KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE COURSE PROPOSAL OR REVISION, Cover Sheet (10/02/2002) Course Number/Course Name EXC 7990 / Special Education Administrative Internship Department Special Education Degree Title (if applicable) Endorsement in Special Education Administration Proposed Effective Date Fall 2006 Check one or more of the following and complete the appropriate sections: Sections to be Completed x New Course Proposal Course Title Change Course Number Change Course Credit Change Course Prerequisite Change Course Description Change II, III, IV, V, VII I, II, III I, II, III I, II, III I, II, III I, II, III Notes: If proposed changes to an existing course are substantial (credit hours, title, and description), a new course with a new number should be proposed. A new Course Proposal (Sections II, III, IV, V, VII) is required for each new course proposed as part of a new program. Current catalog information (Section I) is required for each existing course incorporated into the program. Minor changes to a course can use the simplified E-Z Course Change Form. Submitted by: Faculty Member Approved _____ Date Not Approved Department Curriculum Committee Date Approved Approved Approved Approved Approved Approved Not Approved Department Chair Date School Curriculum Committee Date School Dean Date GPCC Chair Date Dean, Graduate Studies Date Not Approved Not Approved Not Approved Not Approved Not Approved Vice President for Academic Affairs Date Approved Not Approved President 1 Date KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE COURSE/CONCENTRATION/PROGRAM CHANGE I. Current Information (Fill in for changes) Page Number in Current Catalog Course Prefix and Number Course Title Credit Hours Prerequisites Description (or Current Degree Requirements) II. Proposed Information (Fill in for changes and new courses) Course Prefix and Number EXC 7990 Course Title Special Education Administrative Internship Credit Hours 3 credit hours Prerequisites EXC 7950 - Administrative Practices in Special Education EXC 8300 – Inclusive Policies and Practices for Students with Disabilities Permission from advisor. Description (or Proposed Degree Requirements) Our goal is to prepare leaders who foster inclusive and accepting learning environments where students with disabilities and those who are culturally and linguistically diverse are successful according to the state approved standards. This class provides special education administrators with practical experience in the application of knowledge and principles of school leadership and administration in an on-the-job setting. Depending upon the type of Special Education Administrative Internship, candidates may be expected to successfully demonstrate the ability to engage in varying types of tasks, including maintaining budgets, hiring new staff, motivating existing staff, providing professional development, etc. Development and/or implementation of a needed school or system project/product related to special education / TESOL and school improvement is required. Ultimately, the candidates will be engaged in a distributive leadership focus, allowing their leadership potential to be developed and recognized. III. Justification The purpose of this course is to prepare prospective special education administrators as effective leaders (Distributed School Leadership-DSL) who facilitate the teaching and learning of the Georgia Performance Standards or an appropriate alternative curriculum to foster the learning and success of students with disabilities. Candidates are expected to demonstrate the ability to create the conditions for teachers to engage a diverse group of students in general education classrooms as well as separate educational environments as the need occurs. To foster this end, candidates are expected to engage in a variety of tasks that include, but are not restricted to the following: (a) procure adequate and effective resources; (b) oversee assessment and evaluation processes; (c) provide professional development for teachers and paraprofessionals; (d) create positive relationships with parents and other members of the community. IV. Additional Information (for New Courses only) Instructor: Dr. Deborah Wallace 2 Text: Course Packet: Special Education Administrative Internship Guidelines and Special Education Administrative Internship Agreement Package State-approved Administrator Review Instrument Prerequisites: EDL 8300 – Inclusive Policies and Practices for Students with Disabilities ; EDL 7950 - Administrative Practices in Special Education Knowledge - Candidates will be able to: PTEU Doctoral KSDs & DSLs* 1. Articulate the processes for documenting the impact of instruction on student learning. 2. Articulate laws and policies of general and special education / TESOL. 3. Articulate processes of human resources management, recruitment, personnel assistance, development and evaluation. 4. Articulate the specifics of human development, principles of learning and the relationships to individuals with disabilities. 5. Articulate the implications of programs and services for students with disabilities and those who are culturally and linguistically diverse. 6. Articulate the impact of diversity on educational expectations and programming. 