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Urinary
bladder
Pubic
symphysis
Root of
penis
Rectum
Ampulla of ductus deferens
Seminal vesicle
Ejaculatory duct
Ductus (vas) deferens
Shaft of penis
Corpus cavernosum
Corpus spongiosum
Epididymis
Glans of penis
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral
gland
Bulbospongiosus
muscle
Urethra
Prepuce
Testis
Scrotum
1 (a) Sagittal section
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Location of pubic
symphysis
Perineal raphe
Urogenital triangle
Location of
coccyx
Anal triangle
Location of ischial
tuberosity
Anus
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Spermatic
cord
Spermatic cord
Blood vessels
and nerves
Ductus deferens
Head of
epididymis
Head of
epididymis
Ductus
deferens
Testis, covered
by tunica
albuginea
Efferent
ductule
Seminiferous
tubule
Rete testis
Body of
epididymis
Lobule
Septum
Tunica
vaginalis
Tail of epididymis
Tunica
albuginea
Scrotum
(folded down)
Tail of
epididymis
(a)
2 cm
(b)
a: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer
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Pelvic cavity
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37°C
Testicular artery
Pampiniform plexus
Blood flow
Blood flow
External inguinal ring
Spermatic cord:
Cremaster muscle
Testicular artery
Ductus deferens
Pampiniform plexus
Epididymis
Tunica vaginalis
Testis
Fascia of spermatic cord
Superficial fascia of penis
Deep fascia of penis
Heat transfer
Prepuce (foreskin)
Glans
Arterial blood cools
as it descends
Median septum of scrotum
Venous blood carries
away heat as it ascends
Cremaster muscle
Dartos muscle
Scrotal skin
Key
35°C
Testis
Warmest
blood
Coolest
blood
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+
Hypothalamus
+
Libido
1 GnRH
Secondary
sex organs
Secondary sex
characteristics
+
+
1 GnRH from hypothalamus stimulates the
anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH.
Pituitary gland
5
5 Testosterone also stimulates the
libido and the development of
secondary sex organs and
characteristics.
6
2 FSH stimulates sustentacular
cells to secrete androgen-binding
protein (ABP).
LH
6 Testosterone has negative
feedback effects that reduce GnRH
secretion and pituitary sensitivity
to GnRH.
7
Inhibin
FSH
7 Sustentacular cells also secrete
inhibin, which selectively inhibits
FSH secretion and thus reduces
sperm production without reducing
testosterone secretion.
3 LH stimulates interstitial cells to
secrete testosterone (androgen).
2
+
Key
+
Sustentacular
cells
Testis
4 In the presence of ABP,
testosterone stimulates
spermatogenesis.
+
Testosterone
4
Stimulation
Inhibition
+
ABP
Spermatogenesis
+
Interstitial
cells
3
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V isual,
mental,
and other
stimuli
Stimulation
of genital
region,
especially
glans
Internal
pudendal
nerve
Pelvic nerve
Spinal cord (sacral)
Efferent
parasympathetic
signals
Excitement
Deep artery of penis dilates; erectile
tissues engorge with blood; penis
becomes erect
Trabecular muscle of erectile tissues
relaxes; allows engorgement of
erectile tissues; penis become erect
Uterine tube
Bulbourethral gland secretes
bulbourethral fluid
Fimbriae
Ovary
Vesicouterine
pouch
Rectouterine
pouch
Posterior fornix
Orgasm— emission stage
Round ligament
Uterus
Ductus deferens exhibits peristalsis;
sperm are moved into ampulla; ampulla
contracts; sperm are moved into urethra
Prostate secretes components of the
seminal fluid
Spinal cord (L1–L2)
Efferent
sympathetic
signals
Peritoneum
Seminal vesicles secrete components of
the seminal fluid
Urinary bladder
Cervix of uterus
Pubic symphysis
Semen in urethra
Orgasm — expulsion stage
Efferent
