KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE COURSE PROPOSAL OR REVISION, Cover Sheet (10/02/2002) Course Number/Program Name EDRD 8290 Department Secondary and Middle Grades Education Degree Title (if applicable) EdS/EdD Proposed Effective Date Fall 2006 Check one or more of the following and complete the appropriate sections: x New Course Proposal Course Title Change Course Number Change Course Credit Change Course Prerequisite Change Course Description Change Sections to be Completed II, III, IV, V, VII I, II, III I, II, III I, II, III I, II, III I, II, III Notes: If proposed changes to an existing course are substantial (credit hours, title, and description), a new course with a new number should be proposed. A new Course Proposal (Sections II, III, IV, V, VII) is required for each new course proposed as part of a new program. Current catalog information (Section I) is required for each existing course incorporated into the program. Minor changes to a course can use the simplified E-Z Course Change Form. Submitted by: Faculty Member Approved _____ Date Not Approved Department Curriculum Committee Date Approved Approved Approved Approved Approved Approved Not Approved Department Chair Date School Curriculum Committee Date School Dean Date GPCC Chair Date Dean, Graduate Studies Date Not Approved Not Approved Not Approved Not Approved Not Approved Vice President for Academic Affairs Date Approved Not Approved President Date KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE COURSE/CONCENTRATION/PROGRAM CHANGE I. Current Information (Fill in for changes) Page Number in Current Catalog Course Prefix and Number Course Title Credit Hours Prerequisites Description (or Current Degree Requirements) II. Proposed Information (Fill in for changes and new courses) Course Prefix and Number EDRD 8290_ Course Title __Critique of Reading Research_ Credit Hours 3-0-3 Prerequisites Admission to EdS/EdD program Description (or Proposed Degree Requirements) This seminar is for advanced doctoral students with a concentration in reading education where candidates critically examine theoretical and empirical work in language and literacy. Candidates explore a wide range of research methodologies, research findings, and research reports in language and literacy. III. Justification The purpose of this course is to advance an experienced teacher’s knowledge base about the reading process relative to adolescents, content area reading demands, as well as national research, reform, and policy. Program candidates will become knowledgable with regard to reading development, understanding the reading needs of their diverse students, and meeting the demands of national reform and policy. To that end, candidates will examine and work with reading theories, research, approaches, and methods for meeting the needs of their diverse students as well as research the reading development of their students and plan for meeting their diverse needs within content areas utilizing existing and supplementary materials. IV. Additional Information (for New Courses only) Instructor: Various Text: Kamil, M. L., Mosenthal, P. B., Pearson, P. D., & Barr, R. (Eds.). (2000). Handbook of Reading Research. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Prerequisites: Admission to EdS/EdD program Objectives: Course Objectives 1. Candidate demonstrates an understanding of different theories of reading process and development and can summize empirical evidence related to this understanding. IRA Rdg. Standards 1 NCATE Standard 1 Element Subject Matter Pedagogical Content NBPTS Core Principles 2 Evidence Theoretical Framework Evaluation; Literature Review 2. Candidate synthesizes theoretical positions and can link theory and practice. 3. Candidate can choose, implement, and support reading instruction and school literacy programs with a wide range of instructional techniques, including technological formats to meet the diverse reading needs of all students. 4. Candidate can assist classroom teachers and paraprofessionals with choosing research-based primary and supplementary materials appropriate for classroom of diverse readers. 5. Candidate can compare, contrast, interpret, and recommend a variety of research-based assessments to inform instructional decision-making. 6. Candidate can articulate assessment and evaluation findings to a wide range of audiences for both accountability and instructional purposes. 7. Candidate demonstrates knowledge of and the ability to translate research, theory, and findings into classroom application and evaluation of students. 8. Candidate uses technology to research in the area of reading. 9. Candidate seeks out and critiques scholarly research and uses such research in professional discourse. 10. Candidate participates through collaboration, questioning, listening, evaluating, analyzing, verbalizing, and demonstrating during class discussions and activities and with parents and colleagues. 11. Candidate develops an appreciation of diverse reading needs based on factors such as culture, economic background, family structure, and disabilities. 12. Candidate appreciates, applies, and reflects upon reading instruction in experimental teaching and in philosphical reflections. 