KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE COURSE PROPOSAL OR REVISION, Cover Sheet (10/02/2013) Course Number/Program Name INED 8306 Department Inclusive Education Degree Title (if applicable) Ed.S/Ed.D. in Special Education Proposed Effective Date Summer 2014 Check one or more of the following and complete the appropriate sections: Sections to be Completed X New Course Proposal II, III, IV, V, VII Course Title Change I, II, III Course Number Change I, II, III Course Credit Change I, II, III Course Prerequisite Change I, II, III Course Description Change I, II, III Notes: If proposed changes to an existing course are substantial (credit hours, title, and description), a new course with a new number should be proposed. A new Course Proposal (Sections II, III, IV, V, VII) is required for each new course proposed as part of a new program. Current catalog information (Section I) is required for each existing course incorporated into the program. Minor changes to a course can use the simplified E-Z Course Change Form. Submitted by: Approved Approved Approved Approved Approved Approved Approved Approved Patricia McHatton Faculty Member Not Approved Not Approved Karen Kuhel Department Curriculum Committee _____ Date Date Patricia McHatton Department Chair Date College Curriculum Committee Date College Dean Date GPCC Chair Date Dean, Graduate College Date Vice President for Academic Affair Date President Date Not Approved Not Approved Not Approved Not Approved Not Approved Not Approved KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE COURSE/CONCENTRATION/PROGRAM CHANGE I. Current Information (Fill in for changes) Page Number in Current Catalog Course Prefix and Number Course Title Class Hours ____Laboratory Hours_______Credit Hours________ Prerequisites Description (or Current Degree Requirements) II. ___ ___ ___ ___ Proposed Information (Fill in for changes and new courses) Course Prefix and Number ____INED 8306 _______________________________ Course Title _______ Critical issues in Special / Education __________ Class Hours 3 ____Laboratory Hours____0___CreditHours___3_____ Prerequisites Admission to the Ed.S/Ed.D or Instructor/Program Coordinator Approval Description (or Proposed Degree Requirements) This course engages education leaders in an in-depth analysis of controversial issues in special and general education. It encourages active debate in three broad areas: 1) special education and society, social policy, and practice; 2) inclusion, philosophies, and epistemologies; and 3) issues about exceptionality and critical considerations about specific issues in the field. III. Justification The history of special / education is frought with critical issues including equity, access, exclusion, and segregation of students with disabilities or at-risk of identification, as well as stigmatization and discrimination due to labeling. The preparation of future special education leaders requires a deep understanding of these issues which inform how these students are educated and the implications for today’s schools. IV. Additional Information (for New Courses only) Instructor: Dr. Patricia Alvarez McHatton (additional instructors who can teach this course include Dr. Harriet Bessette and Dr. Kate Zimmer Text: Byrnes, M. (2013). Taking sides: Clashing views in special education (6th Ed). New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Additional readings pertinent to the weekly topics (see last page of syllabus). Objectives: 1. Candidates will examine the concept of history in person and their positionality within that framework 2. Candidate will critically reflect on his/her epistemologies and how they shape individual responses to critical issues in special education 3. Candidate will reflect on his/her own complicity in issues affecting special education 4. Candidate will read and respond to existing literature pertaining to issues in special education 5. Candidate will identify, critically examine, and debate issues in the field of special education Instructional Method Face-to-face and online when approved. Method of Evaluation Regular V. Resources and Funding Required (New Courses only) This course replaces an existing course. No funds are needed beyond library resources. I have included $1000 for library resources to purchase books and support journal subscriptions. Resource Faculty Other Personnel Equipment Supplies Travel New Books New Journals Other (Specify) Amount $500 $500 TOTAL $1000 This course replaces an existing course. No funds are needed beyond library resources ($1000) to purchase books