EDRD 7717 KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY BAGWELL COLLEGE OF EDUCATION READING ENDORSEMENT Fall 2007 I. COURSE NUMBER/SECTION: EDRD 7717 COURSE TITLE: Reading Assessment and Instruction II. INSTRUCTOR: Name: Office: Office Phone: E-mail: Office Hours: Dr. XXX Kennesaw Hall XXX XXX XXX TBD III. CLASS MEETING: XXPM-XXPM, KH XXXX IV. TEXT(S): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. (2000). Report of the National Reading Panel. Teaching children to read: an evidence-based assessment of the scientific research literature on reading and its implications for reading instruction: Reports of the subgroups (NIH Publication No. 00-4754). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Gillet, J. W. & Temple, C. (2000). Understanding reading problems: Assessment and instruction. (5th ed). New York: Longman Johns. J. (2001). Basic reading inventory: Pre-primer through grade twelve and early literacy assessments. (30th ed). Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. The following websites will get you started with some class research: I Teach; I Learn www.iteachilearn.com Bilingual Books for Kids: www.bilingualbooks.com NCTE: http://www.ncte.org IRA: www.readingonline.org, www.reading.org V. CATALOG DESCRIPTION: An advanced study of reading assessment instruments used for understanding the individual and diverse needs of all grade-level readers including reading inventories, miscue analysis, and pausing indices. Students will use assessment data to plan, evaluate, and revise effective reading instruction that meets the diverse needs of students. Current trends and issues in testing and assessment in U.S. schools will be studied. A field component is required. EDRD 7717 VI. PURPOSE/RATIONALE: Mastery of reading skills is basic to successful learning in every school subject. Teachers can further their training by adding an endorsement in reading to their teaching certificates. Additionally, a Reading Endorsement will faciliate teacher acquisition of skills and competencies needed to help students read and understand content material; it will also aid teachers in identifying reading problems, providing required interventions, and assisting all students in improving reading skills. A Reading Endorsement will provide the incentive, as well as the opportunity, for teachers to become effective reading teachers and will help them meet state mandates for highly qualified teachers of reading. The purpose of this course is to provide candidates with the knowledge and skills to assess the diverse reading needs of their students. This includes choosing appropriate assessment instruments, implementing assessment and interpreting the results. Further, this course will help candidates plan instruction based on assessment data to meet the diverse needs of their students. After taking this course, candidates will have a stronger understanding of the reading process including the five dimensions of reading (e.g. phonics, phonemic awareness, fluency, vocabulary, comprehension) and factors that affect reading (e.g. text, context). Conceptual Framework Collaborative Development of Expertise in Teaching and Learning The Professional Teacher Education Unit (PTEU) at Kennesaw State University is committed to developing expertise among candidates in initial and advanced programs as teachers and leaders who possess the capability, intent and expertise to facilitate high levels of learning in all of their students through effective, research-based practices in classroom instruction, and who enhance the structures that support all learning. To that end, the PTEU fosters the development of candidates as they progress through stages of growth from novice to proficient to expert and leader. Within the PTEU conceptual framework, expertise is viewed as a process of continued development, not an end-state. To be effective, teachers and educational leaders must embrace the notion that teaching and learning are entwined and that only through the implementation of validated practices can all students construct meaning and reach high levels of learning. In that way, candidates are facilitators of the teaching and learning process. Finally, the PTEU recognizes, values and demonstrates collaborative practices across the college and university and extends collaboration to the community-at-large. Through this collaboration with professionals in the university, the public and private schools, parents and other professional partners, the PTEU meets the ultimate goal of assisting Georgia schools in bringing all students to high levels of learning. The graduates of advanced programs at Kennesaw State University, in addition to being effective classroom teachers, also develop expertise as effective teacher leaders who are self-directed, value a spirit of inquiry, and facilitate learning in all students; they 1. Are committed to students and their learning. 