Chapter Outline
The Living World
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya, (Viruses)
Biomolecules
Functional Groups
Major Classes of Biomolecules
Biochemical Reactions
Reactions, Energy, Metabolism, Order
Genetic Information Processing
1P1-1

What is Life?
1. Life is complex and dynamic.
2. Life is organized and self-sustaining.
3. Life is cellular.
4. Life is information based.
5. Life adapts and evolves.
1P1-2

1.1 The Living World
All living species are composed of prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells.
Living organisms are classified in to three domains: bacteria archaea (extremophiles) eukarya
1P1-3

Prokaryotes
Two groups: eubacteria e. g. Escherichia coli archae
Staphylococcus aureus e. g. Halobacterium salinarium
Thermoplasma acidophilus
1P1-4

Eukaryotes
Eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells.
They contain organelles: eg. Nucleus.
Most are multicellular.
1P1-5

1.2 Biomolecules
Most compounds found in organisms are organic molecules.
These molecules contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur.
Most molecules found in organisms are derived from hydrocarbons.
1P1-6

Biomolecules: Hydrocarbons
H
H
C
H
H
H
H
2
2
C
C methane
H H H H H H
H C C C C C C H hexane
CH
2
CH
2
H H H H H H cyclohexane
CH
2
CH
2
1P1-7

Biomolecules: Functional Groups
R CH CH R alkene
R OH alcohol
R SH thiol
O
RCH aldehyde
O
R C R ketone
1P1-8

Biomolecules: Functional Groups
O
R C OH carboxylic acid
O
R C OR ester
O
R C NH
2 amide
R NH
2 amine
1P1-9

Classes of Biomolecules-1a
Amino acids make peptides and proteins.
O
C
OH
O
C OH
H
2
N C a
R
-aminoacid
H
O
C
OH
H
2
N C H
CH
2
OH
Serine, Ser
H
2
Lysine, Lys
N C H
CH
2
NH
2
4 R groups
1P1-10

Classes of Biomolecules-1b
Some amino acids are not a
-aminoacids.
O
H
2
N CH
2
CH
2
C b
-alanine
OH
O
H N CH CH CH C OH
2 2 2 2 g
-aminobutyric acid
GABA
1P1-11

Small Biomolecules-1c
H
3
N
+
H O
C C
R
H
N
H O
C C
R
Peptide bond
O
O O O O
H
2
N CH C NH
CH
2
OH
CH C NH
H
CH C NH CHC OH
CH
2
SH CH
3 1P1-12

Small Biomolecules-2
Monosaccharides (simple sugars) make carbohydrates
H
H O
H
CHO
C
C
OH
H
C OH
H C OH
CH OH
2
D-glucose
CH
2
OH
C O
C H H O
H C OH
H C OH
CH OH
2
D-fructose
O
C
H
H C OH
H C OH
H C OH
CH OH
2
D-ribose
1P1-13

Small Biomolecules-3a
Fatty acids are part of many lipids.
O
H
3
C
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
C
Lauric acid (saturated) in anion form
O
O
CH
CH
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
C
O
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
CH
2
3
An unsaturated fatty acid
1P1-14

Small Biomolecules-3b
CH
2
O
O
C
O
R1
CH O C
O
R2
CH
2
O C a fat/oil or
R3 triacyl glycerol
O
CH
2
O C
O
CH
CH
2
O C
O
O P
O
R1
R2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
N
+
CH
3
CH
3 phosphatidylcholine
1P1-15

Small Biomolecules-3c
(CH
3
)
2
CH CH
2
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
CH
3
H O
Cholesterol
1P1-16

Small Biomolecules-4a
Nucleotides join to form DNA and RNA.
Nucleotides are composed of: a nitrogenous base ribose or deoxyribose sugar ring phosphate group
NH
2
-
O
-
O
P
O
O CH
2
O
N
N
N
N
H
H H
H
OH OH
1P1-17

Small Biomolecules-4b
Bases
N
H C
NH
2
C
C
N
C
N
N
H
CH
H
H N
2
N
C
O
C
N
C
C pyrimidines purines
N
N
H
CH
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
Thymine (T)
Uracil (U)
N
NH
2
C
CH
O
C CH
N
H
O
C
C
CH
H N
O
C CH
N
H
3 H N
O
O
C
CH
C CH
N
H
1P1-18

Small Biomolecules-4c
DNA
Is a polymer of two polynucleotide strands wrapped in a right handed double helix.
Has a sugar (deoxyribose) phosphate backbone.
Has the bases paired via hydrogen bonding. (A-T and G-C)
Carries the genetic information (genes) of an organism.
1P1-19

Small Biomolecules-4d
Fig 1.14
1P1-20

Small Biomolecules-4e
RNA
Is a polymer of polynucloetide strands.
Has a sugar (ribose) phosphate backbone.
Has the bases A, U, G, and C.
Consists of three types: messenger RNA transfer RNA ribosomal RNA
1P1-21