Microelectronic Circuits: Analysis & Design, Second Edition: Detailed Table of Contents – Muhammad H. Rashid Cengage Learning ©2011
Chapter 1-Introduction to Electronics and Design
1.1 Introduction
1.2 History of Electronics
1.3 Electronic Systems
1.3.1 Sensors
1.3.2 Actuators
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1.4 Electronic Signals and Notation
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1.4.1 Analog-to-Digital Converters
1.4.2 Digital-to-Analog Converters
1.4.3 Notation
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1.5 Classifications of Electronic Systems
1.6 Specifications of Electronic Systems
1.6.1 Transient Specifications
1.6.2 Distortion
1.6.3 Frequency Specifications
1.6.4 DC and Small-Signal Specifications
1.7 Types of Amplifiers
1.8 Design of Electronic Systems
1.9 Design of Electronic Circuits
1.9.1 Analysis versus Design
1.9.2 Definition of Engineering Design
1.9.3 The Circuit-Level Design Process
1.9.4 Benefits of Studying from a Design Perspective
1.9.5 Types of Design Projects
Short Design Projects
Mini Design Projects
Medium Design Projects
Large Design Projects
1.9.6 Design Report
1.10 Electronic Devices
1.10.1 Semiconductor Diodes
1.10.2 Bipolar Junction Transistors
1.10.3 Field-Effect Transistors
Enhancement MOSFETs
Depletion MOSFETs
Junction FETs
1.11 Emerging Electronics
1.11.1 Memristor
1.11.2 Organic Electronics
1.11.3 Bioelectronics
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Chapter 2 – Introduction to Amplifiers and Frequency
Response
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Amplifier Characteristics
2.2.1 Voltage Gain
2.2.2 Current Gain
2.2.3 Power Gain
2.2.4 Logarithmic Gain
2.2.5 Input and Output Resistances
2.2.6 Amplifier Saturation
2.2.7 Amplifier Nonlinearity
2.2.8 Rise Time
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2.2.9 Slew Rate
2.3 Amplifier Types
2.3.1 Voltage Amplifiers
2.3.2 Current Amplifiers
2.3.3 Transconductance Amplifiers
2.3.4 Transimpedance Amplifiers
2.4 Cascaded Amplifiers
2.4.1 Cascaded Voltage Amplifiers
2.4.2 Cascaded Current Amplifiers
2.5 Frequency Response of Amplifiers
2.5.1 Low-Pass Characteristic
2.5.2 High-Pass Characteristic
2.5.3 Band-Pass Characteristic
2.5.4 Gain and Bandwidth Relation
2.6 Miller’s Theorem
2.7 Frequency Response Methods
2.7.1 Low-Frequency Transfer Function Method
2.7.2 High-Frequency Transfer Function Method
2.7.3 Miller’s Capacitor Method
2.7.4 Low-Frequency Short-Circuit Method
2.7.5 High-Frequency Zero-Value Method
2.7.6 Midband Voltage Gain
2.7.7 Multistage Amplifiers
2.8 PSpice/SPICE Amplifier Models
2.8.1 Voltage Amplifier
2.8.2 Current Amplifier
2.8.3 Transconductance Amplifier
2.8.4 Transimpedance Amplifier
2.9 Amplifier Design
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Chapter 3 – Introduction to Operational Amplifiers and
Applications
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Characteristics of Ideal Op-Amps
3.2.1 Op-Amp Circuit Model
3.2.2 Op-Amp Frequency Response
3.2.3 Common-Mode Rejection Ratio
3.3 Op-Amp PSpice/SPICE Models
3.3.1 DC Linear Model
3.3.2 AC Linear Model
3.3.3 Nonlinear Macromodel
3.4 Analysis of Ideal Op-Amp Circuits
3.4.1 Noninverting Amplifiers
CMRR of a Noninverting Amplifier
3.4.2 Inverting Amplifiers
CMRR of an Inverting Amplifier
3.5 Op-Amp Applications
3.5.1 Integrators
Frequency Response of Op-Amp Integrators
3.5.2 Differentiators
Frequency Response of Op-Amp Differentiators
3.5.3 Differential Amplifiers
CMRR of a Differential Amplifier
3.5.4 Instrumentation Amplifiers
CMRR of an Instrumentation Amplifier
3.5.5 Noninverting Summing Amplifiers
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3.5.6 Inverting Summing Amplifiers
3.5.7 Addition–Subtraction Amplifiers