2. Know the subjects they teach and how to teach those subjects to students. 3. Are responsible for managing and monitoring student learning. 4. Think systematically about their practice and learn from experience. 5. Are members of learning communities. Professional Portfolio Narrative: As explained in EDRD 7715, a required element in each portfolio for the Reading Endorsement is the portfolio narrative. The purpose of the portfolio narrative is to ensure that every candidate reflects on each of the proficiencies on the RPI with regard to what evidence the candidate has selected for his/her portfolio. In your portfolio, you need to include a narrative, which includes descriptive, analytic and reflective writing in which you reflect on each proficiency and how you make the case that the evidence you have selected in your portfolio supports a particular proficiency, using the Portfolio Narrative Rubric as a guide. The narrative should be comprehensive, documenting research-based best practices. Remember the following are required elements in the final portfolio: 2 EDRD 7717 The Literacy Profile—EDRD 7715 Analysis of the Reading Process, Assessment and Instruction Project—EDRD 7717 The Textbook Analysis and Instructional Plan Implementation with Video Critiques—EDRD 7718 The Impact on Student Learning Analysis—EDRD 7717 Evidence of a Professional Development Project (See Field Experience & Prof. Dev. Proj. below). Field Experiences & Professional Development Project: While completing your Reading Endorsement at Kennesaw State University, you are required to be involved in leadership and school-based activities directed at the improvement of teaching and learning. Appropriate activities may include, but are not limited to, attending and presenting at professional conferences, publishing reading research or best practices in reading instruction, actively serving on or chairing reading-related committees, leading or presenting professional development activities at the school, district, state or national level, and participating in reading-related community events. As you continue your educational experiences, you are encouraged to explore every opportunity to learn by doing. Evidence of your professional involvement is a required element of your final portfolio. Knowledge Base: Teacher development is generally recognized as a continuum that includes four phases: preservice, induction, in-service, renewal (Odell, Huling, and Sweeny, 2000). Just as Sternberg (1996) believes that the concept of expertise is central to analyzing the teaching-learning process, the teacher education faculty at KSU believes that the concept of expertise is central to preparing effective classroom teachers and teacher leaders. Researchers describe how during the continuum phases teachers progress from being Novices learning to survive in classrooms toward becoming Experts who have achieved elegance in their teaching. We, like Sternberg (1998), believe that expertise is not an end-state but a process of continued development. This course is designed for graduate candidates who are completing a program of study leading to a reading endorsement. The knowledge base for this course is reflected in the textual readings, references, objectives, assignments and in-class activities. Program candidates will have an opportunity to demonstrate pedagogical knowledge and skills related to student needs and motivation, various family and community literacies and the process of active learning. The professional learning facilitator: Demonstrates the knowledge of content required to facilitate learning. Demonstrates the knowledge of students needed to facilitate learning. Demonstrates the knowledge of standards and best pedagogical practices to facilitate learning. Demonstrates skill in creating a facilitative learning environment. Demonstrates skill in creating facilitative learning experiences. Demonstrates professionalism. Has students who are successful learners. Use of Technology: Technology Standards for Educators are required by the Professional Standards Commission. Telecommunication and information technologies will be integrated throughout the Reading Endorsement preparation program, and all candidates must be able to use technology to improve student learning and meet IRA Reading Standards. Candidates in this course will explore and use instructional media to assist teaching. They will master productivity tools, such as multimedia facilities, local-net and Internet, and feel confident to design multimedia instructional materials, and use diagnostic software. Diversity Statement: 3 EDRD 7717 A variety of materials and instructional strategies will be employed to meet the needs of the different learning styles of diverse learners in class. Candidates will gain knowledge as well as an understanding of differentiated strategies and curricula for providing effective instruction and assessment within multicultural classrooms. One element of course work is raising