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मानक
Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information
Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to
information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities,
in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority,
and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest
to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of
education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the
timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public.
“जान1 का अ+धकार, जी1 का अ+धकार”
“प0रा1 को छोड न' 5 तरफ”
“The Right to Information, The Right to Live”
“Step Out From the Old to the New”
Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan
Jawaharlal Nehru
IS 8437-2 (1993): Guide on effects of current passing
through human body, Part 2: Special aspects [ETD 20:
Electrical Installation]
“!ान $ एक न' भारत का +नम-ण”
Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda
“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”
“!ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी च0राया नहB जा सकता ह”
है”
ह
Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam
“Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen”
IS 8437 ( Part
IEC Pub 479-2
2 ) : 1993
( 1987 )
( Reaffirmed 2002 )
Indian Standard
GUIDEON EFFECTSOFCURRBNTPASSING
THROUGHTHEHUMANBODY
PART 2
(
UDC
SPECIAL
First Revision )
621-3.014-4 : 616-001~21 : 614.825
0
BUREAU
MANAK
ASPECTS
OF
BHAVAN,
BIS 1993
INDIAN
9
BAHADUK
STANDARDS
SHAH
ZAFAR
MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
July 1993
PriceGroup 8
CONTENTS
CHAPTEK
4: EFFECTS OF ALTERNATING
CURRENT
WITH FREQUENCIES
ABOVE 100 Hz
Clause
1.
General
...
...
.. .
...
2.
Scope
._.
_..
...
...
3.
Definitions
...
...
...
...
4.
Effects of alternating
1 000 Hz
current in the
._.
frequency
range
...
above
100 Hz up to and including
.__
.. .
5.
$eo;;
current
in the
...
frequency
range
...
above
1000 Hz up to and Including
...
.. .
6.
Effects
c&alternating
of alternating
current
in the frequency
CHAPTER
range
above
5: EFFECTS
OF SPECIAL
OF CURRENT
10 000 Hz
2
.
2
WAVEFORMS
1.
General
...
._.
...
...
5
2.
Scope
...
...
...
. ..
5
3.
Definitions
...
-_
...
...
5
4.
Effects
of alternating
current
with d.c. components
.-.
5.
Effects
of alternating
current
with phase
...
...
7
6.
Effects
of alternating
current
with multicycle
_..
...
8
CHAPTER
control
control
6: EFFECTS OF UNIDlRECTIONAL
SINGLE
CURRENTS
OF SHORT DURATION
5
IMPULSE
1.
General
. ..
...
.-.
--.
12
2.
Scope
...
...
...
.. .
12
3.
Definitions
.. .
...
...
...
12
4.
Effects
._
.I.
13
...
...
20
of unidirectional
BIBLIOGRAPHY
NATIONAL
impulse
...
currents
of short
...
duration
FOREWORD
This Indian Standard
(Part 2) which is identical
with IEC Pub 479-2 (1987) issued by the International
Electrotechnical
Commission
(IEC), was adopted by the Bureau of Indian
Standards
on
the recommendation
of the Electrical
Installations
Sectional
Committee
(E 1‘ 20) and approval
of
the Electrotechnical
Division Council.
This guide provides
the basis for fixing requirements
for prelection
again51 electric
shock.
This standard
was originally
brought out in 1977 based on the then studies conducted
world over.
Since then,
consider-able
experience
has been gained the world over on effects of current
of
In view of the universality
of this study conducted
various types and under different
conditions.
( Continued on third cover )
IS 8437 ( Part 2 ) : 1993
IEC Pub 479-2 ( 1987 )
Indian Standard
GUIDEONBPFBCTSOFCURRENTPASSING
THROUGHTHEHUMANBODY
PART
2
SPECIAL
ASPECTS
( First Revision )
CHAPTER 4 : EFFECTS OF ALTERNATING
CURRENT
WITH FREQIJENCIES
ABOVE 100 Hz
1.
General
Electric energy in the form of alternating current of higher frequencies than 50/60 Hz is
increasingly used in modern electrical equipment, for example aircraft (400 Hz), power tool?
and electric welding (mostly up to 450 Hz), electrotherapy (using mostly 4 000 Hz to 5 000 Hz>
switching mode power supplies (20 kHz to 1 MHz).
Little experimental data is available for this chapter, so that the information given herein
should be considered as provisional only but may be used for the evaluation of risks in the
ranges of frequencies concerned (ice bibliography, page 20). Attention is also drawn to the
fact, that the impedance of human skin decreases approximately inversely proportional to the
frequency for touch voltages in the order of some tens of volts, so that the skin impedance
at 500 Hz is only about one tenth of the skin impedance at 50 Hz and may be neglected in
many cases. This hold even more true for higher frequencies. The impedance of the human
body at such frequencies is therefore reduced to its internal impedance Zr (see Chapter I).