3.5.8 Optocoupler Drivers
3.5.9 Photodetectors
3.5.10 Voltage–Current Converters
3.5.11 DC Voltmeters
3.5.12 DC Millivoltmeters
3.5.13 Negative Impedance Converters
3.5.14 Constant Current Sources
3.5.15 Noninverting Integrators
3.5.16 Inductance Simulators
3.5.17 AC-Coupled Bootstrapped Voltage Followers
3.6 Op-Amp Circuit Design
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Chapter 4 – Semiconductor Diodes
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Ideal Diodes
4.3 Transfer Characteristics of Diode Circuits
4.4 Practical Diodes
4.4.1 Characteristic of Practical Diodes
Forward-Biased Region
Reverse-Biased Region
Breakdown Region
4.4.2 Determination of Diode Constants
4.4.3 Temperature Effects
4.5 Analysis of Practical Diode Circuits
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4.5.1 Graphical Method
4.5.2 Approximate Method
4.5.3 Iterative Method
4.5.4 Mathematical Method
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4.6 Modeling of Practical Diodes
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4.6.1 Constant-Drop DC Model
4.6.2 Piecewise Linear DC Model
4.6.3 Low-Frequency Small-Signal Model
Determining rd by Differentiating
Determining rd by Taylor Series Expansion
4.6.4 PSpice/SPICE Diode Model
Model Statement
Tabular Representation
4.7 Zener Diodes
4.7.1 Zener Regulator
4.7.2 Design of a Zener Regulator
4.7.3 Zener Limiters
4.7.4 Temperature Effects on Zener Diodes
4.8 Light-Emitting Diodes
4.9 Power Rating
4.10 Diode Data Sheets
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Chapter 5 – Applications of Diodes
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Diode Rectifier
5.2.1 Single-Phase Half-Wave Rectifiers
5.2.2 Single-Phase Full-Wave Center-Tapped Rectifier
5.2.3 Single-Phase Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier
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5.3 Output Filters for Rectifiers
5.3.1 L Filters
5.3.2 C Filters
5.3.3 LC Filters
5.4 Diode Peak Detectors and Demodulators
5.5 Diode Clippers
5.5.1 Parallel Clippers
5.5.2 Series Clippers
5.6 Diode Clamping Circuits
5.6.1 Fixed-Shift Clampers
5.6.2 Variable-Shift Clampers
5.7 Diode Voltage Multipliers
5.7.1 Voltage Doublers
5.7.2 Voltage Triplers and Quadruplers
5.8 Diode Function Generators
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Chapter 6 – Semiconductors and pn Junction
Characteristics
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Semiconductor Materials
6.2.1 n-type Materials
6.2.2 p-type Materials
6.2.3 Majority and Minority Carriers
6.2.4 The Fermi Function
6.2.5 Carrier Concentrations
6.3 Zero-Biased pn Junction
6.3.1 Built-In Junction Potential
6.3.2 Electric Field Distribution
6.3.3 Junction Potential Distribution
6.3.4 Space Charge Depletion Width
6.4 Reverse-Biased pn Junction
6.4.1 Breakdown Condition
6.4.2 Depletion Region Width
6.4.3 Junction Capacitance
6.5 Forward-Biased pn Junction
6.5.1 Depletion Region Width
6.5.2 Minority Carrier Charge Distribution
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6.6 Junction Current Density
6.7 Temperature Dependence
6.8 High-Frequency AC Model
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6.8.1 Depletion Capacitance
6.8.2 Diffusion Capacitance
6.8.3 Forward-Biased Model
6.8.4 Reverse-Biased Model
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Chapter 7 – Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect
Transistors
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Metal Oxide Field-Effect Transistors
7.3 Enhancement MOSFETs
7.3.1 Operation
Cutoff Region
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Linear Ohmic Region
Nonlinear Ohmic Region
Saturation Region
7.3.2 Output and Transfer Characteristics
7.3.3 Channel Length Modulation