7. Develop and implement a continuum of services that responds to individual needs and family characteristics. 8. Develop and implement a plan for instruction and assistive technology. 9. Design and implement constructive evaluation procedures that are designed to improve instructional content and practices. 10. Develop collaborative programs that insure individuals with disabilities have access to, and participate in the general education curriculum. 11. Develop and implement flexible service delivery that addresses the range of needs of students with disabilities and those who are culturally and linguistically diverse. 12. Develop a budget to ensure the effective use and allocation of resources. 13. Monitor student progress through the use of formative and summative data collection. 14. Use a variety of technologies to enhance management of resources and programs. 15. Establish collaboration with peers, parents, paraprofessionals, teachers and related service providers 3 2e, 4d DSL-LDL, CIAL 1b DSL-LDL, CL CEC /NCATE Standards 1, 8 NCATE-1 1 NCATE-1 1 NCATE-1 4b DSL-DAL, CIAL, PIL 4d DSL-LDL, CIAL 2 NCATE-1 6a, 6c DSL-RDL,CIA 4a DSL-CL, PL 4e DSL-LDL, CIAL, OL 4b, 4e DSL-DAL, CIAL, PIL, LDL,OL 2b DSL-CL, OL, PIL, RDL 4a DSL-CL, PL 3 NCATE-1,4 7 NCATE-2 7 NCATE-2 4a, 6c DSL-CL, PL, CIA, RDL 4f DSL-LDL, DAL 4f 7 2b, 6a, 6b, 6c, 6d DSL-CL, OL, PIL, 2 NCATE-1,4 7 NCATE-2 7 NCATE-2 7 NCATE-2,4 7, 8 NCATE-2 7 NCATE-3 10 NCATE-3,4 to facilitate the learning of all students, but particularly those with disabilities and who are culturally and linguistically diverse. 16. Develop and implement discipline policies and procedures for students with disabilities and those who are culturally and linguistically diverse. 17. Develop and implement a range of strategies to promote positive behavior, crisis intervention and family involvement and support. 18. Advocate and implement procedures within the accountability and assessment systems to ensure the participation of students with disabilities and those who are culturally and linguistically diverse in the least restrictive environment. 19. Exhibit the attitudes, values and interactions that they expect of all of their students by recognizing that diversity also applies to ability. 20. Demonstrate ethical behavior and professional attitudes in relationship to other teachers, administrators, school staff, parents, community members and students. 21. Demonstrate continuous pursuit of learning, service and research by joining professional organizations, attending workshops and seminars related to special education administration. 22. Communicate and demonstrate a high standard of ethical practice. * Distributed School Leadership(DSL) CODES: Change Leader (CL) Curriculum, Instruction & Assessment Leader (CIAL) Data Analysis Leader (DAL) RDL, CIA 4a DSL-CL,PL 7 NCATE-3,4 3b DSL-CIAL, LDL 7 NCATE-3 4b DSL-DAL, CIAL, PIL 8 NCATE-3,4 6a, 6d DSL-RDL 3 NCATE-4 5b, 5c, 5d DSL-RDL, CL, PIL 5f DSL-CL 10 NCATE-1 5b DSL-RDL 9 NCATE-1 9 NCATE-3 Learning & Development Leader (LDL) Operations Leader (OL) Performance Leader (PL) Process Improvement Leader (PIL) Relationship Development Leader (RDL) Instructional Method. See Special Education Administrative Internship Agreement Method of Evaluation Assignments Class Attendance and Participation Observation and Candidate Reflections Agency Product(s) Course Objectives 19, 20, 21 PTEU Doctoral KSDs 5b, 5c, 5d, 5f 1-21 1a, 1b, 1c, 2a – 2e, 3a 1-21 (depending on 4a – 4f; 5a –f; 6 a-d 4 Assessments Observation / Rubric - KSU Sp Ed Administration Evaluation Instrument - State Approved Administrative Evaluation Instrument Project Rubric project and product) V. Resources and Funding Required (New Courses only) Resource Amount Faculty Other Personnel Equipment Supplies Travel New Books New Journals Other (Specify) 0 – Existing Faculty 0 0 0 700.00 0 0 50.00 Course fee per student for supervision expenses. ($50 X 20 Students= = $1000) TOTAL 1,700.00 Funding Required Beyond Normal Departmental Growth 1,700.00 VI. COURSE MASTER FORM This form will be completed by the requesting department and will be sent to the Office of the Registrar once the course has been approved by the Office of the President. The form is required for all new courses. DISCIPLINE Education / Special Education COURSE NUMBER EXC 7990 COURSE TITLE FOR LABEL SpEd Admin Internship (Note: Limit 16 spaces) CLASS-LAB-CREDIT HOURS 3 Credit Hours Approval, Effective Term Fall 2006 Grades Allowed (Regular or S/U) S/U If course used to satisfy CPC, what areas? NA Learning Support Programs courses which are required as prerequisites NA APPROVED: _______________________________________________ Vice President for Academic Affairs or Designee __ 5 VII Attach Syllabus EXC 7990 Special Education Administrative Internship 2006 I. PROFESSOR: Telephone: Fax: Office: II. CLASS MEETINGS: Three class meetings including the following: 1.) Orientation; 2.) Mid-semester Progress Review; and 3.) Final Review. III. REQUIRED TEXTS: Course Packet: (1) Special Education Administrative Internship Guidelines (2) Special Education Administrative Internship Agreement Package (3) State-approved Administrator Review Instrument IV. CATALOG DESCRIPTION: Our goal is to prepare leaders who foster inclusive and accepting learning environments