and support journal subscriptions. Funding Required Beyond Normal Departmental Growth VI. COURSE MASTER FORM This form will be completed by the requesting department and will be sent to the Office of the Registrar once the Office of the President has approved the course. The form is required for all new courses. DISCIPLINE COURSE NUMBER COURSE TITLE FOR LABEL (Note: Limit 30 spaces) INED 8306 Critical Issues in Spec Educ CLASS-LAB-CREDIT HOURS Approval, Effective Term Grades Allowed (Regular or S/U) If course used to satisfy CPC, what areas? Learning Support Programs courses which are 3-0-3 Summer 2014 R required as prerequisites APPROVED: _____________________________________________ ___ Vice President for Academic Affairs or Designee __ VII Attach Syllabus (*Last day to withdraw w/o academic penalty: ) I. COURSE NUMBER: INED 8306 COURSE TITLE: Critical Issues in Special / Education COLLEGE OR SCHOOL: SEMESTER/TERM & YEAR: II. INSTRUCTOR: TELEPHONE: FAX: E-MAIL: OFFICE: III. CLASS MEETINGS: IV. TEXTS: Required: Byrnes, M. (2013). Taking sides: Clashing views in special education (6th Ed). New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Additional readings pertinent to the weekly topics (see last page of syllabus). Galileo password: V. CATALOG COURSE DESCRIPTION This course engages education leaders in an in-depth analysis of controversial issues in special and general education. It encourages active debate in three broad areas: 1) special education and society, social policy, and practice; 2) inclusion, philosophies, and epistemologies; and 3) issues about exceptionality and critical considerations about specific issues in the field. Pre-requisites: Admission to the doctoral program. VI. PURPOSE/RATIONALE The history of special education is frought with critical issues including equity, access, exclusion, and segregation of students with disabilities or at-risk of identification as well as stigmatization and discrimination due to labeling. Artiles (1998; Minnow, 1991) provides a substantive discussion of the dilemma of difference. Identification of a disability is necessary in order to obtain necessary services; however, such identification may lead to stigmatization. Failure to identify a disability results in a lack of services and also may lead to stigmatization due to poor academic and behavioral outcomes. Furthermore, there is extensive evidence of well-intentioned policies resulting in unintended consequences (Artiles, Kozleski, Trent, Osher, & Ortiz, 2010) for students with disabilities and other historically marginalized learners. A critical examination of issues in special education must also examine the socio-cultural context in which our practice is situated if we are to improve outcomes for students with disabilities (Artiles & Trent, 1994; Chamberlain, 2006; McLaughlin, 2010; O’Connor & Fernandez, 2006; Skiba et al., 2008). Thus, history in person in education (Alvarez McHatton, Glenn, Sue, & Gordon, 2012; Holland & Lave, 2001), coupled with what Gutiérrez (2008) refers to as social dreaming, a conceptual metaphor that allows for “redefining both the ‘world as it is today’ and the ‘world as it could be” (p. 158) set the framework for the course. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Candidates will examine the concept of history in person and their positionality within that framework Candidate will critically reflect on his/her epistemologies and how they shape individual responses to critical issues in special education Candidate will reflect on his/her own complicity in issues affecting special education Candidate will read and respond to existing literature pertaining to issues in special education Candidate will identify, critically examine, and debate issues in the field of special education KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY’S CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK: Collaborative Development of Expertise in Teaching, Learning and Leadership Our vision as a nationally recognized Educator Preparation Program (EPP) is to remain at the forefront of educator preparation. Informed by responsive engagement in collaborative partnerships, we advance educational excellence through innovative teaching in an ever-changing global and digital learning environment. Our mission is to prepare educators to improve student learning within a collaborative teaching and learning community through innovative teaching, purposeful research, and engaged service. The essence of our vision and mission is captured in the theme Collaborative Development of Expertise in