Changing Demographics in the U. S.
and the Multicultural Education
Implications
Philip C. Chinn
Professor Emeritus
California State University, Los Angeles
Multicultural Center
Minnesota State University, Mankato
November 15, 2012
1912 vs. 2012
1912
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•
Population
95,335,000
MN Population
2,075,708
CA Population
2,377,000
Ave. Income
$1,033 year
Life Expectancy
47 (Men)
Homes with phone
8%
States allowing
medical marijuana
0
States allowing
gay marriage
0
Women in Congress
0
2012
2050 Projected
314,159,265
439,010,000
5,344,861
7,609,503
37,700,000
59,507,000
$50,054 (family of four)
75.96
83 to 86
19% third graders cell phones
19
9*
97
*Plus D.C., two American Indian tribes. Maryland and Rhode Island recognize same sex marriages performed in
other jurisdictions. California on a conditional basis.
2012 Elections- First Hindu in Congress, First Openly Gay U.S. Senator,
First Buddhist and Asian Female in Senate, First Vietnamese American U.S. Mayor
Part I
Immigration and Fertility
U. S. IN THE …
19th Century
through Mid 20th
Century

Immigrants mostly
from Europe
21st Century
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More diverse
Immigrants
primarily from
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Latin America
Asia
Immigrants
By 2050, 19% or one in five Americans an
immigrant, compared to one in eight (12%)
in 2005.
California &
border states
with Latinos &
Asians
GATEWAY CITIES
Primarily New
York 1800’s thru
NewYork
early1900’s
POPULATION GROWTH
U.S. population increases
by 2.5 million annually
immigration 1 million
80% non-white
70 % Latinos & Asians
birth rate 4 million
death rate 2.5 million
net 1.5 million
U. S. Foreign Born by Place of Birth 2010
Minnesota’s Immigrant Population
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43.8% entered 2000 or later
Foreign born origins
Minnesota
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Africa
Asia
Europe
Latin America
Northern America
Oceania
20.2 %
37.2 %
11.1 %
27.4%
3.6%
0.5 %
U.S
4.5% (including Oceania)
28.2%
12.1%
53.1%
2.0%
Foreign Born Americans
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2010, 39,956,000 million foreign-born in U. S.
Foreign born 12.9% of population
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56.49% of foreign born live in:
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Naturalized Citizens 17,476,000
Noncitizen
22,490,000
California (10,024,000)
New York (4,206,000)
Florida
(3,441,000)
Texas
(3,829,000)
Examples of state increases:
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Nevada
North Carolina,
Minnesota
105,000 to 498,000
115,000 to 630,000
113,039 to 378,483
1990-2010
1990-2010
1990-2010*
*In 2010, 7.1 percent of Minnesota's total population were immigrants,
compared to 5.3 percent in 2000 and 2.6 percent in 1990.
U. S. Census Bureau, 2010 American Community Survey
MN’s Leading Countries of Foreign Birth
1990
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Laos 12.7%
Canada 9%
Germany 7%
2010
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Mexico 17.4%
India 6.2%
Vietnam 5.2%
Undocumented Immigrants
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Estimated 11,800,000 undocumented in 2008,
increase from 8,460,000 in 2005.
11,600,000 in 2010 and 11,500,000 in 2012
Net immigration from Mexico zero or reversed*
95,000 Minnesota 2009**
U. S. Department of Homeland Security, Office of Immigration Statistics, 2008, 2012
* Pew Research Center, Passel,J., Cohn, D., and Gonzolez-Barrera, A., May 2012
**Pew Hispanic Center
FERTILITY RATE SIGNIFICANCE
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To maintain the status quo, 2.1 children per
woman
One child each to replace the mother and
father.
.1 children to provide for infant mortality
FERTILITY IN THE U. S.
U. S. among highest fertility rates in the
industrialized world with 1.90 births per
woman (2010), compared to 1.4 per woman
in Europe. Rates declining since the latest
recession.
