KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE COURSE PROPOSAL OR REVISION, Cover Sheet (10/02/2002) Course Number/Program Name ARED 7706 Department Visual Art Degree Title (if applicable) Master of Arts in Teaching Art Education Proposed Effective Date Summer 2008 Check one or more of the following and complete the appropriate sections: X New Course Proposal Course Title Change Course Number Change Course Credit Change Course Prerequisite Change Course Description Change Sections to be Completed II, III, IV, V, VII I, II, III I, II, III I, II, III I, II, III I, II, III Notes: If proposed changes to an existing course are substantial (credit hours, title, and description), a new course with a new number should be proposed. A new Course Proposal (Sections II, III, IV, V, VII) is required for each new course proposed as part of a new program. Current catalog information (Section I) is required for each existing course incorporated into the program. Minor changes to a course can use the simplified E-Z Course Change Form. Submitted by: Faculty Member Approved _____ Date Not Approved Department Curriculum Committee Date Approved Approved Approved Approved Approved Approved Not Approved Department Chair Date School Curriculum Committee Date School Dean Date GPCC Chair Date Dean, Graduate College Date Not Approved Not Approved Not Approved Not Approved Not Approved Vice President for Academic Affairs Date Approved Not Approved President Date KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE COURSE/CONCENTRATION/PROGRAM CHANGE I. Current Information (Fill in for changes) Page Number in Current Catalog Course Prefix and Number Course Title Credit Hours Prerequisites Description (or Current Degree Requirements) II. Proposed Information (Fill in for changes and new courses) Course Prefix and Number ___ARED 7706_____________________________ Course Title _Theory & Criticism in Art Education ________________ Credit Hours 3 Prerequisites EDUC 6100, EDUC 6100L, ARED 6200, ARED 6200L, ARED 6250, ARED 7702 & ARED 7705 Description (or Proposed Degree Requirements) Candidates will understand theory and criticism in art education by researching, critically reading and interpreting works of art within a historical/cultural context. Theories and models of contemporary art education practice are explored, which strengthen the respect proper to all classroom diversities. In addition to on-line course work, classroom work is required to carry out directed activities. III. Justification The proposed Master of Arts in Teaching Art Education program will prepare high quality art teachers with advanced content knowledge and expertise in teaching and learning, to help meet the critical teacher shortage in the state of Georgia. It will also help school districts respond to the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. The MAT program also responds to the demand for a career path for artists who desire to teach. The societal need for this program can be exemplified by the scores of individuals (that meet the target student description of BA or BFA graduates) who call/email the KSU art education advisors almost daily. These potential and/or provisional employees of public schools are in search of the most immediate way to satisfy the requirements for certification in the state of Georgia. The Georgia Professional Standards Commission will no longer evaluate transcripts for the certification process and depend upon universities to certify art teachers to accomplish this task for the educational system. IV. Additional Information (for New Courses only) Instructor:Dr. Bird Text: See Attached Syllabus Prerequisites: EDUC 6100, EDUC 6100L, ARED 6200, ARED 6200L, ARED 6250, ARED 7702 & ARED 7705 Objectives: See Attached Syllabus Instructional Method: See Attached Syllabus Method of Evaluation: See Attached Syllabus - V. Resources and Funding Required (New Courses only) Resource Amount Faculty Other Personnel Equipment Supplies Travel New Books New Journals Other (Specify) TOTAL Funding Required Beyond Normal Departmental Growth VI. COURSE MASTER FORM This form will be completed by the requesting department and will be sent to the Office of the Registrar once the course has been approved by the Office of the President. The form is required for all new courses. DISCIPLINE COURSE NUMBER COURSE TITLE FOR LABEL (Note: Limit 16 spaces) CLASS-LAB-CREDIT HOURS Approval, Effective Term Grades Allowed (Regular or S/U) If course used to satisfy CPC, what areas? Learning Support Programs courses which are required as prerequisites Art Education ARED 7706 Theory in Art ________________________ 3-0-3 Summer 2008 Regular APPROVED: ________________________________________________ Vice President for Academic Affairs or Designee __ VII Attach Syllabus College of the Arts Department of Visual Arts ARED 7706 Theory & Criticism in Art Education Dr. Sandra Bird I. II. Course: ARED 7706 Theory & Criticism in Art Education Department of Visual Arts Kennesaw State University Spring Semester I II. Instructor: Dr.Sandra Bird Office in VA 232 Office phone: 770-423-6435 Email: sbird@kennesaw.edu Office hours: MW 2 to 3, or by appointment III. Class Sessions: T/TH – 5:00 to 7:45 in VA 222 IV. Texts (required): National Art Education Association’s 1992 “Point of View Series” selections: Aesthetics: Issues and Inquiry by Louis Lankford (#214) Art History: A Contextual Inquiry Course by Virginia Fitzpatrick (#213) History, Theory and Practice of Art Criticism in Art Education by Jim Cromer (#242) Anderson, T. & Milbrandt, M. (2005). Art for Life: Authentic Instruction in Art. Boston: McGrawHill. Some readings/research will be available via internet. Additional readings will be copied and distributed to students. V. Catalog Description: Candidates will understand theory and criticism in art education by researching, critically reading and interpreting works of art within a historical/cultural context. Theories and models of contemporary art education practice are explored, which strengthen the respect proper to all classroom diversities. In addition to on-line course work, classroom work is required to carry out directed activities. VI. Purpose/Rationale: The purpose of this course is to elucidate the disciplines of “art talk” and to introduce candidates to materials and methods of teaching art history, criticism and aesthetics in the P-12 art curriculum. This course is designed to prepare prospective art teachers to be able to develop instructional materials for a quality art program that meets the required Visual Arts Quality Core Curriculum for the State of Georgia. The knowledge base for the course is derived from the guidelines established by the National Art Education Association regarding art disciplines that emphasize response to art. VII. Conceptual Framework Summary & Related Standards & Requirements Collaborative Development of Expertise in Teaching and Learning. The Kennesaw State University teacher education faculty is committed to preparing teachers who demonstrate expertise in facilitating learning in all students. Toward that end, the KSU teacher education community strongly upholds the concept of collaborative preparation requiring guidance from professionals inside and outside the university. In tandem with this belief is the understanding that teacher expertise develops along a continuum which includes the stages of pre-service, induction, inservice, and renewal; further, as candidates develop a strong research-based knowledge of content and pedagogy, they develop their professional expertise in recognizing, facilitating, assessing, and evaluating student learning. While completing your graduate program at Kennesaw State University, you are required to be involved in a variety of leadership and school-based activities directed at the improvement of teaching and learning. Appropriate activities may include, but are not limited to, attending and presenting at professional conferences, actively serving on or chairing school-based committees, attending PTA/school board meetings, leading or presenting professional development activities at the school or district level, and participating in education-related community events. As you continue your educational experiences, you are encouraged to explore every opportunity to learn by doing. Knowledge Base Teacher development is generally recognized as a continuum that includes four phases: pre-service, induction, in-service, renewal (Odell, Huling, and Sweeny, 2000). Just as Sternberg (1996) believes that the concept of expertise is central to analyzing the teaching-learning process, the teacher education faculty at KSU believes that the concept of expertise is central to preparing effective classroom teachers and teacher leaders. Researchers describe how during the continuum phases teachers progress from being Novices learning to survive in classrooms toward becoming Experts who have achieved elegance in their teaching. We, like Sternberg (1998), believe that expertise is not an end-state but a process of continued development. The knowledge base for methods of teaching students who are English language learners continues to develop rapidly. Current directions include SIOP, differentiated instruction, and content-area learning strategy instruction. The field draws on research literature from foreign language, cultural responsiveness, psychology and ESOL. The emphasis in this class will be on developing skills in application of research-based best practices, documenting impact on student learning, and reflective practice. Technology Standards Telecommunication and information technologies will be integrated throughout the master teacher preparation