7.3.4 Substrate Biasing Effects
7.3.5 Complementary MOS (CMOS)
7.4 Depletion MOSFETs
7.4.1 Operation
7.4.2 Output and Transfer Characteristics
Ohmic Region
Saturation Region
Cutoff Region
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7.5 MOSFET Models and Amplifier
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7.5.1 DC Models
7.5.2 Small-Signal AC Models
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Small-Signal Output Resistance ro
Transconductance gm
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7.5.3 PSpice Models
7.5.4 Small-Signal Analysis
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7.6 A MOSFET Switch
7.7 DC Biasing of MOSFETs
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7.7.1 MOSFET Biasing Circuit
7.7.2 Design of MOSFET Biasing Circuit
7.8 Common-Source (CS) Amplifiers
7.8.1 CS Amplifier with Current Source Load
7.8.2 CS Amplifier with Enhancement MOSFET Load
7.8.3 CS Amplifier with Depletion MOSFET Load
7.8.4 CS Amplifier with Resistive Load
Input Resistance Ri ()
Output Resistance Ro
Open-Circuit (or No-Load) Voltage Gain Avo
7.9 Common-Drain Amplifiers
7.9.1 Active-Biased Source Follower
Input Resistance Ri
Voltage Gain Avo
Output Resistance Ro
7.9.2 Resistive-Biased Source Follower
Input Resistance Ri
Output Resistance Ro
7.10 Common-Gate Amplifiers
Input Resistance Ri
No-Load Voltage Gain Avo
Output Resistance Ro
7.11 Multistage Amplifiers
7.11.1 Capacitor-Coupled Cascaded Amplifiers
7.11.2 Direct-Coupled Amplifiers
7.11.3 Cascoded Amplifiers
DC Biasing
Small-Signal Voltage Gain
Small-Signal Output Resistance
7.12 DC Level Shifting and Amplifier
7.12.1 Level-Shifting Methods
Potential Divider Level Shifting
Current Source Level Shifting
Zener Level Shifting
7.12.2 Level-Shifted MOS Amplifier
Current Mirror Source
Small-Signal Voltage Gain
7.13 Frequency Response of MOSFET Amplifiers
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7.13.1 High-Frequency MOSFET Models
7.13.2 Small-Signal PSpice Model
7.13.3 Common-Source Amplifiers
Low Cutoff Frequencies
High Cutoff Frequencies
7.13.4 Common-Drain Amplifiers
Low Cutoff Frequencies
High Cutoff Frequencies
7.13.5 Common-Gate Amplifiers
Low Cutoff Frequencies
High Cutoff Frequencies
7.14 Design of MOSFET Amplifiers
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Chapter 8 – Bipolar Junction Transistors and Amplifiers
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Bipolar Junction Transistors
8.3 Principles of BJT Operation
8.3.1 Forward Mode of Operation
Collector Current
Emitter Current
Base Current
Forward-Current Ratio
Forward-Current Gain
8.3.2 Cutoff, Saturation, and Inverse-Active Modes of Operation
8.3.3 Base Narrowing
8.3.4 Physical Parameters of Saturation Current IS and Current Gain
Collector Saturation Current ISC
Base Saturation Current ISB
Current Gain bF
8.4 Input and Output Characteristics
8.5 BJT Circuit Models
8.5.1 Linear DC Model
8.5.2 Small-Signal AC Model
8.5.3 Small-Signal Hybrid Model
8.5.4 PSpice/SPICE Model
8.5.5 Small-Signal Analysis
8.6 The BJT Switch
8.7 dc Biasing of Bipolar Junction Transistors
8.7.1 Active Current–Source Biasing
8.7.2 Single–Base Resistor Biasing
8.7.3 Emitter Resistance–Feedback Biasing
8.7.4 Emitter-Follower Biasing
8.7.5 Two–Base Resistor Biasing
8.7.6 Biasing Circuit Design
8.8 Common-Emitter Amplifiers
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8.8.1 Active-Biased Common-Emitter Amplifier
8.8.2 Resistive-Biased Common-Emitter Amplifier
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Input Resistance Ri
Output Resistance Ro
Open-Circuit (or No-Load) Voltage Gain Avo
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8.9 Emitter Followers
8.9.1 Active-Biased Emitter Follower