candidate awareness of critical multicultural issues. A second element is to cause candidates to explore how multiple attributes of multicultural populations influence decisions in employing specific methods and materials for every student. Among these attributes are age, disability, ethnicity, family structure, gender, geographic region, giftedness, language, race, religion, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic status. An emphasis on cognitive style differences provides a background for the consideration of cultural context. Kennesaw State University provides program accessibility and accommodations for persons defined as disabled under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 or the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. A number of services are available to support students with disabilities within their academic program. In order to make arrangements for special services, students must visit the Office of Disabled Student Support Services (ext. 6443) and develop an individual assistance plan. In some cases, certification of disability is required. Please be aware there are other support/mentor groups on the campus of Kennesaw State University that address each of the multicultural variables outlined above. VII. COURSE GOALS/OBJECTIVES: The Professional Teacher Education Unit (PTEU) prepares learning facilitators who understand their disciplines and principles of pedagogy, who reflect on their practice, and who apply these understandings to making instructional decisions that foster the success of all learners. The following grid aligns course objectives with the Reading Performance Instrument--RPI), NCATE, and IRA Professional Reading Standards: Course Objectives/IRA Reading Standards Reading Performance Instrument (RPI) NCATE Evidence 1.1 Demonstrate knowledge of psychological, sociological, and linguistic foundations of reading and writing processes and instruction. Outcome 1: Subject Matter Expert 1.1 Standard 1: Candidate Knowledge, Skills & Dispositions Analysis of Reading Process, Assessment & Instruction Project Assessing SBRR Portfolio WebCT 1.2 Demonstrate knowledge of reading research and histories of reading. Outcome 1: Subject Matter Expert 1.1, 1.3 Standard 1: Candidate Knowledge, Skills & Dispositions Analysis of Reading Process, Assessment & Instruction Project Assessing SBRR Portfolio WebCT 1.3 Demonstrate knowledge of language development and reading acquisition and the variations related to cultural and linguistic diversity. Outcome 1: Subject Matter Expert 1.1 Standard 1: Candidate Knowledge, Skills & Dispositions Analysis of Reading Process, Assessment & Instruction Project Portfolio WebCt Outcome 2: Facilitator of Learning 2.2 Outcome 2: Facilitator of Learning 2.2 4 EDRD 7717 1.4 Demonstrate knowledge of the major components of reading (phonemic awareness, word identification and phonics, vocabulary and background knowledge, fluency, comprehension strategies, and motivation) and how they are integrated in fluent reading. Outcome 1: Subject Matter Experts 1.1 Standard 1: Candidate Knowledge, Skills & Dispositions Analysis of Reading Process, Assessment & Instruction Project Assessing SBRR Portfolio WebCT 2.1 Use instructional grouping options (individual, small-group, whole-class, and computer-based) as appropriate for accomplishing given purposes. Outcome 2: Facilitator of Learning 2.2, 2.3, 2.4 Standard 1: Candidate Knowledge, Skills & Dispositions Analysis of Reading Process, Assessment & Instruction Project Portfolio 2.2 Use a wide range of instructional practices, approaches, and methods, including technology-based practices, for learners at different stages of development and from differing cultural and linguistic backgrounds. Outcome 1: Subject Matter Expert 1.2, 1.3 Standard 1: Candidate Knowledge, Skills & Dispositions Analysis of Reading Process, Assessment & Instruction Project Portfolio 2.3 Use a wide range of curriculum materials in effective reading instruction for learners at different stages of reading and writing development and from differing cultural and linguistic backgrounds. Outcome 2: Facilitator of Learning 2.1, 2.4 Standard 1: Candidate Knowledge, Skills & Dispositions Analysis of Reading Process, Assessment & Instruction Project Portfolio 3.1 Use a wide range of assessment tools and practices that range from individual and group standardized tests to individual and group informal classroom assessment strategies, including technologybased assessment tools. Outcome 2: Facilitator of Learning 2.5 Standard 1: Candidate Knowledge, Skills, & Dispositions Analysis of Reading Process, Assessment & Instruction Project Assessing SBRR Portfolio WebCT 3.2 Place students along a developmental continuum and identify students’ proficiencies and difficulties. Outcome 2: Facilitator of Learning 2.1, 2.5, 2.6 Standard 1: Candidate Knowledge, Skills, & Dispositions Analysis of Reading Process, Assessment & Instruction Project Impact on Student Learning Portfolio Outcome 2: Facilitator of Learning 2.1 2.4 Collaborative Professional 3.1 5 EDRD 7717 3.3 Use assessment information to plan, evaluate, and revise effective instruction that meets the needs of all students, including those at different developmental stages and those from differing cultural and linguistic backgrounds. Outcome 2: Facilitator of Learning 2.5 Standard 1: Candidate Knowledge, Skills, & Dispositions Analysis of Reading Process, Assessment & Instruction Project Portfolio Impact on Student Learning 3.4 Effectively communicate results of assessments to specific individuals (students, parents, caregivers, colleagues, administrators, policymakers, policy officials, community, etc.). Outcome 3: Collaborative Professional 2.6 Standard 1: Candidate Knowledge, Skills, & Dispositions Analysis of Reading Process, Assessment & Instruction Project Portfolio Impact on Student Learning 4.1 Use students’ interests, reading abilities and backgrounds as foundations for the reading and writing program. Outcome 2: Facilitator of Learning 2.2, 2.3 Standard 1: Candidate Knowledge, Skills, & Dispositions Analysis of Reading Process, Assessment & Instruction Project Portfolio, WebCT 4.2 Use a large supply of books, technology-based information, and nonprint materials representing multiple levels, broad interests, and cultural and linguistic backgrounds. Outcome 2: Facilitator of Learning 2.4 Standard 1: Candidate Knowledge, Skills & Dispositions Analysis of Reading Process, Assessment & Instruction Project Portfolio, WebCT 4.3 Model reading and writing enthusiastically as valued lifelong activities. Outcome 2: Facilitator of Learning 3.3 Standard 1: Candidate Knowledge, Skills & Dispositions Portfolio WebCT 4.4 Motivate learners to be lifelong readers. Outcome 2: Facilitator of Learning 2.3 Standard 1: Candidate Knowledge, Skills & Dispositions Analysis of Reading Process, Assessment & Instruction Project Portfolio WebCT 5.1 Display positive dispositions related to reading and the teaching of reading. Outcome 2: Faciliator of Learning 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 Standard 1: Candidate Knowledge, Skills & Dispositions Analysis of Reading Process, Assessment & Instruction Project Portfolio WebCT Impact on Student Learning Outcome 3: Collaborative Professional 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 VIII. COURSE REQUIREMENTS/ASSIGNMENTS: Analysis of Reading Process, Assessment & Instruction Project (20%): Candidates will work with a group of 3-5 diverse students in their classroom setting to understand student reading process (reader profiles). Candidates will keep a running record of reading behavior (using software) as students read during regular classroom activies (including content area textbook readings and self-selected texts). 6 EDRD 7717 Running records should include all significant miscues, rate and fluency, and comprehension. Running records will be demonstrated and discussed within the course. Once data has been collected, candidates will analyze student reading behavior in light of the five dimensions of reading; factors related to the reader, text, and context; as well as issues of diversity, interest, and motivation. Candidates will then make recommendations for instruction in both whole group and individual settings and share findings with parents, students and colleagues as appropriate. Recommendations will include reading materials, both print and nonprint and resources/strategies for meeting individual needs. An organizer for this project will be available on WebCT. Assessing SBRR (20%): Candidates will choose one of the five dimensions of reading and examine research methods of assessing the dimension (across all grade levels) using the National Reading Panel’s Report as a starting point. Research for this project should include at least two scholarly sources (in addition to course readings) and atleast two methods of assessment. A concluding statement should discuss implications of the findings for reading instruction as well as meeting the needs of diverse students. Synthesis of findings will be written as a formal paper (5-7 pages) following APA (5th edition) guidelines using 12 pt. font and doublespaced. Impact on Student Learning: Assessment & Instruction (40%): During this course, you will constantly be assessing the influence of your instruction on your students’ learning and considering what factors, such as student diversity, might affect your students’ achievement. For this assignment, assess your students reading, design a unit of study to meet the needs of your students, and analyze its impact on your students’ learning. Then, you will reflect on the impact that particular unit had on your students’ learning using the “Impact on Student Learning Analysis” Rubric as a guide. (A copy of this rubric is available on the course WebCT site.) You will want to consider how the differences