2.
Scope
This chapter describes the effects of sinusoidal alternating current
ranges:
- above 100 Hz up to and includjng 1 000 Hz (see Clause 4);
3.
-
above 1 000 Hz up to and including 10 000 Hz (see Clause 5);
-
above 10 000 Hz (see Clause 6).
within
the frequency
Definitions
Fn addition to the definitions
given in Part 1, the following definition applies:
3.1 Frequerlcy factor Fr
Ratio of the threshold
currenr for the relevant physiological
current at SO/60 Hz.
threshold
N~IIP.4.
The
frequency
Effects of alternating
i.ictor
tliR<r\ <or-perception,
let-go and ventricular
effects at the frequency
fibrillation.
current in the frequency range above 100 Hz up to and including
4.1 Thwshdd of perception
F’r the threbhold
4.2
Thi~i~~‘i10l1i
Fdr
of
the
of
pcrccp!ion
cjf
let-go
the frequency factor is given in Figure 9, page 3.
kl-go
thrcsh~~li!
the frequency
factor
1
f to
is given in Figure IO, page 3.
1 000 H7
IS 8437 ( Part 2 ) : 1993
IEC Pub 479-2 ( 1987 )
4.3
Threshold of ventricular fibrillation
For shock-durations
longer than the cardiac cycle, the frequency
of fibrillation
for longitudinal
current
paths
through
the trunk
Figure 11. page 4.
For shock-durations
5.
Effects of
10 000 Hz
shorter
alternating
current
than the cardiac
in
the
cycle no expzrimentai
frequency
factor for the threshold
of the body is given in
data
range
above 1 000
Hz
factor
is given in Figure
is available.
up to aud including
5.1 Threshold of perception
For the threshold
of perception
the frequency
12, page 4.
5.2 Threshold of let-go
For the threshold
of let-go
the frequency
factor
is given in Figure
13, page 4.
5.3 Threshold of ventricular jibrillation
Under
consideration.
6.
Effects of alternating
6.1
Threshold o.f perception
current in the frequency range above 10 000 Hz
For frequencies
between
to 100 mA (r.m.s. values).
.
6.2
For frequencies
above 100 kHz the tingling
sensation
lower frequencies
changes into a sensation
of warmth
some hundred milliamperes.
from
10 mA
characteristic
for the perception
for current intensities
in the order
at
of
100 kHz there
of let-go.
is neither
experimental
data
nor
reported
incidents
is neither experimental
fibrillation.
data
nor
reported
incidents
Threshold of ventricular Jibrillation
For frequencies
above
concerning
the threshold
6.4
rises approximately
Threshold of let-go
For frequencies
above
concerning
the threshold
6.3
10 kHz and 100 kHz the threshold
100 kHz there
of ventricular
Other effects
Burns may occur at frequencies
amperes depending
on the duration
above 100 kHz and current
of the current flow.
2
magnitudes
in the
order
ol
.
IS 8437 ( Part 2 ) : 1993
IEC Pub 479-2 ( 1987 )
2.0
t
5
c
3
18
300
200
Frequency f _
500
.’
FIG. 9.-
Variation
of the threshold
100
FIG. 10. -
Variation
of the threshold
of perception
within
the frequency
200
300
Frequency f _
of let-go
within
3
range
50160 Hz to 1 000 Hz.
500
the frequency
range
50/60 Hz to 1 000 Hz.
BS 8437 ( Part 2 ) : 1993
PEC Pub 479-2 ( 1987 )
50160
100
300
1000 Hz
FY!quency f -
FIG. 11. -
Variation
of the threshold
of ventricular
fibrillation
60 Hz to 1000 Hz, shock-durations
longer than
one
current paths through
the trunk of the body.
Note. -- For shock-durations
shorter
than one heart period,
within the frequency
range 50/
heart
period
and longitudinal
other curves arc under
c@;:jiderstion
150
100
t
50
Lcp
5
;j
,m
;
10
?!
ZT
LL
5
1
;
FIG.
12. -
2
3
5
Frequency f W
10 kHt
Variation
of the threshold
of perception
~lthin
the frequency
range
1 000 Hz to 10 000 Hz.
FIG.
13. -
Variation
of the threAold
within the frequency
range
to 10 000 Hz.
of’ let-go
1 000 Hz
IS 8437 ( Part 2 ) : 1993
IEC Pub 479-2 ( 1987 )
CHAPTER
1.
5: EFFECTS
OF SPECIAL
WAVEFORMS
OF CURRENT
General
The increasing
interest in special waveforms
of current
derived from alternating
current
and direct current
is evidenced
by the rising number of applications
of electronic
controls
causing
such types of current
particularly
in the case of an insulation
fault. This holds
true also for equipment
using
alternating
currents
with phase control
and multicycle
control.
