KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE COURSE PROPOSAL OR REVISION, Cover Sheet (10/02/2002) Course Number/Program Name: EDL 9884 Emerging Trends in Instructional Leadership, Curriculum & Evaluation Department: Department of Educational Leadership Degree Title (if applicable) EdD in Leadership for Learning Proposed Effective Date Fall 2011 Check one or more of the following and complete the appropriate sections: New Course Proposal Course Title Change Course Number Change Course Credit Change Course Prerequisite Change Course Description Change Sections to be Completed II, III, IV, V, VII I, II, III I, II, III I, II, III I, II, III I, II, III Notes: If proposed changes to an existing course are substantial (credit hours, title, and description), a new course with a new number should be proposed. A new Course Proposal (Sections II, III, IV, V, VII) is required for each new course proposed as part of a new program. Current catalog information (Section I) is required for each existing course incorporated into the program. Minor changes to a course can use the simplified E-Z Course Change Form. Submitted by: Faculty Member Approved _____ Date Not Approved Department Curriculum Committee Date Approved Approved Approved Approved Approved Approved Not Approved Department Chair Date College Curriculum Committee Date College Dean Date GPCC Chair Date Dean, Graduate College Date Not Approved Not Approved Not Approved Not Approved Not Approved Vice President for Academic Affairs Date Approved Not Approved President Date KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE COURSE/CONCENTRATION/PROGRAM CHANGE I. Current Information (Fill in for changes) Page Number in Current Catalog Course Prefix and Number Course Title Credit Hours Prerequisites Description (or Current Degree Requirements) II. Proposed Information (Fill in for changes and new courses) Course Prefix and Number EDL 9884 Course Title Credit Hours Prerequisites for Learning Emerging Trends in Instructional Leadership, Curriculum & Evaluation Three (3) credit hours Admissions to the Doctoral Program in Leadership Description (or Proposed Degree Requirements) This course explores different strategies for bringing about change leading to curriculum, institutional improvement, evaluation, and reform. The focus is on guiding doctoral candidates toward understanding trends issues with an emphasis on curriculum, instructional methods, and effective assessments. Candidates will engage in research that identifies political, ethical, and societal changes that impact curriculum, instruction and assessment. Special attention is given to the educational leader’s role in building a strong collaborative culture and increasing systems capacity to change. This course includes a performance-based field experience. III. Justification The course is framed within Distributed School Leadership Practice (DSLP), one of the Leading authors of which is James Spillane of Northwestern University in Chicago, Illinois. Early in 2006, Spillane rejected the commonly held notion that leadership was either the act of a heroic individual or of several individuals who shared leadership responsibilities. In his book, Distributed Leadership, Spillane postulates that “…leadership…is a practice…that is the product of joint interactions of school leaders, followers and aspects of their situation such as routines and tools” (p. 3). The course is taught by faculty with expertise in school leadership, collaboration, and diversity. Topics are presented in an integrated manner, such that school transformation is seen as whole school reform initiative where performance-based practice is the hallmark (Leithwood, Day, Sammons, Harris, & Hopkins, 2006) and the tenets of Distributed School Leadership Practice (Spillane, 2006), therefore, are embedded within all activities. IV. Additional Information (for New Courses only) Instructor: TBA Text: Armstrong, David (2003). Curriculum Today (5th ed). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Henderson, Kenneth T. (2006). Curriculum Planning: Integrating Multicultural, Constructivism, and education reform. Waveland Press, Inc., Long Grove, IL. Oliva, Peter F. (2005). Developing the Curriculum. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon Prerequisites: Admissions to the EdD in Leadership for Learning Objectives: EDL Course Objectives (KSD) Develop an understanding of the social forces that impact curriculum, instruction, and assessment. (KS) EdS/EdD GLISI Leader ELCC/ BOR Performance Roles PSC Strands Outcomes Standards 1, 2 Process 1, 6 1 -3 Improvement Leader Change Leader Use research-based strategies to identify and 2, 4 build systems that bridge theory to practice through professional learning, and promote effective curriculum, instruction, and assessment development. (KS0 Data Analysis 2 leader Curriculum, Assessment, & Instructional Leader 4 Develop skills in using and interpreting 7 qualitative and quantitative data in assessing system/district level curriculum, instruction, and assessment effectiveness. (KS) Data Analysis 2 leader 4 Develop and promote organizational and systems 1, 4, 6, 8 strategies for using differentiated instruction to meet the needs of all students to include those with special learning needs and those from various socio-linguistic backgrounds. (KSD) Learning & Performance Development Leaders 2, 5, 6 Process Improvement Leader Relationship 2 Leader 9 Develop plans and strategies for evaluating the effectiveness of curriculum, instruction, and assessment models making adjustments when necessary. (KS) Develop the tools to research and analyze system/school level data. (KS) 2 1, 2, 4 Data Analysis 2 leader 4 Recognize the importance of awareness and reflection in team building and collaboration. (KSD) 4 Relationship Leader 10 1&2 1-3 Instructional Method The candidates and university supervisor may use GeorgiaVIEW Vista for communication and course management. Please check daily for postings, mail, and announcements. Instructional methods may include, but are not limited to: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Problem-Based Learning Proficiency Examination Cooperative Learning Document-Based Inquiry Case Study Analysis Method of Evaluation -Attendance and participation Organizational Patterns Matrix Presentation Curriculum/Instruction/Assessment Model Theory Practice Reflective Journal 10 % 20 % 10 % 30 % 15 % 15 % Grading: A= 90% -100% B= 80% - 89% C= 70% - 79% F= 69% or lower V. Resources and Funding Required (New Courses only) Resource Amount Faculty Other Personnel Equipment Supplies Travel New Books New Journals Other (Specify) TOTAL Funding Required Beyond Normal Departmental Growth n/a VI. COURSE MASTER FORM This form will be completed by the requesting department and will be sent to the Office of the Registrar once the course has been approved by the Office of the President. The form is required for all new courses. DISCIPLINE COURSE NUMBER COURSE TITLE FOR LABEL (Note: Limit 30 spaces) CLASS-LAB-CREDIT HOURS Approval, Effective Term Grades Allowed (Regular or S/U) If course used to satisfy CPC, what areas? Learning Support Programs courses which are required as prerequisites APPROVED: ________________________________________________ Vice President for Academic Affairs or Designee __ VII Attach Syllabus I. Course: EDL 9884 Emerging Trends in Instructional Leadership, Curriculum & Evaluation Credit: 3 Credit Hours II III VI INSTRUCTOR: Office: Phone: E-Mail: Office Hours: CLASS MEETINGS Dates: TBA Day/Times: TBA Bldg/Room: TBA TEXTS & READINGS: Required Text: Armstrong, David (2003). Curriculum Today (5th ed). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Henderson, Kenneth T. (2006). Curriculum Planning: Integrating Multicultural, Constructivism, and education reform. Waveland Press, Inc., Long Grove, IL. Oliva, Peter F. (2005). Developing the Curriculum. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon Supplemental Readings: Readings as assigned V VI COURSE CATALOG DESCRIPTION This course explores different strategies for bringing about change leading to curriculum, institutional improvement, evaluation, and reform. The focus is on guiding doctoral candidates toward understanding trends issues with an emphasis on curriculum, instructional methods, and effective assessments. Candidates will engage in research that identifies political, ethical, and societal changes that impact curriculum, instruction and assessment. Special attention is given to the educational leader’s role in building a strong collaborative culture and increasing systems capacity to change. This course includes a performancebased field experience. JUSTIFICATION The course is framed within Distributed School Leadership Practice (DSLP), one of the leading authors of which is James Spillane of Northwestern University in Chicago, Illinois. Early in 2006, Spillane rejected the commonly held notion that leadership was either the act of a heroic individual or of several individuals who shared leadership responsibilities. In his book, Distributed Leadership, Spillane postulates that “…leadership…is a practice…that is the product of joint interactions of school leaders, followers and aspects of their situation such as routines and tools” (p. 3). The course is taught by faculty with expertise in school leadership, collaboration, and diversity. Topics are presented in an integrated manner, such that school transformation is seen as whole school reform initiative where performance-based practice is the hallmark (Leithwood, Day, Sammons, Harris, & Hopkins, 2006) and the tenets of Distributed School Leadership Practice (Spillane, 2006), therefore, are embedded within all activities. Emerging