program, and all candidates must be able to use technology to improve student learning and meet Georgia Technology Standards for Educators. During the courses, candidates will be provided with opportunities to explore and use instructional media, especially microcomputers, to assist teaching. They will master use of productivity tools, such as multimedia facilities, local-net and Internet, and feel confident to design multimedia instructional materials, create WWW resources, and develop an electronic learning portfolio. Candidates in this course will be expected to apply the use of educational technology in classrooms for students in their classrooms. Specifically, candidates will use spreadsheet software to develop graphs, charts, and tables, word processing to write papers, and e-mail to communicate with the instructors and their peers. Diversity Standards A variety of materials and instructional strategies will be employed to meet the needs of the different learning styles of diverse learners in class. Candidates will gain knowledge as well as an understanding of differentiated strategies and curricula for providing effective instruction and assessment within multicultural classrooms. One element of course work is raising candidate awareness of critical multicultural issues. A second element is to cause candidates to explore how multiple attributes of multicultural populations influence decisions in employing specific methods and materials for every student. Among these attributes are age, disability, ethnicity, family structure, gender, geographic region, giftedness, language, race, religion, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic status. An emphasis on cognitive style differences provides a background for the consideration of cultural context. Kennesaw State University provides program accessibility and accommodations for persons defined as disabled under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 or the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. A number of services are available to support students with disabilities within their academic program. In order to make arrangements for special services, students must visit the Office of Disabled Student Support Services (ext. 6443) and develop an individual assistance plan. In some cases, certification of disability is required. Please be aware there are other support/mentor groups on the campus of Kennesaw State University that address each of the multicultural variables outlined above. Professional Portfolio Requirements A required element in each portfolio for the Graduate Program is the portfolio narrative. The purpose of the portfolio narrative is to ensure that every candidate reflects on each of the proficiencies on the CPI with regard to what evidence the candidate has selected for his/her portfolio. In your portfolio, you need to include a narrative, which includes descriptive, analytic and reflective writing in which you reflect on each of the proficiencies and how you make the case that the evidence you have selected in your portfolio supports a particular proficiency, using the Portfolio Narrative Rubric as a guide. The narrative should be comprehensive, documenting research-based best practices. In this class you will do projects that have been specifically designed to assist you in portfolio development. For example, you will create a comprehensive, thematic unit consisting of at least 4 lesson plans for your final project in this class. A videotaped lesson, along with critical analysis, is a required element for graduation from the Bagwell College of Education. Therefore, attend carefully to the assignments in this course and how they will assist you in meeting future college requirements. Extensions. Candidates should keep ongoing documentation of ways in which they extended their learning and skills from this and other courses. For this course, this could include identifying students who gain access to more art educational environments, actual changes implemented in the school as a result of the Building Plan, changes in student behavior or learning that results from co-teaching, interactions with parents, committees formed or served on related to art education, peer mediated strategies implemented in your class or other classrooms, workshops on co-teaching conducted at the school, the establishment of additional co-teaching teams at your school and etc. Graduate Field Experience Requirements While completing your graduate program at Kennesaw State University, you are required to be involved in a variety of leadership and school-based activities directed at the improvement of teaching and learning. Appropriate activities may include, but are not limited to, attending and presenting at professional conferences, actively serving on or chairing school-based committees, attending