European Summer School on Superconductivity 2011
SMES
Pascal Tixador
Grenoble INP - Institut Néel / G2Elab
Some materials provided by C. Luongo
SMES
Superconducting
Magnetic
Energy
Storage
Storage syst. characteristics
! Energy density (volume - mass)
! Power density / discharge duration
! Cost (/kWh - /kW) investment & running
! Operation security / fail characteristic
! Life time / cycles number
! State of the technology
–
demonstration / emerging / mature
! Environnemental considerations
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
3
2011 ESAS
Summer school
Introduction
Comparisons, orders of magnitude
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
1 kg coal
1 kg wood
1 kg oil
1 kg natural gas
1 kg enriched uranium
1 kg of water - 1000 m fall
1 kg Pb battery
1 kg lithium battery
8 kWh
4 kWh
10 - 12 kWh
10 - 14 kWh
600 000 kWh
0.003 kWh
0.03 kWh
0.2 kWh
(1 kWh : kinetic energy of a 10 ton truck at 100 km/h)
4
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
2011 ESAS
Summer school
Introduction
Energy storage in a coil
I.C. : t = 0 ; I = I o " I = I o e
coil
L, R
t
$
%
L(
$
=
'
*
R)
&
2t
"
1
W = LI 2 = Wo e #
2
!
R = 0 =>
#
! infinite => energy stored and available
!
Rare mean of electricity direct energy storage
Superconductors indispensable
Device: SMES (Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage)
5
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
2011 ESAS
Summer school
Introduction
SMES: dual of capacitor
Storage
I
SMES
Capacitor
!
!
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
V
2011 ESAS
Summer school
Source
I
Current
V
Voltage
1
L I2
2
1
C V2
2
6
Discharge
Introduction
First SC device in a grid
Pmax
f
Wmax
Wexch
Io - Vo
Ømagnet
10 MW
0.35 Hz
30 MJ
9.1 MJ
5 kA - 2.2 kV
2.7 m
BPA SMES on the grid installed in 1979
(transmission stabilization, low frequency power oscillation damping)
One year operation. Cryogenic problems and
other solution to damp the oscillations.
7
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
2011 ESAS
Summer school
SMES
• Performances
• Applications
• Limits
Introduction
10
5
10
4
1000
100
10
SMES
Dielectric
capacitor
Mass specific power (kW/kg)
Energy and power densities
1
Ragone chart:
Performance
comparison
of storing
devices
Batteries
Super
capacitor
0,1
Flywheel
Batteries
0,01
0,001
0,01
0,1
1
10
100
1000
Mass specific energy (Wh/kg)
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
9
2011 ESAS
Summer school
Performances
SMES application
5
SMES
4
10
10
1
www.electricitystorage.org
Super
capacitors
0,1
Batteries
0,01
0,001
0,01
0,1
1
10
100
1000
Mass specific energy (Wh/kg)
Hours
Pumped
hydro
CAES
Metal-air
Flow batteries
batteries
High energy NaS batteries
supercaps
Lead-acid batteries
Ni-Cd batteries
Long dura. flywh.
100
Batteries
Discharging time
1000
Dielectric
capacitors
Mass specific power (kW/kg)
10
Li-ion batteries
Minutes
High power flywheels
Seconds
1 kW
High power
supercaps
SMES
100 kW
100 MW
Power
10
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
2011 ESAS
Summer school
Performances
Energy & power limits
• Energy
" Magnetic flux density
1 B2
W
"
Vol 2 µ o
B = 10 T => 40 MJ/m3 (11 kWh/m3)
" Mechanical stresses
!
[" = J B R
Vol structure " # (Viriel th)
(solenoid)]
Metallic structure with 100 MPa: 12.5 kJ/kg (3.5 Wh/kg)
!
!
Metallic structure
limit: 30 - 50 kJ/kg (present: 14 kJ/kg)
Composite structure limit (theoretical): 150 kJ/kg
Mechanics: very important for SMES
11
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
2011 ESAS
Summer school
Performances
Energy limit: viriel theorem
W "
#
(Masstraction $ Masscompression )
d
Same expression for flywheel (conversion machine required).
