INF 3121 Software Testing - Lecture 02
Testing throughout the software
life cycle
1.
Software development models (15 min)
2.
Test Levels (35 min)
3.
Test Types (30 min)
4.
Maintenance testing (10 min)
INF3121 / 02.02.2016 / © Raluca Florea
1
1. Software development models
•
1.1 Sequential model
•
1.2 Iterative-incremental model
•
1.3 Testing within a life-cycle
model
2. Test Levels
•
2.1 Component testing
•
2.2 Integration testing
•
2.3 System testing
•
2.4 Acceptance testing
3. Test Types
•
3.1 Testing of function
•
3.2 Testing of non-functional
software characteristics
•
3.3 Testing of software structure
•
3.4 Testing related to changes
4. Maintenance testing
1.Software development models
(15 min)
ü  LO: Explain the relationship between development, test activities and work
products in the development life-cycle, by giving examples
ü LO: Recognize the adaptability of the software development model to the
context of a project and product characteristics
ü LO: Recall the characteristics of good testing, applicable to any life-cycle model
INF3121 / 02.02.2016 / © Raluca Florea
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1. Software development models
•
1.1 Sequential model
•
1.2 Iterative-incremental model
•
1.3 Testing within a life-cycle
model
Sequential development model (V-model)
2. Test Levels
•
2.1 Component testing
•
2.2 Integration testing
•
2.3 System testing
•
2.4 Acceptance testing
3. Test Types
•
3.1 Testing of function
•
3.2 Testing of non-functional
software characteristics
•
3.3 Testing of software structure
•
3.4 Testing related to changes
4. Maintenance testing
•  Testing needs to begin as early as possible in the life cycle.
•  Testing can be integrated into each phase of the product life
cycle.
•  Within the V-model, validation testing takes place especially
during
•  the early stages (i.e. reviewing the user requirements),
•  and late in the life cycle (i.e. during user acceptance testing.
INF3121 / 02.02.2016 / © Raluca Florea
3
1. Software development models
•
1.1 Sequential model
•
1.2 Iterative-incremental model
•
1.3 Testing within a life-cycle
model
Iterative-incremental development model
2. Test Levels
•
2.1 Component testing
•
2.2 Integration testing
•
2.3 System testing
•
2.4 Acceptance testing
3. Test Types
•
3.1 Testing of function
•
3.2 Testing of non-functional
software characteristics
•
3.3 Testing of software structure
•
3.4 Testing related to changes
4. Maintenance testing
•  Iterative-incremental development is the process of :
•  establishing requirements,
•  designing,
•  building
•  and testing a system,
done as a series of shorter development cycles.
•  An increment, added to others developed previously, forms a
growing partial system, which should also be tested.
•  Regression testing is increasingly important on all iterations
after the first one.
INF3121 / 02.02.2016 / © Raluca Florea
4
1. Software development models
•
1.1 Sequential model
•
1.2 Iterative-incremental model
•
1.3 Testing within a life-cycle
model
2. Test Levels
•
2.1 Component testing
•
2.2 Integration testing
•
2.3 System testing
•
2.4 Acceptance testing
3. Test Types
•
3.1 Testing of function
•
3.2 Testing of non-functional
software characteristics
•
3.3 Testing of software structure
•
3.4 Testing related to changes
Testing within a life cycle model
•  In any life cycle model, there are several characteristics of good
testing:
Every development activity has a corresponding testing activity.
Each test level has test objectives specific to that level.
4. Maintenance testing
The analysis & design of tests for a given test level should begin
during the corresponding development activity.
Testers should be involved in reviewing documents as soon as drafts
are available in the development life cycle.