1 Subject Matter Pedagogical Content 2 Theoretical Framework Evaluation; Literature Review; Article PeerReview 1, 2, 4 Subject Matter Pedagogical Content 2 Theoretical Framework Evaluation; Literature Review; Article PeerReview 2 Theoretical Framework Evaluation; Methodology Evaluation; Literature Review; Article Peer-Review Theoretical Framework Evaluation; Methodology Evaluation; Literature Review; Article Peer-Review 1, 2, 4 Subject Matter Pedagogical Content 3 Subject Matter Pedagogical Content 1 3 Subject Matter Pedagogical Content 1 1, 3 Subject Matter Pedagogical Content 3 5 Professional & Pedagogical Disposition 3 Methodology Evaluation; Literature Review; Article Peer-Review Theoretical Framework Evaluation; Methodology Evaluation; Literature Review; Article Peer-Review Literature Review 5 Professional & Pedagogical Disposition 3 Theoretical Framework Evaluation; Methodology Evaluation; Literature Review; Article Peer-Review 5 Professional & Pedagogical Disposition 3 Theoretical Framework Evaluation; Methodology Evaluation; Literature Review; Article Peer-Review 4, 5 5 Professional & Pedagogical Disposition Professional & Pedagogical Disposition 3 Literature Review; Article PeerReview Theoretical Framework Evaluation; Methodology Evaluation; Literature Review; Article Peer-Review Instructional Method: Seminars, whole group and small group discussion, workshop Method of Evaluation: - Theoretical Framework Evaluation (50 pts.): The theoretical framework for a research study should guide the researcher in terms of methodology and analysis. Candidates will select three empirical studies within an area of interest in reading education (e.g. fluency, comprehension). Read each study and compare, contrast, and evaluate the theoretical framework (e.g. social constructivism, critical theory) of each study. Guiding questions: How does the theoretical framework guide the design of the research; how does the theoretical framework impact the discussion of the findings; how is the theoretical framework described. Turn in a two-five paper paper following APA 5th edition as a guide. Methodology Evaluation (50 pts.): A rigorous methodology establishes trustworthiness in research. Candidates will select three empirical studies within an area of interest in reading education (e.g. vocabulary, word analysis). Read each study and compare, contrast, and evaluate the methodology of each study. Guiding questions: How does the methodology establish trustworthiness; how does the methodology match the theoretical framework; how is the methodology described. Turn in a two-five paper paper following APA 5th edition as a guide. Literature Review (150 points): Candidates will conduct a review of related literature within an area of interest in reading education (e.g. strategic reading, using reading workshop, the role of sustained silent reading). The review should contain at least 10 empirical studies as well as 5 theoretical (or theorized praction) papers (all from scholarly journals). This review should culminate with a narrative that integrates, synthesizes, and critiques the important thinking and research on this topic. However, this narrative should not be a summary of each study or paper. The narrative is worth 100 points of the total point value. A short 10 minute presentation should accompany this narrative to share the highlights of your findings with the class. The presentation is worth 50 points of the total point value. Article Peer-Review (50 pts.): Scholars in every field are often asked to review the work of their peers for conference proprosals or articles for publication. Candidates will be given a previously submitted and reviewed (anonymous) research manuscript to a peer-reviewed journal to review using the journal’s guidelines. Candidates will follow the journal guidelines and write a formal recommendation. V. Resources and Funding Required (New Courses only) Funding is addressed in the comprehensive proposal for the umbrella EdD degree Resource Amount Faculty Other Personnel Equipment Supplies Travel New Books New Journals Other (Specify) TOTAL Funding Required Beyond Normal Departmental Growth VI. COURSE MASTER FORM This form will be completed by the requesting department and will be sent to the Office of the Registrar once the course has been approved by the Office of the President. The form is required for all new courses. DISCIPLINE COURSE NUMBER COURSE TITLE FOR LABEL (Note: Limit 16 spaces) CLASS-LAB-CREDIT HOURS Approval, Effective Term Grades Allowed (Regular or S/U) If course used to satisfy CPC, what areas? Learning Support Programs courses which are required as prerequisites Adolescent Education EDRD 8290 Rdg Res Critique 3-0-3 Fall 2006 Regular APPROVED: ________________________________________________ Vice President for Academic Affairs or Designee __ VII Attach Syllabus EDRD 8290 KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF SECONDARY AND MIDDLE GRADES EDUCATION Fall Term 2006 I. COURSE NUMBER/SECTION: EDRD 8290 II. COURSE TITLE: Critique of Reading Research III. IV. INSTRUCTOR: Dr. Faith H. Wallace Office: Office Phone: Email: Office Hours: Kennesaw Hall 1008 678-797-2125 fwallac1@kennesaw.edu Tuesday/Thursday 12:30 – 4:00 PM (And by appointment) CLASS MEETING: Mondays 5:00PM-7:45PM, KH 2001 V. TEXTS: Kamil, M. L., Mosenthal, P. B., Pearson, P. D., & Barr, R. (Eds.). (2000). Handbook of Reading Research. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. VI. CATALOG DESCRIPTION: This seminar is for advanced doctoral students with a concentration in reading education where candidates critically examine theoretical and empirical work in language and literacy. Candidates explore a wide range of research methodologies, research findings, and research reports in language and literacy. VII. PURPOSE/RATIONALE: The National Board for Professional Teaching Standards identifies five core propositions about effective teaching—these are things accomplished teachers should know and be able to do: 1)Teachers are committed to students and their learning; 2) Teachers know the subjects they teach and how to teach those subjects to students; 3) Teachers are responsible for managing and monitoring student learning; 4) Teachers think systematically about their practice and learn from experience; 5) Teachers are members of learning communities. The purpose of this course is to advance an experienced teacher’s knowledge base about the reading process relative to adolescents, content area reading demands, as well as national research, reform, and policy. Program candidates will become knowledgable with regard to reading development, understanding the reading needs of their diverse students, and meeting the demands of national reform and policy. To that end, candidates will examine and work with reading theories, research, approaches, and methods for meeting the needs of their diverse students as well as research the reading development of their students and plan for meeting their diverse needs within content areas utilizing existing and supplementary materials. Conceptional Framework Collaborative Development of Expertise in Teaching and Learning The Professional Teacher Education Unit (PTEU) at Kennesaw State University is committed to developing expertise among candidates in initial and advanced programs as teachers and leaders who possess the capability, intent and expertise to facilitate high levels of learning in all of their students through effective, research-based practices in classroom instruction, and who enhance the structures that support all learning. To that end, the PTEU fosters the development of candidates as they progress through stages of growth from novice to proficient to expert and leader. Within the PTEU conceptual framework, expertise is viewed as a process of continued development, not an end-state. To be effective, teachers and educational leaders must embrace the notion that teaching and learning are entwined and that only through the implementation of validated practices can all students construct meaning and reach high levels of learning. In that way, candidates are facilitators of the teaching and learning process. Finally, the PTEU recognizes, values and demonstrates collaborative practices across the college and university and extends collaboration to the community-at-large. Through this collaboration with professionals in the university, the public and private schools, parents and other professional partners, the PTEU meets the ultimate goal of assisting Georgia schools in bringing all students to high levels of learning. The graduates of advanced programs at Kennesaw State University, in addition to being effective classroom teachers, also develop expertise as effective teacher leaders who are self-directed, value a spirit of inquiry, and facilitate learning in all students; they 1. Are committed to students and their learning. 2. Know the subjects they teach and how to teach those subjects to students. 3. Are responsible for managing and monitoring student learning. 4. Think systematically about their practice and learn from experience. 5. Are members of learning communities. Professional Portfolio Narrative: A required element in each portfolio for the graduate program is the portfolio narrative. The purpose of the portfolio narrative is to ensure that every candidate reflects on each of the proficiencies on the CPI with regard to what evidence the candidate has selected for his/her portfolio. In your portfolio, you need to include a narrative, which includes descriptive, analytic and reflective writing in which you reflect on each proficiency and how you make the case that the evidence you have selected in your portfolio supports a particular proficiency, using the Portfolio Narrative Rubric as a guide. The narrative should be comprehensive, documenting research-based best practices. Field Experiences: While completing your graduate program at Kennesaw State University, you are required to be involved in a variety of leadership and school-based activities directed at the improvement of teaching and learning. Appropriate activities may include, but are not limited to, attending and presenting at professional conferences, actively serving on or chairing school-based committees, attending PTA/school board meetings, leading or presenting professional development activities at the school or district level, and participating in education-related