As is to be expected the effects of such currents
on the human
caused by direct and by alternating
current; therefore
equivalent
regard to ventricular
fibrillation
can be established.
2.
body are between
current
magnitudes
those
with
Scope
This chapter
describes
alternating
sinusoidal
current
with d.c. components,
-_ alternating
sinusoidal
current
with phase
--
sinusoidal
current
with multicycle
-
alternating
the effects
of current
passing
through
the human
body
for:
control,
control.
Xolc. - Other I\ :~\cI‘orms are under consideration.
The information
up to 100 Hz.
3.
given
is deemed
applicable
for alternating
current
frequencies
from
15 Hr
Definitions
In addition
this chapter.
to the definiiions
given in Part
I, the following
ones apply
for the purpose
of
3. I Phase control
The process
or varying
the instant
3.2 Phase control angle (current
delay
The time expressed
in angular
is delayed by phase control.
3.3
the cycle
at which
current
conduction
the starting
instant
of current
begins.
angle)
measure
by which
conducticli:
Multicycle con trot
The process
to the number
3.4
within
Multicycle
of varying the ratio of the number of cycles which
of cycles in which no current conduction
occurs.
controlfactor
Effects of alternating
4.1
Waveforms and freguemies
current
conduction
p
The ratio between the number of conducting
cycles and ihe
conducting
cycles in the case of multicycle
control (see Figure
4.
include
sum of conducting
17, page 10).
and
non-
current with d.c. components
Figure 14, page 9, shows typical waveforms
which are dealt
and pure a.~. are represented
as well as combined
waveforms
The following
current magnitudes
have to be distinguished:
5
with in this clause. Pure d.c.
of various ratios a.~. to d.c.
IS 8437 ( Part 2 ) : 1993
JEC Pub 479-2 ( 1987 )
I rms = r.m.s. value of the current
Z,
of the resultant
waveform.
= peak value of the current of the resultant waveform,
I [ID = peak-to-peak
value of the current of the resultant waveform,
I er = r.m.s. value of a sinusoidal current presenting
fibrillation as the waveform concerned.
Note. - The current
ventricular
lev is used instead
of the current
In in
the same risk as regards ventricular
Figure 5 of ChapLcr 1 to estimate
thy
risk
of
fibrillation.
4.2 Threshold of perception
The threshold of perception depends on several parameters such as the area of the body in
contact with an electrode (contact area), the conditions of contact (dry, wet, pressure,
temperature) and also on physiological characteristics
of the individual.
Values for the threshold
4.3.
of perception
are under consideration.
Threshold of let-go
The threshold of let-go depends on several parameters, such as the contact area, the shape
and size of the electrodes and also on the physiological characteristics
of the individual.
Values for the threshold
of let-go are under consideration.
4.4 Threshold of ventricular fibrillation
4.4.1
Waveforms consisting of speciJic ratios of alternating to direct
The fibrillation hazard may be taken as being approximately
alternating current Zev having the following characteristics:
the same as with an equivalent
a)
For shock durations longer than approximately
1.5 times the period of the cardiac cycle,
Z,, is the r.m.s. value of a current having the same peak-to-peak value I,,, as the current
of the waveform concerned:
b)
For shock durations shorter than approximately
0.75 times the period of the cardiac
cycle, Zev is the r.m.s. value of a current having the same peak value I,, as the current of
the waveform concerned:
Note. -
c)
This correlation
is the less applicable the smaller the ratio a.c. to d.c. becomes. For pure d.c.
shocks of duration less than 0.1 s the threshold is equal lo Ihe corresponding
~.m.s. calue of the
alternating current (see Figure 5 and Figure 8 in Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 respectively).
In the duration
range from 0.75 to 1.5 times the period of the cardiac
amplitude parameter changes from peak value to peak-to-peak value.
Note. -The
4.4.2
current
details of the nature of the transition
that take3 place are subject
tcr t‘urthcr
cycle the
studies
Examples of rectified alternating current
Figure 15, page 9, shows the waveforms for half wave and full wave rectification.
these waveforms the peak value of the current is identical with its peak-to-peak value.
6
For
IS 8437 ( Part 2 ) : 1993
IEC Pub 479-2 ( 1987 )
The equivalent
a)
alternating
For durations
Hence
I rm8 by:
longer
than
current
I,, is determined:
1.5 times the period
for half wave rectification
I ev is related
I,,
and for full wave rectification
b)
For duration
Hence
I rms by:
shorter
to the r.m.s.
cycle by.
value
of the
rectified
current
I rm6
= __
JT-
by:
than 0.75 times
for half wave rectification
the period
leV is related
I(,,
and for full wave rectification
of the cardiac
=
d\/z
of the cardiac
to the
r.m.s.
cycle:
value
of the
rectified
current
I,ms
by:
1,” = &Is
5.