Teaching, Learning and Leadership, which was adopted in 2002 to express concisely the fundamental approach to educator preparation at KSU. The Educator Preparation Program (EPP) at Kennesaw State University is committed to developing expertise among candidates in initial and advanced programs as teachers, teacher leaders and school leaders who possess the capability, intent and expertise to facilitate high levels of learning in all of their students through effective, research-based practices in classroom instruction, and to enhance the structures that support all learning. To that end, the EPP fosters the development of candidates as they progress through stages of growth from novice to proficient to expert and leader. Within the EPP conceptual framework, expertise is viewed as a process of continued development, not an end-state. To be effective, teachers and educational leaders must embrace the notion that teaching and learning are entwined and that only through the implementation of validated practices can all students construct meaning and reach high levels of learning. In that way, candidates are facilitators of the teaching and learning process. Finally, the EPP recognizes, values and demonstrates collaborative practices across the college and university and extends collaboration to the community-at-large. Through this collaboration with professionals in the university, local communities, public and private schools and school districts, parents and other professional partners, the EPP meets the ultimate goal of bringing all of Georgia’s students to high levels of learning. Knowledge Base Teacher development is generally recognized as a continuum that includes four phases: preservice, induction, in-service, renewal (Odell, Huling, and Sweeny, 2000). Just as Sternberg (1996) believes that the concept of expertise is central to analyzing the teaching-learning process, the teacher education faculty at KSU believes that the concept of expertise is central to preparing effective classroom teachers and teacher leaders. Researchers describe how during the continuum phases, teachers progress from being Novices learning to survive in classrooms toward becoming Experts who have achieved elegance in their teaching. We, like Sternberg (1998), believe that expertise is not an end-state but a process of continued development. The knowledge base for methods of teaching students learning English continues to develop rapidly. Current directions include multiple intelligence models, content-based instruction, and L1/L2 approaches to teaching and learning. The field draws on research literature in the areas of second language acquisition, bilingualism and cognition, L1/L2 literacy, and social justice. EPP Diversity Statement The KSU Educator Preparation Provider (EPP) believes all learners are entitled to equitable educational opportunities. To that end, programs within the EPP consist of curricula, field experiences, and clinical practice that promote candidates’ development of knowledge, skills, and professional dispositions related to diversity identified in the unit’s conceptual framework, including the local community, Georgia, the nation, and the world. Curricula and applied experiences are based on well-developed knowledge foundations for, and conceptualizations of, diversity and inclusion so that candidates can apply them effectively in schools. Candidates learn to contextualize teaching and draw effectively on representations from the students’ own experiences and cultures. They learn to collaborate and engage with families in ways that value the resources, understandings, and knowledge that students bring from their home lives, communities and cultures as assets to enrich learning opportunities. Candidates maintain high expectations for all students (including English learners, students with exceptionalities and other historically marginalized and underrepresented students), and support student success through research-based culturally, linguistically, and socially relevant pedagogies and curricula. Technology Technology Standards & Use: Technology Standards for Educators are required by the Professional Standards Commission. Telecommunication and information technologies will be integrated throughout the master teacher preparation program, and all candidates must be able to use technology to improve student learning and meet Georgia Technology Standards for Educators. During the courses, candidates will be provided with opportunities to explore and use instructional media, especially microcomputers, to assist teaching. They will