community events. As you continue your educational experiences, you are encouraged to explore every opportunity to learn by doing. Knowledge Base: Teacher development is generally recognized as a continuum that includes four phases: preservice, induction, in-service, renewal (Odell, Huling, and Sweeny, 2000). Just as Sternberg (1996) believes that the concept of expertise is central to analyzing the teaching-learning process, the teacher education faculty at KSU believes that the concept of expertise is central to preparing effective classroom teachers and teacher leaders. Researchers describe how during the continuum phases teachers progress from being Novices learning to survive in classrooms toward becoming Experts who have achieved elegance in their teaching. We, like Sternberg (1998), believe that expertise is not an end-state but a process of continued development. This course is designed for graduate candidates who are completing a program of study leading to a specialist’s degree in adolescent education. The knowledge base for this course is reflected in the textual readings, references, objectives, assignments and in-class activities. Program candidates will have an opportunity to demonstrate pedagogical knowledge and skills related to student needs and motivation, various family and community literacies and the process of active learning. The professional learning facilitator: Demonstrates the knowledge of content required to facilitate learning. Demonstrates the knowledge of students needed to facilitate learning. Demonstrates the knowledge of standards and best pedagogical practices to facilitate learning. Demonstrates skill in creating a facilitative learning environment. Demonstrates skill in creating facilitative learning experiences. Demonstrates professionalism. Has students who are successful learners. Use of Technology: Technology Standards for Educators are required by the Professional Standards Commission. Telecommunication and information technologies will be integrated throughout the master teacher preparation program, and all candidates must be able to use technology to improve student learning and meet Georgia Technology Standards for educators. Candidates in this course will explore and use instructional media to assist teaching. They will master productivity tools, such as multimedia facilities, local-net and Internet, and feel confident to design multimedia instructional materials and create WWW resources. Diversity Statement: A variety of materials and instructional strategies will be employed to meet the needs of the different learning styles of diverse learners in class. Candidates will gain knowledge as well as an understanding of differentiated strategies and curricula for providing effective instruction and assessment within multicultural classrooms. One element of course work is raising candidate awareness of critical multicultural issues. A second element is to cause candidates to explore how multiple attributes of multicultural populations influence decisions in employing specific methods and materials for every student. Among these attributes are age, disability, ethnicity, family structure, gender, geographic region, giftedness, language, race, religion, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic status. An emphasis on cognitive style differences provides a background for the consideration of cultural context. Kennesaw State University provides program accessibility and accommodations for persons defined as disabled under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 or the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. A number of services are available to support students with disabilities within their academic program. In order to make arrangements for special services, students must visit the Office of Disabled Student Support Services (ext. 6443) and develop an individual assistance plan. In some cases, certification of disability is required. Please be aware there are other support/mentor groups on the campus of Kennesaw State University that address each of the multicultural variables outlined above. VIII. COURSE GOALS/OBJECTIVES: The KSU teacher preparation faculty is strongly committed to the concept of teacher preparation as a developmental and collaborative process. Research for the past 25 years has described this process in increasingly complex terms. Universities and schools must work together to prepare teachers who are capable of developing successful learners in today’s schools and who choose to continue professional development. The Professional Teacher Education Unit (PTEU) prepares learning facilitators who understand their disciplines and principles of pedagogy, who reflect on their practice, and who apply these understandings to making instructional decisions that foster the success of all learners. The following alignment of course objectives, NCATE standards and KSU Candidate Performance Outcomes will aid program candidates in understanding the purpose and direction of this class. Course Objectives 1. Candidate demonstrates an understanding of different theories of reading process and development and can summize empirical evidence related to this understanding. 