U. S. Declining Fertility Rate
U. S. Fertility Rate
Population Reference Bureau 2012
Part II
Census Findings and Projections
ETHNIC/RACIAL REPRESENTATION IN
THE U. S. POPULATION
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Historically U. S. population predominantly
white (European) American. Whites 80.3% of
population 1990, 75.1% 2000, 72.4% 2010.
Annual White percentages decrease, while and
Hispanic and Asian increase. 2050, whites
projected a U. S. minority (47%).
50.4 % U.S. population younger than age 1 are
minorities as of July 1, 2011
U.S. Population Growth
1990
Total U. S.
Population
2000
2010
248,710,000
281,422,000
310,233,000
188,425,000
194,553,000
246,630,000
Blacks
29,285,000
33,948,000
39,909,000
Latino
21,900,000
35,306,000
49,726,000
Asian/Pacific
7,265,000
11,502,000
15,007,000
Am. Ind.,
Eskimo, Aleut
1,959,000
2,475,956
2,932,248
N/A
4,602,000
5,499,000
Whites
Two/More Races
U. S. Census Bureau
2011 Child Population by Race
United States
Minnesota
Non-Hispanic
White alone
53%
Non-Hispanic
White alone
73%
Non-Hispanic
Black alone
14%
Non-Hispanic
Black alone
7%
1%
5%
Non-Hispanic
American Indian
and Alaskan
Native alone
1%
Non-Hispanic
American Indian
and Alaskan
Native alone
Non-Hispanic
Asian alone
4%
Non-Hispanic
Asian alone
Non-Hispanic
Native Hawaiian
and Other
Pacific Islander
alone
Non-Hispanic
Two or More
Race Groups
Hispanic or
Latino
Total less than
18
<.5%
4%
24%
Non-Hispanic
Native Hawaiian
and Other
Pacific Islander
alone
<.5%
Non-Hispanic
Two or More
Race Groups
5%
Hispanic or
Latino
8%
100%
Total less than
18
100%
U. S. Public School Enrollments 1990-2010
2010 Census Findings
Hispanics moving to less traditional
states:
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Arkansas (6.6%)
North Carolina (8.6%)
Idaho (11.5%, a 75 percent increase from
2000)
Georgia (9.1%)
Minnesota (4.9%)
U. S. Census Bureau
Center of U.S. Population
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2010 Texas County, Mo.
1950 Richmond County, IL
1900 Bartholomew County, IN
1850 Wirt County, WV
1790 Kent County, MD
Part III
A New (2000)Census Category:
Blended Americans
Anti-miscegenation Laws
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Laws criminalizing marriage and intimate
relations between races
After WWII and by 1950’s states repealed,
except in the south
Loving v. Virginia (1967) Supreme court
declare law unconstitutional. In all former
slave owning states plus Oklahoma.
Mixed Marriages
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1980, 6.7% mixed race or ethnicity marriages
2010, 15%
Males
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Whites
Blacks
Hispanics
Asians
9%
17%
26%
28%
Females
no gender difference
24%
9%
no gender difference
17%
36%
Increase from 1980, White 2X, Blacks, 3X, Hispanics and
Asians no change
Passel, J.S., Wang, W., and Taylor, P., Pew Research Center June 4, 2010
Mixed Marriage Findings
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West 22%, South 14%, Northeast 13%,
Midwest, 11%
Hawaii leads all states with 42%
43% U. S., a change for the better, 11% for
worst, 44% no difference
Minorities, younger adults, college-educated
most positive attitudes towards mix marriage
Passel, J.S., Wang, W., and Taylor, P., Pew Research Center June 4, 2010
Blended Americans
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Census Bureau’s new category in 2000: two
or more races
1.6% of 2000 census (4,602,000)
1.8% of 2010 census (5,499,000)
Demographers “less than actual,” with
increase mixed race marriages.