master use of productivity tools, such as multimedia facilities, local-net and Internet, feel confident to design multimedia instructional materials, and use various software. Library research required in this course is supported by the Galileo system. D2L is a tool available to use for distance learning and will also be the primary mode of communication, especially in case of weather related notices regarding class. Course materials will be posted on D2L two to three weeks before they are discussed in class. Theoretical Framework for the Ed.D. & Ed.S. in Teaching Field Majors Conceptual Theoretical Contextual Learner Practice Informed pedagogical approaches arise from teachers’ critical understandings of Theoretical/Conceptual, Contextual, and Practical/Applied influences on the learner. The belief that all students can learn when the learner is the pedagogical core—promoted by Weimer (2002)—is the foundation of this program. Within this learner-centered conceptual framework, learners are embodied as P-16 students, pre-service candidates, teachers, teacher-leaders, and school and district leaders and administrators, all of whom engage in a coherent, learner-centered approach (Copland & Knapp, 2006). According to Lambert and McCombs (2000) and Alexander and Murphy (2000), the confluence of Practical, Contextual, and Conceptual Critical Understandings forms a lens for understanding Learner-Centered Psychological Principles. Within the Education and Research Core and the Teaching Field Pedagogy core courses, the candidates are introduced to key theories/concepts, which are then examined according to the context of their teaching situation addressing issues of grade level, diversity, and school type. The assessments of the key theories/concepts in the courses, including formal and informal, are practical, which means the candidates apply the theories/concepts in a practical situation, such as a 7th grade science classroom. VII. POLICIES: ACADEMIC INTEGRITY Every KSU student is responsible for upholding the provisions of the Student Code of Conduct, as published in the Undergraduate and Graduate Catalogs. Section II of the Student Code of Conduct addresses the University's policy on academic honesty, including provisions regarding plagiarism and cheating, unauthorized access to University materials, misrepresentation/falsification of University records or academic work, malicious removal, retention, or destruction of library materials, malicious/intentional misuse of computer facilities and/or services, and misuse of student identification cards. Incidents of alleged academic misconduct will be handled through the established procedures of the University Judiciary Program, which includes either an "informal" resolution by a faculty member, resulting in a grade adjustment, or a formal hearing procedure, which may subject a student to the Code of Conduct's minimum one semester suspension requirement. ATTENDANCE POLICY The expectations for attending class are in accordance with the Graduate Catalogue. Regular attendance is required for all scheduled classes in that the candidate is responsible for obtaining all materials, instruction, etc. presented during class. Attendance at all class meetings (face-toface, synchronous, and asynchronous) is stressed because of the interactive nature of the class. As a community of learners we are diminished if any one of us is absent. Not all material covered will be found in the required readings. You are required to inform the instructor in advance of your absence. Attendance will be monitored and reflected in the class participation/attendance points (see KSU Graduate Catalog). CANDIDATE EXPECTATIONS FOR ENGAGEMENT AND PARTICIPATION: It is expected that candidates not only attend classes online and/or in person (face-to-face) depending on the delivery mode of the class, but also contribute to discussion boards thoroughly prepared. “Thoroughly prepared” is defined as having read the readings well enough to verbally and in writing state the definitions of terms from the readings; discuss ideas, notions, concepts, issues, and procedures in relation to previous information presented in class, online, or in previous readings; and apply the information from the readings to problems. It also implies the candidate has reviewed information from the previous class meetings. When information from the readings is unclear, the candidate should prepare questions to discuss in class. In addition, group members can ask candidates who are not contributing equally to the development of the presentation to be