PTA/school board meetings, leading or presenting professional development activities at the school or district level, and participating in education-related community events. As you continue your educational experiences, you are encouraged to explore every opportunity to learn by doing. VIII. Accessibility and Accommodations Kennesaw State University provides program accessibility and accommodations for persons defined as disabled under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 or the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. A number of services are available to support students with disabilities within their academic program. In order to make arrangements for special services, students must visit the Office of Disabled Student Support Services (770-423- 6443) and develop an individual assistance plan. In some cases, certification of disability is required. Please be aware that there are other support/mentor groups on the campus of Kennesaw State University that address each of the multicultural variables outlined above. For more information contact the Student Life Center at 770-423-6280. The effect of culture is a key component of understanding special education. Consideration of the impact of socioeconomic and cultural differences on identification, assessment, intervention, and service delivery will be considered. IX. Goals and Objectives The KSU teacher preparation faculty is strongly committed to the concept of teacher preparation as a developmental and collaborative process. Research for the past 25 years has described this process in increasingly complex terms. Universities and schools must work together to successfully prepare teachers who are capable of developing successful learners in today’s schools and who choose to continue their professional development. Candidates in this course are expected to perform at the Advanced or Teacher Leader level of performance. (See CPI: Graduate Performance Outcomes.) The KSU teacher preparation faculty is strongly committed to the concept of teacher preparation as a developmental and collaborative process. Research for the past 25 years has described this process in increasingly complex terms. Universities and schools must work together to successfully prepare teachers who are capable of developing successful learners in today’s schools and who choose to continue their professional development. As a result of the satisfactory fulfillment of the requirements of this course, the student will demonstrate a broad base of Knowledge, Skills and Dispositions. Knowledge (Subject Matter Expert) 1. Describe and incorporate the essential inter-relatedness of aesthetics, art criticism and 2. Develop an understanding of the philosophical and social foundation underlying art in education and the ability to express a rationale for personal attitudes and beliefs. 3. Articulate the major art theories in history and reflect on current applications in the contemporary classroom. 4. Develop an understanding of how history, criticism and aesthetic enhance production activities at the grade levels P-12. Skills (Facilitator of Learning) history. 1. Make aesthetic, historical or critical instructional decisions using national, state and local standards in art education. 2. Understand and develop methods and executive routines for “art talk” for target populations, within the context of a learning community and individually. 3. Understand and develop critical and aesthetic analyses of works of art for target populations,within the context of a learning community and individually. 4. Demonstrate a mastery of methods and materials for teaching art criticism and aesthetics at grade levels P-12. 5. Demonstrate a mastery of methods for teaching art history at grade levels P-12. 6. Assess practical applicability of “art talk” in published art curriculum produced by museum education departments and art education publishers. Dispositions (Collaborative Professional) 1. Demonstrate skill in researching information needed for the development of content rich analyses and lesson activities. 2. Cooperate with peers to create/experiment with engaging student activities. 