Effects of alternating
5.1
Waveforms
Figure
5.2
Threshold
current with phase control
and frequencies
16, page
10, show5 the wavefc)rms
of perception
As described
parameters.
and threshold
in the prcccdin
for symmetrical
and asymmetrical
control.
qf’ let-go
g Sub-clauses
4.2 and 4.3, these thresholds
depend
on different
The effect of the current
in producing
sensation
or inhibiting
let-go is about equal to a
pure a.c. with the same peak value Z,,. For phase control angles above 120’ the peak values
increase as a consequence
of the decreasing
duration
of the current flow.
5.3
Threshold
of ventricularfibrilirrtio1l
The thresholds
5.3.1
Symmetrical
differ for symmetrical
and asymmetrical
waveforms.
cotitrol
The fibrillation
hazard m~ty be taken as being approximately
alternating
current I,, having the following
characteristics:
(I)
the same
as with
equivalent
for shock-durations
longer than approximately
1.5 times the period of the cardiac
I,, has the same r.m.s. value ns the current of the relevant waveform
concerned;
7
cycle,
1s 8437 ( Part 2 ) : 1993
IEC Pub 479-2 ( 1987 )
b)
Note. -
For phase control
angles above 1’0” ;. rise of the
Note. - 7‘11~details of the nature of the transitloll
5.3.2
thresho!d
in the duration
range from 0.75 to 1.5 times the
amplitude
parameter
changes from peak to r.m.s. value.
c)
of fibrillation
period
to
CXPCC~~~~.
cardiac
further
cycle,
the
studic\.
Asymmetrical control
for shock-durations
Under consideration.
b)
for shock-durations
shorter than approximately
0.75 times the period of the cardiac cycle,
lev is the r.m.s. value of a current
having the same peak value as the current
of the
relevant waveform concerned.
2. -
For phase control
Currents
caused by
6.
Effects of alternating
6.1
Wavejbrms c nd frequencies
Figure
longer
17, page
than
approximately
the same as with an cquivatent
0)
Notes I. -
1.5 times
the perio,.! of the
angles above 1?Oo :I rise of the thl-csho!d of fibrillation
:~symnletrical
control
current with multicycle
IO, shows the waveforms
(see IEV 55l-Oj-19)*
cardiac
cycie:
is to be expected.
may ;~iho have d.c. componc:?!?.
control
for a
degree
ofpower
ccntrol
of p = 0.67.
Threshold of perception and threshold of let-go
As described in the preceding
different parameters.
The threshold
6.3
is to bc
of the
lhat takes plac L .!re s:lbjzct
The fibrillation
hazard may be taken as being approximately
alternating
current l,, havtng the following characteristics:
6.2
the period of the cardiac
value as the current of the
for shock-durations
shorter than approximately
0.75 times
cycle, I,, is the r.m s. value of a current having the same peak
relevant waveform concerned;
of perception
Sub-clauses
4.2, 4 3, 5.2 and
and threshold
of let-go
5.3, these thresholds
are under
depend
on
consideration.
Threshold of ventricularfibrillatiotl
Depending
on the duration of shock and on the degree of power control nltcrnating
currents
with multicycle
control are equally or less dangerous
than a.c. of the same shock duration and
current magnitude.
Figure 18, page 11, shows the threshold
various degrees of power control.
6.3.1
ventricular
fibrillation
measured
on pigs
for
For shock-durations
longer than approximately
1.5 times the period
of the cardiac
cycle, the
threshold
depends on the degree of power control p. For p neat unity it has the snmc r.m.s.
value as a sinusoidal
alternating
current of the same duration.
For p near 0.1 the 1.111,s. value
of the current during current conduction
f , rms is the same as the threshold
for alternating
current of a duration
below 0.75 times the period of the cardiac
c!-s]c.
Note. -
6.3.2
of
For intermediate
values of p, the fibrillation threshold
of Part 1 to the high level indicated for shock-durations
rises from lhc ‘OM.level ~IIOMii in
below 0.1 s.
For shock-durations
shorter than approximately
0.75 times
the r.m.s.
value of the current
during current
conduction
sinusoidal
alternating
current of the same duration.
I-C~LI~C
j
the period of the cardiac cycle
I 1 rms is the same as that for :L
-___
*IEC Publication
SO (551): InternatIonal
El~ctr~)techical
8
VocahLllary
(IEV), Chap~cr 551: JJO\\~, t.lcc,rc ,:!_,>
IS 8437 ( Part 2 ) : 1993
IEC Pub 479-2 ( 1981 j
*
I
t
0
‘PP
‘P
I
1
‘PP
‘P
I
FIG. 14. -- Waveforms
of currents.
a) half wave rectification
h) full wave rectification
FIG.