removed from their group. Various cooperative learning group activities - in class and online - will enable candidates to apply new skills and knowledge. Each candidate has something unique to contribute to the class experience that will facilitate the learning of other class members. For full credit, candidates must demonstrate professionalism by: a) Participating fully in collaborative group work and focus groups b) Practicing active listening during presentations c) Refraining from working on other assignments during class presentations (or checking email) All assignments must be submitted on or before the class meeting on the assigned due date. All grading will be done as objectively as possible. Rubrics will be provided for class presentations, postings, facilitation, and projects. In case of qualitative assessment, evaluation will be based on instructor judgment. Points will be cumulative and final course grades will be based on the percent of total points earned (i.e., A = 100 - 90%, B = 89 - 80%, etc.). DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR The University has a stringent policy and procedure for dealing with behavior that disrupts the learning environment. Consistent with the belief that your behavior can interrupt the learning of others, behavior that fits the University's definition of disruptive behavior will not be tolerated. Candidates should refer to the University Catalog to review this policy. HUMAN RELATIONS The University has formulated a policy on human relations that is intended to provide a learning environment that recognizes individual worth. That policy is found in the University Catalog. It is expected, in this class, that no Professional should need reminding but the policy is there for your consideration. The activities of this class will be conducted in both the spirit and the letter of that policy. VIII. COURSE GOALS AND OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this course are consistent with the EPP Advanced Proficiencies, EDD/EDS program standards, and SPED EDD/EDS program standards. EDD Performance Outcome SPED EDD/EDS Objectives 1. Candidates foster a responsive, learner-centered educational environment that promotes collaboration and democratic participation for student learning and may include co-teaching. Candidates apply a critical lens to collaboration among key stakeholders to promote equitable practices within culturally responsive and sustaining educational contexts leading to improved outcomes for all learners. 2. Candidates demonstrate pedagogical approaches, which incorporate contextual, theoretical/conceptual, and practical influences on the learner and learning. 3. Candidates advance teaching and learning through the innovative use of technology based on sound educational theory and knowledge of the learner. 4. Candidates demonstrate indepth foundational knowledge of content-based research, scholarship, and socio-political influences in the teaching field and use this knowledge to analyze and interpret problems and implement solutions within their profession. 5. Candidates demonstrate and apply various types of assessment to inform the learner’s ability to analyze, monitor, and improve their learning as well as interpret and use data to inform their own pedagogical effectiveness. Course Objective Knowledge, Skills Dispositions (Advanced CPI) 2.1 (D) 2.2 (K;S;D) 2.3 (K;S) 2.4 (K;S) 2.5 (K;S) 2.6 (K;S) Activities, Coursework, Assignments & Key Assessment 1.2 (K;S) 1.3 (K;S) 1.4 (K;S;D) 2.1 - 2.6 (K;S;D) 1.2 (K;S) 2.1 – 2.6 (K;S;D) 2.4 (K;S) Candidates demonstrate an understanding of how historical legacies, legislation, and litigation have served to both include and segregate students with disabilities and utilize this knowledge to serve as change agents within educational and community settings. 1. Candidates will examine the concept of history in person and their positionality within that framework 1.1 (K) 1.2 (K;S) 3.1 (K;D) 3.2 (K;D) 3.3 (D) 3.4 (D) 3.5 (D) 2.4 (K;S) 2.5 (K;S) 3.2 (K;D) Self-reflection Class discussion 6. Candidates engage in scholarly, applied research to advance knowledge of teaching, the learner, and/or learning. Candidates engage in inquiry based learning as both consumer and producer of research. Drawing from theoretical and conceptual frameworks in educational research they apply these theories to their practice and develop alternative critical pedagogies to provide socially just schooling for all students. 4. 