2. Candidate synthesizes theoretical positions and can link theory and practice. 3. Candidate can choose, implement, and support reading instruction and school literacy programs with a wide range of instructional techniques, including technological formats to meet the diverse reading needs of all students. 4. Candidate can assist classroom teachers and paraprofessionals with choosing research-based primary and supplementary materials appropriate for classroom of diverse readers. 5. Candidate can compare, contrast, interpret, and recommend a variety of research-based assessments to inform instructional decision-making. 6. Candidate can articulate assessment and evaluation findings to a wide range of audiences for both accountability and instructional purposes. 7. Candidate demonstrates knowledge of and the ability to translate research, theory, and findings into classroom application and evaluation of students. IRA Rdg. Standards NCATE Standard 1 Element NBPTS Core Principles Evidence Theoretical Framework Evaluation; Literature Review 1 Subject Matter Pedagogical Content 2 1 Subject Matter Pedagogical Content 2 Theoretical Framework Evaluation; Literature Review; Article PeerReview 1, 2, 4 Subject Matter Pedagogical Content 2 Theoretical Framework Evaluation; Literature Review; Article PeerReview 2 Theoretical Framework Evaluation; Methodology Evaluation; Literature Review; Article Peer-Review Theoretical Framework Evaluation; Methodology Evaluation; Literature Review; Article Peer-Review 1, 2, 4 Subject Matter Pedagogical Content 3 Subject Matter Pedagogical Content 1 3 Subject Matter Pedagogical Content 1 1, 3 Subject Matter Pedagogical Content 3 Methodology Evaluation; Literature Review; Article Peer-Review Theoretical Framework Evaluation; Methodology Evaluation; Literature Review; Article Peer-Review 8. Candidate uses technology to research in the area of reading. 9. Candidate seeks out and critiques scholarly research and uses such research in professional discourse. 10. Candidate participates through collaboration, questioning, listening, evaluating, analyzing, verbalizing, and demonstrating during class discussions and activities and with parents and colleagues. 11. Candidate develops an appreciation of diverse reading needs based on factors such as culture, economic background, family structure, and disabilities. 12. Candidate appreciates, applies, and reflects upon reading instruction in experimental teaching and in philosphical reflections. IX. 5 Professional & Pedagogical Disposition Literature Review 3 5 Professional & Pedagogical Disposition 3 Theoretical Framework Evaluation; Methodology Evaluation; Literature Review; Article Peer-Review 5 Professional & Pedagogical Disposition 3 Theoretical Framework Evaluation; Methodology Evaluation; Literature Review; Article Peer-Review 4, 5 5 Professional & Pedagogical Disposition Professional & Pedagogical Disposition 3 Literature Review; Article PeerReview Theoretical Framework Evaluation; Methodology Evaluation; Literature Review; Article Peer-Review COURSE REQUIREMENTS/ASSIGNMENTS: Theoretical Framework Evaluation (50 pts.): The theoretical framework for a research study should guide the researcher in terms of methodology and analysis. Candidates will select three empirical studies within an area of interest in reading education (e.g. fluency, comprehension). Read each study and compare, contrast, and evaluate the theoretical framework (e.g. social constructivism, critical theory) of each study. Guiding questions: How does the theoretical framework guide the design of the research; how does the theoretical framework impact the discussion of the findings; how is the theoretical framework described. Turn in a two-five paper paper following APA 5th edition as a guide. Methodology Evaluation (50 pts.): A rigorous methodology establishes trustworthiness in research. Candidates will select three empirical studies within an area of interest in reading education (e.g. vocabulary, word analysis). Read each study and compare, contrast, and evaluate the methodology of each study. Guiding questions: How does the methodology establish trustworthiness; how does the methodology match the theoretical framework; how is the methodology described. Turn in a two-five paper paper following APA 5th edition as a guide. Literature Review (150 points): Candidates will conduct a review of related literature within an area of interest in reading education (e.g. strategic reading, using reading workshop, the role of sustained silent reading). The review should contain at least 10 empirical studies as well as 5 theoretical (or theorized praction) papers (all from scholarly journals). This review should culminate with a narrative that integrates, synthesizes, and critiques the important thinking and research on this topic. However, this narrative should not be a summary of each study or paper. The narrative is worth 100 points of the total point value. A short 10 minute presentation should accompany this narrative to share the highlights of your findings with the class. The presentation is worth 50 points of the total point value. Article Peer-Review (50 pts.): Scholars in every field are often asked to review the work of their peers