!
h
Infinite solenoid:
R
e
B = µo J e
&
" =J
B
R
2
W
W
1 B2 " R2 h
B B R Je B R #
=
=
=
=
=
Vol 2 " R e h 2 µ o 2 " R e h 2 µ o !
2e
2 2e 2
With compression stresses:
!
12
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
2011 ESAS
Summer school
W "
=
Vol 3
Performances
!
Energy limit: viriel theorem
Ultimate limit: W "
#
Masstraction
d
Rather low limit
Very important to combine functions:
!
Mechanical
support & current transport
Mechanics: very important for SMES
Reduce mass: protection may become an issue
13
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
2011 ESAS
Summer school
Performances
Energy & power limits
" Eddy current losses
# Cryostat
# Conductor (coupling losses)
14
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
2011 ESAS
Summer school
10
5
10
4
1000
100
10
SMES
Dielectric
capacitors
" Voltage & current
# Good electric isolation
• He gas bad dielectrics
# High current conductor
Mass specific power (kW/kg)
• Power (VI)
1
Supercapacitors
0,1
Batteries
0,01
0,001
0,01
0,1
1
10
100
1000
Mass specific energy (Wh/kg)
Performances
Summary: SMES
! High power density & large energy density
– Directly usable current source
! Quick response time
! Number of charge-discharge cycle very high (infinite)
! Static system / low maintenance
! Specific application of superconductivity
! Conversion efficiency may be high (> 97 %)
! «!Correct!» from environmental point of view
! Security of operation
! High costs (cryogenics - superconductor)
! Losses in storage mode (but not really a storage system!)
15
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
2011 ESAS
Summer school
SMES
• Examples
• Applications
Performances
SC magnets: examples
ITER toroid
41 GJ; 5600 tons
(1.14 ton oil, 19 g U)
17
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
CMS solenoid
2.6 GJ; 225 tons
11 kJ/kg
2011 ESAS
Summer school
SMES main applications
! UPS, voltage-power quality & reliability
– Protection against voltage drop and sags
– Relay before the starting of a generating unit
! FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System)
– Supply/absorption active & reactive powers
– Grid stability improvement
– Transmission voltage regulation
! Pulse power supply
– Electric guns
– Electromagnetic launchers
! Large energy storage
– Daily load leveling
– Spinning reserve / frequency control
18
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
2011 ESAS
Summer school
Energy storage for the grid
! Large energy storage
–
–
–
–
Daily load levelling (1000 MW / 5000 MWh)
Spinning reserve (10-100 MVA / 5-50 MWh)
Frequency control (10-100 MVA / 10-500 kWh)
Transient stability (100 MVA / 50 kWh)
! Improvement of power quality
Reduction of voltage disturbances
–
–
Voltage sag smoothing (1-10 MVA / 1-10 kWh)
Flicker mitigation (1-10 MVA / 1-10 kWh)
Grids in general requires more reactive than active power
19
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
2011 ESAS
Summer school
SMES for UPS or FACTS
Electric grid (AC)
Transformer
Control
=
Cryostat
20
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
Converter
Energy
exchanges
Superconducting
Magnet (DC)
2011 ESAS
Summer school
!
Power
conditioning
system
Interface
grid/magnet
1
L I2
2
Pulse power source
L
O
A
D
Switch
Primary
source
21
Control
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
2011 ESAS
Summer school
Electromagnetic launcher/catapult
Electric railgun:
=> Oversteps the speed reached by chemical methods
IEEE Trans. on
Magnetics,
vol.!43, 2007
Load
Diameter
Length
Wkinetic
Welectric
"max
"t
22
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
4 kg
80 mm
22 m
9,1 MJ
27.3 MJ
13200 g
21 ms
2011 ESAS
Summer school
Airplanes launcher:
Electric (/steam) catapult
!
