THEORY AND PRACTICES FOR ENERGY EDUCATION, TRAINING, REGULATION AND STANDARDS – Energy, Culture
and Standered of Life– Marc A. Rosen
ENERGY, CULTURE AND STANDARD OF LIFE
Marc A. Rosen
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Ryerson Polytechnic University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Keywords: Energy, culture, standard of life, environment, pollution, sustainable
development, energy efficiency, energy conservation, fuel substitution.
Contents
U
SA NE
M SC
PL O
E –
C EO
H
AP LS
TE S
R
S
1 Introduction
2 Cultures and Standard of Life
3 Energy Use
3.1. Population and Energy Use
3.1.1. The World
3.1.2. Developing Countries
3.2. Effect of Urbanization on Energy Use
3.3. Energy-Use Growth Patterns
3.3.1. Worldwide Trends
3.3.2. Fossil Fuels
3.3.3. Conventional Non-Fossil Energy Resources
3.3.4. Renewable and Alternative Energy Resources
3.3.5. Electricity
3.4. Energy-Storage Technologies
3.5. Energy Use in Countries
4 Environmental Impact of Energy Use
4.1. The Emergence of Energy-Related Environmental Issues
4.2. Spatial Issues
4.3. Causes and Effects of Some Environmental Concerns
4.4. Major Areas of Environmental Concern Related to Energy Use
4.4.1. Global Climate Change
4.4.2. Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
4.4.3. Acid Precipitation
4.4.4. Other Environmental Concerns
5 Impact of Energy Use on Culture, Standard of Life and Sustainability
5.1. Technology and Society
5.2. Energy and Society
5.3. Sustainable Development
5.4. Energy and Sustainable Development
5.5. Environment and Sustainable Development
5.6. Achieving Sustainable Development
6 Possible Energy-Use Modifications to Improve Standard of Life and Culture
6.1. Increased Efficiency
6.1.1. Efficiency Programs and Factors
6.1.2. Limits on Increased Efficiency
6.2. Use of Environmental Impact and Pollution Control Technologies and
©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS)
THEORY AND PRACTICES FOR ENERGY EDUCATION, TRAINING, REGULATION AND STANDARDS – Energy, Culture
and Standered of Life– Marc A. Rosen
U
SA NE
M SC
PL O
E –
C EO
H
AP LS
TE S
R
S
Methodologies
6.3. Fuel and Energy-Resource Substitution
6.3.1. Natural Gas
6.3.2. Nuclear Energy
6.3.3. Hydroelectric Power
6.3.4. Renewable Energy
6.4. Strategic Planning
6.5. Use of Exergy Analysis and Other Second-Law Analysis Techniques
6.5.1. Exergy Analysis for Efficiency Improvement
6.5.2. Exergy Analysis for Improving Environmental Impact
6.5.3. Energy Use in Countries Revisited
7 Closing Remarks
Bibliography
Biographical Sketches
Summary
Energy, culture and standard of life are linked in complex ways that are often difficult to
discern. These relations are examined in this chapter. In the first part, culture and standard
of life are described. Then, the main energy forms and sources are discussed, including
fossil fuels, non-fossil resources, renewable energy and electricity. Energy use is
described, and its relation to population and urbanization for different countries is
examined. The environmental impact of energy use is described, and such environmental
concerns as global climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion and acid precipitation are
discussed. Then, the impact of energy use on society, culture, standard of life and
sustainability is discussed, and the task of achieving sustainable development described.
Finally, possible energy-use modifications to improve standard of life and culture are
addressed, including increased efficiency, fuel and energy-resource substitution, strategic
planning, and the use of exergy analysis and other second-law analysis techniques. The
differences between developing and developed countries are addressed throughout the
chapter.