•  Test levels can be combined or reorganized depending on the
nature of the project or the system architecture
INF3121 / 02.02.2016 / © Raluca Florea
5
1. Software development models
•
1.1 Sequential development model
•
1.2 Iterative-incremental
development model
•
1.3 Testing within a life-cycle
model
2. Test Levels
•
2.1 Component testing
•
2.2 Integration testing
•
2.3 System testing
•
2.4 Acceptance testing
3. Test Types
•
3.1 Testing of function
•
3.2 Testing of non-functional
software characteristics
•
3.3 Testing of software structure
•
3.4 Testing related to changes
2. Test Levels
(35 min)
ü  LO: Compare the different levels of testing: major objectives, typical objects of
testing, typical targets of testing and related work products, people who tests,
types of defects found, types of failures to be identified
4. Maintenance testing
INF3121 / 02.02.2016 / © Raluca Florea
6
1. Software development models
•
1.1 Sequential development model
•
1.2 Iterative-incremental
development model
•
1.3 Testing within a life-cycle
model
2. Test Levels
•
2.1 Component testing
•
2.2 Integration testing
•
2.3 System testing
•
2.4 Acceptance testing
3. Test Types
•
3.1 Testing of function
•
3.2 Testing of non-functional
software characteristics
•
3.3 Testing of software structure
•
3.4 Testing related to changes
4. Maintenance testing
•  Acceptance
Is the responsibility of the customer – in general. The goal
is to gain confidence in the system; especially in its nonfunctional characteristics
•  System
The behavior of the whole
product(system) as defined by the
scope of the project
•  Integration
Interface between components;
interactions with other systems
(OS, HW, etc)
•  Unit
Any module, program, object separately testable
INF3121 / 02.02.2016 / © Raluca Florea
7
1. Software development models
•
1.1 Sequential development model
•
1.2 Iterative-incremental
development model
•
1.3 Testing within a life-cycle
model
2. Test Levels
•
2.1 Component testing
•
2.2 Integration testing
•
2.3 System testing
•
2.4 Acceptance testing
3. Test Types
•
3.1 Testing of function
•
3.2 Testing of non-functional
software characteristics
•
3.3 Testing of software structure
•
3.4 Testing related to changes
4. Maintenance testing
•  For each test level, please note:
–  The generic objectives
–  The test basis (docs/products used to derive test cases)
–  The test objects (what is being tested)
–  Typical defects and failures to be found
–  Specific approaches and responsibilities
INF3121 / 02.02.2016 / © Raluca Florea
8
1. Software development models
•
1.1 Sequential development model
•
1.2 Iterative-incremental
development model
•
1.3 Testing within a life-cycle
model
2. Test Levels
•
2.1 Component testing
•
2.2 Integration testing
•
2.3 System testing
•
2.4 Acceptance testing
3. Test Types
•
3.1 Testing of function
•
3.2 Testing of non-functional
software characteristics
•
3.3 Testing of software structure
•
3.4 Testing related to changes
Component testing
•  Objectives: Component testing includes testing of functionality
and specific non-functional characteristics, such as:
–  resource-behavior (e.g. memory leaks)
–  robustness testing
–  structural testing (e.g. branch coverage).
4. Maintenance testing
INF3121 / 02.02.2016 / © Raluca Florea
9
1. Software development models
•
1.1 Sequential development model
•
1.2 Iterative-incremental
development model
•
1.3 Testing within a life-cycle
model
2. Test Levels
•
2.1 Component testing
•
2.2 Integration testing
•
2.3 System testing
•
2.4 Acceptance testing
3. Test Types
•
3.1 Testing of function
•
3.2 Testing of non-functional
software characteristics
•
3.3 Testing of software structure
•
3.4 Testing related to changes
4. Maintenance testing
Component testing
•  Test basis:
–  specification of the component
–  software design
–  the data model
•  Tools: Stubs, drivers and simulators may be used.
•  Approaches:
–  test-driven development (prepare and automate test cases
before coding)
–  Defects are fixed as soon as they are found, without formal
recording of incidents
•  Responsible: (QA or programmer in theory) Programmer in
practice
INF3121 / 02.02.2016 / © Raluca Florea
10
1. Software development models
•
1.1 Sequential development model
•
1.2 Iterative-incremental
development model
•
1.3 Testing within a life-cycle
model
2. Test Levels
•
2.1 Component testing
•
2.2 Integration testing
•
2.3 System testing
•
2.4 Acceptance testing
3. Test Types
•
3.1 Testing of function
•
3.2 Testing of non-functional
software characteristics
•
3.3 Testing of software structure
•
3.4 Testing related to changes
4. Maintenance testing
Integration testing
•  Objectives:
It tests:
–  interfaces between components,
–  interactions with different parts of a system, such as :
•  the operating system,
•  file system,
•  hardware,
•  interfaces between systems.
Types of integration tests:
1. Component integration : tests the interactions between
software components
–  is done after component testing;
2. System integration: tests the interactions between
different systems
–  is done after system testing.