Trends in Instructional Leadership, Curriculum & Evaluation Course design supports team building and connections among school districts (building and system), universities, and students. This design is consistent with the Bagwell College of Education goal of providing a collaborative framework for developing expertise in teaching, learning, and leadership within the EdS and EdD program. It is anticipated that participants will mirror this expectation in their future organizational settings. Course activities are problem-based and assist individuals in developing an internal focus and disposition to meet the challenges and opportunities within leadership practice in their respective career paths and organizational settings. VII CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK SUMMARY Collaborative Development of Expertise in Teaching, Learning & Leadership The Professional Teacher Education Unit (PTEU) at Kennesaw State University is committed to developing expertise among candidates in initial and advanced programs as teachers and leaders who possess the capability, intent and expertise to facilitate high levels of learning in all of their students through effective, research-based practices in classroom instruction, and who enhance the structures that support all learning. To that end, the PTEU fosters the development of candidates as they progress through stages of growth from novice to proficient to expert and leader. Within the PTEU conceptual framework, expertise is viewed as a process of continued development, not an end-state. To be effective, teachers and educational leaders must embrace the notion that teaching and learning are entwined and that only through the implementation of validated practices can all students construct meaning and reach high levels of learning. In that way, candidates at the doctoral level develop into leaders for learning and facilitators of the teaching and learning process. Finally, the PTEU recognizes values and demonstrates collaborative practices across the college and university and extends collaboration to the community-at-large. Through this collaboration with professionals in the university, the public and private schools, parents and other professional partners, the PTEU meets the ultimate goal of assisting Georgia schools in bringing all students to high levels of learning. Use of Technology: Technology Standards for Educators are required by the Professional Standards Commission. Telecommunication and information technologies will be integrated throughout the program, and all candidates must be able to use technology to improve student learning and meet Georgia Technology Standards for Educators. During the courses, candidates will be provided with opportunities to explore and use instructional media. They will master use of productivity tools, such as multimedia facilities, local-net and Internet, and they will develop the confidence to design multimedia instructional materials, and create WWW resources. The students will be linked through GeorgiaVIEW Vista and via a listserv that will be utilized in processing the comprehensive experiences of the doctoral program. The members of each cohort will be linked in a similar way as they move through the program. The emerging technologies will be utilized with the parallel expectation that participants demonstrate a high degree of technological literacy in retrieving and sharing information and resources Doctorate of Education The knowledge, skills and dispositions (KSD’s) of the graduates of the Doctorate of Education program in the Bagwell College of Education reflect the unique aspects of this degree. Collaboratively developed by faculty from across the university and in consultation with community/school partners, these outcomes and proficiencies delineate the high expectations we have for graduates who will be Leaders for Learning. Clearly, the proficiencies reflect the complex nature of student learning in advanced degree programs leading to a terminal degree. Consequently, many of the proficiencies listed below incorporate aspects of knowledge, skills and dispositions within a single proficiency. These proficiencies are clearly linked to our conceptual framework, The Collaborative Development of Expertise in Teaching, Learning and Leadership. VIII GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND PTEU PERFORMANCE OUTCOMES: The Professional Teacher Education Unit prepares school leaders who understand their disciplines and principles of pedagogy, who reflect on their practice, and who apply these understandings to making decisions that foster the success of all learners. As a result of the satisfactory fulfillment of the requirements of these courses, participants will demonstrate outcomes that embody the constructs of DSLP, the ten BOR Performance Strands, the ELCC standards, the PSC standards for Residency, and the roles recommended by Georgia’s Leadership Institute for School Improvement (GLISI). As this course is outcomes-driven, successful individuals must provide evidence of meeting the following complementary PTEU EdS/EdD Performance Outcomes: 1. Fosters an organizational culture that facilitates development of a shared vision, school improvement and increased learning for all students. 