1. Introduction
In early civilizations, people relied extensively on fire. They burned wood to obtain
sufficiently high temperatures for cooking and heating, as well as for melting metals,
extracting chemicals and converting heat to work. During combustion, the carbon and
hydrogen in wood combine with oxygen (O2) to form carbon dioxide (CO2) and water
(H2O), respectively. The CO2 is then absorbed by plants and converted back to carbon,
thereby becoming available for use as a fuel again. Since wood proved inadequate to
meet all fuel demands and had other limitations, the use of fossil fuels (e.g., oil, coal
and gas) began, at the time of the Industrial Revolution. These energy choices have had
a strong influence on cultural and economic development and the standard of life
achieved (including the state of the environment). For example, using fossil fuels has
increased the CO2 concentration in air (see Table 1). Despite past warnings about the
risks associated with emissions of greenhouse gases such as CO2, significant actions to
©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS)
THEORY AND PRACTICES FOR ENERGY EDUCATION, TRAINING, REGULATION AND STANDARDS – Energy, Culture
and Standered of Life– Marc A. Rosen
reduce environmental pollution have not been taken and many researchers now believe
that global warming is occurring.
This historical discussion demonstrates that energy, culture and standard of life are
linked. The relations between these areas are often complex and sometimes difficult to
discern, for both developing and developed countries. Historical data on global energyresource use and related environmental emissions and impacts, from 1860 to the
present, are given in Table 1.
1860
1880
1900
Year
1920 1940
1960
1980
2000
U
SA NE
M SC
PL O
E –
C EO
H
AP LS
TE S
R
S
Energy-resource use
Global primary energy supply (millions of barrels of
0.3
3
13
18
20
42
110
170
oil equivalent per day)
Global fossil fuel use (millions of tons of oil
equivalent per day)
All fossil fuels
2400 6000 8000
Oil
800 2800 3400
Coal
1500 1800 2500
Energy-related emissions
Carbon emissions from burning fossil fuels (million
tons)
World
2400 5000 6600
Industrial countries
1500 2600 3000
Developing countries
470 1100 2800
Former East Bloc countries
500 1200
700
Energy-related environmental impacts
Atmospheric CO2 concentration (parts per million)
283
290
292
298
308
311
330
370
14.5 14.6 14.8 14.7 15.0 15.0 15.1
15.3
Average temperature at earth’s surface (°C)
a
Data are only available in source for last half century for items missing earlier data. Data for the year 2000 is based on
extrapolations of data for the 1990s.
Sources: Barbour, I. (2000). Energy. Technology and Society: A Bridge to the 21st Century (ed. L.S. Hjorth, B.A.
Eichler, A.S. Khan and J.A. Morello). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall; and Colonbo, U. (1992).
Development and the global environment. The Energy-Environment Connection (ed. J.M. Hollander), 3-14.
Washington: Island Press.
Table1. Selected Data for Energy-Resource Use and Energy-Related Emissions and
Impactsa
Culture is usually loosely thought of as the form and stage of intellectual development
or civilization. Energy choices are sometimes dependent on a society’s culture, while at
other times energy-related factors contribute to cultural changes and development.
Standard of life is often taken to be the degree of material comfort available to a
community. The availability of energy resources (of sufficient quantity, quality and
type) and the ability to utilize those resources have a strong influence on a society’s
standard of life. Yet the standard of life attained has a feedback effect on energy issues.
For example, societies with a high standard of life are likely to have good education
©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS)
THEORY AND PRACTICES FOR ENERGY EDUCATION, TRAINING, REGULATION AND STANDARDS – Energy, Culture
and Standered of Life– Marc A. Rosen
systems and extensive research and development undertakings that permit the
development of energy technologies capable of harnessing energy resources more
efficiently and with less environmental impact.
Environmental impact is often a significant consequence of energy use and strongly
affects culture and standard of life. Environmental issues also affect the sustainability of
a country’s development in the longer term and thus are an important consideration.
U
SA NE
M SC
PL O
E –
C EO
H
AP LS
TE S
R
S
In this chapter, the relations between energy, culture and standard of life are examined.
First, culture and standard of life are described. Then, energy use, in the world and in
countries, is described and its relation to population and urbanization are covered. The
main energy forms and sources discussed are fossil fuels, non-fossil resources, renewable
energy and electricity. Environmental concerns are discussed and the environmental
impact of energy use is described. Then, the impact of energy use on society, culture,
standard of life and sustainability is discussed, and needs for achieving sustainable
development in countries are described. Finally, possible energy-use modifications to
improve standard of life and culture are covered. The differences between developing and
developed countries are addressed throughout the chapter.
