NDB
Range: 180HJ/85HN
Andamooka, SA
AMK
NDB
Range: 45
Archerfield (Brisbane), QLD
AF
NDB
Range: 30, excessive bearing
fluctuations between 180° 200°.
Armidale, NSW
ARM
NDB
Range: 35
Ayers Rock, NT
AYE
NDB
Range: 100
Bagot (Darwin), NT
NDB
Range: 50
BGT
Bairnsdale, VIC
NDB
Range: 35
BNS
Balgo Hill, WA
NDB
Range: 70
BGO
Ballarat, VIC
BLT
NDB
Ballidu, WA
BIU
NDB
Ballina, NSW
BNA
NDB
Range: 30
Range: 70
Range: 25; Not suitable for
navigation in sector 300° - 340°.
Bankstown (Sydney), NSW
BK
NDB
Range: 40
Barcaldine, QLD
BAR
NDB
Range: 40
Barrow Island, WA
BWX NDB
Range: 75
Bathurst, NSW
BTH
NDB
Range: 30
Bendigo, VIC
NDB
Range: 60
BDG
Bindook, NSW
BIK
NDB
Range: 50, reduced to 20 below
FL120 in sectors 300° - 020°
and 080° - 130°.
LOCATION
IDENT NAVAID LIMITATIONS
Birdsville, QLD
BDV
NDB
Range: 40
Blackall, QLD
NDB
Range: 40
BCK
Bolinda (Melbourne), VIC
NDB
BOL
Range: 40HJ/30HN
Bordertown, SA
NDB
BOR
Range: 100HJ/75HN
Borroloola, NT
BRL
NDB
Range: 100
Boulia, QLD
NDB
Range: 75
BOU
Bourke, NSW
BKE
NDB
Range: 45
Bowen, QLD
BWN NDB
Range: 35
Brewarrina, NSW
BRW NDB
Range: 55
Broken Hill, NSW
BHI
NDB
Range: 150HJ/85HN
BHI
VOR
Scalloping may occur on final
Rwy 05.
Bromelton, QLD
BML
NDB
Range: 50
Broome, WA
BRM
NDB
Range: 60, over water 110.
Bundaberg, QLD
BUD
NDB
Range: 65HJ/60HN
Burketown, QLD
BKT
NDB
Range: 70
Busselton, WA
BLN
NDB
Range: 50
Cairns, QLD
NDB
Range: 50, over water
CS
160HJ/110HN.
Calga, NSW
NDB
Range: 15, excessive bearing
CAA
fluctuations in sector 170° 030°.
Camden, NSW
NDB
Range: 35, reduced to 15 in
CN
sector 270° - 310°.
Camooweal, QLD
CMW NDB
Range: 80HJ/65HN
Canberra, ACT
NDB
Range: 40
CB
q$z
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