7. Candidates reflect on their professional, scholarly practice, and analyze the ways in which they have changed in their thinking, beliefs, or behaviors toward improved learner-centered practices. Candidates are knowledgeable of critical issues within the field of special/education and engage in critical reflection, which involves taking an inquiry stance, relating theory to practice, stating an argument and supporting it with evidence, making comparisons and evaluating their own positionalities and epistemologies. 2. 8. Candidates support academic and linguistic needs of the learner, enhance cultural understandings, and increase global awareness of all students. 3. Candidate will read and respond to existing literature pertaining to issues in special education 3.2 (K;D) 3.5 (D) Candidate will critically reflect on his/her epistemologies and how they shape individual responses to critical issues in special education 3.2 (K;D) Position Paper Class participation Self-Reflection What I Learned Candidate will reflect on his/her own complicity in issues affecting special education Candidates move beyond a culturally responsive framework by adopting a reflexive multicultural approach that validates and sustains the cultural identity of learners. 9. Candidates demonstrate professional dispositions, fluency of academic language in a variety of contexts, , and ethical practice expected of an engaged scholarpractitioner. Critiques 1.4 (K;S;D) 2.1 – 2.6 (K;S;D) 5. Candidate will identify, critically examine, and debate issues in the field of special education Candidates employ a critical lens to dismantle, reconfigure, and construct equitable educational institutions by identifying and challenging power and ideology in teaching practices, curricular materials, and education reform efforts. IX. COURSE REQUIREMENTS & ASSIGNMENTS 1.4(K;D) 2.1 (D) 2.2 (K;S;D) 3.1 – 3.5 (K;D) Class Participation Critiques Position Paper Critiques/Critical Reflections Critiques/critical reflections on class readings are due beginning the second week of class. One critique per week is required encompassing all the readings for the week. Documents should be of sufficient depth and breadth to demonstrate a clear understanding of the topics and how the topics intersect with the reader and the current context in which the reader operates. Individual personas and lens(es) should be highlighted, as well the role that each plays in meaning making. It is expected that reflections will connect with course readings and discussions as well as how what is discussed aligns to the local, state, national, and international practice as well as individual practice. Appropriate use of APA is expected (e.g., citations supporting statements). Note: Do not summarize the readings. Facilitation of Critical Issues Discussions Beginning the second week of class, participants will take turns facilitating a critical dialogue of the class readings. It is expected that discussions will focus on synthesis, analysis, critique, and implications for current educational. In-Depth Exploration of a Critical Issue in Special / Education Based on the information gained through course readings and class discussions, identify an issue you feel passionate about focused on some aspect of special / education. Examine the literature on both sides of the issue. Provide a synthesis of each stance. Culminate with a reflection on your position on the issue. Include a rationale for your position. Instructor will determine additional assessments. X. Evaluation and Grading: A = 90 – 100% B = 80 – 89% C = 70 – 79% D = 60 – 69% Late Work: No make-up work or extra credit will be given. Assignments are due on the specified date and will not be accepted past the due date. NOTE: Emailed assignments will not be accepted. If, due to absence or emergency, an assignment must be submitted digitally, via the course website located at http:// http://d2l.kennesaw.edu/. You must send an email indicating that you have submitted the assignment and receive a confirmation of receipt from the instructor. REMEMBER: this process is only acceptable due to excused absence or emergency. XI. COURSE OUTLINE: Tentative course schedule (subject to change with notice). NOTE: Course topics are based on current trends and issues in special / education and thus will be revised as necessary to keep the course current. Date Week 1 Content Getting to know each other Seminar introduction Keeping it Real Ground Rules Syllabus reconstruction Issues in Special/Education: Brainstorming Session Possible Guest Speakers Revisiting Issues in Special/Education Selection of Guest Speakers Topics: School Reform History of Special Education History in Person and Figured