where students with disabilities and those who are culturally and linguistically diverse are successful according to the state approved standards. This class provides special education administrators with practical experience in the application of knowledge and principles of school leadership and administration in an on-the-job setting. Depending upon the type of Special Education Administrative Internship, candidates may be expected to successfully demonstrate the ability to engage in varying types of tasks, including maintaining budgets, hiring new staff, motivating existing staff, providing professional development, etc. Development and/or implementation of a needed school or system project/product related to special education / TESOL and school improvement is required. Ultimately, the candidates will be engaged in a distributive leadership focus, allowing their leadership potential to be developed and recognized. PURPOSE/RATIONALE: The purpose of this course is to prepare prospective special education administrators as effective leaders (Distributed School Leadership-DSL) who facilitate the teaching and learning of the Georgia Performance Standards or an appropriate alternative curriculum to foster the learning and success of students with 6 disabilities. Candidates are expected to demonstrate the ability to create the conditions for teachers to engage a diverse group of students in general education classrooms as well as separate educational environments as the need occurs. To foster this end, candidates are expected to engage in a variety of tasks that include, but are not restricted to the following: (a) procure adequate and effective resources; (b) oversee assessment and evaluation processes; (c) provide professional development for teachers and paraprofessionals; (d) create positive relationships with parents and other members of the community. VI. UNIVERSITY POLICIES: Academic integrity: Every KSU student is responsible for upholding the provisions of the Student Code of Conduct, as published in the Undergraduate and Graduate Catalogs. Section II of the Student Code of Conduct addresses the University's policy on academic honesty, including provisions regarding plagiarism and cheating, unauthorized access to University materials, misrepresentation/falsification of University records or academic work, malicious removal, retention, or destruction of library materials, malicious/intentional misuse of computer facilities and/or services, and misuse of student identification cards. Incidents of alleged academic misconduct will be handled through the established procedures of the University Judiciary Program, which includes either an "informal" resolution by a faculty member, resulting in a grade adjustment, or a formal hearing procedure, which may subject a student to the Code of Conduct's minimum one semester suspension requirement. The student is reminded to consult the KSU Graduate Catalog for the University's policy. Any strategy, which has the appearance of improving grades without increasing knowledge, will be dealt with in accordance with the University's policy on academic honesty. In addition, students in the graduate program in special education / TESOL are held accountable by the Council for Exceptional Children's (CEC) Code of Ethics for Educators of Persons with Exceptionalities (http://www.cec.sped.org/ps/code.htm#1) and the Georgia Professional Code of Ethics for Educators (http://www.doe.k12.ga.us/informationresources/ethics.html). Disruptive behavior: The University has a stringent policy and procedure for dealing with behavior that disrupts the learning environment. Consistent with the belief that your behavior can interrupt the learning of others, behavior that fits the University's definition of disruptive behavior will not be tolerated. (See Campus Policies and Procedures of the KSU Graduate Catalog) Human dignity: The University has formulated a policy on human rights that is intended to provide a learning environment, which recognizes individual worth. That policy is found in the KSU Graduate Catalog. It is expected, in this class, that no Professional should need reminding, but the policy is there for your consideration. The activities of this class will be conducted in both the spirit and the letter of that policy. VII. COLLEGE OF EDUCATION INFORMATION: Conceptual Framework Summary: COLLABORATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF EXPERTISE IN TEACHING AND LEARNING 7 The Professional Teacher Education Unit (PTEU) at Kennesaw State University is committed to developing expertise among candidates in initial and advanced programs as teachers and leaders who possess the capability, intent and expertise to facilitate high levels of learning in all of their students through effective, research-based practices in classroom instruction, and who enhance the structures that support all learning. To that end, the PTEU fosters the development of candidates as they progress through stages of growth from novice to proficient to expert and leader. Within the PTEU conceptual framework, expertise is viewed as a process of continued development, not an end-state. To be effective, teachers and educational leaders must embrace the notion that teaching and learning are entwined and that