KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY E-Z FORM: SIMPLE COURSE CHANGE Cover Sheet 10-15-02 (draft) Course Number/Program Name: EDUC 7741 Inclusive Education/Special Education Department: Inclusive Education Department Degree Title (if applicable) M.Ed. Proposed Effective Date: Fall, 2007 Minor Changes: 1. Minor changes are defined as a change to one of the following a. _____ change to the title of a course b. _____ simple editing changes to a course description c. _____ course deletion d. ___X__ course numbering change e. _____ degree program name change f. _____ credit hour change 2. Multiple changes to any combination of title, numbering, or description DO NOT constitute a Minor Change, and must go through the full course revision proposal approval process. 3. Changes that appear to be more than simple editing changes must go through the full course proposal approval process (committee chair discretion). 4. Proposals that meet the criteria as being minor changes, are exempt from the two-week submission prior to the first reading rule Submitted by: Approved Patricia Crawford, Ph.D. Faculty Member 2/20/07 Date Not Approved Department Curriculum Committee Date Approved Approved Approved Approved Approved Approved Not Approved Department Chair Date College Curriculum Committee Date College Dean Date GPCC Chair Date Dean, Graduate College Date Not Approved Not Approved Not Approved Not Approved Not Approved Vice President for Academic Affairs Date Approved Not Approved President 1 Date KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE COURSE MINOR CHANGE FORM I. Current Information Page Number in Current Catalog 124 Course Prefix and Number EDUC 7741 Course Title Educational Research Credit Hours 3 Prerequisites None Description: Candidates will develop a basic understanding of educational research paradigms including qualitative, quantitative and action research designs. Candidates will gain expertise in reading, analyzing, critiquing and synthesizing research in each of the three research paradigms. Candidates will design and prepare to conduct an action research project focused on improving student learning in their own P-12 classrooms or schools. Major topics include but are not limited to validity, reliability, generalizability, data collection and analysis, ethical guidelines and IRB processes and procedures. Prerequisite: Completion of all other requirements in the Special Education Program and approval of department. Contracted employment, teaching individuals with mild disabilities under a provisional teaching credential. A full-time supervised teaching experience for teachers seeking to add-on a special education area to a Georgia teaching certificate. May be repeated. Proof of professional liability insurance is required prior to field experience placement. II. Proposed Information (Fill in the changed item) Course Prefix and Number ___INED 7741____________________ Course Title ___Same________________________________________ Credit Hours 3 Prerequisites None Description: Same III. Justification Course prefix change due to department name change. 2 VII. COURSE MASTER FORM This form will be completed by the requesting department and will be sent to the Office of the Registrar once the course changes have been approved by the Office of the President. DISCIPLINE Inclusive Education COURSE NUMBER INED 7741 COURSE TITLE FOR LABEL Ed Research (Note: Limit 16 spaces) CLASS-LAB-CREDIT HOURS 0 Approval, Effective Term Fall, 2007 Grades Allowed (Regular or S/U) Regular If course used to satisfy CPC, what areas? N/A Learning Support Programs courses which are required as prerequisites None APPROVED: __________________________________________________ Vice President for Academic Affairs or Designee __ 3 COURSE SYLLABUS (Attach here) Bagwell College of Education M.Ed. in Special Education Program INED 7741 Educational Research I Syllabus Kennesaw State University Bagwell College of Education Department of Special Education INSTRUCTOR: Dr. M. Leigh Funk e-mail: lfunk@kennesaw.edu web page: http://edtech.kennesaw.edu/leigh/ office phone: 770-499-3315 CLASS MEETING: Monday & Wednesday, 8:00 – 12:00 AM, Room KH 1107 IV: TEXTS Required: Glanz, J. (2003). Action research: An educational leader’s guide to school improvement. Norwood, MA: Christopher-Gordon. Recommended: McMillan, J.H., & Wergin, J.F. (2006). Understanding and evaluating educational research (3rd Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. GALILEO Password: As of 5/15/06 invasive new password will be issued as of 6/14/06 WebCT Access: The URL to access WebCT is http://courses.kennesaw.edu you will use your NetID and password to access the WebCT course. V. CATALOG COURSE DESCRIPTIONS: Candidates will develop a basic understanding of educational research paradigms including qualitative, quantitative and action research designs. Candidates will gain expertise in reading, analyzing, critiquing and synthesizing research in each of the three research paradigms. Candidates will design and prepare to conduct an action research project focused on improving student learning in their own P-12 classrooms or schools. Major topics include but are not limited to