This is the lead chapter for a series of chapters on energy, culture and standard of life
(see Natural and Additional Energy). The chapter is intended to present a broad
summary and evaluation of each of these areas and the interactions between them. For
context, it is noted that this series of chapters on energy, culture and standard of life fall
within the general theme of “basics of energy and energy-related education and training,
organizations and standards.” Topics in this theme include fundamentals such as
thermodynamics, electromagnetism and nuclear physics, as well as more general
subjects such as energy-related education and training, international information
systems and codes and standards.
2. Culture and Standard of Life
An understanding of culture and standard of life is crucial to this chapter. However,
these concepts often have different meanings to different people, and are imprecisely
understood. Thus, for clarity, some definitions of these concepts are presented and
discussed here.
Culture is a concept not easy to explain. Culture is defined in a general sense by the
Oxford dictionary as the “particular form, stage, or type of intellectual development or
civilization.” The Webster’s dictionary defines culture more specifically as “the
concepts, habits, skills, art, instruments, institutions, etc. of a given people in a given
period” or, more simply, “civilization.” Some of the many factors that contribute to a
culture include its standards for greetings and dress, social taboos, customs and traditions,
crafts, local foods and dishes, and architecture.
Standard of life (or living) is a relative measure and not easily quantified. Standard of
living is defined as the “degree of material comfort available to person or class or
community” (Oxford dictionary), and as “a level of subsistence, as of a nation, social
class, or person, with reference to the adequacy of necessities and comforts in daily life”
©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS)
THEORY AND PRACTICES FOR ENERGY EDUCATION, TRAINING, REGULATION AND STANDARDS – Energy, Culture
and Standered of Life– Marc A. Rosen
(Webster’s dictionary). Some of the many factors that contribute to standard of life are
listed in Table 2. In that table, some key social and economic indicators for selected
countries are given.
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Colombia
Dominican
Republic
Haiti
Mexico
Nicaragua
6.2
2.9
95.8
1.7
4.8
2.8
51
4.9
53
74
1.9
n.a.
55
3.2
50
69
36
72
30
68
36
25
n.a.
12
81
53
27
91
62
9
81
27
32
740
4.6
3,840
368.1
370
1.8
30.9
9.0
26.6
6.6
21.5
4.6
48.8
5.9
68.4
4.5
44.4
3.6
U
SA NE
M SC
PL O
E –
C EO
H
AP LS
TE S
R
S
Social Indicatorsa
Population
Total population (millions)
36.1
7.9
165.9
40.8
8.3
7.6
Average annual growth
1.3
2.4
1.4
1.9
1.8
2.1
(1992-98)
Urban Population
% of total population
89
61
80
73
64
34
Annual growth
1.6
3.3
2.0
2.5
2.8
3.9
Poverty (% of population below
18
n.a.
n.a.
18
21
n.a.
poverty line)
Life expectancy at birth (years)
73
62
67
70
71
54
Infant mortality (per 1,000 live
19
60
33
23
40
71
births)
Child malnutrition (% of
2
8
6
8
6
28
children under 5)
Access to safe water
Urbanb (% of population)
71
78
85
88
74
37
Ruralb (% of population)
24
22
31
48
67
23
Illiteracy (% of population over
3
16
16
9
17
52
age 14)
Economic Indicatorsa
GNP/capita (Atlas method US$)
8,030
1,010
4,630
2,470
1,770
410
GNP (Atlas method, US$)
290.3
8.0
767.6
100.7
14.6
3.2
Industry contribution to GNP
% of GNP
28.7
28.7
28.8
25.1
32.8
20.1
Average annual growth
3.2
n.a.
0.5
-2.3
8.8
6.1
Services contribution to GNP
% of GNP
65.6
55.9
62.8
61.4
55.6
49.6
Average annual growth
4.7
n.a.
1.3
2.0
7.7
2.4
a
n.a. = Not available
b
Year of information varies (1991 to 1995).
Source: The World Bank. (2000). World Development Indicators 2000. Virginia: The World Bank Group.
