G eiger-Müller counter tube :
2011/10/17 English ver1.01
( CreationDate 2011/07/22 )
Assembly Desk
( http://a-desk.jp/ ) page : 01
No.
3
This book let is Simple Explanation about Radiation and Geiger-Muller Counter Tube.
All so How to Adjust this kit.
(Please do adjust kit when you finish building )
1
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1 :
Radiation has these types.
Radiation types Essence
Alpha Rays (α)
Beta Rays (β)
Helium atomic nucleus Particle Beam.
Electron beam.
Gamma Rays (γ)
X Rays (x)
Neutron
Heavy Ion
Electromagnetic wave by Radioactive
Decay from Atomic nucleus.
Electromagnetic wave span is shorter
Than Artificially made ultra violet.
Neutron Particle Beam.
Ionized atom. Carbon , Neon , Argon
Electric charge Permeability
+2
-1
0
0
0
Small
About Medium
High
High
(Shut out by Paper)
(Shout out by Tick concrete and lead plate )
(Shout out by Tick concrete and lead plate )
About Medium
More than +1 Small
(Shout out by AluminumSheet)
(Shout out by water )
Caution ; Gamer rays and X rays are same electromagnetic wave but distinguish by occurrence.
This Air Geiger Counter kit can measure [α Rays][β Rays][γ Rays].
Atom Types of Radial Rays Radiation Permeability
Paper Thin Aluminum Lead plate
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2 :
Around you there are emissive Radiation.These are few examples.
page : 02
Radiation(Beta ray) is used for Electrolytic dissociation to Improve lighting speed.
Source of radiation is Promethium147 (Pm-147 half-life period 2.6234 year)
Sealed in glass tube so Beta ray doesnʼ t come out. nowadays switched to Long-term
Luminous paint. after 2002 manufacture process has ended.
The glow lamp flash in violet used long-term luminous paint. old glow lamp which used
Promethium147 has degrade. because of half-life of promethium147 is 2.6234 year.
Lamp mantles used in lantern. To improve color Radiation ( Alpha ray )was used.
Source of radiation is Thorium (Th-232) nowadays not used.
Old clock and watches use Promethium147 (Pm-147)for luminous paint.
Nowadays switched to long-term luminous paint. Stop using them after year 1993.
Ionize Smoke detector use Americium241 (Am)
Use radiation for Ionizing effect to detect smoke.
Thorium (Th-232) was used for filament in a vacuum tube.
Potassium radioisotope40K (Beta decay) in Natural world.
Potassium is one of three measure fertilizer. The nutrient all living creature
Have got or necessary. Edible kelp [Kombu] (5300mg/100g) and
Potash fertilizer (content about 10%) contain high potassium.
Radiation rays falling from space. Most of them are absorb by terrestrial magnetism or
Atmospheric layer. Still high permeability cosmic ray has fallen to ground.
Or collide with atmosphere to become another type of radiation rays to fall.
The Sun is burning by nuclear fusion the sun produce radiation rays. (the solar wind)
By the cosmic ray ionization Aurora has observe in north and south pole.
Thorium (Th-232) rod is used to weld makes arc discharging easier.
Extract heat to generate by uranium nuclear fission.
Emission all sorts of Radiation rays while fission.
X-rays are artificial magnetic wave. Same as Gamer rays.
Photo-genesis by Electron gun fires
Electron (Beta Rays) to hit fluorescent material on the
Surface when Electron beam collide with
Shadow mask (Aperture mask) generate X rays.
To shout out X rays Braun tube is made of lead glass.
JEITA (Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association)
Provision Measurement method of X rays leakage from Braun tube. Small amount of X ray is leaking.
When you watch TV for 24 hours same amount of radiation you will receive as one X-ray examination.
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page : 03
1 :
Radiation detector invented in 1925 German Physicist “ Johannes Wilhelm Geiger ” and student “ Walter Müller ” .
Shorten by GM Counter tube. In a Metallic tube (Cathode) Core wire (Anode) place in center.