validity, reliability, generalizability, data collection and analysis, ethical guidelines and IRB processes and procedures. VI. PURPOSE/RATIONALE: Professional educators of all levels need to understand research methodology in order to make judgments about the research they read, their professional growth, and to prepare them for conducting their own research. The primary goals of this course are to help the M.Ed. candidate develop basic knowledge and skills for critically reading and understanding educational research and evaluation reports, and to become knowledgeable about the research process. Understanding the research process will also assist expert 4 teacher-leaders in utilizing research to solve classroom and/or school wide problems. This course will assist the candidate in becoming more comfortable reading, interpreting and conducting research that impacts professional practices. Expert teacher-leaders need to understand the research process for two main reasons: 1) to critique research they read in an effort to inform themselves as teachers, and 2) to plan and carry out their own research. Research has shown that teachers tend to base their conclusions about teaching effectiveness on many sources, including personal experience, tradition, the school culture--sources other than research. Although all these sources are valuable in different ways, teachers are likely to resist changing practice even when change is supported by research findings. Teachers also need to recognize poorly designed research and to eschew practices based upon this research. Only through a thorough grounding with well-designed research and through an understanding of the nature of errors and threats to validity that characterizes all research with humans can teachers come to make informed judgments about the validity of the research they read. A thorough grounding in research also assists teachers in increasing collaborative efforts by contributing to the professional knowledge base on teaching. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK SUMMARY Collaborative Development of Expertise in Teaching and Learning “The Collaborative Development of Expertise in Teaching and Learning” is the basis for all of Kennesaw State University’s teacher education programs. Working from a solid content background, the teacher as facilitator demonstrates proficient and flexible use of different ways of teaching to actively engage students in learning. Teachers as facilitators are well versed in the characteristics of students of different ages, abilities and cultural backgrounds. They are skilled in integrating technology into instruction and create an environment in which students can be successful and want to learn. Teachers as facilitators know when and how to assess learning by means of various forms of traditional and authentic assessments. They are well prepared for successful careers in teaching and are expected to act in a professional manner in all circumstances with colleagues, parents, community members and their own students. As a professional educator, the teacher facilitator values collaboration and seeks opportunities to work with other professionals and community members to improve the educational experiences for children and youth. This course contributes to the candidates’ understanding of their developing role as a professional facilitator by supporting their educational growth as they learn to effectively teach students. USE OF TECHNOLOGY: Candidates in the Masters program are expected to examine uses of instructional technology, including calculators, projected visual technology, audio and video technology, computer technology, and Internet resources as related to the teaching and learning process. In addition, candidates are expected to utilize technology to support the research process throughout this course. Field Experience While participating in all field experiences, you are encouraged to be involved in a variety of school-based activities directed at the improvement of teaching and learning. Activities may include, but are not limited to, attending and presenting at professional conferences, participating in leadership activities, attending PTA/school board meetings, and participating in education-related community events. As you continue your field experiences, you are encouraged to explore every opportunity to learn by doing. Diversity A variety of materials and instructional strategies will be employed to meet the needs of the different learning styles of diverse learners in class. Candidates will gain knowledge as well as an understanding of differentiated strategies and curricula for providing effective instruction and assessment within multicultural classrooms. One element of course work is raising candidate awareness of critical multicultural issues. A second element is to cause candidates to explore how multiple attributes of multicultural populations influence decisions in employing specific methods and materials for every student. Among these attributes are ethnicity, race, socioeconomic 5 status, gender, giftedness, disability, language, religion, family structure, sexual orientation, and geographic region. An emphasis on cognitive style differences