sympathetic
signals
Prostate releases additional secretion
Efferent
somatic
signals
Urethra
Rectum
Clitoris
Anus
Prepuce
Seminal vesicles release additional
secretion
Vaginal rugae
Labium minus
Internal urethral sphincter contracts;
urine is retained in bladder
Spinal cord (L1–S4)
Anterior fornix
Mons pubis
Afferent
signals
Vaginal orifice
Labium majus
Bulbocavernosus muscle contracts, and
rhythmically compresses bulb and root of
penis; semen is expelled (ejaculation
occurs)
Resolution
Internal pudendal artery constricts;
reduces blood flow into penis
Trabecular muscles contract;
squeeze blood from erectile tissues
Spinal cord (L1–L2)
Efferent
sympathetic
signals
Penis becomes flaccid (detumescent)
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Primordial
follicles
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Infundibulum Ampulla
Isthmus
Fundus
Body
Ovarian
ligament
Mesosalpinx
Primary
follicles
Secondary
follicle
Mature
follicle
Oocyte
Suspensory ligament
and blood vessels
Uterine
tube
Ovarian artery
Ovarian vein
Ovarian
ligament
Suspensory
ligament
Medulla
Ovary
Fimbriae
Myometrium
Endometrium
Internal os
Cervical canal
Round
ligament
Lateral fornix
Cardinal
ligament
Mesometrium
Uterosacral
ligament
Cervix
External os
Cortex
Tunica
albuginea
Corpus
albicans
Corpus
luteum
Fimbriae
of uterine
tube
Ovulated
oocyte
Vagina
(a)
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Clitoris
Glans
Crus
Paraurethral
gland
Greater
vestibular
gland
Pubic symphysis
Ramus of
pubis
Urethral
orifice
Vestibular
bulb
Vaginal
orifice
Ischial
tuberosity
Anus
(b)
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Adipose tissue
Suspensory ligaments
Lobe
Lobules
Areolar glands
Areola
Nipple
Lactiferous sinus
Lactiferous ducts
(a) Anterior view
(b) Breast of cadaver
Rib
Intercostal muscles
Pectoralis minor
Pectoralis major
Fascia
Suspensory ligament
Lobules
Lobe
Adipose tissue
Nipple
Lactiferous sinus
Lactiferous duct
(c) Sagittal section
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Ovarian events
Gonadotropin secretion
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(a) Ovarian cycle
LH
FSH
Developing follicles
Secondary
Primary
Tertiary
Ovulation
Corpus luteum
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
Follicular phase
21
23
25
27
1
27
1
Luteal phase
(b) Menstrual cycle
Progesterone
Estradiol
Thickness of endometrium
Ovarian hormone secretion
Corpus
albicans
New primordial
follicles
Days
Days
Involution
Menstrual
fluid
1
3
Menstrual phase
5
7
9
11
Proliferative phase
13
15
17
19
21
Secretory phase
23
25
Premenstrual
phase
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Labia minora
Urinary bladder
Uterus
Excitement
Uterus stands more superiorly; inner end
of vagina dilates; labia minora become
vasocongested, may extend beyond labia
majora; labia minora and vaginal mucosa
become red to violet due to hyperemia;
vaginal transudate moistens vagina and
vestibule
Unstimulated
Uterus tilts forward over urinary
bladder; vagina relatively narrow;
labia minora retracted
Resolution
Plateau
Uterus returns to original position; orgasmic
platform relaxes; inner end of vagina
constricts and returns to original dimensions
Uterus is tented (erected) and cervix is
withdrawn from vagina; orgasmic platform
(lower one-third) of vagina constricts penis;
clitoris is engorged and its glans is withdrawn
beneath prepuce; labia are bright red or violet
Orgasm
Orgasmic platform contracts rhythmically;
cervix may dip into pool of semen;
uterus exhibits peristaltic contractions;
anal and urinary sphincters constrict
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33 © D. Van Rossum/Photo Researchers, Inc.
34