INF3121 / 02.02.2016 / © Raluca Florea
11
1. Software development models
•
1.1 Sequential development model
•
1.2 Iterative-incremental
development model
•
1.3 Testing within a life-cycle
model
2. Test Levels
•
2.1 Component testing
•
2.2 Integration testing
•
2.3 System testing
•
2.4 Acceptance testing
3. Test Types
•
3.1 Testing of function
•
3.2 Testing of non-functional
software characteristics
•
3.3 Testing of software structure
•
3.4 Testing related to changes
4. Maintenance testing
Integration testing
•  Approaches: to reduce the risk of late defect discovery,
integration should normally be incremental rather than “big
bang”.
•  Both functional and structural approaches may be used.
•  Responsible: Ideally, testers should understand the
architecture and influence integration planning.
INF3121 / 02.02.2016 / © Raluca Florea
12
1. Software development models
•
1.1 Sequential development model
•
1.2 Iterative-incremental
development model
•
1.3 Testing within a life-cycle
model
2. Test Levels
•
2.1 Component testing
•
2.2 Integration testing
•
2.3 System testing
•
2.4 Acceptance testing
System testing
•  Objectives: testing the behavior of the whole system as
defined by the scope of the project.
3. Test Types
•
3.1 Testing of function
•
3.2 Testing of non-functional
software characteristics
•
3.3 Testing of software structure
•
3.4 Testing related to changes
4. Maintenance testing
INF3121 / 02.02.2016 / © Raluca Florea
13
1. Software development models
•
1.1 Sequential development model
•
1.2 Iterative-incremental
development model
•
1.3 Testing within a life-cycle
model
2. Test Levels
•
2.1 Component testing
•
2.2 Integration testing
•
2.3 System testing
•
2.4 Acceptance testing
3. Test Types
•
3.1 Testing of function
•
3.2 Testing of non-functional
software characteristics
•
3.3 Testing of software structure
•
3.4 Testing related to changes
4. Maintenance testing
System testing
•  Test basis:
–
–
–
–
System requirements specification
Business processes
Use cases
Other high level description of the: system behavior, interactions
with OS/system resources
Requirements may exist as text and/or models.
Testers also need to deal with incomplete or undocumented
requirements.
•  Approaches:
- test environment should correspond to the production
environment as much as possible.
–  First, the most suited black-box technique
–  Then, white-box technique to assess the thoroughness of testing
•  Responsible: independent test team
INF3121 / 02.02.2016 / © Raluca Florea
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1. Software development models
•
1.1 Sequential development model
•
1.2 Iterative-incremental
development model
•
1.3 Testing within a life-cycle
model
2. Test Levels
•
2.1 Component testing
•
2.2 Integration testing
•
2.3 System testing
•
2.4 Acceptance testing
Acceptance testing
•  Objectives: to establish confidence in the system / part of
system / non-functional characteristics of the system
3. Test Types
•
3.1 Testing of function
•
3.2 Testing of non-functional
software characteristics
•
3.3 Testing of software structure
•
3.4 Testing related to changes
4. Maintenance testing
INF3121 / 02.02.2016 / © Raluca Florea
15
1. Software development models
•
1.1 Sequential development model
•
1.2 Iterative-incremental
development model
•
1.3 Testing within a life-cycle
model
2. Test Levels
•
2.1 Component testing
•
2.2 Integration testing
•
2.3 System testing
•
2.4 Acceptance testing
3. Test Types
•
3.1 Testing of function
•
3.2 Testing of non-functional
software characteristics
•
3.3 Testing of software structure
•
3.4 Testing related to changes
4. Maintenance testing
Acceptance testing
•  Types of acceptance testing:
•  User acceptance testing - verifies the fitness for use of the system by
users.
•  Operational testing (done by the system administrators, and
include):
–
–
–
–
–
testing of backup/restore;
disaster recovery;
user management;
maintenance tasks;
periodic checks of security vulnerabilities.
•  Contract and regulation acceptance testing - performed against a
contract’s acceptance criteria (i.e. governmental, legal or safety
regulations)
•  Alpha and beta testing
- Alpha testing is performed at the developing organization’s site.
- Beta testing (field testing), is performed by people at their own locations.
Both are performed by potential customers, not the developers of the product.