provides a background for the consideration of cultural context. Kennesaw State University provides program accessibility and accommodations for persons defined as disabled under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 or the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. A number of services are available to support students with disabilities within their academic program. In order to make arrangements for special services, students must visit the Office of Disabled Student Support Services (770-4236443) and develop an individual assistance plan. In some cases, certification of disability is required. Please be aware that there are other support/mentor groups on the campus of Kennesaw State University that address each of the multicultural variables outlined above. For more information contact the Student Life Center at 770-423-6280. GOALS AND OBJECTIVES: The Professional Teacher Education Unit prepares learning facilitators who understand their disciplines and principles of pedagogy, who reflect on their practice, and who apply these understandings to making instructional decisions that foster the success of all learners. As a result of the satisfactory fulfillment of the requirements of these courses, the candidate will demonstrate the following outcomes: PTEU Outcomes and Proficiencies for Advanced Programs Outcome 1: SUBJECT MATTER EXPERTS: 1.1 Possesses broad, current and specialized knowledge of subject matter and demonstrates this knowledge to colleagues, parents and students. 1.2 Possesses an interdisciplinary understanding of curriculum and its applications to real life and accurately represents understanding through use of multiple explanations, technologies and/or strategies. 1.3 Possesses strong pedagogical content knowledge and uses that knowledge to create approaches to instructional challenges. 1.4 Actualizes the integration of content, pedagogy and interdisciplinary understanding through instruction that is integrated, flexible, elaborate and deep Outcome 2: FACILITATORS OF LEARNING: 2.1 Treats students equitably and provides equitable access to the full curriculum by respecting individual differences and adjusting (or assisting teachers in adjusting) practices accordingly. 2.2 Understands human development and learning and uses this understanding to create enriching educational experiences and/or environments for all students. 2.3 Creates safe, well-managed, supportive, inclusive and challenging learning environments. 2.4 Uses multiple methods, technologies, resources and organizational arrangements to meet goals articulated for individual students, class instruction and the overall school improvement plan. 2.5 Monitors student progress with a variety of formal and informal evaluation methods and uses results to improve student learning. 2.6 Is accountable to multiple audiences, accurately interprets student performance data and communicates results to multiple audiences in multiple formats. Outcome 3. COLLABORATIVE PROFESSIONALS: 3.1 Collaborates with colleagues, parents and/or other professionals and leads appropriately to strengthen school effectiveness, to advance knowledge, and to influence policy and practice. 3.2 Reflects regularly upon daily practice, and draws upon experience and the professional literature to design and conduct research aimed at improved student achievement. 3.3 Proactively involves and leads parents and other members of the community in support of instruction and education. 3.4 Engages in on-going professional development by joining professional organizations, participating in conferences, mentoring new staff, etc. 3.5 Adheres to professional ethical standards while reporting, conducting and publishing research. 6 EXC 7700 Educational Research I Course Objectives 1. 2. Identify characteristics of valid research and evaluate research samples for their adherence to those characteristics Understand quantitative and qualitative methodologies and analyze which approach is most valid for certain conditions and purposes. 3. Conduct a research review and critique on a topic of student choice; and create a research proposal to investigate an educational question in the field setting. 4. Define and distinguish characteristics of the research problem, the topic, the purpose statement, and research questions for quantitative, qualitative, mixed methods, and action research. 5. Write a literature review using the APA Format 6. Define issues related to validity, reliability, and generalizability for quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods studies. 7. Utilize a variety of data collection strategies as appropriate for quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods studies. 8. Understand basic statistical analysis including measures of central tendency, variability, correlation, and group comparisons 9. Identify the procedures for preparing, organizing, and analyzing data for quantitative and qualitative studies. 