that every student brings to the classroom setting may have influenced learning. (See the definition of “every student” at the top of the Impact on Student Learning Rubric). The length of the reflection is up to you, but it should be concise. (See Directions for the Impact on Student Learning Analysis that accompanies the Rubric for greater detail.) WebCT Discussions (10%). Throughout this course, you will be asked to reflect on the readings and to post your reflections on the class WebCT discussion board. This activity provides us with the opportunity to share thoughts and ideas with each other, to learn from and about other’s perspectives, and to allow time for personal reflection. The focuses of the prompts are designed to ensure that your attention is drawn to key elements in the readings and to encourage reflection on aspects that I consider important to your understanding of the content. Full credit is given to responses that incorporate reflection, address all components of the prompt(s), and are posted by the assigned date. Portfolio (10%). In this class, you continue developing your portfolio in which you illustrate your growth and expertise as a reading teacher. Within this portfolio, you will compile evidence that illustrates you have met the goals and objectives of the Reading Endorsement program (see table with objectives, IRA Standards and RPI and the section on the portfolio narrative). At the end of the Reading Endorsement, you will write a narrative as a final reflection of your experience, illustrating how you have met the RPI proficiencies and IRA Reading Standards. I will provide further details throughout the course. IX. Evaluation and Grading: Grading Scale: 90 – 100%. =A 80 – 89% =B 70 – 79% =C 60 – 69% =D Late Work I will accept late work. However, I do deduct points from all late work. No exceptions. I consider work late if it is not handed in during the assigned class time. Each day an assignment is late, the activity will receive a 25% grade reduction per day. (If an assignment is due on Tuesday and you turn it in on Thursday, the assignment is two days late.) I do count Saturday and Sunday. Should you turn in work on the day of class but after the class is over, the work is one day late. I will consider incompletes for extenuating circumstances. I expect all work to be turned in on time; being absent from class will not 7 EDRD 7717 serve as an adequate reason for failing to submit work in a timely manner or for being prepared for class. Standards: When submitting work, please remember the following: -secure single sheets of paper—Do not dogear or turn in loose sheets -type/word process all assignments (crisp, clear printout) -no report covers or plastic sleeves -along with your name, please include the date and course # on work All work should be edited well. Points will be deducted from all work that does not meet professioinal standards. In some cases, I may return the work without a grade. X. ACADEMIC INTEGRITY: Every KSU student is responsible for upholding the provisions of the Student Code of Conduct, as published in the Undergraduate and Graduate Catalogs. Section II of the Student Code of Conduct addresses the University's policy on academic honesty, including provisions regarding plagiarism and cheating, unauthorized access to University materials, misrepresentation/falsification of University records or academic work,malicious removal, retention, or destruction of library materials, malicious/intentional misuse of computer facilities and/or services, and misuse of student identification cards. Incidents of alleged academic misconduct will be handled through the established procedures of the University Judiciary Program, which includes either an "informal" resolution by a faculty member, resulting in a grade adjustment, or a formal hearing procedure, which may subject a student to the Code of Conduct's minimum one semester suspension requirement. XI. ATTENDANCE POLICY: The expectations for attending class are in accordance with the Undergraduate Catalogue. All students are expected to attend classes in accordance with the scheduled time of the course. Should you be absent, you are responsible for making up the work missed. In-class activities may not be made up. XII. COURSE OUTLINE: What follows is a tentative schedule (subject to change with notice). I have indicated the dates that readings from your text are due. I may also assign other readings which are are NOT indicated in the reading schedule. I prefer to leave a bit of reading open until we see your needs and interests. I will announce them as need arises. Week 1 Introduction/Syllabus What is assessment? Why assess reading? Informal and formal assessment GT Chapter 1 & 5 NRP Introduction Article on SBRR Week 2 Stages of Reading; Review of 5 Dimensions of Reading Assessing Factors that Affect Reading: Reader, Text, and Context Begin Analysis of Reading Process Choose Dimension for Assessing