Linear Circuit Design Handbook
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Linear Circuit Design Handbook
Hank Zumbahlen
with the engineering staff of Analog Devices
AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON • NEW YORK • OXFORD
PARIS • SAN DIEGO • SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO
Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier
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Cover images courtesy of Analog Devices
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Linear circuit design handbook / edited by Hank Zumbahlen ; with the engineering staff of Analog Devices.
p. cm.
ISBN 978-0-7506-8703-4
1. Electronic circuits. 2. Analog electronic systems. 3. Operational amplifiers. I. Zumbahlen, Hank.
II. Analog Devices, inc.
TK7867.L57 2008
627.395--dc22
2007053012
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN: 978-0-7506-8703-4
For information on all Newnes publications
visit our Web site at www.books.elsevier.com
Typeset by Charon Tec Ltd (A Macmillan Company), Chennai, India
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08 09 10 11
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed in the United States of America
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Contents
Preface ....................................................................................................................ix
Chapter 1: The Op Amp ............................................................................................ 1
Section 1-1: Op Amp Operation .....................................................................................3
Section 1-2: Op Amp Specifications.............................................................................. 25
Section 1-3: How to Read a Data Sheet ........................................................................ 69
Section 1-4: Choosing an Op Amp ............................................................................... 81
Chapter 2: Other Linear Circuits .............................................................................. 83
Section 2-1: Buffer Amplifiers ....................................................................................... 85
Section 2-2: Gain Blocks .............................................................................................. 89
Section 2-3: Instrumentation Amplifiers ........................................................................ 91
Section 2-4: Differential Amplifiers ............................................................................. 107
Section 2-5: Isolation Amplifiers ................................................................................. 109
Section 2-6: Digital Isolation Techniques .................................................................... 113
Section 2-7: Active Feedback Amplifiers ...................................................................... 123
Section 2-8: Logarithmic Amplifiers ............................................................................ 125
Section 2-9: High Speed Clamping Amplifiers ............................................................. 131
Section 2-10: Comparators ........................................................................................ 137
Section 2-11: Analog Multipliers ................................................................................ 147
Section 2-12: RMS to DC Converters .......................................................................... 153
Section 2-13: Programmable Gain Amplifiers .............................................................. 157
Section 2-14: Audio Amplifiers ................................................................................... 165
Section 2-15: Auto-Zero Amplifiers ............................................................................. 185
Chapter 3: Sensors ............................................................................................... 193
Section 3-1: Positional Sensors ................................................................................... 195
Section 3-2: Temperature Sensors............................................................................... 215
Section 3-3: Charge Coupled Devices.......................................................................... 241
Chapter 4: RF/IF Circuits ...................................................................................... 245
Section 4-1: Mixers .................................................................................................... 248
Section 4-2: Modulators ............................................................................................ 255
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Contents
Section 4-3: Analog Multipliers .................................................................................. 257
Section 4-4: Logarithmic Amplifiers ............................................................................ 265
Section 4-5: Tru-Power Detectors ............................................................................... 271
Section 4-6: VGAs ...................................................................................................... 275
Section 4-7: Direct Digital Synthesis............................................................................ 281
Section 4-8: PLLs ....................................................................................................... 289
Chapter 5: Fundamentals of Sampled Data Systems ................................................. 307
Section 5-1: Coding and Quantizing ........................................................................... 309
Section 5-2: Sampling Theory ..................................................................................... 327
Chapter 6: Converters ........................................................................................... 337
Section 6-1: DAC Architectures .................................................................................. 340
Section 6-2: ADC Architectures .................................................................................. 371
Section 6-3: Sigma–Delta Converters .......................................................................... 407
Section 6-4: Defining the Specifications ...................................................................... 431
Section 6-5: DAC and ADC Static Transfer Functions and DC Errors ............................ 433
Section 6-6: Data Converter AC Errors........................................................................ 443
Section 6-7: Timing Specifications .............................................................................. 483
Section 6-8: How to Read a Data Sheet ...................................................................... 487
Section 6-9: Choosing a Data Converter ..................................................................... 509
Chapter 7: Data Converter Support Circuits ............................................................ 513
Section 7-1: Voltage References .................................................................................. 515
Section 7-2: Analog Switches and Multiplexers ............................................................ 531
Section 7-3: Sample-and-Hold Circuits ....................................................................... 555
Section 7-4: Clock Generation and Distribution Circuits .............................................. 565
Chapter 8: Analog Filters ...................................................................................... 581
Section 8-1: Introduction ........................................................................................... 583
Section 8-2: The Transfer Function ............................................................................. 587
Section 8-3: Time Domain Response .......................................................................... 597
Section 8-4: Standard Responses ................................................................................ 599
Section 8-5: Frequency Transformations ..................................................................... 623
Section 8-6: Filter Realizations.................................................................................... 629
Section 8-7: Practical Problems in Filter Implementation ............................................. 653
Section 8-8: Design Examples ..................................................................................... 663
Chapter 9: Power Management .............................................................................. 681
Section 9-1: Linear Voltage Regulators ........................................................................ 684
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Contents
Section 9-2: Switch Mode Regulators ......................................................................... 701
Section 9-3: Switched Capacitor Voltage Converters .................................................... 741
Chapter 10: Passive Components ........................................................................... 753
Section 10-1: Capacitors ............................................................................................ 755
Section 10-2: Resistors and Potentiometers ................................................................ 767
Section 10-3: Inductors.............................................................................................. 775
Chapter 11: Overvoltage Effects on Analog Integrated Circuits .................................. 779
Section 11-1: Overvoltage Effects ............................................................................... 781
Section 11-2: Electrostatic Discharge .......................................................................... 789
Section 11-3: EMI/RFI Considerations ........................................................................ 799
Chapter 12: Printed Circuit-Board Design Issues ...................................................... 821
Section 12-1: Partitioning .......................................................................................... 824
Section 12-2: Traces .................................................................................................. 827
Section 12-3: Grounding ............................................................................................ 863
Section 12-4: Decoupling ........................................................................................... 881
Section 12-5: Thermal Management ........................................................................... 885
Index ................................................................................................................... 897
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Preface
This work is based on the work of many other individuals who have been involved with applications and
Analog Devices since the company started in 1965. Much of the material that appears in this work is based
on work that has appeared in other forms. My major job function in this case was one of editor. The list of
people I would like to credit for doing the pioneering work include: Walt Kester, Walt Jung, Paul Brokaw,
James Bryant, Chuck Kitchen, and many other members of Analog Devices technical community.
In addition many others contributed to the production of this edition by helping out with the production of
this book by providing invaluable assistance by proofreading and providing commentary. I especially want
to thank Walt Kester, Bob Marwin, and Judith Douville, who also did the indexing.
Again, many thanks to those involved in this project.
Hank Zumbahlen
Senior Staff Applications Engineer
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