10. Recognize how to design and present results in tables, figures, and a results section. COURSE REQUIREMENTS AND ASSIGNMENTS: 1. IRB Certificate / Assurance for Research on Human Subjects: This Assurance, as of August 1, 2003, is now required by Federal policy and formalizes the institution’s commitment to protect human subjects. All individuals (faculty, staff, and students) engaged in research on human subjects must complete a web-based training course. The online training course is designed to provide an overview of ethical conduct for researchers working with human participants. This web-based training will take approximately two hours to complete and can be found at: http://cme.cancer.gov . When registering for the course, indicate that the course is being taken for “Completion Certificate only, no continuing education credits.” Upon completion, save a copy of the Completion Certificate and upload the electronic file to WebCT under the IRB Certificate Assignment Area. Detailed instructions for accessing the site and saving your completion certificate are available under the IRB Certificate Assignment Area within WebCT. 2. Final Action Research Proposal: This is a field based project which involves selecting a topic for research with the candidate’s teaching experience, conducting a review of related literature, designing the study, and developing appropriate methods for data collection and analyses, implementing the study in either EXC 7720 Applied Behavior Analysis or EXC 7970 Internship and reporting the results. In this course you will complete a series of activities that will eventually be combined to produce a high quality action research proposal including sections 1-6 as listed below. To see a full list of all elements required for the Action Research Project (not just the proposal) please see the AR Project Sections document under Assignments & Rubrics in WebCT. Action Research Proposal Sections I. II. III. IV. Title Page Table of Contents Abstract Area of Focus Statement a. Introduction (foundation and importance) b. Problem Statement (identifies subject(s) and setting) c. Purpose Statement d. Research Questions e. Defining the Variables V. Review of Literature a. Introduction b. Article Abstract #1 c. Article Abstract #2 d. Article Abstract #3 e. Conclusion / Analysis / Impact of Literature Review on their research plan 7 VI. Methods / Procedures – Action Research a. Description of methodology (research design) b. Description of intervention or innovation c. Sampling Design (if appropriate) d. Instrumentation (if appropriate) e. Data Collection Plan / Data Collection Procedures f. Data Considerations – (issues of validity, reliability, and ethics) g. Data Analysis Procedures h. Limitations of the methodology i. Timeline for Data Collection VII. References – APA Format VIII. Appendix a. Human Subject Protection Certificate b. Institutional Review Board Form (not for the AR Proposal) c. Copies of Data Collection Instruments The paper must be written in APA format and typed. This requirement helps the candidate recognize the importance and contribution of action research for improvement and innovations in education, understand educational research reports, and learn how to conduct action research by him/herself. 3. Area of Focus Statement (Section 4 of the Action Research Proposal): The area of focus statement contain an introduction to your topic including the background and importance of the topic, a statement of the problem to identify the setting, participants, purpose statement indicating the specific purpose of your study, research questions, and definition of variables or appropriate terms. 4. Literature Review (Section 5 of the Action Research Proposal): Once your research topic has been approved, the next step is to conduct a literature review to gain insights into what others have learned on your topic. You will use online databases or resources to locate at least three journal articles and write a critical review / abstract on each article. The articles should be on an educational issue/topic and research in nature. The literature review will contain 3 sections: Review of Literature Introduction Article Abstract #1 Article Abstract #2 Article Abstract #3 Conclusion / Analysis / Impact of Literature Review on their research plan The review will be typed. 5. Methods and Procedures (Section 6 of the Action Research Proposal): Now that you have clearly identified the research topic, described the problem, conducted a literature review, you are now ready to layout the research plan. The purpose of the research plan is to provide information about the research design you will use to carry out the study. Such information includes information on the research participants (sample), any data collection instruments you will use (surveys, questionnaires, tests, etc.), data collection procedures (how you will actually collect the data), a statement addressing issues of validity and reliability, and a timeline for the study. 6. Peer Review & Classroom Activities: The constructivist nature of this course requires the completion of a variety of inclass and out of class activities designed to strengthen your knowledge and skills relating to educational research. In addition, this course relies heavily on collaborative learning and peer review to further support the acquisition of and reinforcement of essential skills. As a result, it is imperative that you actively engage in these activities and participate in the peer review process. 