•  Responsible: customers or users of a system; other
stakeholders may be involved as well
INF3121 / 02.02.2016 / © Raluca Florea
16
1. Software development models
•
1.1 Sequential development model
•
1.2 Iterative-incremental
development model
•
1.3 Testing within a life-cycle
model
2. Test Levels
•
2.1 Component testing
•
2.2 Integration testing
•
2.3 System testing
•
2.4 Acceptance testing
3. Test Types
•
3.1 Testing of function
•
3.2 Testing of non-functional
software characteristics
•
3.3 Testing of software structure
•
3.4 Testing related to changes
4. Maintenance testing
3. Test Types
(30 min)
ü  LO: Compare the following test types: functional, non-functional, structural,
change-related
ü Identify and describe non-functional test types based on non-functional
requirements
ü Describe the test types based on the analysis of a software’s structure
ü Describe the purpose of confirmation and regression testing
INF3121 / 02.02.2016 / © Raluca Florea
17
1. Software development models
•
1.1 Sequential development model
•
1.2 Iterative-incremental
development model
•
1.3 Testing within a life-cycle
model
2. Test Levels
•
2.1 Component testing
•
2.2 Integration testing
•
2.3 System testing
•
2.4 Acceptance testing
3. Test Types
•
3.1 Testing of function
•
3.2 Testing of non-functional
software characteristics
•
3.3 Testing of software structure
•
3.4 Testing related to changes
“How” the system works
“What” the system does
•
•
•
•
•
Suitability
Interoperability
Security
Accuracy
Compliance
Functional
Non
functional
Related to
changes
Structural
•
•
•
•
•
•
Performance, Load, Stress
Reliability (robust, fault tolerant, recoverable)
Usability (understand, learn, operate, like)
Efficiency (time behavior, resource utilization)
Maintainability (analyze, change, stabilize, test)
Portability (adapt, install, co-exist, replace)
4. Maintenance testing
•  Confirmation testing
•  Regression testing
•  Code coverage
INF3121 / 02.02.2016 / © Raluca Florea
18
1. Software development models
•
1.1 Sequential development model
•
1.2 Iterative-incremental
development model
•
1.3 Testing within a life-cycle
model
2. Test Levels
•
2.1 Component testing
•
2.2 Integration testing
•
2.3 System testing
•
2.4 Acceptance testing
3. Test Types
•
3.1 Testing of function
•
3.2 Testing of non-functional
software characteristics
•
3.3 Testing of software structure
•
3.4 Testing related to changes
Functional testing (Black box testing)
•  Objectives: Test what a system should do and
considers the external behavior of the software.
•  Test levels: may be performed at all test levels (e.g.
tests for components may be based on a component
specification).
4. Maintenance testing
•  Test basis: The expected behavior description can be
found in work products such as:
- requirements specification
- use cases
- functional specification
- may be undocumented.
INF3121 / 02.02.2016 / © Raluca Florea
19
1. Software development models
•
1.1 Sequential development model
•
1.2 Iterative-incremental
development model
•
1.3 Testing within a life-cycle
model
2. Test Levels
•
2.1 Component testing
•
2.2 Integration testing
•
2.3 System testing
•
2.4 Acceptance testing
3. Test Types
•
3.1 Testing of function
•
3.2 Testing of non-functional
software characteristics
•
3.3 Testing of software structure
•
3.4 Testing related to changes
4. Maintenance testing
Non functional testing
•  Objectives: measuring characteristics of software that
can be quantified on a varying scale:
–  ex: response times for performance testing.
•  Test levels: may be performed at all test levels.
•  You can find more about them in ‘Software
Engineering – Software Product Quality’ (ISO 9126).
INF3121 / 02.02.2016 / © Raluca Florea
20
1. Software development models
•
1.1 Sequential development model
•
1.2 Iterative-incremental
development model
•
1.3 Testing within a life-cycle
model
2. Test Levels
•
2.1 Component testing
•
2.2 Integration testing
•
2.3 System testing
•
2.4 Acceptance testing
3. Test Types
•
3.1 Testing of function
•
3.2 Testing of non-functional
software characteristics
•
3.3 Testing of software structure
•
3.4 Testing related to changes
4. Maintenance testing
Structural testing (white box testing)
•  Objectives: help measure the thoroughness of testing
through assessment of coverage of a type of structure.
•  Test levels: may be performed at all test levels, but
especially in component testing and component
integration testing
•  Approach:
–  Structural techniques are best used after specification-based
techniques, in order to help measure the thoroughness of testing
–  Structural testing is based on the architecture of the system(i.e. a
calling hierarchy)
•  Tools can be used to measure the code coverage of
elements, such as statements or decisions.