3. Work independently to create/experiment with engaging student activities. X. Evaluation of Student Outcomes A.) Class Participation/Attendance – Students are expected to attend class and to actively engage in classroom activities. Participation requires more than attendance. Candidates, like the instructors, are expected to come to class meetings thoroughly prepared. “Thoroughly prepared” is defined as having the readings well enough to verbally and in writing state the definitions of terms from the readings; discuss ideas, notions, concepts, issues, and procedures in relation to previous information presented in class or in previous readings; and apply the information from the readings to problems. It also implies the Candidates have reviewed information from the previous class meetings. Your participation grade will be calculated based upon your ability to meet these requirements, as well as an evaluation facilitated through reflection sheets which will address various issues presented during class periods. Students will complete reflection sheets following small group discussions. Students who are not in attendance during small group discussions and activities will not be allowed to make up those activities since the outcome of discussions and activities relies on group interaction. Students will complete a series of writings during the semester in which they reflect on various readings and assignments and begin to develop their ideas and philosophy of teaching. It is also required that all assignments be turned in on time. Cooperative learning group activities in class will enable Candidates to apply new skills and knowledge. Each Candidate has something unique to contribute to the class experience that will facilitate the learning of other class members. As a teacher, you will be responsible for educating all students, including those with disabilities and those who are culturally and linguistically diverse. Together, we will work to prepare you for this challenge! Please note: Negative and disruptive comments/behavior does not count as participation. This does not mean that you cannot disagree; however, disagreements must be handled in a professional manner. B) Interactive historical timelines : Each group of candidates will work cooperatively to create an interactive timeline based on an artist of their choice. The goal will be to create a product that can be used by a target population to explain researched contexts in history regarding an individual artist. A rubric will be provided. C) “Art Containers": During the semester, students will create an art container which infuses history, criticism and aesthetics into the P-12 classroom. The "container" will be created to enhance learning in art history and criticism/aesthetics. Complete information about the construction of these "containers" will be presented during the semester. A rubric will be provided. D) Lessons for study: Each student will develop two lessons for study which incorporate and utilize art history, art criticism and aesthetic through a variety of instructional strategies. These lessons will be adaptable for elementary, middle and high school. Candidates will use the systematic format for these lesson plans. A rubric will be provided. E) Presentations of original unit work – Students will present the developed art container and the accompanying lessons at the end of the semester using visual/technical aides , providing visual reference of the exemplars, and briefly elucidating the various systematic lessons . A rubric will be provided. XIV. Evaluation and Grading Assignments Points Course Objectives Assessed Class participation/Attendance 100 &100/ All K,S,D 200 Interactive timeline 100 for K1, K4,S1, S2, team &100 S3,S4,S5,D1,D2 for individual contrib./200 Art Container/contents 200 K1,K2,S1,S3,S$,S5,D1,D3 Systematic lessons designed for art container 50 each/ K1, K2, K4, S1, S2, 200 S3,S4,S5,D1,D3 Presentations of original work 200 K1, K2,S4, S5, D1 Total 1000 Grades will be assigned as follows: 900-1000 A 800-890 B 700-790 C 600-690 D 500-590 F General Guidelines and Standards for Written Assignments 1. All assignments must be typed, double spaced, with 1” margins on both sides using 12 point Times New Roman font. 2. All assignments must be checked for spelling and grammar prior to handing in work to instructors. Failure to check can affect an assignment grade. 3. Confidentiality of students, settings, and teachers is required. All identifying names and information should be omitted from your written work and discussions – use pseudonyms. 4. Late assignments are unacceptable without making prior arrangements with the instructors. 5. The instructors expect quality writing not quantity. Eliminate jargon and hyperbole and focus on clearly stating your point. 6. Examine the language you use within your assignments and move towards the use of person first 7. language; removing the focus on a person’s behavior or disability by stating the person first, i.e., "a person with a disability" instead of "a disabled person." Avoid judgmental statements and focus on the facts when writing about students and colleagues. As teachers we need to put our own biases and opinions aside and view each person as a capable and valuable human being. APA STYLE: The American Psychological Association is the standard used for bibliographic references and citations in special educational and ESOL literature. This is the format used in the text. Attention to sequence of data, capitalization and punctuation is essential. The