only through the implementation of validated practices can all students construct meaning and reach high levels of learning. In that way, candidates are facilitators of the teaching and learning process. Finally, the PTEU recognizes, values and demonstrates collaborative practices across the college and university and extends collaboration to the community-at-large. Through this collaboration with professionals in the university, the public and private schools, parents and other professional partners, the PTEU meets the ultimate goal of assisting Georgia schools in bringing all students to high levels of learning. Knowledge Base: Teacher development is generally recognized as a continuum that includes four phases: pre-service, induction, in-service, renewal (Odell, Huling, and Sweeny, 2000). Just as Sternberg (1996) believes that the concept of expertise is central to analyzing the teaching-learning process, the teacher education faculty at KSU believes that the concept of expertise is central to preparing effective classroom teachers and teacher leaders. Researchers describe how during the continuum phases teachers progress from being Novices learning to survive in classrooms toward becoming Experts who have achieved elegance in their teaching. We, like Sternberg (1998), believe that expertise is not an end-state but a process of continued development. Though certain historical discoveries and events in special education / TESOL do not change, each passing day alters the knowledge base in the areas of research, legislation, societal change, and litigation, requiring teachers to be informed consumers of instructional research. The baseline knowledge of this course is derived from the interaction of the knowledge and skills of the candidate with the required test; the professional literature; and observations of students with disabilities and those who are culturally and linguistically diverse in local school settings. 8 Diversity Statement: A variety of materials and instructional strategies will be employed to meet the needs of the different learning styles of diverse learners in class. Candidates will gain knowledge as well as an understanding of differentiated strategies and curricula for providing effective instruction and assessment within multicultural classrooms. One element of course work is raising candidate awareness of critical multicultural issues. A second element is to cause candidates to explore how multiple attributes of multicultural populations influence decisions in employing specific methods and materials for every student. Among these attributes are age, disability, ethnicity, family structure, gender, geographic region, giftedness, language, race, religion, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic status. An emphasis on cognitive style differences provides a background for the consideration of cultural context. Kennesaw State University provides program accessibility and accommodations for persons defined as disabled under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 or the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. A number of services are available to support students with disabilities and those who are culturally and linguistically diverse within their academic program. In order to make arrangements for special services, students must visit the Office of Disabled Student Support Services (ext. 6443) and develop an individual assistance plan. In some cases, certification of disability is required. Please be aware there are other support/mentor groups on the campus of Kennesaw State University that address each of the multicultural variables outlined above. Use of Technology: Technology Standards for Educators are required by the Professional Standards Commission and all candidates must be able to use technology to improve student learning and meet Georgia Technology Standards for Educators. Candidates in the special education administration concentration will utilize technology to advance 21st century literacy skills such as digital age literacy, inventive thinking, effective communication, and high productivity. Candidates will be provided with opportunities to explore and use presentation technologies, technologies to enhance learning, individualize instruction, and promote critical thinking for 21st century students. Candidates in this course will be expected to apply best practices related to using technology for learning and creating curriculum materials using principles of universal design for learning. Web Resources: Council for Exceptional Children National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities Children and Adults with Attention Deficit Disorder Learning Disabilities Association of America The Autism Society of America The Arc The Global Entrepreneurship Institute Georgia Department of Education 9 www.cec.sped.org www.nichcy.org www.chadd.org www.ldanatl.org www.autism-society.org www.thearc.org www.gcase.org www.doe.k12.ga.us Brain Injury Association of America Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation The Epilepsy Foundation The National Association for Gifted Children Georgia Department of Human Resources National Association of State Boards of Education www.biausa.org www.jdfcure.org www.epilepsyfoundation.org/ www.nagc.org www.aamr.org www.dhr.state.ga.us www.nasbe.org Field Experiences: While participating in all field experiences, you are encouraged to be involved in a variety of school-based activities directed at the improvement of teaching and learning. Activities may include, but are not limited to, attending and presenting at professional conferences, participating in leadership activities, attending PTA/school board meetings, and participating in education-related community events. As you continue your field experiences, you are encouraged to explore every opportunity to learn by doing. VIII. Confidentiality: The federal Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA) regulates access to, and disclosure of student information. FERPA serves to assure record access by covered students and their guardians and to prevent disclosure from those records of personally identifying information to unprivileged parties without the written consent of affected students and their guardians. Disclosure of confidential information is NOT to occur. To protect the confidentiality of student information, no identifying information is included when KSU candidates present written or oral reports. Kennesaw State University candidates photographing or video-taping for KSU class requirements must obtain informed permission from parents to photograph or videotape. School district permission forms should be used and all returned forms kept on file with the school where photographing or videotaping takes place. KSU candidates should include a statement that permission forms were completed and a sample permission form with any photographic or videotape material submitted to KSU. IX. COURSE GOALS AND OBJECTIVES: The KSU faculty is strongly committed to the concept of school/system leadership preparation as a developmental and collaborative process. Research for the past 25 years has described this process in increasingly complex terms. Universities and schools must work together to successfully prepare teachers who are capable of developing successful learners in today’s schools and who choose to continue their professional development. 10 PTEU Doctoral KSDs & DSLs* 1. Articulate the processes for documenting the impact of instruction on student learning. 2. Articulate laws and policies of general and special education / TESOL. 3. Articulate processes of human resources management, recruitment, personnel assistance and development and evaluation, process. 4. Articulate the specifics of human development, principals of learning and the relationships to individuals with disabilities. 5. Articulate the implications of programs and services for students with disabilities and those who are culturally and linguistically diverse. 6. Articulate the impact of diversity on educational expectations and programming. 7. Develop and implement a continuum of services that responds to individual needs and family characteristics. 8. Develop and implement a plan for instruction and assistive technology. 9. Design and implement constructive evaluation procedures that are designed to improve instructional content and practices. 10. Develop collaborative programs that insure individuals with disabilities have access to, and participate in the general education curriculum. 11. Develop and implement flexible service delivery that addresses the range of needs of students with disabilities and those who are culturally and linguistically diverse. 12. Develop budget to ensure the effective use and allocation of resources. 13. Monitor student progress through the use of formative and summative data collection. 14. Use a variety of technologies to enhance management of resources and programs. 15. Establish collaboration with peers, parents, paraprofessionals, teachers and related service providers to facilitate the learning of all students, but particularly those with disabilities and who are culturally and linguistically diverse. 16. Develop and implement discipline policies and procedures for students with disabilities and those who are culturally and linguistically diverse. 17. Develop and implement a range of strategies to 11 2e, 4d DSL-LDL, CIAL 1b DSL-LDL, CL CEC /NCATE Standards 1, 8 NCATE-1 1 NCATE-1 1 NCATE-1 4b DSL-DAL, CIAL, PIL 4d DSL-LDL, CIAL 2 NCATE-1 6a, 6c DSL-RDL,CIA 4a DSL-CL, PL 4e DSL-LDL, CIAL, OL 4b, 4e DSL-DAL, CIAL, PIL, LDL,OL 2b DSL-CL, OL, PIL, RDL 4a DSL-CL, PL 3 NCATE-1,4 7 NCATE-2 7 NCATE-2 4a, 6c DSL-CL, PL, CIA, RDL 4f DSL-LDL, DAL 4f 7 2b, 6a, 6b, 6c, 6d DSL-CL, OL, PIL, RDL, CIA 2 NCATE-1,4 7 NCATE-2 7 NCATE-2 7 NCATE-2,4 7, 8 NCATE-2 7 NCATE-3 10 NCATE-3,4 4a DSL-CL,PL 7 NCATE-3,4 3b 7 promote positive behavior, crisis intervention and family involvement and support. 18. Advocate and implement procedures within the accountability and assessment systems to ensure the participation of students with disabilities and those who are culturally and linguistically diverse in the least restrictive environment. 19. Exhibit the attitudes, values and interactions that they expect of all of their students by recognizing that diversity also applies to ability. 20. Demonstrate ethical behavior and professional attitudes in relationship to other teachers, administrators, school staff, parents, community members and students. 