Honduras
Table 2. Key Socio-Economic Indicators for Selected Latin and Caribbean Countries
(1998)
Culture and standard of life are not independent. They are related and details of either
can affect the other. For example, a society with a high standard of life may have ample
free time to devote to cultural development and consequently may develop a wide range
of arts and skills, while a society with a lower standard of life may focus on the
development of practical skills associated with basic necessities. Also, the cultural
choices made by a society (e.g., placing a high value on economic wealth) can affect the
standard of life achieved.
Energy issues clearly have an impact on culture and standard of life, while these topics
in turn often affect energy choices. An abundance of energy resources can help a
society achieve a high standard of living in terms of wealth, simply through harvesting
the resources, although problems such as energy-related environmental degradation can
also result in such situations. By extension, cultural choices, directions and
©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS)
THEORY AND PRACTICES FOR ENERGY EDUCATION, TRAINING, REGULATION AND STANDARDS – Energy, Culture
and Standered of Life– Marc A. Rosen
development each can be affected by availability of energy resources. Yet the
possession of abundant energy resources does not always lead to high living standards,
and countries that have little or no domestic energy resources can often achieve high
standards of life, often through developing a culture that highly values learning,
knowledge and innovation.
We further examine the impact of energy use on culture and standard of life in Section
5. First, however, energy use and its impact on the environment are discussed in detail
in the next two sections.
3. Energy Use
3.1. Population and Energy Use
U
SA NE
M SC
PL O
E –
C EO
H
AP LS
TE S
R
S
3.1.1. The World
The world population is expected to increase, even if the birth rates decline so that the
world population becomes stable, from 5.3 billion in 1990 and 6.0 billion in 2000, to
about 10.5 billion in 2050. Thus, compared to 1990, world population is expected to
double by the middle of the 21st century.
Economic development will almost certainly continue to grow in the future. Global
demand for energy services is expected to increase from 1990 levels by as much as an
order of magnitude by 2050, while primary-energy demands are expected to increase by
1.5 to 3 times.
In addition to increasing energy requirements, this anticipated population growth is likely
to lead to increasing energy-related environmental problems such as acid precipitation,
stratospheric ozone depletion and global climate change (the greenhouse effect).
Simultaneously, concern regarding these energy-related environmental impacts is likely
to increase.
These discussions demonstrate that energy is one of the main factors that must be
considered in discussions of sustainable development, along with population and
environmental degradation.
3.1.2. Developing Countries
The world population share of developing countries, which was less than 70% in 1960, is
about 77% today, and is expected to reach about 85% by 2050. Although developing
countries, with their present population of over four billion, represent about over threequarters of the world’s population, they are responsible for only a quarter of global energy
use. Demographers predict that the total world population will top eight billion by 2005,
and that roughly three-quarters of these people will continue to live in developing
countries. The ability to provide energy services for the developing world must grow
considerably to meet the extra demands expected in these countries and to ensure that
their economic development is not constrained.
©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS)
THEORY AND PRACTICES FOR ENERGY EDUCATION, TRAINING, REGULATION AND STANDARDS – Energy, Culture
and Standered of Life– Marc A. Rosen
The population growth in developing countries is likely to lead not only to increasing
energy requirements, but also to increasing energy-related environmental impact. Much of
the population growth for developing countries will occur in metropolitan areas where
there is a concentration of vehicles, industries and other emission sources, as well as
significant deforestation.
3.2. Effect of Urbanization on Energy Use
In order to develop an understanding of the issues associated with global CO2 emissions
and other environmental impacts, the relationship between urban growth and energy use
must be appreciated. The energy needs of cities are large and increase with both urban
growth and industrial development.
U
SA NE
M SC
PL O
E –
C EO
H
AP LS
TE S
R
S
Energy needs, however, are not the same everywhere. Energy policies and programs
should account for this spatial differentiation. In some locations where wood is used as
a fuel, increased efficiencies of wood stoves and charcoal kilns are required to make
wood supplies sustainable. Such innovations may require greater education and
information-dissemination efforts in many smaller cities, which appear to face greater
wood fuel shortages.
In general, urbanization entails not only major changes in land-use patterns, but also
shifts in the ways societies use energy.
The transition away from “traditional fuels” (e.g., firewood, charcoal, crop residues) to
such modern fuels and energy forms as petroleum, coal, natural gas and electricity is
accelerated with urbanization. Urbanization is a growing trend in many developing
countries, along with increased urban energy demand.