Worlds Writing workshop: APA and Position Papers Readings / Assignments Due Week 3 Equity and Special Education Labeling Writing workshop: Position Papers and Abstracts Readings: Byrnes (p. 2-23) Artiles (2011) Terzi (2005) Fierros & Conroy (2002) McLaughlin (2010) Skiba et al. (2008) Week 4 Guest Speaker: Laurie deBettencourt (TESE Editor) Writing workshop: Outlining and other Strategies Disproportionality Readings: Byrnes (p. 49-68) Waitoller , Artiles, & Chaney (2010) Artiles et al (2010) Chamberlain (2006) Albrecht et al. Week 2-3 Week 5 Guest Speaker: Maggie McLaughlin Guest Speaker: Erica McCray School Choice and Special Education Writing workshop: Consider Language and Purpose Week 6 Guest Speaker: Julia White Disability Studies Least Restrictive Environment: Inclusion for All Readings: 6. Johnson & Johnson 7. Holland & Lave 8. Ravitch (p. 1-14) 9. Dorn 10. Urietta Due: 11. Critique 1 Readings: 4. Byrnes (P. 113-131) 5. US GAO 6. Rhim & McLaughlin (2007) 7. Ravitch (p. 113-147) 8. Howe & Welner Readings: Byrnes (p. 279-297) Baglieri et al. (2011) Moore & Keefe Zyon & Blanchette Zigmond, Kloo, & Volonino Echoes of Brown (video) Due: Critique 2 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Individual Writing Meetings by Appointment Week 10 Guest Speaker: Carolyn Scott, Pepin Academy Director Education as a Business Writing workshop: Critical Friends Week 11 Independent Study: Position Paper Guest Speaker: David Houchins Discipline Writing workshop: Critical Friends Guest Speaker: M. Byrnes Teacher Preparation: The Merging of General and Special Education Readings: 12. Byrnes (p. 91-112) 13. Gregory, Skiba, & Noguera 14. Schiff 15. Rose, Monda-Amayo, & Espelage 16. Echoes of Incarceration (video) Readings: Ravitch (195-222) Altwerger & Strauss Gabriel & Lester WND (online resource) Huffington Post (online resource) Due: 17. Critique 3 Readings: 18. Byrnes (p.199-227) 19. Brownell et al 20. Simonsen et al 2010 Due: Position Manuscript Week 12 Finals Week Panel Presentations What I learned Celebration Revised Papers (if necessary) Due Conference Proposal Additional Readings: Albrecht, S. F., Skiba, R. J., Losen, D. J., Chung, C. & Middelberg, L. (2012). Federal policy on disproportionality in special education: Is it moving us forward? Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 23(1), 14-25. doi: 10.1177/1044207311407917 Altwerger, B., & Strauss, S. L. (2002). The business behind testing: What are the motives of corporate America regarding the standards and testing movement in education? Language Arts, 79(3), 256-262. Artiles, A. J. (2011). Toward an interdisciplinary understanding of educational equity and difference: The case of the racialization of ability. Educational Researcher, 40, 431-445. doi: 10.3102/0013189X11429391 Artiles, A. J., Kozleski, E. B., Trent, S. C., Osher, D., & Ortiz, A. (2010). Justifying and explaining disproportionality, 1968-2008: A critique of underlying views of culture. Exceptional Children, 76(3), 279-299. Baglieri, S., Bejoian, L. M., Broderick, A. A., Connor, D. J., & Valle, J. (2011). [Re]claiming “Inclusive Education” Toward cohesion in education reform: Disability studies unravels the myth of the normal child. Teachers College Record, 113(10), 2122-2154. Brownell, M. T., Sindelar, P. T., Kiely, M. T., & Danielson, L. C. (2010). Special education teacher quality and preparation: Exposing foundations, constructing a new model. Exceptional Children, 76(3), 357-377. Chamberlin, S.P. (2006). Issues of overrepresentation and educational equity for culturally and linguistically diverse students. Intervention in School and Clinic, 41(4), 228-232. doi: 10.1177/10534512060410040501 Dorn, S. (2002). Reading the history of special education (279-301). In Paul, J., et al. Rethinking Professional Issues in Special Education. Stamford, CT: Ablex Publishing. Fierros, E. G., & Conroy, J. W. (2002). Double jeopardy: An exploration of restrictiveness and race in special education. In D. J. Losen & G. Orfield (Eds.), Racial inequity in special education (pp. 39-70). Cambridge, MA: Harvard Education Press. Gabriel, R. & Lester, J. N. (2011). Race to the top era of education consulting: A call to reform the reformers, International Journal of Educational Policies. 