15. -
Waveforms
of rectified
9
alternating
currents.
1s 8437 ( Pact 2 ) : 1993
JEC Pob 479-2 ( 1987 )
u) symmetrical
control
a - 150”
0160~
b) asymmetrical
control
u - 60°
FIG. 16. -
Waveforms
IS = conducting
17. -
I ,rm8
=
Note. -
Waveforms
JTI,
currents with phase control.
tx + tp = working
time
tp = non-conducting
FIG.
of alternating
period
p = degree of power
time
of alternating
currents
= r. m. s. value of current
with multicycle
control.
during current conduction
Ji ~JDSis not IO be confused with the r. m. s. value
working period I? rms - 11 TDIRd\/.
10
control
of current
dnring
IS 8437 ( Part 2 ) : 1993
IEC Pub 479-2 ( 1967 )
0.1
1
0.1
*FIG. 18. -
Threshold
of ventricular
fibrillation (average values) for alternating
current
multicycle control for various degrees of power control (results of experimentc
young pigs).
Note. - Body current IS rms is the r. m. s.
value
11
of the current
during
current
with
with
co~..!:~sclon li rms_
IS 8437 ( Part 2 ) : 1993
IEC Pub 479-2 ( 1987 )
CHAPTER
1.
6: EFFECTS OF UNIDIRECTIONAL
SINGLE
CURRENT OF SHORT DURATION
1MPULSE
General
Unidirectional
single impulse currents
of short duration
in the form of rectangular
and
sinusoidal
impulses
or capacitor
discharges
may be a source of danger in the caEe of an
insulation
fault of an electric appliance
containing
electronic
components
or when touching
iive parts of such equipment.
It is therefore important
to eptablish the danger limits for these
types of currents.
For a shock-duration
of 10 ms the effects described
in this chapter
correspond
to those
given in Chapters 2 to 5 so that IEC Publication479covers
the whole range of shock-duration5
from 0.1 ms to 10 s for nearly all current waveforms
which are of technical
interest.
The
content of this chapter is based on the assumption
derived from scientific
research
that the
principal
factor for the initiation
of ventricular
fibrillation
for the various forms of unidirectional impulse
currents
is the If or the Ist value as for shocks of up to 10 mi; duration
(see
Bibliography,
page 20).
2.
Scope
This chapter describes the effects of current passing through the human body in the form
of single unidirectional
rectangular
impulses, sinusoidal
impulses and impulses
resulting fro171
capacitor
Note. -
dtscharges.
The effects of sequences
of impulses
The values specified are deemed
and including
10 ms. For impulse
Chapter 2 apply.
3.
to be applicable
durations
longer
for impulse durations
from 0.1 ms up to
than 10 ms the values given in Figure 5 of
Definitions
In addition
to the definitions
purpose of this chapter:
3.1
arc under consideration.
Specific jibrillathg
given in Chapters
2 to 5, the following
ones
apply
for the
energy Fe (Ws/O or ‘42s)
The minimum
1st value of a unidirectional
impulse
of short duration
which under given
conditions
(current-path,
heart-phase)
causes ventricular
fibrillation
with a certain probability.
NOIP. - FP is determined
by the folm of the impulse as the integral
II
,.
Fe multiplied
3.2
by the body resistance
gives the energy dissipated
in the human body during the impulse.
SpeciJic f’ibr’illaiing charge F,(C or As)
The minimum
It value of a unidirectional
impulse of short duration
which under given
conditions
(current-path,
heart-phase)
causes ventricular fibrillation with a certain probability.
N~JI~. - Fq is determined
by the form of the impulse as the integral
J
idl.
0
12
IS 8437 ( Part 2 ) : 1993
IEC Pub 479-2 ( 1987 )
3.3
Time constant
The time required for the amplitude
to i
3.4
of an exponentially
decaying field quantity
0.3679 times an initial amplitude (IEV 801-Ol-44).*
=
Shock-duration of a capacitor discharge (t,)
The time interval from the beginning of the discharge to the time when
current has fallen to 5% of its peak value.
is given by T the shock-duration
Note. - When the time constant of the capacitordischarge
discharge is eqrlal to 3T. During the shock-duration
cnergp of the impulse is dissipated.
3.5
of the capacitor
discharge
the discharge
of the capacitor
practically all the
Threshold of percep t ion
The minimum value for the charge of electricity which under given conditions
sensation to the person through whom it is flowing.
3.6
to decrease
causes any
Threshold of pain
The maximum value of charge (It) or specific energy (1st) that can be applied as an impulse
to a person holding a large electrode in the hand without causing pain.
3.1
Pain
An unpleasant experience
submitted to it.