2. Implements sustainable educational change and process improvement. 3. Creates 21st century learning environments that advance best practices in curriculum, instruction, and assessment. 4. Engages in applied research that supports data-driven planning and decision making for the improvement of schools and learning. 5. Builds collaborative relationships, teams and community partnerships that communicate and reflect distributed leadership for learning. 6. Embraces diversity by demonstrating intercultural literacy and global understanding. 7. Facilitates professional learning and development that enhance and improve professional practice and productivity. 8. Exercises professionalism and ethical practice. Course Objectives: These course objectives were identified to insure that candidates will be able to: EDL Course Objectives (KSD) 1 Develop an understanding of the social forces that impact curriculum, instruction, and assessment. (KS) EdS/EdD GLISI Leader ELCC/ BOR Performance Roles PSC Strands Outcomes Standards 1, 2 Process 1, 6 1 -3 Improvement Leader Change Leader 2 Use research-based strategies to identify and 2, 4 build systems that bridge theory to practice through professional learning, and promote effective curriculum, instruction, and assessment development. (KS0 Data Analysis 2 leader Curriculum, Assessment, & Instructional Leader 4 3 Develop skills in using and interpreting 7 qualitative and quantitative data in assessing system/district level curriculum, instruction, and assessment effectiveness. (KS) Data Analysis 2 leader 4 4 Develop and promote organizational and systems 1, 4, 6, 8 strategies for using differentiated instruction to meet the needs of all students to include those with special learning needs and those from various socio-linguistic backgrounds. (KSD) Learning & Performance Development Leaders 9 2, 5, 6 Process Improvement Leader Relationship 2 Leader 5 Develop plans and strategies for evaluating the effectiveness of curriculum, instruction, and assessment models making adjustments when necessary. (KS) 6 Develop the tools to research and analyze system/school level data. (KS) 2 1, 2, 4 Data Analysis 2 leader 4 7 Recognize the importance of awareness and reflection in team building and collaboration. (KSD) 4 Relationship Leader 10 1&2 1-3 IX COURSE REQUIREMENTS AND ASSIGNMENTS: Portfolio The candidate will submit the designated Field-Experience performance activity to the portfolio developed in the EdS portion of the degree. The portfolio contains artifacts that address skills, knowledge, and dispositions in alignment with the six PSC standards described in the PSC Educator Preparation Rule 505.3-.58. The portfolio will describe how the candidate has met specific criteria set out in the PSC rule (qualitative and quantitative). Instructional Methodology The candidates and university supervisor may use GeorgiaVIEW Vista for communication and course management. Please check daily for postings, mail, and announcements. Instructional methods may include, but are not limited to: 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Problem-Based Learning Proficiency Examination Cooperative Learning Document-Based Inquiry Case Study Analysis Required Activities Attendance and Participation: Class attendance and participation are essential. Participation means coming to class prepared to engage in all class activities/discussions. To do so means to read all assignments and complete all required activities prior to class. Objectives: All objectives Assessment: Holistic Organizational Patterns Matrix: (District and System Levels). Using your professional setting as context, describe the organizational pattern for curriculum, instructional, and assessment development. Audit systems curricula and use assessment data to design and adjust instruction to maximize student learning and achievement. Theoretical Framework: Ackerman & Maslin-Ostrowski, (2002) Course Objectives: 2, 3, 4 Assessment: Holistic & Rubric Presenting Organizational Patterns Matrix: Develop a power point identifying major aspects of the matrix and plan. See rubric for specific evaluation criteria. The strategic plan will be presented in class participants and to groups of teachers and/or administrators at the school site. Theoretical Framework: Ackerman & Maslin-Ostrowski, (2002) Course Objectives: 2, 3, 4 Assessment: Holistic & Rubric Curriculum/Instruction/Assessment Model (Field-Based Activity): Create