INF3121 / 02.02.2016 / © Raluca Florea
21
1. Software development models
•
1.1 Sequential development model
•
1.2 Iterative-incremental
development model
•
1.3 Testing within a life-cycle
model
2. Test Levels
•
2.1 Component testing
•
2.2 Integration testing
•
2.3 System testing
•
2.4 Acceptance testing
3. Test Types
•
3.1 Testing of function
•
3.2 Testing of non-functional
software characteristics
•
3.3 Testing of software structure
•
3.4 Testing related to changes
4. Maintenance testing
Testing related to changes
•  Confirmation testing:
After a defect is detected and fixed, the software should
be retested to confirm that the original defect has been
successfully removed.
•  Regression testing:
the repeated testing of an already tested program, after
modification, to discover any defects introduced or
uncovered as a result of the change(s).
INF3121 / 02.02.2016 / © Raluca Florea
22
1. Software development models
•
1.1 Sequential development model
•
1.2 Iterative-incremental
development model
•
1.3 Testing within a life-cycle
model
2. Test Levels
•
2.1 Component testing
•
2.2 Integration testing
•
2.3 System testing
•
2.4 Acceptance testing
3. Test Types
•
3.1 Testing of function
•
3.2 Testing of non-functional
software characteristics
•
3.3 Testing of software structure
•
3.4 Testing related to changes
4. Maintenance testing
Testing related to changes
•  Test levels:
–  may be performed at all test levels,
–  applies to functional, non-functional and structural testing.
•  Approach:
- The extent of regression testing is based on the risk of
finding defects in software that was working previously.
- Regression test suites are run many times and
generally evolve slowly, so regression testing is a strong
candidate for automation.
INF3121 / 02.02.2016 / © Raluca Florea
23
1. Software development models
•
1.1 Sequential development model
•
1.2 Iterative-incremental
development model
•
1.3 Testing within a life-cycle
model
2. Test Levels
•
2.1 Component testing
•
2.2 Integration testing
•
2.3 System testing
•
2.4 Acceptance testing
3. Test Types
•
3.1 Testing of function
•
3.2 Testing of non-functional
software characteristics
•
3.3 Testing of software structure
•
3.4 Testing related to changes
4. Maintenance testing
(10 min)
ü  LO: Explain the triggers for maintenance testing
ü  LO: Explain how the amount of maintenance testing depends on the type of change
4. Maintenance testing
ü  LO: Describe the role of regression testing in maintenance
ü LO: Describe the role of impact analysis in maintenance
INF3121 / 02.02.2016 / © Raluca Florea
24
1. Software development models
•
1.1 Sequential development model
•
1.2 Iterative-incremental
development model
•
1.3 Testing within a life-cycle
model
2. Test Levels
•
2.1 Component testing
•
2.2 Integration testing
•
2.3 System testing
•
2.4 Acceptance testing
3. Test Types
•
3.1 Testing of function
•
3.2 Testing of non-functional
software characteristics
•
3.3 Testing of software structure
•
3.4 Testing related to changes
4. Maintenance testing
Objectives:
Maintenance testing is done on an existing operational
system, and is triggered by modifications, migration, or
retirement of the software or system.
Types of maintenance testing:
•  Modifications :
–  planned enhancement changes (e.g. release-based),
–  corrective and emergency changes (patches), and changes of
environment (operating system or database upgrades)
•  Migration (e.g. from one platform to another) :
–  operational tests of the new environment
–
tests on the changed software.
•  Retirement of a system :
–  the testing of data migration or archiving if long data-retention periods
are required.
Maintenance testing also includes extensive regression
testing to parts of the system that have not been changed.
INF3121 / 02.02.2016 / © Raluca Florea
25
1. Software development models
•
1.1 Sequential development model
•
1.2 Iterative-incremental
development model
•
1.3 Testing within a life-cycle
model
2. Test Levels
•
2.1 Component testing
•
2.2 Integration testing
•
2.3 System testing
•
2.4 Acceptance testing
3. Test Types
•
3.1 Testing of function
•
3.2 Testing of non-functional
software characteristics
•
3.3 Testing of software structure
•
3.4 Testing related to changes
4. Maintenance testing
•  The scope of maintenance testing is related to:
–  the risk of the change,
–  the size of the existing system
–  the size of the change.
•  Test levels:
Depending on the changes, maintenance testing may be
done at any or all test levels and for any or all test types.
•  Approach:
–  Determining how the existing system may be affected by changes is
called impact analysis, and is used to help decide how much
regression testing to do.
•  Note:
•  Maintenance testing can be difficult if specifications are out
of date or missing.
INF3121 / 02.02.2016 / © Raluca Florea
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