for conference proprosals or articles for publication. Candidates will be given a previously submitted and reviewed (anonymous) research manuscript to a peer-reviewed journal to review using the journal’s guidelines. Candidates will follow the journal guidelines and write a formal recommendation. X. EVALUATION AND GRADING: Assignments: Theoretical Framework Evaluation (50 points) Methodology Evaluation (50 points) Literature Review (150 points) Article Peer-Review (50 points) Grading Scale: 275 pts. - 300 pts. =A 245 pts. - 274 pts. =B 215 pts. - 244 pts. =C 185 pts. - 214 pts. =D Below 185 pts. =F XI. ACADEMIC INTEGRITY: KSU expects that graduate students will pursue their academic programs in an ethical, professional manner. Any work that students present in fulfillment of program or course requirements should represent their own efforts, achieved without giving or receiving any unauthorized assistance. Any student who is found to have violated these expectations will be subject to disciplinary action. Every KSU student is responsible for upholding the provisions of the Student Code of Conduct, as published in the Undergraduate and Graduate Catalogs. Section II of the Student Code of Conduct addresses the University's policy on academic honesty, including provisions regarding plagiarism and cheating, unauthorized access to University materials, misrepresentation/falsification of University records or academic work, malicious removal, retention, or destruction of library materials, malicious/intentional misuse of computer facilities and/or services, and misuse of student identification cards. Incidents of alleged academic misconduct will be handled through the established procedures of the University Judiciary Program, which includes either an "informal" resolution by a faculty member, resulting in a grade adjustment, or a formal hearing procedure, which may subject a student to the Code of Conduct's minimum one semester suspension requirement. XII. ATTENDANCE POLICY: The expectations for attending class are in accordance with the Graduate Catalog. All program candidates are expected to attend classes in accordance with the scheduled time of the course. Should you be absent, you are responsible for making up the work missed. Excessive absences (more than 2) may result in a lower grade (one letter grade drop per class missed over 2). We will be learning how to evaluate our own learning and will be providing feedback to each other. Class discussions, group work, peer evaluation activities require that everyone be present. XIII. COURSE OUTLINE: What follows is a tentative schedule (subject to change with notice). Week 1 Introduction Syllabus—Goals and objectives Reading Research — Where to find it? How to evaluate it? Week 2 Reading Research — National and International Perspectives Reading: Chapter 5 & choose one from Chapters 1 - 4 Week 3 What is Theory? How do you develop a Theoretical Framework? Reading: Handout Week 4 Theory — Constructivism, Feminism, Critical, Cultural, etc. Reading: Chapter 10 & 14 Week 5 Methodologies in Literacy Research Reading: Chapter 6 & 8 Due: Theoretical Framework Evaluation Week 6 Methodologies in Literacy Research Reading: Chapter 9 & 11 Week 7 Methodologies in Literacy Research Reading: Choose two: Chapter 12 & 13 Week 8 What is a Literature Review? Reading: Chapters 18 & 19 Due: Methodology Evaluation Week 9 What is a Literature Review? Reading: Choose one from Chapters 16 – 24 Week 10 Evaluating Literature Reviews: SBRR Reading: Choose two from Chapters 25, 26, 27, 28, 30 Due: Article Peer Review Week 11 Evaluating Literature Reviews: Literacy Instruction Reading: Choose two from Chapters 31, 32, 33, 34 Week 12 Evaluating Literature Reviews: Literacy & Technology Reading: Chapters 39 & 40 Week 13 Evaluating Literature Reviews: Cultural Studies Reading: Choose two from Chapters 41, 42, & 43 Week 14 Literature Review & Presentation Due Week 15 Literature Review & Presentation Due IX. REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY: Alvermann, D. E. (2001a). Effective literacy instruction for adolescents. Paper presented at the National Reading Conference, Chicago. Alvermann, D. E. (2001b). Reading adolescents reading identities: Looking back to see ahead. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 44(8), 676 - 690. Alvermann, D. E., & Moore, D. W. (1991). Secondary school reading. In R. Barr, M. L. Kamil, P. B. Mosenthal & P. D. Pearson (Eds.), The handbook of reading research (Vol. II, pp. 951 - 983). New York: Longman. Anders, P. L., Hoffman, J. V., & Duffy, G. G. (2000). Teaching teachers to teach reading: Paradigm shifts, persistent problems, and challenges. In M. L. Kamil, P. B. Mosenthal, P. D. Pearson & R. Barr (Eds.), Handbook of reading research, volume iii (pp. 719-742). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers. Anders, P. L., & Richardson, V. (1994). Launching a new form of staff development. In V. Richardson (Ed.), Teacher change and the staff development process: A case in reading instruction (pp. 122). New York: Teachers College Press. Anderson, R. C., Wilson, P. T., & Fielding, L. G. (1988). Growth in reading and how children spend their time outside of school. Reading Research Quarterly, 23(3), 285 - 303. Atwell, N. (1998). In the middle: New understandings about writing, reading, and learning. Portsmouth: Boynton/Cook Publishers, Inc. Barrentine, S. J. (Ed.). (1999). Reading assessment: Principles and practices for elementary teachers. Newark: International Reading Association. Bean, T. (2000). Reading in the content areas: Social constructivist dimensions. In P. L. Anders, J. V. Hoffman & G. G. Duffy (Eds.), Handbook of reading research (Vol. III, pp. 629-644). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers. Begoray, D. L., & Morin, F. (2002). Multiple literacies in language arts: Sustainable teacher change through a summer institute. Reading Online, 6(4). Berliner, D. C., & Biddle, B. J. (1995). The manufactured crisis: Myths, fraud, and the attack on america's public schools. Reading: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. Braunger, J., & Lewis, J. (1998). Building a knowledge base in reading (2nd ed.). Newark, NJ: International Reading Association. Broaddus, K., & Bloodgood, J. W. (1999). 'we're supposed to already know how to teach reading': Teacher change to support struggling readers. Reading Research Quarterly, 34, 426-451. Campbell, J. R. (2001). A focus on naep data: What it means, what it does not mean, and the findings from the expert study. In R. F. Flippo (Ed.), Reading researchers in search of common ground (pp. 147-158). Newark: International Reading Association. Carspecken, P. F. (1996). Critical ethnography in educational research: A theoretical and practical guide. New York: Routledge. Charmaz, K. (2000). Grounded theory: Objectivist and constructivist methods. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed., pp. 509-535). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc. Cuban, L. (1990). Reforming again, again, and again. Educational Researcher, 19, 3-13. Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.). (2000). Handbook of qualitative research (second ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc. Dillon, D. R. (1989). Showing them that i want them to learn and that i care about who they are: A microethnography of the social organization of a secondary low-track english-reading classroom. American Educational Research Journal, 26(2), 227 - 259. Dully, M. (1989). The relation between sustained silent reading to reading achievement and attitude of the at risk student. Kean College, New Jersey. Fielding, L. G., & Pearson, P. D. (1994). Reading comprehension: What works. Educational Leadership, 51(5), 62-68. Flippo, R. F. (1998). Points of agreement: A display of professional unity in our field. The Reading Teacher, 52, 30-40. Flippo, R. F. (2001a). The "real" common ground: Pulling the threads together. In R. F. Flippo (Ed.), Reading researchers in search of common ground (pp. 178-184). Newark: International Reading Association. Flippo, R. F. (Ed.). (2001b). Reading researchers in search of common ground. Newark: International Reading Association. Gall, M. D., Gall, J. P., & Borg, W. R. (2003). Educational research: An introduction. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Gee, J. P. (2001). What is literacy? In P. Shannon (Ed.), Becoming political, too: New readings and writings on the politics of literacy education (pp. 1-9). Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. Giroux, H. A. (1988). Critical theory and the politics of culture and voice: Rethinking the discourse of educational research. In R. R. Sherman & R. B. Webb (Eds.), Qualitative research in education: Focus and methods (pp. 190-210). New York: The Flamer Press. Goodman, K. (1996). On reading: A common-sense look at the nature of language and the science of reading. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. Graves, M. F., Juel, C., & Graves, B. B. (1998). Teaching reading in the 21st century. Needham Heights: Allyn and Bacon. Green, P. (2001). Critical literacy revisited. In H. Fehring & P. Green (Eds.), Critical literacy: A collection of articles from the australian literacy educators' association: International Reading Association. Harris, T. L., & Hodges, R. E. (1995). The literacy dictionary: The vocabulary of reading and writing. Neward: International Reading Association. Harvey, S. (1998). Nonfiction matters: Reading, writing, and research in grades 3-8. Portland: Stenhouse Publishers. Jetton, T. L., & Alexander, P. A. (1997). Instructional importance: What teachers value and what students learn. Reading Research Quarterly, 32, 290 - 308. Kibby, M. W. (1995). Practical steps for informing literacy instruction: A diagnostic decision-making model. Newark, DE: International Reading Association. Kincheloe, J. L., & McLaren, P. (2000). Rethinking critical theory and qualitative research. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed., pp. 279-314). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc. LeCompte, M. D., & Schensul, J. J. (1999). Designing & conducting ethnographic research (Vol. 1). Walnut Creek: Altamira Press. Leu, D. J. (2000). Literacy and technology: Deictic consequences for literacy education in an information age. In M. L. Kamil, P. B. Mosenthal, P. D. Pearson & R. 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