5 (1), 33-46. Gregory, A., Skiba, R. J., & Noguera, P. A. (2010). The achievement gap and the discipline gap: Two sides of the same coin? Educational Researcher, 39, 59-68. Holland, D., & Lave, J. (2009). Social practice theory and the historical production of persons. Actio: An International Journal of Human Activity Theory, 2, 1-15. Howe, K. R., & Welner, K. G. (2001). School choice and the pressure to perform: Déjà vu for children with disabilities? Remedial and Special Education, 23, 212-21. doi: 10.1177/07419325020230040401 Johnson, d. W., & Johnson, R. T. (2009). Energizing learning: The instructional power of conflict. Educational Researcher, 38(1), 37-51. McLaughlin, M. J. (2010). Evolving interpretations of educational equity and students with disabilities. Exceptional Children, 76(3), 265-278. Moore, V. M. & Keefe, E. B. (2004). “Don’t get your briefs in a bunch”: What high school students with disabilities have to say about were they receive their services. Issues in Teacher Education, 13(1), 7-17. Ravitch, D. (2010). What I learned about school reform. In The death and life of the great American school system: How testing and choice are undermining education, (pg. 1-14). Philadephia, PA: Perseus Books Group. Ravitch, D. (2010). Choice: The story of an idea. In The death and life of the great American school system: How testing and choice are undermining education, (pg. 113-147). Philadephia, PA: Perseus Books Group. Ravitch, D. (2010). The billionaire boys’ club. In The death and life of the great American school system: How testing and choice are undermining education, (pg. 195-222). Philadephia, PA: Perseus Books Group. Rhim, L. M., & McLaughlin, M. (2007). Students with disabilities in charter schools: What we now know. Focus on Exceptional Children, 39(5), 1-12. Rose, C., A., Monda-Amaya, L. E., & Espelage, D. L. (2011). Bullying perpetration and victimization in special education: A review of the literature. Remedial and Special education, 32(2), 114-130. Schiff, M. (2013). Dignity, Disparity and Desistance: Effective Restorative Justice Strategies for Closing the ‘School-to-Prison’ Pipeline.’ Invited paper presented at Closing the School Discipline Gap, Research to Practice Conference. Washington DC. Simonsen, G., Shaw, S. F., Faggella-Luby, M., Sugai, G., Coyne, M. D. Rhein, B., Madaus, J. W., & Alfano, M. (2010). A schoolwide model for service delivery: Redefining special educators as interventionists. Remedial and Special Education, 31(1), 17-23. Skiba, R. J., Simmons, A. B., Ritter, S., Gibb, A. C., Rausch, M. K., Cuadro, J., & Chun, C. (2008). Achieving equity in special education: History, status, and current challenges. Exceptional Children, 74(3), 264-288. Terzi, L. (2005). Beyond the dilemma of difference: The capability approach to disability and special educational needs. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 39(3), 443-459. Urrieta, Jr., L. (2007). Figured worlds and education: An introduction to the special issue. The Urban Review, 39(2), 107-116. doi: 10.1007/s11256-007-0051-0 U.S. Government Accountability Office, (2012, June). Charter schools: Additional federal attention needed to help protect access for students with disabilities. (Publication No. GAO-12-543). Retrieved from http://gao.gov/products/GAO-12-543 Waitoller, F. R., Artiles, A. J., & Cheney, D. A. (2010). The miner’s canary: A review of overrepresentation research and explanations. Journal of Special Education, 44, 29-49. Zigmond, N., Kloo, A., & Volonino, V. (2009). What, where, and how? Special education in the climate of full inclusion. Exceptionality, 17, 189-204. Zion, S., & Blanchett, W. (2011). [Re]conceptualizing inclusion: Can critical race theory and interest convergence be utilized to achieve inclusion and equity for African American students? Teachers College Record, 113(10), 2186–2205. On-Line Resources: http://www.wnd.com/2013/03/bill-gates-100-million-database-to-track-students/ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/03/student-database-gates-foundation_n_2800684.html http://voices.yahoo.com/gates-foundation-funding-wrist-bracelets-monitor11465184.html?cat=15 Echoes of Incarceration (http://www.mediathatmattersfest.org/films/echoes_of_incarceration) Multi-Media: Echoes of Brown References: Alvarez McHatton, P., Glenn, T. A., Sue., & Gordon, K. (2012). The plight of special education leaders in challenging contexts: Purpose, potential, and possibility (Invited). Journal of Special Education Leadership, 25(1), 38-47. Artiles, A. J. (1998). The dilemma of difference: Enriching the disproportionality discourse with theory and context. Journal of Special Education, 32, 32-36. Artiles, A.J & Trent, S.C. (1994). Overrepresentation of minority students in special education: A continuing debate. The Journal of Special Education, 27(4), 410-437. Gutiérrez, K. D. (2008). 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