Linear electric motor
!
pulse power supply
Performances
SMES
The 4 sub-systems
SMES - 4 sub-systems
• SC magnet with its supporting structure
• Cryogenic system
• Cryostat, vacuum pumps, cryocooler, …
• Power conditioning system
• AC/DC conversion (inverter + chopper)
• Control system
• Electronics, cryogenics, magnet protection, …
24
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
2011 ESAS
Summer school
Sub-systems
SMES
Magnet
• Topology
• Mechanics
SMES - magnet design
Magnet design
• Leak magnetic field
• Mechanical support
• Superconductor quantity
• AC losses
• Protection
26
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
2011 ESAS
Summer school
Magnet
Magnet topologies
I
Toroid
Solenoid
27
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
2011 ESAS
Summer school
Magnet
SMES magnet topology
SOLENOID
TOROID
Simple structure
High stored energy
per conductor unit
Stray field
Large coils
Low stray fields
Smaller unit coils
Lower stored energy
per conductor unit
Mechanical structure
Mechanics: very important
SMES magnets subject to strong Lorentz forces,
If not properly handled, rated performances not achieved.
28
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
2011 ESAS
Summer school
Magnet
Solenoid: stray field reduction
Stray field reduction: - active shielding
- suitable configuration
Superconductor volume # x 2
Main solenoid
Compensating coils
29
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
2011 ESAS
Summer school
Magnet
Improved solenoids
Hexagonal arrangement
•
•
•
•
30
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
2011 ESAS
Summer school
modular design
Reduced stray field
“small” elementary coil
solenoid simplicity
(force holding)
Magnet
Mechanics - solenoid
I
" = J B R (independant turns)
Pancakes 13 - 14
!
Hoop stress (MPa)
100
!' (MPa)
"
50
0
-100
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
"
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
r (mm)
Flux lines and electromagnetic forces
(M. Wilson)
31
! (MPa)
-50
Independent turns
Dependent turns
2011 ESAS
Summer school
Magnet
Mechanics - toroid
Toroid coils submitted
to a net large radial
force
towards
the
central axis in addition
to the transverse and
longitudinal forces.
Flux lines and electromagnetic forces
(A. Devred)
32
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
2011 ESAS
Summer school
+ pb in case of a
quench
Magnet
SMES
AC losses
AC losses
AC losses + cryostat losses (eddy currents)
" Reduce the useful energy
" Increase the heat load for the cryocooler
" Increase the temperature: limits performances
Low AC loss conductor (LTS)
34
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
2011 ESAS
Summer school
SMES
Magnet stability & protection
Magnet stability
Stability:
magnet ability to tolerate an energy deposit (no quench)
10
MQE = H (T cs ) " H (T o )
(adiabatic)
(
MQE " c p (T o ) T c* (B) # T o
!
)
$
I '
&1# )
% Ic (
Cooling improves LTS stability
!
36
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
2011 ESAS
Summer school
Cu
1
0,1
p
3
C (MJ/m /K)
Minimum Quench Energy (MQE)
0,01
0,001
He
10
100
Temperature (K)
# Low for LTS
# Helium
Magnet protection
One of the most dangerous fault in a SMES: QUENCH
Any SC magnet must be protected in case of a quench
Protection: temperature rise limitation
(differential!contraction!stresses, material (resin) damages)
Protection:
• Quench detection
• Fast current reduction
+ adequate magnet design to prevent a quench and
to limit its effect
37
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
2011 ESAS
Summer school
Basic magnet protection
Protection
resistance
(Rd)
Power supply
(current source)
SC coil
(inductance L)
Max. temperature reached after a quench
(hot spot calculation)
" W mag
%
+ t det ection '
F (T max ) = J o2 $
# Vmax I o
&
Tmax
F (T max ) =
#
To
!
38
!
c p (T )
" (T )
Tmax:
Io
Quick detection
dT
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
Vmax
2011 ESAS
Summer school
HTS magnet protection
Cu
1
3
#n $
T f % To
0,1
p
J
vp "
cp
C (MJ/m /K)
10
Protection detection
is an issue
!