3.3. Energy-Use Growth Patterns
3.3.1. Worldwide Trends
Energy demand has grown rapidly since the sudden decrease in oil prices in the mid1980s, e.g., world energy demand grew by 17% between 1986 and 1992. Even allowing
for potential new energy resources, many feel that present growth in energy demand may
not be sustainable.
Many methods are used to predict future energy use patterns. One widely recognized
method is that of the International Energy Agency (IEA). The IEA uses two cases to
project future energy use:
- the capacity constraints case, in which trends in past behavior are assumed to
continue to dominate future energy-consumption patterns, and
- the energy savings case, in which greater energy-efficiency improvements are
assumed to occur than suggested by past behavior.
World energy use projected using the IEA’s capacity constraints case is shown in Table 3.
In this case, world demand for primary energy increases by more than 44% between 1992
©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS)
THEORY AND PRACTICES FOR ENERGY EDUCATION, TRAINING, REGULATION AND STANDARDS – Energy, Culture
and Standered of Life– Marc A. Rosen
and 2010, corresponding to an average annual rate of about 2.1%, to 11,489 million
tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe). The average annual growth rate through this period for
natural gas is 2.5%, the fastest among all fossil fuels.
Year
1971
2000
CO2 emissions (Mt)
CO2 emissions (% change since 1990)
2010
1510
2327
896
29
104
4
4870
2301
3109
1745
554
192
34
7935
2612
3549
1979
658
245
57
9100
3280
4394
2708
705
312
90
11489
814
1899
582
461
1756
1114
915
2602
1002
1048
5567
2368
1040
3019
1128
1276
6463
2637
1255
1780
1438
1747
8220
3269
2165
1100
717
111
1210
5
5308
4774
1387
1652
2126
2235
46
12220
5946
1313
2358
2520
2846
83
15066
7991
1406
4423
2707
3630
166
20323
14707
21114
-2.4
24073
11.3
30726
42.1
U
SA NE
M SC
PL O
E –
C EO
H
AP LS
TE S
R
S
Primary energy (Mtoe)
Solids
Oil
Gas
Nuclear
Hydro
Geothermal/others/renewables
Total
Final energy (Mtoe)
Solids
Oil
Gas
Electricity
Total
Transformation and losses (Mtoe)
Electricity generation, by source (TWh)
Solids
Oil
Gas
Nuclear
Hydro
Geothermal/others/renewables
Total
1992
GDP per capita (1987 US$)
3511
3938
4699
Energy use per capita (toe)
1.30
1.46
1.48
1.64
Energy intensity (toe/1000$)
0.43
0.39
0.36
Source: World Energy Outlook. (1995). Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
and International Energy Agency.
Table3. Past and Projected Global Energy Consumption and Related Data
(based on the Capacity-Constraints Case)
For the IEA’s energy savings case, the projected values in Table 3 decrease by about 510%. World energy demand is projected to grow by less than 35% between 1992 and
2010 for the energy savings case, compared to the value of 44% predicted for the capacity
constraints case.
In the same period, world consumption of coal and other solid fuels is projected to
increase annually at an average rate of 2% to 3280 Mtoe for the energy savings case,
compared to an average rate of 1.6% to 3067 Mtoe for the capacity constraints case.
©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS)
THEORY AND PRACTICES FOR ENERGY EDUCATION, TRAINING, REGULATION AND STANDARDS – Energy, Culture
and Standered of Life– Marc A. Rosen
-
TO ACCESS ALL THE 41 PAGES OF THIS CHAPTER,
Visit: http://www.eolss.net/Eolss-sampleAllChapter.aspx
Bibliography
U
SA NE
M SC
PL O
E –
C EO
H
AP LS
TE S
R
S
Ausubel, J.H. (1991). Energy and environment: the light path, Energy Systems and Policy 15, 181-188.
Bisio, A. and Boots, S., Eds. (1996). The Wiley Encyclopedia of Energy and the Environment. Toronto:
Wiley-Interscience.
Eden, R.J. (1993). World energy to 2050: outline scenarios for energy and electricity. Energy Policy 21,
231-237.
Goldemberg, J., Johansson, T.B., Reddy, A.K.N. and Williams, R.H. (1988). Energy for a Sustainable
World. New York: Wiley.