Input Resistance Ri
Open-Circuit (or No-Load) Voltage Gain Avo
Output Resistance Ro
8.9.2 Resistive-Biased Emitter Follower
8.10 Common-Base Amplifiers
8.10.1 Input Resistance Ri
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8.10.2 No-Load Voltage Gain Avo
8.10.3 Output Resistance Ro
8.11 Multistage Amplifiers
8.11.1 Capacitor-Coupled Cascaded Amplifiers
8.11.2 Direct-Coupled Amplifiers
8.11.3 Cascoded Amplifiers
DC Biasing
Small-Signal Voltage Gain
Small-Signal Output Resistance
8.12 The Darlington Pair Transistor
8.13 DC Level Shifting and Amplifier
8.13.1 Level-Shifting Methods
Potential Divider Level Shifting
Current Source Level Shifting
Zener Level Shifting
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8.13.2 Level-Shifted dc Amplifier
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Current Mirror Source
DC Output Voltage
Small-Signal Voltage Gain
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8.14 Frequency Model and Response of Bipolar Junction Transistors
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8.14.1 High-Frequency Model
8.14.2 Small-Signal PSpice/SPICE Model
8.14.3 Frequency Response of BJTs
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8.15 Frequency Response of BJT Amplifiers
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8.15.1 Common-Emitter BJT Amplifiers
Low Cutoff Frequencies
High Cutoff Frequencies
8.15.2 Common-Collector BJT Amplifiers
Low Cutoff Frequencies
High Cutoff Frequencies
8.15.3 Common-Base BJT Amplifiers
Low Cutoff Frequencies
High Cutoff Frequencies
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8.15.4 Multistage Amplifiers
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8.16 MOSFETs versus BJTs
8.17 Design of Amplifiers
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8.17.1 BJT Amplifier Design
Designing for Specified Voltage Gain
Designing for Specified Input Resistance
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Chapter 9 – Differential Amplifiers
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Internal Structure of Differential Amplifiers
9.2.1 Characteristics of Differential Amplifiers
9.2.2 Internal Structure of Differential Amplifiers
9.3 MOSFET Current Sources
9.3.1 Basic Current Source
9.3.2 Modified Basic Current Source
Output Resistance Ro
9.3.3 Multiple Current Sources
Output Resistance Ro
9.3.4 Cascode Current Source
9.3.5 Wilson Current Source
9.3.6 Design of Active Current Sources
9.4 MOS Differential Amplifiers
9.4.1 NMOS Differential Pair
dc Transfer Characteristics
Small-Signal Analysis
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9.4.2 MOS Differential Pair with Active Load
9.4.3 Cascoded MOS Differential Amplifier
9.5 Depletion MOS Differential Amplifiers
9.5.1 Depletion MOS Differential Pair with Resistive Load
dc Transfer Characteristics
Small-Signal Analysis
9.5.2 Depletion MOS Differential Pair with Active Load
9.6 BJT Current Sources
9.6.1 Basic Current Source
Output Resistance Ro
9.6.2 Modified Basic Current Source
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Output Resistance Ro
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9.6.3 Widlar Current Source
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Output Resistance Ro
9.6.4 Cascode Current Source
9.6.5 Wilson Current Source
Output Resistance Ro
9.6.6 Multiple Current Sources
9.7 BJT Differential Amplifiers
9.7.1 BJT Differential Pair with Resistive Load
dc Transfer Characteristics
Small-Signal Analysis
9.7.2 BJT Differential Amplifiers with Basic Current Mirror Active Load
Small-Signal Analysis
9.7.3 Differential Amplifier with Modified Current Mirror
9.7.4 Cascode Differential Amplifier
9.8 BiCMOS Differential Amplifiers
9.8.1 BJT versus CMOS Amplifiers