a model describing the relationship among curriculum, instruction, assessment. Use a literature review to support your model. Focus the model on the following elements: o Supported by research, best practices, and system assessment data illustrate in what ways the curriculum and instruction is influenced by changes in society; and describe limitations/challenges; o Describe the social context of the district/school focusing on evidence of diversity and students from marginalized populations; o Describe professional learning needs: organize and facilitate programs to improve faculty and staff effectiveness; o Describe the characteristics and components of the performance assessment system. o Develop and use appropriate qualitative and quantitative assessment data to develop a system wide strategic plan; o Define style, model, method, and skills of teaching and demonstrate how each relates to the selection of instructional objectives and strategies; o Using research theory and practice to develop a system wide process for assessing the use and effectiveness of differentiated instruction; and o Evaluate systems curriculum, instructional, and assessment plan to ensure programs are aligned and carried out efficiently by leading others in a collaborative process to set and use benchmarks and rubrics to ensure effective teaching and learning takes place. Theoretical Framework: Oliva (2005); Wiles & Bondi (2004) Beach, D. M., & Reinhartz, J. (2000). National Policy Board for Educational Administration (2002). Objectives: All objectives Assessment: Holistic & Rubric Theory and Practice: Complete six (6) curriculum warm-up activities covering, instructional leadership, curriculum, assessment and cases. Cases are organized around particular themes, namely problems encountered by new administrators such as student issue, instructional leadership, school-community relations, curriculum and assessment results, and organizational problems. The purpose of these activities is to establish relevant leadership and allow candidates to experience what an administrator might encounter. Candidates are required to discuss and respond, in writing, to questions and cases at the end of each activity. Theoretical Framework: Oliva (2005); Lee & Keiffer (2003) Objectives: 2, 4 Assessment: Holistic Portfolio: Candidates will develop and maintain a portfolio for the entire EdS and selected courses in the EdS program. Each term, the candidate will submit one artifact from the University assignments and one from the School/System assignments to the university’s electronic Chalk & Wire portfolio management system. Theoretical Framework: GLISI Guidelines Objectives: All Assessment: Rubric Reflective Journal: Using “reflect-in” and “reflect-on” strategies, candidates will maintain a weekly journal reflecting on their experiences and learning (Schon, 1991). Reflective writing enables the documentation of experiences, thoughts, questions, ideas and conclusions that signpost our learning. An effective approach to leadership requires critical inquiry into practice and into learning; change and improvement result after reflection, planning and action. Effective leadership involves an appreciation of the teaching and learning process and the ability to intervene purposefully and positively in the learning experience. Reflective writing provides an opportunity for us to think critically about what we do and why. It provides: 1. A record of events, results and our reactions to them; 2. Data on which to base reflective discussion; 3. Opportunity for us to challenge ourselves regarding what we do and to free us to do it differently and better; 4. Impetus to take action that is informed and planned; 5. The means to develop a ongoing personal philosophy of leadership; 6. An opportunity to view our leadership objectively and not see all problems as personal inadequacy; 7. Increased confidence through increased insight which enables us to trust stakeholders and enjoy them; and 8. Establishes basic documentation to support future entries in vitas and for job applications etc. Theoretical Framework Support: Schön, D. A. (1991) Sergiovanni, T. J. (2001). Assessment: Holistic Course Objectives: All objectives Theoretical Framework Support: Assessment: Course Objectives: X GLISI Guidelines. Holistic All objectives EVALUATION AND GRADING: Evaluation: Attendance and participation Organizational Patterns Matrix Presentation 10 % 20 % 10 % Curriculum/Instruction/Assessment Model Theory Practice Reflective Journal 30 % 15 % 15 % Grading: A= 90% -100% B= 80% - 89% C= 70% - 79% F= 69% or lower Note: All written work should reflect careful organization of material and the high standards of investigation associated with college-level studies. All work submitted that requires documentation should follow APA format. Manuscripts must be proof read to ensure