SBRR GT Chapter 1 & 5 NRP Alphabetic Principles Week 3 Assessment Instruments: Interviews, Inventories, Observational Checklists Assessing Interest, Attitude, and Reading Habits Planning Instruction Based on Assesment Data 8 EDRD 7717 NRP Fluency Week 4 Assessment Instruments: Running Records, Miscue Analysis, Informal Reading Inventory Assessing the Five Dimensions of Reading Work on Analysis of Reading Process JJ Chapter 1 & 2 Assessment & Instruction Project: Part 1 due Week 5 Assessment Instruments: Running Records, Miscue Analysis, Informal Reading Inventory Assessing the Five Dimensions of Reading Begin Assessment & Instruction Project JJ Chapter 3 & 4 NRP Comprehension Week 6 Assessment Instruments: Informal Reading Inventory, Retelings, Comprehension Assessment Assessing the Five Dimensions of Reading Work on Analysis of Reading Process Work on Assessment & Instruction Project JJ Chapter 5 & 6 Analysis of Reading Process due Week 7 Assessment Instruments: Informal Reading Inventory, Retelings, Comprehension Assessment Assessing the Five Dimensions of Reading Planning Instruction based on Assessment Data Work on Assessment & Instruction Project GT Chapter 3 & 8 NRP Vocabulary Week 8 Assessment Instruments: Cloze Passages, Word Analysis, Pausing Index GT Chapter 2 & 7 Week 9 Assessment Instruments: Cloze Passages, Word Analysis, Pausing Index Assessment & Instruction Project Part 2 due GT Chapter 2 & 7 Week 10 Work on Assessment & Instruction Project Assessment Instruments: Think Alouds, Reading/Writing Checklists Planning Instruction based on Assessment Data Week 11 Assessing Metacognition Assessment & Instruction Project Part 3 due Week 12 Assessing Texts and Texbooks – What does this mean for instruction? Technology and Assessment GT Chapter 9 Assessing SBRR due Week 13 Assessing English Language Learners GT Chapter 10 & 11 9 EDRD 7717 Week 14 Assessment & Instruction Project Part 4 due Week 15 Portfolios: Yours and Theirs GT Chapter 4 Assignment: Portfolio XIII. REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY: Alvermann, D. E. (2001a). Effective literacy instruction for adolescents. Paper presented at the National Reading Conference, Chicago. Alvermann, D. E. (2001b). Reading adolescents reading identities: Looking back to see ahead. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 44(8), 676 - 690. Alvermann, D. E., & Moore, D. W. (1991). Secondary school reading. In R. Barr, M. L. Kamil, P. B. Mosenthal & P. D. Pearson (Eds.), The handbook of reading research (Vol. II, pp. 951 - 983). New York: Longman. Anders, P. L., Hoffman, J. V., & Duffy, G. G. (2000). Teaching teachers to teach reading: Paradigm shifts, persistent problems, and challenges. In M. L. Kamil, P. B. Mosenthal, P. D. Pearson & R. Barr (Eds.), Handbook of reading research, volume iii (pp. 719-742). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers. Anderson, R. C., Wilson, P. T., & Fielding, L. G. (1988). Growth in reading and how children spend their time outside of school. Reading Research Quarterly, 23(3), 285 - 303. Ash, G. E. (2002). Teaching readers who struggle: A pragmatic middle school framework. Reading Online, 5(7). Atwell, N. (1998). In the middle: New understandings about writing, reading, and learning. Portsmouth: Boynton/Cook Publishers, Inc. Barrentine, S. J. (Ed.). (1999). Reading assessment: Principles and practices for elementary teachers. Newark: International Reading Association. Baumann, J. F., Edwards, E. C., Font, G., Tereshinki, C. A., Kame'enui, E. J., & Olejnik, S. (2002). Teaching morphemic and contextual analysis to fifth-grade students. Reading Research Quarterly, 37, 150 - 170. Bean, T. (2000). Reading in the content areas: Social constructivist dimensions. In P. L. Anders, J. V. Hoffman & G. G. Duffy (Eds.), Handbook of reading research (Vol. III, pp. 629-644). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers. Braunger, J., & Lewis, J. (1998). Building a knowledge base in reading (2nd ed.). Newark, NJ: International Reading Association. Campbell, J. R. (2001). A focus on naep data: What it means, what it does not mean, and the findings from the expert study. In R. F. Flippo (Ed.), Reading researchers in search of common ground (pp. 147-158). Newark: International Reading Association. Cunningham, P. M. (2000). Phonics they use: Words for reading and writing (third ed.). New York: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Curtis, M. E., & Longo, A. M. (2001, November). Teaching vocabulary to adolescents to improve comprehension. Reading Online, 5(4). Dahl, K. L., Barto, A., Bonfils, A., Carasellow, M., Christopher, J., Davis, R., et al. (2003). Connecting developmental word study with classroom writing: Children's descriptions of spelling strategies. The Reading Teacher, 57, 310-319. Fielding, L. G., & Pearson, P. D. (1994). Reading comprehension: What works. Educational Leadership, 51(5), 62-68. Flippo, R. F. (2001a). The "real" common ground: Pulling the threads together. In R. F. Flippo (Ed.), Reading researchers in search of common ground (pp. 178-184). Newark: International Reading Association. Flippo, R. F. (Ed.). (2001b). Reading researchers in search of common ground. Newark: International Reading Association. 