9.8.2 BiCMOS Amplifiers
9.8.3 Cascode BiCMOS Amplifiers
9.8.4 Double-Cascode BiCMOS Amplifiers
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9.9 Frequency Response of Differential Amplifiers
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9.9.1 Frequency Response with Resistive Load
9.9.2 Frequency Response with Active Load
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9.10 Design of Differential Amplifiers
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Chapter 10 – Feedback Amplifiers
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Feedback
10.3 Characteristics of Feedback
10.3.1 Closed-Loop Gain
10.3.2 Gain Sensitivity
10.3.3 Feedback Factor Sensitivity
10.3.4 Frequency Response
10.3.5 Distortion
10.4 Feedback Topologies
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10.4.1 Feedback Configurations
10.4.2 Feedback Relationships
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10.5 Analysis of Feedback Amplifiers
10.6 Series-Shunt Feedback
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10.6.1 Analysis of an Ideal Series-Shunt Feedback Network
10.6.2 Analysis of a Practical Series-Shunt Feedback Network
10.7 Series-Series Feedback
10.7.1 Analysis of an Ideal Series-Series Feedback Network
10.7.2 Analysis of a Practical Series-Series Feedback Network
10.8 Shunt-Shunt Feedback
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10.8.1 Analysis of an Ideal Shunt-Shunt Feedback Network
10.8.2 Analysis of a Practical Shunt-Shunt Feedback Network
10.9 Shunt-Series Feedback
10.9.1 Analysis of an Ideal Shunt-Series Feedback Network
10.9.2 Analysis of a Practical Shunt-Series Feedback Network
10.10 Feedback Circuit Design
10.11 Stability Analysis
10.11.1 Closed-Loop Frequency and Stability
10.11.2 Poles and Instability
10.11.3 Transient Response and Stability
10.11.4 Closed-Loop Poles and Stability
10.11.5 Nyquist Stability Criterion
10.11.6 Relative Stability
10.11.7 Effects of Phase Margin
10.11.8 Stability Using Bode Plots
10.12 Compensation Techniques
10.12.1 Addition of a Dominant Pole
10.12.2 Changing the Dominant Pole
10.12.3 Miller Compensation and Pole Splitting
10.12.4 Modification of the Feedback Path
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Chapter 11 – Power Amplifiers
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Classification of Power Amplifiers
11.3 Power Transistors
11.4 Class A Amplifiers
11.4.1 Emitter Followers
Transfer Characteristic
Signal Waveforms
Output Power and Efficiency
11.4.2 Basic Common-Emitter Amplifier
Transfer Characteristic
Output Power and Efficiency
11.4.3 Common-Emitter Amplifiers with Active Load
Transfer Characteristic
Output Power and Efficiency
11.4.4 Transformer-Coupled Load Common-Emitter Amplifier
11.5 Class B Push-Pull Amplifiers
11.5.1 Complementary Push-Pull Amplifiers
Output Power and Efficiency
Dead-Zone Minimization
11.5.2 Transformer-Coupled Load Push-Pull Amplifier
Signal Waveforms
Output Power and Efficiency
dc Biasing
11.6 Complementary Class AB Push-Pull Amplifiers
11.6.1 Transfer Characteristic
11.6.2 Output Power and Efficiency
11.6.3 Biasing with Diodes
11.6.4 Biasing with Diodes and an Active Current Source
Transfer Characteristic
11.6.5 Biasing with a VBE Multiplier
11.6.6 Quasi-Complementary Class AB Amplifiers
11.6.7 Transformer-Coupled Class AB Amplifiers
11.7 Class C Amplifiers
11.8 Class D Amplifiers
11.10 Short-Circuit and Thermal Protection
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11.10.1 Short-Circuit Protection
11.10.2 Thermal Protection
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11.11 Power Op-Amps
11.11.1 IC Power Amplifiers
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Power Op-Amp LH0021
Power Op-Amp LM380