0,01
0,001
He
10
100
Temperature (K)
HTS magnet protection is an issue!
quench induces degradation
Tmax, dT/dz
39
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
2011 ESAS
Summer school
SMES
Superconducting materials
Superconducting materials
======= LTS =======
100000
20 K
2
J (MA/m )
10000
NbTi
50 K
1000
c
20 K
77 K
100
50 K
10
Nb Sn @ 4 K
NbTi @ 4 & 1,8 K
5
======= HTS =======
1G
3
PIT BiSrCaCuO
Bi-2212 & Bi-2223
77 K
0
10
15
20
25
30
Magnetic flux density (T)
2G
41
Nb3Sn
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
Coated conductor
YBaCuO
2011 ESAS
Summer school
SMES LTS conductor
• Cable in Conduct
• Developed & tested for
SMES ETM
• NbTi
• He @ 1.8 K
• Test: 200 kA, 5 T, 1.8 K
• Achieved 303 kA
(world record)
42
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
2011 ESAS
Summer school
Courtesy C. Luongo
(T = 300 K)
20
50 K : 5 W/W
20
40
60
80
100
Cold temperature T (K)
f
" Cryogenic cost
# running
# investment
43
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
20 K : 75
0,001
c
0,01
0,0001
0
Cu
0,1
p
20 K : 14 W/W
10000
4K:1
I (A/cm)
40
1
3
4 K : 74 W/W
60
0
10
c
80
C (J/cm /K)
Cryogenic cost (Carnot) (W/W)
Operating temperature
CC - 20 K
1000
PIT - 20 K
PIT - 50 K
100
50 K : 900
10
20
40
60
80
CC - 50 K
100
CC - 77 K
PIT - 77 K
0
2
4
6
8
10 12 14
Induction magnétique (T)
Temperature (K)
" Stability
# margins & perturbations
" Isolating thickness
# voltage => power
=> Protection <=
2011 ESAS
Summer school
SMES
History
Examples
Interest
HTS
&
CC
History
!
Introduced by Ferrier in 1969 to meet peak demands
!
30 MJ BPA experience
!
5-20 MWh / 100-500 MW ETM in the 80’ (SDI context)
!
3-6 MJ / 1 MW SMES in the 90’
!
45
–
More secure sources for critical/sensitive loads (no voltage sags)
–
FACTS
First HTS «!large!» SMES in the 00’
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
2011 ESAS
Summer school
SMES evolutions
! LTS SMES
–
–
HTS current leads
Cryocoolers
–
Power conditioning systems and control
! HTS SMES
–
46
Conductor developments (YBCO CC)
•
•
•
Low cost
Mechanical properties
High current conductor
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
2011 ESAS
Summer school
«!Commercial!» SMES
Trailerized Installation
Voltage Sag Protection
GE Industrial Systems
Power ratings
Load voltage: 400 V to 20 kV
Unit Output: 1.3 MVA
Response Time: subcycle
System efficiency: > 97 %
Magnet (NbTi) data
Stored energy: 3 MJ
Recharging time: < 90 s
Duty cycles nber: unlimited
47
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
2011 ESAS
Summer school
SMES examples
SMES SC (NbTi) magnet
48
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
2011 ESAS
Summer school
SMES examples
SMES as FACTS
D-SMES
2,8 MVA
2,0 MW
! Voltage instability
–
voltage drop (50 %) )
! 6 D-SMES
–
–
–
–
49
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
90 % in less than 0.5 s
95 % in less than 1 s
Grid capacity + 15 %
Better voltage quality
2011 ESAS
Summer school
SMES examples
CAPS 100 MJ SMES
Solenoid coil with pancakes
4 kA - 24 kV (96 MW)
86 MJ @ 4 kA
2m
100 MJ @ 4.3 kA
CIC NbTi conductor
Stoped before completion
Courtesy C. Luongo
50
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
2011 ESAS
Summer school
SMES examples
Some HTS SMES
Organ. Country Year Data
SC
Application
Chubu
Japan
2004
1 MVA, 1 MJ
Bi-2212
Voltage stability
CAS
China
2007
0.5 MVA, 1 MJ
Bi-2223
KERI
Korea
2007
0.6 MJ
Bi-2223
Power, voltage
quality
DGA
CNRS
France
2007
0.8 MJ
Bi-2212
Pulse appl.