Needs high voltage on the other hand it can count radiation one by one.
How ever unable to count strength. (speed & energy) To count the strength need proportional counter
Which made similar stricture. count the number of radiation comparative high sensitivity.
Suit for Alpha rays and Beta rays. Able to count Gamer ray but percentage is very low.
2 :
Incoming radiation (α、β、γ rays).
Collide with gas molecule (inert gas) to ionize gas.
Generated electron accelerate in strong magnetic field.
Accelerate electron collide again with gas to excite.
Excite gas return to ground state develop ultraviolet.
Ultraviolet ionize gas produce electron avalanche.
Electron avalanche contact anode detect as pulse.
Receive positive electric charge. Stops electron avalanche.
The other side positive ionized gas decrease electric field.
Electron avalanche closure.
Positive ionized gas shift to cathode.
Because of molecule it takes time to shift.
Positive ionized gas arrive to cathode.
Flow electric current to encourage electric avalanche.
Leave it like this electron avalanche doesnʼ t stop.
Fill up case with electric discharge inhibition gas.
to prevent electric current.
Electric discharge inhibition gas receive
positive electric charge.
Electric discharge inhibition gas
arrival cathode. This time doesnʼ t
encourage electron avalanche.
Electric discharge inhibition gas
returns to molecule.
+3000V ~ 4000V
0V
Radiation collide with Inert gas Ionize gas
3
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Air Geiger-Muller counter tube is use object around you to build Geiger-Muller counter tube.
Here is comparison with Standard Geiger-Muller counter tube and Air Geiger-Muller counter tube.
Specification Standard Geiger-Muller counter Air Geiger-Muller counter
Inert Gas Ar (Argon), He (Helium)
Continuance Electric Discharge Inhibition Gas Halogen gas
N (Nitrogen)
Butane gas
Internal pressure
Applied Voltage
Entrance window
0.1 atm
500-700V
Mica
1 atm
3000-5000V
Food wrapping sheet
3
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1 :
When you finish building air Geiger counter kit.
Switch on the power applied voltage to Geiger-Muller tube will increase.
About first 1 minutes voltage & tube are unstable wait until stable.
Voltage setting can be adjust with a switch next to USB connector on the side.
To stop operating error this switch is small & deep. Use tip of ballpoint pen to push it.
Monitoring logs can be
Made follows.
Use USB cable to connect
This counter with PC to
Start data logger software.
Unit can be witch to
[cpm]⇔[μSv] to display.
Data logging software
The Picture next to
This in Japanese but
English version
Will be available.
page : 04
Real time Display
[cpm] , [µSv/h]
unit select
Start Logging
End of Logging
Mesurring end
Clear Data
CSV Format
Geiger-Müller counter tube : Data logger .
2
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[1] Plateau voltages
When you increase impression voltage of Geiger-Muller counter Tube. Counting number will increase as
Raising voltage. counting number will be stable when voltage reach certain range.
This range called “ Plateau voltage ” . Radiation counting will be done in this Plateau range.
The range plateau voltage of ordinary Geiger-Muller counter tube is about 500- 700V.
Number is depend on the tube. However the case of air Geiger-Muller counter tube
Plateau voltage will depend on how you make the tube or amount of butane gas used.
Use this kit to build a tube. Plateau voltage range will be 3000V-4000V.
[2] Adjustment Radioactive Material
Tuning air Geiger-Muller tube easier to adjust when you have radioactive material.
Here is couple of things easier to find. reduced salt food products using “potassium chloride(KCL)” instead of NaCl can be detect small amount of radiation.
Look at the label of ingredient list and choose high in potassium.
Used in accessory etc. uranium beads release radiation can be detect that.
HIGH VOLTAGE
ELECTRICAL
SHOCK
From next page parts need to tune in High voltages 3000V~4000V
When you are tuning please take extra care for electrocution.
For building by a child please supervise with adult.
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2 :
[3] Adjustment for Air Geiger-Muller Counting Tube
To adjust tube there are two ways to do by [ Butane gas density ] or [ Impression voltage ] .