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11.11.2 Bridge Amplifier
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11.12 Thermal Considerations
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11.12.1 Thermal Resistance
11.12.2 Heat Sink and Heat Flow
11.12.3 Power Dissipation versus Temperature
11.13 Design of Power Amplifiers
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Chapter 12 – Active Filters
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Active versus Passive Filters
12.3 Types of Active Filters
12.4 First-Order Filters
12.5 The Biquadratic Function
12.6 Butterworth Filters
12.6.1 Butterworth Function for n 5 1
12.6.2 Butterworth Function for n 5 2
12.6.3 Butterworth Function for n 5 3
12.6.4 Butterworth Function for Higher-Order Filters
12.7 Transfer Function Realization
12.8 Low-Pass Filters
12.8.1 First-Order Low-Pass Filters
12.8.2 Second-Order Low-Pass Filters
12.8.3 Butterworth Low-Pass Filters
12.9 High-Pass Filters
12.9.1 First-Order High-Pass Filters
12.9.2 Second-Order High-Pass Filters
12.9.3 Butterworth High-Pass Filters
12.10 Band-Pass Filters
12.10.1 Wide-Band-Pass Filters
12.10.2 Narrow-Band-Pass Filters
12.11 Band-Reject Filters
12.11.1 Wide-Band-Reject Filters
12.11.2 Narrow-Band-Reject Filters
12.12 All-Pass Filters
12.13 Switched-Capacitor Filters
12.13.1 Switched-Capacitor Resistors
12.13.2 Switched-Capacitor Integrators
12.13.3 Universal Switched-Capacitor Filters
12.14 Filter Design Guidelines
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Chapter 13 - Oscillators
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Principles of Oscillators
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13.2.1 Conditions for Oscillations
13.2.2 Frequency Stability
13.2.3 Amplitude Stability
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13.3.1 Phase-Shift Oscillators
13.3.2 Quadrature Oscillators
13.3.3 Three-Phase Oscillators
13.3.4 Wien-Bridge Oscillators
13.3.5 Ring Oscillators
13.4 Radio Frequency Oscillators
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13.4.1 Colpitts Oscillators
13.4.2 Hartley Oscillators
13.4.3 Two-Stage MOS Oscillators
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13.5 Crystal Oscillators
13.6 Active-Filter Tuned Oscillators
13.7 Design of Oscillators
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Chapter 14 – Operational Amplifiers
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Internal Structure of Op-Amps
14.3 Parameters and Characteristics of Practical Op-Amps
14.3.1 Input Biasing Current
14.3.2 Input Offset Current
14.3.3 Input Offset Voltage
14.3.4 Power Supply Rejection Ratio
14.3.5 Thermal Voltage Drift
14.3.6 Determining the Thermal Voltage Drift
BJT Amplifiers
CMOS Amplifiers
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14.3.7 Offset Voltage Adjustment
14.3.8 Common-Mode Rejection Ratio
14.3.9 Input Resistance
14.3.10 Output Resistance
14.3.11 Frequency Response
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Effects of Cx on Unity-Gain Bandwidth
Effects of Cx on Zeros
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14.3.12 Slew Rate
Relation between SR and fu
14.4 CMOS Op-Amps
14.4.1 Basic CMOS Op-Amp
14.4.2 CMOS Op-Amp MC14573
Differential Stage
Gain Stage
DC Biasing
14.4.3 CMOS Op-Amp TLC1078
Differential Stage
Gain Stage
Output Stage
DC Biasing
14.5 BJT Op-Amps
14.5.1 BJT Op-Amp LM124
Differential Stage
Gain Stage
Output Stage
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14.5.2 BJT Op-Amp LM741
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Differential Stage
Gain Stage
Output Stage
Protection Circuitry
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14.6 Analysis of the LM741 Op-Amp
14.6.1 DC Analysis
Biasing Circuit