Estimates of as many as 20% by 2050
Bryan Clay- Black, Japanese
Dwayne Johnson-Black/Samoan
Jimmy Smits- Dutch, Surinamese, Puerto Rican
Mariah Carey-African American, Venezuelan,
Irish
Cameron Diaz- Cuban, Cherokee, English,
German
Keanu Reeves-White, Chinese, Hawaiian
Franklin Ramón Chang-Diaz
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Former astronaut
Former Director,
Advanced Space
Propulsion Lab,
Johnson Space
Center
Four doctorates
Costa Rican/Chinese
Bill Richardson
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Former Governor of
New Mexico
Former Energy
Secretary, Former
U.N. Ambassador
Mexican, white
Mixed Race Children
Elodie/Sophie-English, German, Chinese,
Quinn/Jack-Chinese, Welsh, Hawaiian,
Algerian, Hawaiian, Welsh, Spanish, French
Spanish, Cherokee Indian, German, Japanese
Part IV
Poverty in the United States
Poverty Concerns
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The Economy and Poverty
Poverty and students
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Poverty and special education classes
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U.S. POVERTY ISSUES
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Expectant mothers in poverty less medical
coverage and maternity leave
Greater likelihood of “at risk” births
Increased stress due to poverty
Children possible poor nutrition, marginal
medical care and cognitive stimulation
Increased environmental risks & hazards
(e.g. lead poisoning)
2010 Children in Poverty
2010 Poverty Thresholds, Selected Family Types
Single
Individual
Single Parent
Two Adults
Under 65 years
$ 11,344
65 years & older
$ 10,458
One child
$ 15,030
Two children
$ 17,568
No children
$ 14,602
One child
$ 17,552
Two children
$ 22,113
Three children
$ 26,023
Children Under 18 Living in Poverty, 2010
Category
All children under
18
White only, nonHispanic
Black
Hispanic
Asian
Number
Percent
16, 401,000
22.0
5,002,000
12.4
4,817,000
6,110,000
547,000
38.2
35.0
13.6
2012 U. S. Poverty Threshold Family of Four:
$23,050
28.4% of American Indians and Alaska Natives were
in poverty in 2010.
SOURCE: U.S. Census, American Indian and Alaska Native Heritage
Month: November 2011
U.S.Census, Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the
United States: 2010, Report P60, n. 238, Table B-2, pp. 68-73.
Immigrants and Poverty
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19.9% of immigrants compared to 13.5%
native born lived in poverty
43.6% of immigrants, compared to 31.1% of
native born, live in or near poverty*.
59.2% of immigrant children under 18 yrs. live
in or near poverty
34.1% of foreign-born lack health insurance
compared to 13.8%of natives.
* near-poverty defined as income less than 200 percent of the poverty threshold
Part V
Religious Changes
U.S. Congress 2011
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Protestants
Catholic
Jewish
LDS (Mormon)
56.65%
29.20%
7.30%
2.80%
2 Muslims (including Keith Ellison, MN 5th Congressional District)
2 Buddhists
0 No religious preference
Changing Religious Affiliations
1995 Preferences
Protestant
Roman Catholic
Orthodox Catholic
Jewish
LDS (Mormon)
None Given
2010 Preferences
58%
25%
1%
2%
2%
12%
(data from the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life 10/9/12)
Implications of Changing Demographics
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Population statistics fluid and dynamic,
changing continuously with population shifts
In the next two decades we can expect more
immigrants, bringing ethnic and religious
changes
Immigrants and other groups move into
communities seemingly overnight
PREPARING FOR CHANGES
Teacher education programs must continue to:
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Infuse multicultural education training into their
curriculums
Prepare candidates to teach students from diverse
backgrounds with appropriate practicum
experiences
Help develop religious as well as racial/ethnic
sensitivity
SCHOOL DISTRICT RESPONSES
To respond to the demographic changes, school
districts must :
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Continually monitor real and projected demographic
changes to anticipate rather than simply react
Expanded facilities and recruit diverse faculty and
staff for increasing numbers of diverse students
Develop bilingual or ESL programs
Provide in-service training to help teachers to adjust
for differential language, learning and
communication styles, and interracial relationships