10 EDRD 7717 Fountas, I. C., & Pinnell, G. S. (2001). Guiding readers and writers grades 3-6: Teaching comprehension, genre, and content literacy. Portsmouth: Heinemann. Gee, J. P. (2001). What is literacy? In P. Shannon (Ed.), Becoming political, too: New readings and writings on the politics of literacy education (pp. 1-9). Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. Goodman, K. (1996). On reading: A common-sense look at the nature of language and the science of reading. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. Graves, M. F., Juel, C., & Graves, B. B. (1998). Teaching reading in the 21st century. Needham Heights: Allyn and Bacon. Harp, B. (2000). The handbook of literacy assessment and evaluation. Norwood, MA: ChristopherGordon Publishers, Inc. Harris, T. L., & Hodges, R. E. (1995). The literacy dictionary: The vocabulary of reading and writing. Neward: International Reading Association. Harvey, S. (1998). Nonfiction matters: Reading, writing, and research in grades 3-8. Portland: Stenhouse Publishers. Kibby, M. W. (1995). Practical steps for informing literacy instruction: A diagnostic decision-making model. Newark, DE: International Reading Association. Laflamme, J. G. (1997). The effect of the multiple exposure vocabulary method and the target reading/writing strategy on test scores. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 40, 372. Leu, D. J. (2000). Literacy and technology: Deictic consequences for literacy education in an information age. In M. L. Kamil, P. B. Mosenthal, P. D. Pearson & R. Barr (Eds.), Handbook of reading resesarch (Vol. III, pp. 743-788). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers. Luke, A., & Freebody, P. (1997). The social practices of reading. In S. Muspratt, A. Luke & P. Freebody (Eds.), Constructing critical literacies: Teaching and learning textual practice (pp. 185-226). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, Inc. Moore, D. W., Bean, T. W., Birdyshaw, D., & Rycik, J. A. (1999). Adolescent literacy: A position statement for the commission on adolescent literacy of the international reading association. Nagy, W. E., & Scott, J. A. (2000). Vocabulary processes. In M. L. Kamil, P. B. Mosenthal, P. D. Pearson & R. Barr (Eds.), Handbook of reading research (Vol. III, pp. 269 - 284). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publisher. Pressley, M. (1998). Reading instruction that works: The case for balanced teaching. New York: The Guilford Press. Rhodes, L. K., & Shanklin, N. L. (1993). Windows into literacy: Assessing learners k-8. Portsmuth: Henemann. Ruddell, R. B., & Unrau, N. J. (Eds.). (2004). Theoretical models and processes of reading. Newark, DE: International Reading Association. Rupley, W. H., Logan, J. W., & Nichols, W. D. (1999). Vocabulary instruction in a balanced reading program. The Reading Teacher, 52, 336 - 347. Smith, F. (1994). Understanding reading: A psycholinguistic analysis of reading and learning to read (5th ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers. Smith, F. (Ed.). (1973). Psycholinguistics and reading. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, Inc. Stahl, S. A., Richek, M. A., & Vandevier, R. J. (1991). Learning meaning vocabulary through listening: A sixth-grade reflection. In J. Zutell & S. McCormick (Eds.), Learner factors/teacher factors: Issues in literacy research and instruction, fortieth yearbook of the national reading conference (pp. 185 - 192). Chicago: The National Reading Conference, Inc. Stanovich, K. (1986). Matthew effects in reading: Some consequences of individual difference in the acquisition of literacy. Reading Research Quarterly, 21(4), 360-407. Templeton, S., & Morris, D. (1999). Questions teachers ask about spelling. Reading Research Quarterly, 34, 102 - 112. Turbill, J. (2002). The four ages of reading philosophy and pedagogy: A framework for examining theory and practice. Reading Online, 5(6). Wade, S. E., & Moje, E. B. (2000). The role of text in classroom learning, volume iii. In M. L. Kamil, P. B. Mosenthal, P. D. Pearson & R. Barr (Eds.), Handbook of reading research (Vol. III, pp. 609 627). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers. White, T. G., Power, M. A., & White, S. (1989). Morphological analysis: Implications for teaching and understanding vocabulary growth. Reading Research Quarterly, 24, 283-304. Wiseman, D. L., Many, J. E., & Altieri, J. (1997). When the literary response is: "i like the book - it is funny." where do we go from here? Georgia Journal of Reading, 17-25. Wood, K. D., & Dickinson, T. S. (2000). Promoting literacy in grades 4 - 9. Needham Heights: Allyn & Bacon. 11 EDRD 7717 12 EDRD 7717