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Microelectronic Circuits: Analysis & Design, Second Edition: Detailed Table of Contents – Muhammad H. Rashid Cengage Learning ©2011
Input Stage
Gain Stage
Output Stage
Overload Protection
14.6.2 Small-Signal AC Analysis
Input Stage
Gain Stage
Output Stage
14.6.3 Frequency-Response Analysis
14.6.4 Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit
14.7 BiCMOS Op-Amps
14.7.1 BiCMOS Op-Amp CA3130
Differential Stage
Gain Stage
Output Stage
14.7.2 BiCMOS Op-Amp CA3140
Output Stage
14.7.3 BiCMOS Op-Amp LH0022
Differential Stage
Gain Stage
Output Stage
Protection Circuitry
Biasing Circuitry
14.7.4 BiCMOS Op-Amp LF411
DC Biasing
Thermal Protection
14.7.5 BiCMOS Op-Amp LH0062
Differential Stage
Gain Stage
14.7.6 BiCMOS Op-Amp LH0032
14.8 Design of Op-Amps
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Chapter 15 – Introduction to Digital Electronics
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Logic States
15.3 Logic Gates
15.4 Performance Parameters of Logic Gates
15.4.1 Voltage Transfer Characteristic
15.4.2 Noise Margins
15.4.3 Fan-Out and Fan-In
15.4.4 Propagation Delay
15.4.5 Power Dissipation
Static Power
Dynamic Power
15.4.6 Delay-Power Product
15.5 NMOS Inverters
15.5.1 NMOS Inverter with Enhancement Load
Enhancement Load
Static Characteristics
Body Effect
15.5.2 NMOS Inverter with Depletion Load
Static Characteristics
Body Effect
15.5.3 Comparison of NMOS Inverters
15.6 NMOS Logic Circuits
15.6.1 NMOS Transmission Gates
15.6.2 NMOS NOR Gates
15.6.3 NMOS NAND Gates
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15.7 CMOS Inverters
15.8 CMOS Logic Circuits
15.8.1 CMOS Transmission Gates
Propagation Delay
15.8.2 CMOS NOR and NAND Gates
15.8.3 CMOS Families
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15.9 Comparison of CMOS and NMOS Gates
15.10 BJT Inverters
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15.10.1 Voltage Transfer Characteristics
15.10.2 Switching Characteristics
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15.11 Transistor-Transistor Logic Gates
15.11.1 Standard TTL Gates
15.11.2 High-Speed TTL NAND Gates
15.11.3 Schottky TTL NAND Gates
15.12 Emitter-Coupled Logic OR/NOR Gates
15.13 BiCMOS Inverters
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15.13.1 Propagation Delay
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15.14 Interfacing of Logic Gates
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15.14.1 TTL Driving CMOS
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Current Sinking
Current Sourcing
15.14.2 CMOS Driving TTL
Current Sourcing
Current Sinking
15.15 Comparison of Logic Gates
15.16 Design of Logic Circuits
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Chapter 16 – Integrated Analog Circuits and Applications
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Circuits with Op-Amps and Diodes
16.2.1 Most Positive Signal Detectors
16.2.2 Precision Peak Voltage Detectors
16.2.3 Precision Half-Wave Rectifiers
16.2.4 Precision Full-Wave Rectifiers
16.2.5 Precision Clamping Circuits
16.2.6 Fixed-Voltage Limiters
16.2.7 Adjustable Voltage Limiters
16.2.8 Zener Voltage Limiters
16.2.9 Hard Limiters
16.3 Comparators
16.3.1 Comparators versus Op-Amps
16.3.2 Output-Side Connection
16.3.3 Threshold Comparators
16.4 Zero-Crossing Detectors
16.5 Schmitt Triggers
16.5.1 Inverting Schmitt Trigger
Transfer Characteristics
Effect of Positive Feedback
16.5.2 Noninverting Schmitt Trigger
Transfer Characteristics
16.5.3 Schmitt Trigger with Reference Voltage
16.5.4 Effects of Hysteresis on the Output Voltage
16.6 Square-Wave Generators
16.7 Triangular-Wave Generators
16.8 Sawtooth-Wave Generators
16.9 Voltage-Controlled Oscillators