21. Demonstrate continuous pursuit of learning, service and research by joining professional organizations, attending workshops and seminars related to special education administration. 22. Communicate and demonstrate a high standard of ethical practice. *Distributed School Leadership(DSL) CODES: Change Leader (CL) Curriculum, Instruction & Assessment Leader (CIAL) Data Analysis Leader (DAL) Learning & Development Leader (LDL) Operations Leader (OL) Performance Leader (PL) Process Improvement Leader (PIL) Relationship Development Leader (RDL) X. DSL-CIAL, LDL NCATE-3 4b DSL-DAL, CIAL, PIL 8 NCATE-3,4 6a, 6d DSL-RDL 3 NCATE-4 5b, 5c, 5d DSL-RDL, CL, PIL 5f DSL-CL 10 NCATE-1 5b DSL-RDL 9 NCATE-1 9 NCATE-3 COURSE REQUIREMENTS/ASSIGNMENTS: Special Education Administrative Internship Agreement. Each candidate is required to develop an agreement between themselves, the KSU faculty and an agency on-site supervisor. Minimally, the agreement entails the following: a.) 200 on-site hours, in 5 hour increments; b.) Conduct all work experiences required by the agency; c.) Adhere to all agency rules; d.) Complete midterm and final review; and e.) Create products related to school improvement which facilitate teaching and learning and promote student achievement. 12 XI. EVALUATION AND GRADING: Class Attendance And Participation: Candidates are expected to attend all class sessions and be active participants in the learning process. Professionalism is expected of all candidates at all times. The knowledge and skills taught in this class are learned best by reading the assignments and coming to class to participate in class discussions, ask questions, and interact with peers during group activities. Class activities will include discussion and group collaborative activities requiring the participation of all candidates. Candidates have many experiences and skills, which they can share to facilitate everyone's learning. Evaluation will include attendance, communication and collaboration skills demonstrated during class. The professors and agency supervisors will conduct performance evaluations of observed administrative experiences. The overall evaluation will be determined using the state-approved Administrators review documents and the quality and usefulness of project and or products developed. Evaluation is Pass/Fail. Candidates must obtain an L3 or L4 on all competencies and submit a written reflection on each observation to receive a passing grade. The candidate must receive a Pass in all activities in order to pass the course. Assignments Class Attendance and Participation Observation and Candidate Reflections Agency Product(s) Course Objectives 19, 20, 21 KSDs Assessments 5b, 5c, 5d, 5f Observation / Rubric 1-21 1a, 1b, 1c, 2a – 2e, 3a 1-21 (depending on project and product) 4a – 4f; 5a –f; 6 a-d KSU Special Education Administration Evaluation Instrument & State Approved Administrative Evaluation Instrument Project Rubric XII. COURSE OUTLINE: See Special Education Administrative Internship Agreement Package and Guidelines XIII. REFERENCES/BIBLIOGRAPHY Professional Standards & Issues of Teacher Preparation and Philosophy 13 Council for Exceptional Children (1996). What every special educator must know: The International standards for the preparation and certification of special education teachers. Reston, VA: CEC. Graves, A., Landers, M. F., Lokerson, J., Luchow, J., Horvath, M., & Garnett, K. (1992). The DLD Competencies for Teachers of Students with Learning Disabilities. Reston, VA: Division of Learning Disabilities, Council for Exceptional Children. Platt, J. & Olson, J. (1990). Why teachers are leaving special education: Implications for pre-service and inservice educators. Teacher Education and Special Education, 13, 192-196. Reynolds (1995). The knowledge base for beginning teachers: Education professionals' expectations vs. research findings on learning to teach. The Elementary School Journal, 95, 199-221. Richardson, V. (1996). The role of attitudes and beliefs in learning to teach. In J. Sikula, T. J. & E. Guyton (Eds.), Handbook of research on teacher education (pp. 102-119). New York, NY: Macmillan. Singer, J. D. (1993). Are special educators career paths special: Results from a 13-year longitudinal study. Exceptional Children, 59, 262-279. Swan, W. W. & Sirvis, B. (1992). The CEC Common Core of Knowledge and Skills Essential for All Beginning Special Education Teachers. Teaching Exceptional Children, 25, 16-20. Throne, J. (1994). Living with the pendulum: The complex world of teaching. Harvard Educational Review, 64, 195-208. Zeichner, K. & Gore, J. (1990). Teacher socialization. In R. Houston, M. Haberman, & J. Sikula (Eds.) Handbook on Research on Teacher Education (pp. 329-348). New York: Macmillan. Effective Instruction Darling-Hammond, L. (1997). The right to learn: A blueprint for creating schools that work. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Henley, M., Ramsey, R., & Algozzine, R. (1995). Characteristics of and Strategies for Teaching Students with Mild Disabilities. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Meese, R. L. (l994). Teaching learners with mild disabilities: Integrating research and practice. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company: Pacific Grove, California. 14