Graedel, T.E. and Allenby, B.R. (1995). Industrial Ecology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA: Prentice Hall.
[This book provides a comprehensive guide to industrial ecology.]
Hjorth, L.S., Eichler, B.A., Khan, A.S. and Morello, J.A., Eds. (2000). Technology and Society: A Bridge to
the 21st Century. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
MacRae, K.M. (1992). Realizing the Benefits of Community Integrated Energy Systems. Calgary, Alberta:
Canadian Energy Research Institute. [This book discusses strategies and barriers for implementing such
energy technologies and systems as cogeneration and district energy.]
Okamatsu, S. (1992). MITI’s centennial vision of global environment and technology and the response to
global warming: concerning New Earth 21. Energy Politics and Schumpeter Dynamics (ed. H. Krupp),
335-348. Tokyo: Springer-Verlag.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. (1999). Energy: The Next Fifty Years. OECD:
Washington, D.C.
Painuly, J.P. and Reddy, B.S. (1996). Electricity conservation programs: barriers to their implications.
Energy Sources 18, 257-267.
Perman, R., Ma, Y. and McGilvray, J. (1996). Natural Resource and Environmental Economics. London:
Longman.
Rosen, M.A. (1996). The role of energy efficiency in sustainable development. Technology and Society
15(4), 21-26. [This paper focuses on the contribution possible from efficiency in moving toward
sustainability.]
Rosen, M.A. and Dincer, I. (1997). On exergy and environmental impact. International Journal of Energy
Research 21(7), 643-654. [This paper discusses the links between the thermodynamic concept exergy and
different aspects of environmental impact.]
Sathaye, J. and Ketoff, A. (1991). CO2 emissions from major developing countries: better understanding
the role of energy in the long term. Energy-The International Journal 12, 161-196.
Scheraga, J.D. (1994). Energy and environment: something new under the sun? Energy Policy 22, 798-803.
Speight, J.G and Lee, S. (2000). Environmental Technology Handbook, 2nd ed. New York: Taylor & Francis.
Strong, M.F. (1992). Energy, environment and development. Energy Policy 20(6), 490-494.
Wilbur, L.C., Ed. (1985). Handbook of Energy Systems Engineering: Production and Utilization.
Toronto: Wiley.
Winteringham, F.P.W. (1992). Energy Use and the Environment. Boca Raton, Florida: Lewis
Publications.
World Energy Council. (1995). Global Energy Perspectives to 2050 and Beyond. London: World Energy
Council.
©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS)
THEORY AND PRACTICES FOR ENERGY EDUCATION, TRAINING, REGULATION AND STANDARDS – Energy, Culture
and Standered of Life– Marc A. Rosen
Biographical Sketch
U
SA NE
M SC
PL O
E –
C EO
H
AP LS
TE S
R
S
Dr. Marc A. Rosen is a professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Ryerson Polytechnic
University in Toronto, Canada. He recently completed a term as Department chair, and has served as
Director of the Department’s School of Aerospace Engineering. He has worked for such organizations as
Imatra Power Company in Helsinki, Finland, Argonne National Laboratory outside Chicago, U.S.A. and
the Institute for Hydrogen Systems, near Toronto.
Dr. Rosen obtained a B.A.Sc. (1981) in Engineering Science, and a M.A.Sc. (1983) and Ph.D. (1987) in
Mechanical Engineering, all from the University of Toronto. He is a registered Professional Engineer in
Ontario, and a founding associate editor for the “International Journal of Exergy.” Dr. Rosen is a fellow
of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering, vice president of its Thermo-Fluids Engineering
Technical Division and an editorial-board member of that society’s journal Transactions of the CSME.
With over 40 research grants and contracts and 170 technical publications, Dr. Rosen is an active teacher
and researcher in thermodynamics (particularly second-law, or exergy, analysis), energy-conversion
technologies (e.g., cogeneration, district energy, thermal storage, renewable energy), and the
environmental impact of energy and industrial systems.
Dr. Rosen has received many honours, including an Award of Excellence in Research and Technology
Development from the Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy in 1997, and the Sarwan
Sahota/Ryerson distinguished scholar award in 1998.
©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS)