In-text Source Citations For APA
• APA requires parenthetical references in the text to
document quotations, paraphrases, summaries, and
other material from a source.
• These citations correspond to full bibliographic entries in
your Reference Page.
• An in-text citation always indicates which source on the
reference page the writer is referring to, and it explains in
what year the material was published.
• For quoted material, the in-text citation also indicates
where in the source the quotation can be found.
Basic format for a quotation:
• Generally, use the author’s name in a signal
phrase to introduce the cited material, and place
the date, in parentheses, immediately after the
author’s name.
• The page number, preceded by p., appears in
parentheses after the quotation.
– Robert Gitlin (2001) pointed out that “political critics,
convinced that the media are rigged against them are
often blind to other substantial reasons why their
causes are unpersuasive” (p. 141).
• If the author is not named in a signal phrase,
place the author’s name, the year, and the page
number in parentheses after the quotation:
– (Gitlin, 2001, p. 141).
For electronic texts or other works without
page numbers, you may use paragraph
numbers with the abbreviation para.
Driver (2007) has noticed “an increasing focus on
the role of land” in policy debates over the past
decade (para.1).
Basic format for a paraphrase or
summary:
• Include the author’s last name and the
years as in the first example, but omit the
page or paragraph number unless the
reader will need it to find the material in a
long work.
– Robert Gitlin (2001) has argued that critics
sometimes overestimate the influence of the
media on modern life.
Two Authors
• Use both names in all citations. Use and in a
signal phrase, but use an ampersand (&) in
parentheses:
– Babcock and Laschever (2003) have suggested that
many women do not negotiate their salaries and pay
raises as vigorously as their male counterparts do.
– A recent study has suggested that many women do
not negotiate their salaries and pay raises as
vigorously as their male counterparts do (Babcock &
Laschever, 2003).
Corporate or Group Author
• If the name of the organization or
corporation is long, spell it out the first
time you use it, followed by an
abbreviation in brackets. In later
references, use the abbreviation only:
– First citation: (Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention [CDC], 2006).
– Later citations: (CDC, 2006).
Unknown Author
• Use the title or its first few words in a
signal phrase or in parentheses. A book’s
title is italicized, as in the following
example; an article’s title is placed in
quotation marks:
– The employment profiles for this time period
substantiated this trend (Federal
Employment, 2001).
Electronic Document
• Cite a Web or electronic document as you
would a print source, using the author’s
name and date:
– Link and Phelan (2005) argued for broader
interventions in public health that would be
accessible to anyone, regardless of individual
wealth.
Electronic Document, con’t.
• For the following electronic sources
without names, dates, or page numbers:
– Author unknown:
• Use a shortened form of the title in a signal phrase
or in parentheses. If an organization is the author,
then use the same format as you would an
unknown author.
Electronic Document, con’t.
• Date Unknown:
– Use the abbreviation n.d. (for “no date”) in place of the year: (Hopkins,
n.d.).
• No page numbers:
– Many works found online or in electronic databases lack stable page
numbers. If paragraph numbers are included in such a source, then
use the abbreviation para: (Giambetti, 2006, para. 7).
– If not paragraph numbers are included but the source includes
headings, give the heading and identify the paragraph in the section:
• Jacobs and Johnson (2007) have argued that “the South African media
is still highly concentrated and not very diverse in terms of race and
class” (South African Media after Apartheid, para. 3).
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