Note. -
4.
such that it is not readily accepted
Examples are an electric shock above the threshold
of a bee or burn of a cigarette.
a second time by the subject
of pain described
in Sub-clause
4.3, the sting
Effects of unidirectional impulse currents of short duration
4.1 Waveforms
Figure 19, page 17, shows the forms
impulses and for capacitor discharges.
distinguished:
[DC
magnitude
=
of currents
for rectangular
impulses, sinusoidal
The following current magnitudes have to be
of the current of the rectangular
impulse,
ZAGrms= r.m.s. value of the current of the sinusoidal impulse,
ZAC(P)
ZCrms
=
peak value of the current of the sinusoidal impulse,
=
r.m.s.
Z0 (11)
= peak value of the capacitor
value
of the current of the capacitor
of 3 T,
discharge.
xole. - If UCis the voltage of the capacitor
and RI the initial body resistance,
discharge for 11 duration
at the beginning
It(p) is determined
of the discharge
by:
through
the human
body
UC
IC(P) = -tijfy
4.2
Determination of specijc jibrillating energy FC
The specific fibrillating Fe for the different forms of impulses dealt with in this chal?tcr, is
determined:
a)
For rectangular
b)
For
sinusoidal
*JEC: Publication
Electroacoustics.
impulses by F, = ZDcPti
impulses
by Fe = 2-~A&)
50 (801): International
tl
Eicclrotechnical
13
=
Z\C’rmsfi
Vocabulary
(IEV),
Ch;tp(cr
801: Acoustic\
:tr, i
IS 8437 ( Part 2 ) : 1993
IEC Pub 479-2 ( 1987 )
c)
For a capacitor
discharge
T by
with a time-constant
F, -
&,,
-;
= I&&l
Figure 20, page 17, compares
the current magnitudes
for rectangular
impulses,
sinusoidal
impulses
and a capacitor
discharge
with the time constant
T having
the same specific
fibrillating
energy F, and the same shock-duration
tl. In this case the following relationships
exist:
I
Note. - The relationship
IUCP~
ZUC = -7
IS derived
46
as follows:
cc
Fe = r,‘(P)
e
--21
Tdt=
I,,2,p)
f
0
1,. rms
4.3
Tffreshold
of
perception
= IIW =
l,.(P)
&
and threshold of pain .for crrl.‘acito~discharge
The thresholds depend on the form of the electrodes,
on the charge of the impulse and on its
peak current
value. Figure 21, page 18, shows the threshold
of perception
and the threshold
of pain as a function
of the charge and the charging voltage of the capacitor
for a person
holding large electrodes
with dry hands.
The threshold
of pain in terms of specific energy is in the order
current paths through the extremities
and large contact areas.
4.4
of 50 to IOO~lO-‘I A% fol
Threshold of ventricular fibrillation
The threshold
of ventricular
fibrillation
depends on the form, duration
and magnitude
the current of the impulse, the heart phase in which the impulse starts, the current
path
the human body and on the physiological
characteristics
of the person.
Experiments
-
on animals
of
in
show:
that for impulses of short duration
impulse falls within the vulnerable
-. that the specific fibrillating
charge
initiation
of ventricular
fibrillation
than IO ms.
ventricular
fibrillation
in general
period of the cardiac cycle;
F, or the specific
for unidirectional
results
only
if the
fibnllating
energy F(> determines
the
impulses for shock-durations
shorter
Thresholds
for ventricular
fibrillation
are shown in Figure 22, page 19. For 50% probability
of fibrillation,
F, 1s of the order of 0.005 As and FC rises from about 0.01 A+, at an impulse
duration
ti = 4 ms to 0.02 A% for ti = 1 ms.
In order to explain the practical
application
of the relationships
described
in
two examples
are given. The first example deals with a capacitor
discharge
constant
of T = 1 ms and a shock-duration
t,=3 T = 3 ms and is within the
part. In the second example,
the time constant
is T = 10 ms, i.e. ti = 30 ms
that the limits for ventricular
fibrillation
are those given in Figure 5 of Chapter
14
this chapter,
with a time
scope of tbia
which mean>
2.
IS 8437 ( Part 2 ) : 1993
IEC Pub 479-2 ( 1987 )
Example
1
Effects
of capacitor
Capacitor
C =
Current-path:
discharge
on the human
1 pF, charging
hand-foot,
Specific
fibrillating
Effects
of shocks:
10 V, 100 V, 1 000 V and IO 000 V.
body resistance
1 ms, i.e. shock-duration
T -
Time constant
initial
voltages
body:
energy
Fe =
Pcrmstl z
assumed
to be R, =
1 000 a.*
ti = 3 T = 3 ms.
%
.
I
,--
Charging
_____
voltage
~~__.