[ Butane gas density ]
When you increase [Butane gas density] plateau voltage will lowers.
When you increase [Butane gas density] too much. One radiation detecting count multiple numbers.
[Butane gas density] too low difficult to detect.
To start filling butane gas (lighter fluid) by guessing. Increase voltage slowly from 3000V.
page : 05
Butane gas is heavier than air. Fill up like pouring.
While you are filling please watch out for fire. To do this make sure switch off and remove battery.
When gas has filled tube install incident film.
How to install that look back [KIT MANUAL no1( 7p 1-5 [Install Incidence Film] ) ]
Butane gas doesnʼ t diffuse instant wait for few minutes.
[ Impression voltage ] This rating and graph testing radiation has used.
3620
3630
3640
3650
3660
3670
3680
3690
3700
V (High voltage) cpm
3500 0
3510 3
3520
3530
3540
3550
3560
3570
3580
3590
3600
3610
6
20
35
68
101
119
149
173
190
189
192
196
190
218
189
210
210
456
1519
Voltage CPM result for measurement and that graph
Turn on Increase voltage one minutes at time to find plateau voltage.
(Between 3000V to 4000V voltage for horizontal axis CPM for vertical axis to draw a graph)
Plateau voltage is depend on quality of tube.
When you make it nice plateau voltage appears under 3200V.
Adjustment is completed when 10 ~ 40CPM in plateau voltage.
Close by testing radioactive material to confirm motion.
[ If Plateau Voltage Doesnʼt Show up ]
[Plateau Voltage]
At one radiation detect looks like counting multiple number then too much gas.
Increase voltage near 4000V but if CPM dose not raise then too less gaas.
Try it until right adjusting can be made. Take time please be patient!!
4
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1 :
[1] Voltage doesnʼt increase.
Voltage doesnʼ t increase to setting.
(under 1000V)
Question
Voltage doesnʼ t increase to setting.
(over 1000V)
Question
[2] Voltage increase even doesnʼt detect.
Please check list of things below.
Make sure tube is made right again.
Anode length is same as manual?
Tip of Anode turn in thin?
Is tube is air tight?
Butane gas setting is ok? page : 06
006p Battery is getting weak?
Please change to new battery.
Answer
Answer
2 :
When you switch on but LCD doesnʼ t show.
Question
High frequency coming from this kit.
Question
When kit face sun it detect radiation.
Question
Battery runs out too fast.
Question
Use screw driver to turn potentiometer [VR1]
When you do this please watch out for high voltage.
Answer
It is normal.
While boosting transformer it oscillate.
Answer
It is working fine.
Ultraviolet from the sun interfere with detecting.
When you measure radiation color incidence film to black or measure at night.
Answer
Turn off LCD back light to save energy.
(Use soldering iron to remove J1 at back of LCD )
Answer
G eiger-Müller counter tube :
1
:
page : 07
G eiger-Müller counter tube :
1 :
Use USB to connect to PC
To take data logging
(Works stand alone)
page : 08
CPS (count in 1 second)
CPM (count in 1 minutes)
Aiming voltage (Set it best detecting)
Present voltage (control to aiming voltage)
Change display to simplified µSv/h
Adjust to quality of tube.
Sensitive adjusting can be done.
Increase or decrease
Voltage by 5V at the time.
Radiation detect as pulse.
Turn it off when not in use.
2 :
(Produce & Develop By) Bit Trade One, LTD
8-10-18 Friend building Sagamihara Chuouku Sagamihara city Kanagawa Prefecture
E i n s t e i n ' s e l e c t r o n i c l a b
(Supervision&technical cooperation with) Mr Yasuyuki Onodera
(cooperate with) Absolute Inc
( Air Geiger-Muller counter Tube WebSite )
We have more products on this pege but unfortunately this service is only In Japan at the moment.
How ever may change in the future so please look out for.
If you fined any fault with this products please send us e-mail info@bit-trade-one.co.jp