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Microelectronic Circuits: Analysis & Design, Second Edition: Detailed Table of Contents – Muhammad H. Rashid Cengage Learning ©2011
16.9.1 Charging Mode
16.9.2 Discharging Mode
16.9.3 Circuit Implementation
Voltage-Controlled Current Source
Current Switch
16.9.4 The NE/SE-566 VCO
16.10 The 555 Timer
16.10.1 Functional Block Diagram
16.10.2 Monostable Multivibrators
16.10.3 Applications of Monostable Multivibrators
Frequency Divider
Missing-Pulse Detector
Pulse Widener
16.10.4 Astable Multivibrators
16.10.5 Applications of Astable Multivibrators
Square-Wave Generator
Ramp Generator
FSK Modulator
16.11 Phase-Lock Loops
16.11.1 Phase Detector
16.11.2 Integrated Circuit PLL
16.11.3 Applications of the 565 PLL
Frequency Multiplier
FSK Demodulator
SCA (Background Music) Decoder
16.12 Voltage-to-Frequency and Frequency-to-Voltage Converters
16.12.1 V/F Converter
16.12.2 F/V Converter
16.13 Sample-and-Hold Circuits
16.13.1 SAH Op-Amp Circuits
16.13.2 SAH Integrated Circuits
16.14 Digital-to-Analog Converters
16.14.1 Weighted-Resistor D/A Converter
16.14.2 R-2R Ladder Network D/A Converter
16.14.3 Integrated Circuit D/A Converters
16.15 Analog-to-Digital Converters
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16.15.1 Successive-Approximation A/D Converter
16.15.2 Integrated Circuit A/D Converters
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16.16 Circuit Design Using Analog Integrated Circuits
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Appendix A – Introduction to OrCAD
A.1 Introduction
A.2 Installing the Software
A.3 Overview
A.4 The Circuit Analysis Process
A.5 Drawing the Circuit
A.5.1 Beginning a New Project
A.5.2 Getting and Placing Components
A.5.3 Rotating Components
A.5.4 Wiring Components
A.5.5 Labeling Components and Adding Text
A.5.6 Setting Attributes
A.5.7 Viewing the Schematic
A.5.8 Saving the Circuit File
A.6 Selecting the Type of Analysis
A.7 Simulation with PSpice
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A.8 Displaying the Results of a Simulation
A.9 Copying and Capturing Schematics
A.10 Varying Parameters
A.11 Frequency Response Analysis
A.12 Modeling Devices and Elements
A.12.1 Resistors
A.12.2 Capacitors
A.12.3 Inductors
A.12.4 Diodes
A.12.5 Bipolar Transistors
A.12.6 JFETs
A.12.7 MOSFETs
A.13 Creating Netlists
A.14 Adding Library Files
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Appendix B - Review of Basic Circuits
B.1 Introduction
B.2 Kirchhoff’s Current Law
B.3 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
B.4 Superposition Theorem
B.5 Thevenin’s Theorem
B.6 Norton’s Theorem
B.7 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
B.8 Transient Response of First-Order Circuits
B.8.1 Step Response of Series RC Circuits
B.8.2 Step Response of Series CR Circuits
B.8.3 Pulse Response of Series RC Circuits
B.8.4 Pulse Response of Series CR Circuits
B.8.5 Step Response of Series RL Circuits
B.9 Resonant Circuits
B.9.1 Series Resonant Circuits
B.9.2 Parallel Resonant Circuits
B.10 Frequency Response of First- and Second-Order Circuits
B.10.1 First-Order Low-Pass RC Circuits
B.10.2 First-Order High-Pass CR Circuits
B.10.3 Second-Order Series RLC Circuits
B.10.4 Second-Order Parallel RLC Circuits
B.11 Time Constants of First-Order Circuits
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Appendix C - Low-Frequency Hybrid BJT Model
Appendix D - Ebers–Moll Model of Bipolar Junction
Transistors
Appendix E - Passive Components
E.1 Resistors
E.2 Potentiometers
E.3 Capacitors
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Appendix F - Design Problems
Mini Design Projects
Medium Design Projects
Large Design Projects
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