UC (VI
Discharge current
Peak value Iclp) (A)
I -~---
-__-
Discharge
10
100
0.01
0.1
1 000
10000
1
/
--
‘O
____~_.~
current
Icrms = -$z$
Specific charge
Fq (As)
~-__
Discharge
-I
energy WC (Ws)
Specific fibrillating
energy Fe
(RI= I OOOa) (A%)
Physiological
effects
0.048.
10-s
slight
4.8.
10-G
1 disagreeable
I
/
I
I
/
I
0.48
pinfu
10”
1
1
i
I
I
*The value of RI of 1 000 fi has been arbitrarily chosen for the purpose
the value of Ri for 5% percentile rank of Clause 6 of Chapter 1.
of this example.
Not
4s
IO-3
VL’II~L
icrslar
fibrillation
Iikcly
to bc confused
with
I
1s 8437(Part 2):1993
JEC Pub 479-2 ( 1987 )
Example
2
Effects
of capacitor
Capacitor
C = 20 rP,
Current-path:
Time
hand-trunk
T =
constant
Effects
discharge
charging
on the human
voltage
of body,
initial
body:
10 V, 100 V, 1 000 V and 10 000 V.
body resistance
IO ms, i.e. shock-duration
assumed
to be RI = 5OOQ.*
tl = 3 T = 30 ms.**
of shocks:
Charging
vo!tagc
UC:
(V)
r
Discharge current
Yenk ~v~luc Ir ;;,) (A)
10
100
I 000
0.02
0.2
2
0.008
0.08
-_
Discharge current
r.111.s. value (A)
It’(s)
1,
,mr
=-=
\/
Spccilic ch,irg:
Discharp
(1
0.2
F,, (As)**
energy
WI
I
10-S
2
PhysioIogic.ti
enc‘rgy
10-J
‘0
--
Specilic fibrillatin<
Fe (A’s)**
20.
0.1
I . 10-z
(Ws)
1o-3
slight
-
painful
tor:
I 000
I----
-
-
elfccts
200
dangerou\,
but ventricular
fibrillation
unlikely
dangerous, and
ventricular
fibrillation
likely
-
*Il~c \L~I~~cof RI of 5OOQ has been arbitrarily chosen for the purpose of this example. Not to bc confuhcd with
the V~ILIC of Ri for the 5% percentile rank of Clause 6 of Chapter 1.
:*A\ IIIC shock dulntion ti is longer than 10 ms, fibrillation thresho!ds are to be taken from Figure 5 in Chapter 2.
IS 8437 ( Part 2 ) : 1993
IEC Pub 479-2 ( 1987 )
FIG. 19. -
of current
discharges.
Forms
for
rectangular
I-b-
FIG. 20. -
Rectangular
specific
impulse,
fibrillating
t,=3T
impulses,
sinusoidal
impulses and for capacitor
---i
sinusoidal impulse and capacitor
and the same shock-duration.
energy
17
discharge
hn\,inp
the
smn1:
IS ‘8437 ( Part 2 ) : 1993
IEC<Pub 479-2 ( 1987 )
..
1
0.8
0.6
0.2
0.1
Chargmg mltage
FIG.
21. -
Threshold of perception
large contact areas).
Zone A: Threshold
Note. -
1ooov
100
10
1
and threshold
of perception.
UC e
of pain for capacitor
Curve B: Typical threshold
The diagonal axes are scaled for capacitance
the co-ordinates
for charging voltage and
impulse can be read on the appropriate
axes.
18
discharges
(dry hands,
of pain.
(C) and energy (WI. From the interssction
01
capacitance
the charge and the energy of the
IS 8437 ( Part 2 ) : 1993
PEC Pub 479-2 ( 1987 )
02
01
100
10 ooo
1000
@oh
FIG. 22. -
Threshold
of venticular
curwlr
IO
,m,
mA
-a-
fibrillation.
The curves indicate
the probability
left hand to feet. For other current
of fibrillation
risks for current flowing in the path
paths, see Clause 5 and Table 111 cf Chapter 2.
no fibrillation,
below
C,:
above
C1 up to C,: low risk of fibrillation
above
C, up to C,: average
above
C,:
( up to 5%
risk of fibrillation
high risk of fibrillation
probability),
(up to 50% probability),
(more
than
19
500/ probability).
IS 8437 ( Part 2 ) : 1993
IEC Pub 479-2 ( 1987 )
BIBLIOGRAPHY*
CHAPTER 4
on perception
currents.
Electrical
1. Dalziel, C.F. and T.H. Mansfield: Effect of frequency
Engineering. 69: 794-800 (Sept. !950), AIEE Transactions, 69: pp. 1162-l 168 (1950).
2. Dalziel, CF., E. Odgen and C.E. Abott: Effect of frequency on /et-go currents. AIEE Tran5actions (Electrical Engineering), 62: pp. 745-750 (Dec. 1943).