7. Class Attendance and Participation in Online Discussions: In this course, you will use the online discussion area to interact, discuss, and reflect on weekly topics as well as your educational experiences in general. Together you will brainstorm ideas, pose questions about course content, discuss your practice of new skills and strategies, and support and 8 respectfully challenge one another in your application of new knowledge. While you may find that you and your colleagues frequently agree on particular issues, remember that becoming a teacher researcher requires you to examine the world from various points of view. Feel free to pose an alternative idea, or present a contrasting viewpoint in the interest of a thorough and dynamic discussion. Each Discussion consists of a discussion activity, in which you are asked to interact with the members of your cohort group to brainstorm ideas, practice using new skills and strategies, and begin applying your knowledge. For the online Discussion, you will be directed to: Post your thoughts/insights/ideas for your colleagues to consider. (3 points) Read a sampling of your colleagues' postings. Respond thoughtfully to at least two postings. (1 point for each reply / max = 2 points) Return to the Discussion forum to read your colleagues’ responses to your original posting. 8. Proficiency Exam: The proficiency exam will serve as your final exam to verify you have a acquired a minimal level of understanding related to key concepts, terms, and theories in educational research. The proficiency exam will consist of multiple-choice, true-false, short answer items. The exam will be given July 19 from 8:00 – 12:00 AM in KH 1107. IX. EVALUATION AND GRADING: Class Requirements, Assignments, and Grading Assignment 1. IRB Certificate - Assurance for Research on Human Subjects 2. Final Action Research Proposal Points 15 Percentages 5 (Required) 60 20 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Course Objectives PTEU Objectives 2 2.2; 2.4 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9 4, 3, 5 1, 2, 6, 7, 1, 8, 9, 10, 1.4; 3.1; 3.2 Area of Focus Statement 45 15 Literature Review 45 15 3.2 Methods and Procedures 45 15 Peer Review & Classroom Activities 45 15 Attendance/Participation in Online 30 10 Discussions 8. Proficiency Exam 15 5 1, 2, 4, 1.1; 1.2 Totals 300 100 Note: All written work should reflect careful organization of material and the high standards of investigation associated with college-level studies. Papers should be typewritten, on 8 1/2 x 11 in. paper. Action research work submitted should follow APA format. Manuscripts must be proof read to ensure accuracy in spelling, punctuation, and grammar prior to submission. Written work should be attractive and neat. Grading Scale A = 90% - 100% B = 80% - 89% C = 70% -79% F = 70% or lower X. ACADEMIC HONESTY STATEMENT: The KSU Graduate Catalog states “KSU expects that graduate students will pursue their academic programs in an ethical, professional manner. Any work that students present in fulfillment of program or course requirements should reflect their own efforts, achieved without giving or receiving any unauthorized assistance. Any student who is found to have violated these expectations will be subject to disciplinary action.” 9 XI. CLASS ATTENDANCE POLICY: Attendance is required for this class session, and candidates are expected to be on time. Class discussions, group work, and activities require that everyone be present. There is no way to “make up” this class. Professional courtesy dictates that you notify the instructor and any collaborative group members if you will unable to attend a class session. Missing two or more class sessions will result in a letter grade reduction. XII. COURSE OUTLINE (Tentative and Subject to Change) Date Week 1 June 7 Topics Readings / Activities Assignments Due Introductions/course overview Overview of educational research & historical approaches WebCT Training & Overview Week 2 June 12 Overview of Action Research Educational Research – Publication Types Glanz chapter 1 (pgs 1-14) Glanz chapter 1 (pgs 16 – 28) Critically Reviewing Educational Research Glanz chapter 2 Due: Assurance for Human Participants Research Training / IRB Certificate – Submit electronic copy to WebCT LEO: Literacy Education Online Writing Abstracts Chularut & DeBacker article (p. 74 of McMillan & Wergin) Week 2 June 14 Preparing to Conduct Action Research Reviewing the Literature Mapping Key Ideas in Lit Review Chapter 11 (pgs. 214-219) Read 2 articles assigned in class APA Format Week 3 June 19 Library Orientation – GALILEO Training Week 3 Quantitative Approaches to Action 10:00 – 11:30 Library 4th floor. The GALILEO session will last approximately 45 minutes, but I want you to have time to conduct actual searches for your literature review. Ch 4 (p. 62-76) 10 Due: Online Discussion Topic: What were the 3 most significant problem(s) or challenge(s) you faced in the classroom this year? When describing the problem or challenge include details about the situation, the behavior, the frequency, why the problem was significant, any consequences of the problem, strategies you tried to overcome the