accuracy in spelling, punctuation, and grammar. Rubrics will be shared with candidates as a means of establishing an understanding of expectation of graduate study in the BCOE and at KSU. Every effort will be made by the instructor to be fair and equitable in the assignment of grades through multiple processes noted above. In the final analysis, the assigned grade will be based on the best professional judgment of instructor. XI TENTATIVE COURSE OUTLINE Date Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11 Week 12 Week 13 Week 14 Week 15 Week 16 Activity/Topic Disaggregating Data. Social Forces and Education in the U.S. System/School Audit of Goals Case Studies and Simulations: Issues in Curriculum, Instruction, and Assessment Assessing System/School Goals and Outcomes Meeting the Needs of Students from Diverse Populations. Aligning curriculum with students' needs, and assessment instruments used are flexible and adequately and appropriately used to measure on-going performance. Role of Performance Standards and System/School Structures Role of Professional Learning Deming’s 14 points (TQM) Case Studies and Role Play Distinguish between Quantitative and Qualitative assessment. Distinguishing Among Evaluation, Measurement, and Testing. Using Qualitative Data to Determine Leaders Perceptions of their Roles in C/I/A Using Howard Gardner’s philosophy of multiple intelligence and Differentiated Instruction Curriculum Alignment: What does it means that students are tested on what they have been taught and hopefully, what they have learned. Authentic Assessment and Meeting Standards. Is it possible? XII POLICIES Diversity: A variety of materials and instructional strategies will be employed to meet the needs of the different learning styles of diverse learners in class. Candidates will gain knowledge as well as an understanding of differentiated strategies and curricula for providing effective instruction and assessment within multicultural classrooms. One element of course work is raising candidate awareness of critical multicultural issues. A second element is to cause candidates to explore how multiple attributes of multicultural populations influence decisions in employing specific methods and materials for every student. Among these attributes are age, disability, ethnicity, family structure, gender, geographic region, giftedness, language, race, religion, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic status. An emphasis on cognitive style differences provides a background for the consideration of cultural context. Kennesaw State University provides program accessibility and accommodations for persons defined as disabled under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 or the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. A number of services are available to support students with disabilities within their academic program. In order to make arrangements for special services, students must visit the Office of Disabled Student Support Services (ext. 6443) and develop an individual assistance plan. In some cases, certification of disability is required. Please be aware there are other support/mentor groups on the campus of Kennesaw State University that address each of the multicultural variables outlined above. The development of an appreciation of diversity as a core organizational value and its use as a resource will give direction to the activities of the doctoral seminar and of the whole doctoral program. Consideration will be given to diversity in developing the membership of the cohorts in the interest of ensuring that the collaborative cohort experience contributes to the development of such personal and organizational core values. Professionalism- Academic Honesty: KSU expects that graduate students will pursue their academic programs in an ethical, professional manner. Faculty of the EdS and EdD programs abide by the policies and guidelines established by the university in their expectations for candidates’ work. Candidates are responsible for knowing and adhering to the guidelines of academic honesty as stated in the graduate catalog. Any candidate who is found to have violated these guidelines will be subject to disciplinary action consistent with university policy. For example, plagiarism or other violations of the University’s Academic Honesty policies could result in a grade of “ F” in the course and a formal hearing before the Judiciary Committee. Papers should be a synthesis of information reported in your own words and with proper documentation. Professionalism- Participation/Attendance/Submission of Assignments/Use of Technology During Class/Seminars: Part of your success in this course is related to providing peer reviews and feedback to your colleagues regarding course assignments; participating and interacting in course activities; collaborating and