APA style manual (5th ed.) can be found in the reference section of Sturgis Library. The reference librarians can assist you. APA style tips can also be found online at, for example, http://www.apastyle.org/styletips.html ACADEMIC HONESTY: Every KSU student is responsible for upholding the provisions of the Student Code of Conduct, as published in the Undergraduate and Graduate Catalogs. Section II of the Student Code of Conduct addresses the University's policy on academic honesty, including provisions regarding plagiarism and cheating, unauthorized access to University materials, misrepresentation/falsification of University records or academic work, malicious removal, retention, or destruction of library materials, malicious/intentional misuse of computer facilities and/or services, and misuse of student identification cards. Incidents of alleged academic misconduct will be handled through the established procedures of the University Judiciary Program, which includes either an "informal" resolution by a faculty member, resulting in a grade adjustment, or a formal hearing procedure, which may subject a student to the Code of Conduct's minimum one semester suspension requirement. The student is reminded to consult pp. 201-219 of the 2006-2007 KSU Graduate Catalog for the University's policy. Any strategy, which has the appearance of improving grades without increasing knowledge, will be dealt with in accordance with the University's policy on academic honesty. In addition, students in the graduate program in special education are held accountable by the Georgia Professional Code of Ethics for Educators (http://www.doe.k12.ga.us/informationresources/ethics.html) and the Council for Exceptional Children's (CEC) Code of Ethics for Educators of Persons with Exceptionalities (http://www.cec.sped.org/ps/code.htm#1). ADA STATEMENT: Students with disabilities are responsible for registering with the Office of Student Disabilities Services in order to receive special accommodations and services. Please notify the instructor during the first week of classes if a reasonable accommodation for a disability is needed for this course. A letter from the KSU Disability Services Office must accompany this request. CLASS ATTENDANCE AND PARTICIPATION: Students are expected to attend all class sessions and be active participants in the learning process. This class includes presentations by professionals from other disciplines and class attendance is essential for participation in development of a multi-disciplinary perspective. Class activities will include discussion, role playing and group collaborative activities requiring the participation of all students. Students have many experiences and skills, which they can share to facilitate everyone's learning. Evaluation will include attendance, communication and collaboration skills demonstrated during class. DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR: The University has a stringent policy and procedure for dealing with behavior that disrupts the learning environment. Consistent with the belief that your behavior can interrupt the learning of others, behavior that fits the University's definition of disruptive behavior will not be tolerated. (See Campus Policies and Procedures pp. 201-219 and p. 210 of the 2006- 2007 KSU Graduate Catalog). HUMAN DIGNITY: The University has formulated a policy on human relations that is intended to provide a learning environment, which recognizes individual worth. That policy is found on p. 216 in the 2006-2007 KSU Graduate Catalog. It is expected, in this class, that no Professional should need reminding but the policy is there for your consideration. The activities of this class will be conducted in both the spirit and the letter of that policy. RELIGIOUS OBSERVANCES: Students who anticipate the necessity of being absent from class due to the observation of a major religious observance must provide notice of the date(s) to the instructor, in writing, by the second class meeting. REFEREED JOURNAL: A refereed journal utilizes a panel of reviewers to select articles with appropriate content and research design for inclusion in the journal. A list of examples of refereed journals in the field is included here: Studies in Art Education Art Education GLOSSARY OF TERMS: Each student is encouraged to keep an on-going glossary of terms throughout the semester. The development of a glossary should help to facilitate greater understanding of information presented in class and in the assigned readings. This is not a required assignment, but may be a portfolio item. Websites: Georgia Quality Core Curriculum Standards In Visual Art and Music http://www.glc.k12.ga.us/qcc/ Georgia Learning Connections website www.glc.k12.ga.us NAEA website www.naea-reston.org National Art Education Standards http://artsedge.kennedy-center.org/teach/standards/ Tentative Course Outline **This outline provides a guide for the sequence of topics in this course. Deviations may be necessary. ** Week Topic Texts/Chapters 1 Introduction/Syllabus/ PTEU Conceptual framework Discipline Based Art Education or Comprehensive Arts Education model Georgia QCC and National Standards Anderson and Milbrandt- Chapter 1- Art for Life: Conceptual and Cultural Foundations 2 Historical and Philosophical Survey Historical and Philosophical Survey Cromer – Chapters 1-3 Cromer – Chapters 4-6 3 Assignments Due Reflections/ worksheets Reflections/ worksheets Reflections/worksheets 4 Postmodern Practices Anderson and Milbrandt- Chapter 3 – Art Education and Visual Culture Reflections/ worksheets 5 The Discipline of Aesthetics Lankford - Chapters 1-3 Reflections/ worksheets Anderson and Milbrandt – Chapter 5 - Aesthetics Reflections/ worksheets Anderson and Milbrandt – Chapter 6 – Art Criticism Reflections/ worksheets The Applications of Art Criticism in the P12 art classroom The Discipline of Art History Exploration of Commercial Curricula Lankford – Chapters 3-6 Reflections/ worksheets Fitzpatrick – Chapters 1-3 Anderson and Milbrandt- Chapter 7 – Art History Reflections/ worksheets 11 Timeline cooperative work Reflections/ worksheets 12 Timeline cooperative work 13 Timeline cooperative work and presentations The Applications of Art History in the P12 art classroom Problems with “art talk” in the P-12 classroom Cooperative and independent research Cooperative and independent research Cooperative and independent research Fitzpatrick – Chapters 4-6 Catalogs and other materials for inclusion of “art talk” in the P-12 classroom Reflections/ worksheets 6 7 8 9 10 14 15 The Applications of Aesthetics in the P12 art classroom The Discipline of Art Criticism Reflections/ worksheets Reflections/ worksheets Reflections/ worksheets Reflections/ worksheets 16 Presentations Presentation of completed individual lessons and art container 17 Presentations Presentation of completed individual lessons and art container References Alexander, K. & Day, M. (1991). Discipline-Based Art Education: A Curriculum Sampler. Santa Monica, CA: Getty Center for Education in the Arts. Anderson, T. (1988). A Structure for Pedagogical Art Criticism. Studies in Art education 30(1): 28-38. Bates, J. (2000). Becoming an Art Teacher. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. Beardsley, M. (1966). The Aesthetic Problem of Justification. Journal of Aesthetic Education 1(2), 29-39. Broudy, H. (1972). Enlightened Cherishing: An Essay on Aesthetic Education. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Chalmers, F. G. (1996). Celebrating Pluralism: Art, Education, and Cultural Diversity. Los Angeles: The J. Paul Getty trust. Chapman, L. (1978). Approaches to Art Education. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Cromer, J. (1991). History, Theory, and Practice of Art Criticism. Reston, VA: NAEA. Dewey, J. (1934). Art as Experience. New York: Minton Beach. Effland, A. (1990). A History of Art Education: Intellectual and Social Currents in Teaching the Visual Arts. New York: Teachers College Press. Eisner, E. (1985). The Educational Imagination: On the Design and Evaluation of School Programs (2nd. Ed.). New York: Macmillan. Erickson, M. (1988). “Teaching Aesthetics K-12.” In Steve Dobbs (ed.). Research Readings for Discipline-Based Art Education. Reston, VA: NAEA. Getty Center for Education in the Arts. (1986). Beyond Creating: The Place for Art in America’s Schools. Los Angeles. Heberholz, D & Heberholz, B. (1990). Developing Artistic and Perceptual Awareness. Dubuque, IA: William C. Brown. Hurwitz, A & Madeja, S. (1977). The Joyous Vision: A Source Book for Elementary Art Appreciation. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Kaelin,E. (1990). The Construction of a Syllabus for Aesthetics in Art Education: Art Education 43(2), 22-34. McFee, J. & Degge, R. (1980). Art, Culture, and Environment. Dubuque, IA: Kendall-Hunt. National Art Education Association. (1986). Quality Art Education. Reston, VA: NAEA. Reiser, R. & Dick,W. (1996). Instructional Planning: A Guide for Teachers. Needham Heights, MS: Allyn & Bacon. Tiedt, P.L. & Tiedt, I.M. (1989). Multicultural Teaching: A Handbook of Activities, Information and Resources (3rd. Ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Wachowiak, F. & Clements, R. (1997) Emphasis Art: A Qualitative Art Program for Elementary and Middle Schools. 6th ed. New York: Harper Collins. Wilson, B. & Hoff, H. (Eds). (1988). History of Art Education: Proceedings from the Penn State Conference. Reston, Va.: NAEA. Wilson, B. (1997). The Quiet Evolution. Los Angeles: The J. Paul Getty Trust. Worthne, B. &Sanders, J. (1987). Educational Evaluation: Alternative Approaches and Practical Guidelines. New York: Longman.