problem, and any possible solutions you can think of. Due: Draft of Literature Review June 21 Research section ready for Peer Review. Overview of Purpose, Problem & Research Questions to give context within the Quant & Qual methods. Week 4 June 26 Single Subject Designs for the Classroom Ch 4 (p.76-88) Week 4 June 28 Qualitative Approaches to Action Research Ch 5 Week 5 July 3 Area of Focus Statements Ch 3 DUE: Online Discussion Topic: Why is this research topic important? Pretend you are trying to convince your Principal to give you money to conduct this study…what would you need to share in order to get funding? What background information should be provided in order for others to understand the context of the problem? Due: Literature Review Section revised based on Peer Review submit to WebCT Due: Online Discussion Topic: What are the motivating factors that make you want to undertake this action research project? What do you hope to learn? What question or question should you consider? Who will be involved in the research project? Ultimately, how or why will this action research project improve your classroom practice? How to write problem statement Introduction to Purpose Statements Research Questions & Hypothesis Program Evaluation As Action Research Ch 6 DRAFT: Area of Focus Statement section ready for Peer Review Week 6 July 10 Methods and Procedures Chapter 7 Week 6 July 12 Analyzing and Interpreting Data Analysis strategies Data Presentation strategies Reflection & interpretation of data Ch 8 Ch 9 DUE: Area of Focus Statement section revised based on Peer Review submit to WebCT DRAFT: Methods and Procedures section ready for Peer Review Week 5 July 5 Due: Online Discussion Topic Now that you have established your problem, purpose and research questions it is time to clearly articulate the methods you will use in your study. As you prepare to write the Methods/Procedures section of your proposal take some time to clearly identify and articulate the following information: 1. 11 What are your research questions? 2. What research approach will you use? (Quantitative or Qualitative) 3. What research design will you employ? (Experimental / QuasiExperimental/ Ex-Post Facto/ Single Subject / Case Study/ Ethnography, Historical Inquiry etc.) 4. What intervention or treatment will you use in your study? (thoroughly describe the instructional strategy or treatment). 5. Who will participate in your study? (describe the characteristics of the group or individual student that will participate in your study and describe how or why you selected them) Remember to carefully consider if each of your answers makes sense based on the knowledge you now have about quantitative and qualitative approaches. Week 7 July 17 Reporting & Evaluating Research – Putting it all together Ch 10 Ch 12 DRAFT: Action Research Proposal (consolidation of pieces) ready for Peer Review. DUE: Action Research Proposal revised in class based on Peer Review submit to WebCT. July 19 8:00 – 12:00 AM KH 1107 Due: Online Reflection Now that you have some knowledge about action research...in fact you've lived it this entire summer ;-)... I'd like you to take a few moments to reflect on how action research can and hopefully will improve your classroom practice. To complete this reflection, you will use the National Board Writing Process as described below. Proficiency Exam (Final Exam Period) Throughout this graduate program, your skills as a reflective practitioner will increase. One way 12 we promote your development of critical thinking and reflective learning is through the National Board Writing Process. Whenever you are asked to reflect on a topic, idea, or strategy you should organize your thoughts and your writing following the process below: Description: Summarize the main ideas. This should be strictly factual information and not contain any of your personal opinions. Exactly what did you observe or what did you see or hear? (Summarize the most important aspects you learned about action research for example) Analysis: Based on the focus in this program and your own experiences, what is your opinion about what you have observed or read? Be sure to support your opinion with specific information from the observation. Do you agree or disagree and WHY? Please provide more feedback than, “I like it and think it will work.” Reflection: How will this information impact your own teaching practice and student learning in your class? How did it change the way you think about your personal teaching practice or how did it affirm your current beliefs? Again, you may wish to construct the reflection in Word and then copy and paste your response into our discussion area. I also encourage you to keep a copy of your reflection as it might be beneficial for you to refer back to it in the future. 13 XIII. REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY (To be adapted) Bazeley, P., Richards, L. (2000). Preface. The NVivo qualitative project book. Thousand Oaks, CA, SAGE Publications. Boyatzis, R. E. (1998). Transforming qualitative information: thematic analysis and code development. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications Creswell, J. W. (1994). Research design qualitative & quantitative approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications. Creswell, J. W. (1998). Qualitative inquiry and research design choosing among five traditions. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications. Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications. Creswell, J. (2004). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. (2nd ed.) Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall Dooley, D. (2001). Social research methods. (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall Galvan, J. L. (2004). Writing literature reviews: A guide for students of the social and behavioral sciences. (2nd ed.). 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(1996). Awakening the sleeping giant: Leadership development for teachers. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press. Kazdin, A. E. (1982). Single-case research designs: Methods for clinical and applied settings. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Kellogg Foundation (1996). Celebrations & challenges: A report on science education improvement. W.K. Kellogg Foundation, One Michigan Avenue East, Battle Creek, MI 49017-4058. 14 LaBoskey, V. K. (1994). Development of reflective practice. New York: Teachers College Press. Leedy, P. D., & Ormrod, J. E. (2001). Practical research: Planning and design. Upper Saddle River, NJ, Merrill Prentice Hall. Litwin, M. S. (1995). How to measure survey reliability and validity. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications. Lyne, L. S. (2003). A cross section of educational research: Journal articles for discussion and evaluation. (2nd ed.). Los Angeles: Pyrczak Publishing. Mann, C., & Stewart, F. (2000). Internet communication and qualitative research: A handbook for researching online. Thousand Oaks, CA, SAGE Publications. Maxwell, J. A. (2002). Understanding and validity in qualitative research. The Qualitative Researcher's Companion. M. A. Huberman & M. B. Miles. Thousand Oaks, CA, SAGE Publications: 37-64. McIntyre, D. & Byrd, D. (Eds.) (2000). Research on effective models for teacher education. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press. McMillan, J. H. (2000). Educational research: fundamentals for the consumer. (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Addison Wesley Longman. McMillan, J. H., & Schumacher, S. (2001). Research in education: A conceptual introduction. New York, Longman. Merriam, S. B., & Simpson, E. L. (2000). A guide to research for educators and trainers of adults. Malabar, FL, Krieger Publishing Company. Mertler, C. A. & Charles, C. M. (2005). Introduction to educational research. Boston: Pearson AB Longman. Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. B. (1994). Qualitative data analysis. Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications. Mills, G.E. (2003). Action research: A guide for the teacher researcher. (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River NJ: Merrill Prentice Hall. Odell, S.J., Huling, L., & Sweeny, B.W. (2000). Conceptualizing quality mentoring, background information. In S.J. Odell & L. Huling (Eds.), Quality mentoring for novice teachers (pp.3-14). Indianapolis, IA: Kappa Delta Pi. Orlich, D., Harder, R., Callahan, R. & Gibbson, H. (1998). Teaching strategies. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Patten, M. L. (2000). Understanding research methods: An overview of the essentials. Los Angeles, CA, Pyrczak Publishing. Patton, M. Q. (1987). How to use qualitative methods in evaluation. Los Angeles, SAGE Publishing. Sagor, R. (1992). How to conduct collaborative action research. Alexandria, VA: ASCD. Sagor, R. (2000). Guiding school improvement with action research. Alexandria, VA: ASCD. Schonlau, M., Fricker, R. D. & Elliott, M. N. (2001). Conducting research surveys via e-mail and the web. Santa Monica, CA, RAND Publications. 15 Selwyn, N., & Robson, K., (1998). Using e-mail as a research tool. [Electronic Version] Social Research Update, 21. Retrieved October 14, 2003, from http://www.soc.surrey.ac.uk/sru/SRU21.html Shavelson, R. J. (1996). Statistical reasoning for the behavioral sciences. (3rd ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Simon, M. K., & Francis, J. B. (1988). The proposal cookbook: A step by step guide to proposal design and writing. Bloomington, MN, MicroFutures, Inc. Spencer, L., Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., & Dillon, L. (2003). Quality in qualitative evaluation: A framework for assessing research evidence. London: National Center for Social Research. Sternberg, R. J. (1996). Educational psychology has fallen, but it can get up. Educational psychology review, 8(2), 175-185. Sternberg, R. J. (1998). Metacognition, abilities, and developing expertise: What makes an expert student? Instructional Science, 26, 127-140. Weitzman, E. A., & Miles, M. B. (1995). Computer programs for qualitative data analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA, SAGE Publications. Wiersma, W. (2000). Research methods in education: An introduction. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Wolcott, H. F. (2001). Writing up qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications. 16