3. Geddes, L.A., LE. Baker. P. Cabler and Brittain: Response to passage of sinusoidal currcrr/
through the hod-v. Journal of the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentaticjn,
Vol. 5 (1971), No. 1. pp. 13-18.
4. Weirich, J., St. Hohnloser and H, Antoni: Factors determining the susceptibility> of the isolated
guinea pig heart to ventricular jibrillation induced by sinusoidal alternating curreat at freqz1rncie.c
fim2
1
to
I
000
Hz.
Basic Res. Cardiol. Vol. 78. No. 6 (1983), pp. 604-616.
CHAPTER 5
G.G.: Fibrillating Parameters of direct and alternaring (20 Hz) currents separtrtel~~
and in combination. Conference Paper IEEE, No. C 72-247-O (1972).
1. Knickerbocker.
2.
Jacobsen. J., S. Buntenkotter und H.J. Reinhard: Experimentelle Untersuchungen un Schw.einen
zur Frage der Mortalitat durch sinusformige, phasenangeschnittene sowie gleichgerichtete elektrischeStrome. Biomedizinische Technik. Vol. 20 (1975), No. 3, p. 99.
K.: Die Gefahrdung durch schwingunsgpaketartig gesteuerte elektrische Strome. Institut
Erforschung elektrischer Unfalle, Berufsgenossenschaft
der Feinmechanik
und Elektrotechnik, Koln. Medizinisch-Technischer
Bericht 1976.
3. Reinhold,
ZLU
CHAPTER 6
G., E. Homberger: Uber die Wirkungen van unipolaren Impulsstromen
1. Biegelmeier,
menschlichen Korper. BuII. ASE/UCS 73 (1982) 18, S. 958-967.
The efSect of unipolar current pulses on the human body. Johns Hopkins University,
Physics Laboratory,
Laurel, Maryland
3
-.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Applied
20707, 1983.
.E#ets des courants d’impulsions unipolaires sur le corps humain. Bull.
2.
auf den
ASEjUCS Vol. 74 (1983),
n”22, p. 1298.
Stauss. 0.: Die Wirkungen yen Kondensatorentladungen
auf
den
menschlichen
Korper.
Elektrizitatswirtschaft
(1934), H. 23, S. 508.
Kouwenhoven.
W.B.: _Ejfects of capacitor discharges on the heart. Trans. Amer. Inst. Electr.
Eng., No. 56-6 (1956).
Peleska, B.: Cardiac arrhythmias following condenser discharges and dependence upon strength OJ
current and phase of cardiac cycle. Circulation
research, Vol. XIII, July 1963, p. 21-3 I.
peleska, B.: Cardiac arrhythmias following condenser discharges led through an inductance.
Circulation research, Vol. XVI, January 1965. p. 11-18.
Dalziel, Ch. F.: A study of the hazards of impulse curwnts. AIEE-Transactions.
Part III, Power
Apparatus and Systems, Vol. 72, 1953, p. 1032-1043.
Green, H.L:. J. Ross and P. Kurn: Danger levels of short electrical shocks from 50 Hz suppl~~.
international
conference Divetech. 1981, London.
Kounxznhoven.
W.B., G.G. Knickerbocker,
R.W. Chesnut, W.R. Miinor and D.J. Sass: ,4-c’
.&o&s 011varying parameters @“ecting the heart. Trans. Amer. Inst. Electr. Eng., Part 1, Bd. 78
Q1959), s. l63-165.
( Continuedfiom
second corer )
nnder lEC/TC 64 tn which the lndian
National
Committee
actively
participated,
the Technical
Committee
under ETD responsible
for this standard
has decided to revise IS : 8437 in line with the
latest IEC Pub on the subject.
The test of IEC Pub 479-2 has been
publication
as Indian
Standard,
to serve
standard
together with Part 2 corresponding
CROSS
considered
and approved
by ET 20 as suitable
for
as a revision
of IS : 8437. It has been agreed that this
to IEC 479-2 would together
replace IS : 8437 : 1977.
REFERENCES
In this Indian
respective
place
Standard,
the
the following:
following
International
International Stundard
IEC 50(55 l)( 1982) : International
technical
Vocabulary
(IEV),
551 : Power Electronics
--_
_..~~_
are
referred
to
read
in then
Corresponding Indian Standard
(Identical)
ElectroChapter
IEC 50(801)( 1984) : International
Electrotechnical
Vocabulary
(IEV),
Chapter
801 : Acoustics and Electroacoustics
--
Standards
..~__ _.___
IS : 1885 (Part 27) : 1992
Electrotechnical
Vocabulary
: Part 27
Power electronics
(under print)
IS : I885 (Part 3/Set 2) : 1966 Electrotechnical
Vocabulary
: Part 3 Acoustics,
Section 2
Acoustical
and electroacoustical
systems
___-
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