KERI
Korea
2011
2.5 MJ
YBCO
Power quality
Chubu
Japan
2012
MJ class
YBCO
Grid stabilization
51
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
2011 ESAS
Summer school
800 kJ SMES project
• SMES potentialities for military uses
– High power pulse sources (electric weapons)
• Phase 1 (04-07) DGA - Nexans - CNRS
Basic technology of HTS SMES development
SMES HTS 800 kJ with “transparent” cryogenics
• Phase 2 (08-11) DGA - ISL - CNRS
HTS SMES suitable to electric gun development
Supply optimization
SMES performances (weigth)
52
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
2011 ESAS
Summer school
Projects in progress
SMES HTS DGA/CNRS/ Nexans
Conduction
cooling
• 800 kJ
• Ø = 300 / 814 mm
• h = 222 mm
• I = 315 A
• T = 20 K
Conductor based on Bi-2212 tapes
Renforct
3 soldered
Bi-2212
tapes
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
53
Kapton
isolation
2011 ESAS
Summer school
Projects in progress
SMES HTS DGA/CNRS/ Nexans
Currents (A)
700
i1
i2
i3
i
load
600
100
500
50
400
200
-50
100
-100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Upper
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
0
-50
0
Time (s)
54
Lower
50
Lower
0
300
0
Currents (s)
100
Currents (A)
2011 ESAS
Summer school
50
100
150
Time (s)
200
-100
Upper
0
10
20
30
Time (s)
40
Projects in progress
Korea (Keri)
Power quality
• 2.5 MJ
• YBCO tapes (22 km)
• 550 A
• 20 K conduction cooled
• Bmax = 6.24 T
• Tests in 2011 ?
55
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
2011 ESAS
Summer school
Japanese project
Courtesy of Chubu Electric
FACTS
Syst
control
56
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
2011 ESAS
Summer school
Projects in progress
20 MJ LTS & HTS SMES
YBCO SMES with 20 K
cryocooler cooling
NbTi SMES with 4 K helium
pool boiling cooling system
57
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
Courtesy S. Nagaya
2011 ESAS
Summer school
Projects in progress
New US SMES project (arpa)
Partners: ABB, Brookhaven, SuperPower, Houston university
Specifications:
• 2.5 MJ / 20 kW
• Up to 25 T (4 K)
• 2G wires
58
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
Objective:
• Load levelling on the
grid with renewable
energies
2011 ESAS
Summer school
Projects in progress
SMES
Conclusions
Conclusions
! Technology status
–
–
–
–
–
Currently available for short term power
Capability of SMES demonstrated
Successful experiences on years
Too high initial cost: the major bottleneck
Competition by more mature technologies
! Future
–
60
HTS, coated conductors
• Specific energy improvement
• Reduced cryogenics
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
2011 ESAS
Summer school
SMES : pulse current source
! SMES, best solution
– In the intermediate range of power-energy plan or for
extreme powers
– for current type load
(batteries: energy sources, capacities: pulse voltage sources)
! Application examples
– Electromagnetic launcher/catapult/gun
– Some FACTS, UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply)
– Pulse applications (electron lasers, pulse field, ...)
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
61
2011 ESAS
Summer school
Summary
Some references
!
!
!
W. Hassenzahl, “Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage”, IEEE
Trans. On Magnetics, 1989, pp. 750-758.
C. Luongo, “Superconducting Storage Systems: an overview”, IEEE
Trans. on Magnetics, Vol. 32, 1996, pp. 2214-2223.
H. W. Lorenzen and al., “Small and fast-acting SMES”, Handbook of
Applied Superconductivity, B. Seeber, vol. 2, 1998 IOP, ISBN-10:
0750303778.
! ASC, MT & EUCAS proceedings mainly
62
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
2011 ESAS
Summer school
1 MWh/500 MW SMES concept
C. Luongo
63
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
2011 ESAS
Summer school