working equitably with colleagues; and treating colleagues and the professor with respect both in and out of class. Furthermore, responding effectively and appropriately to feedback from your peers and the professor/supervisor is another measure of your professionalism. Please be prepared by bringing all materials and readings to meetings and seminars. All readings assignments must be completed prior to meetings and seminars. We depend on one another to ask pertinent and insightful questions. Professionalism also includes appropriate audience behaviors during lectures and presentations. When someone is speaking to the group or making a presentation, professionals do not engage in conversations or other distracting behaviors that detract from the audiences’ attention to the speaker. Absences may be considered excused only in the case of personal or a professional emergency and only if approved by the professor/supervisor in advance or as soon as possible after the emergency event. Using technology during class/seminar (laptops, cell phones, etc.) to check personal e-mail or engage in activities not associated with course content is not acceptable and will likely result in a reduction of course participation points. Engaging in personal conversations while professor/supervisor or groups are presenting is not acceptable and will likely result in a reduction of class participation points. A break will be provided for snacks and personal use of technology. In sum, a lack of professionalism will likely result in grade reduction. XIII REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY Ackerman, R., & Maslin-Ostrowski, P. (2002). The wounded leader: How leadership emerge in a time of crisis. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Beach, D. M., & Reinhartz, J. (2000). Supervisory leadership: Focus on instruction. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Creighton, T. B. (2001, November). Towards a leadership practice field: An antidote to an ailing internship experience. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the University Council for Educational Administration at Cincinnati, OH. Egley, R. J., & Jones, B. D. (2005). Principals' inviting leadership behaviors in a time of test-based accountability. Scholar-Practitioner Quarterly, 3(1), 13-24. Georgia’s Leadership Institute for School Improvement (2008). Tools for planning and improving leader performance. Atlanta,GA. Retrieved from http://www.glisi.org/site/default.htm Gupton, S. L. (2003). The instructional Leadership Toolbox: A handbook for improving practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Crown Press. Hargrove, R. (2008). Masterful coaching. San Francisco, CA. Jossey Bass. Henderson, M. (2002). Beginning principals' self-perceptions of administrative task proficiencies in Georgia elementary schools. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia. Hoy, W. K., Tarter, C. J., & Kottkamp, R. (1991). Open schools/healthy schools: Measuring organizational climate. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. Lee, G. V., & Keiffer, V. A. (2003, April). Leadership for school improvement: Fostering the development of appropriate dispositions among aspiring principals. A paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association at Chicago. Leithwood, K., Day, D., Sammons, P., Harris, A., & Hopkins, D. (2006). Successful school leadership. What it is and how it influences pupil learning. (Research Report 800). University of Nottingham. McClellan, R. (2009). Leading from the middle: Developing and sustaining success of the assistant principal. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the American Educational Research Association. National Policy Board for Educational Administration (2002). Standards for advanced programs in educational leadership. Retrieved from http://www.npbea.org/ Oliva, Peter F. (2005). Developing the Curriculum. Allyn & Bacon: Boston, MA. Schön, D. A. (1991). The reflective turn: Case studies in and on educational practice, New York: Teachers Press, Columbia University. Sergiovanni, T. J. (2001). The Principalship: A reflective practice perspective. (4th Ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon. Spillane, J. P. (2006). Distributed leadership. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Wiles, J., & Bondi, J. (2004). Supervision: A guide to practice, (6th Edition). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Merrill Prentice Hall. Websites: http://www.centerforpubliceducation.org/site/c.kjJXJ5MPIwE/b.1427855/k.FAA3/Welcome_to_ the_Center_for_Public_Education.htm (The Center for Public Education) http://www.doe.k12.ga.us/pea_board.aspx?PageReq=PEABoardRules (Georgia State Education Rules and Policies) http://www.gapsc.com/TeacherEducation/Rules/505-3-.58.pdfhttp:///www.doe.k12.ga.us (Georgia Department of Education) .