Study Guide for Latin 2 National Latin Exam
I. LANGUAGE
Nouns:
1st D
2nd Mas
2nd Neu 3rd M/F
3rd Neu
Nom.
a
us/r
um
---
Gen.
ae
ī
ī
is
is
ūs
ūs
eī
Dat.
ae
ō
ō
ī
ī
uī
ū
eī
Acc.
am
um
um
em
---
um
ū
em
Abl.
ā
ō
ō
e
e (ī)
ū
ū
ē
Nom.
ae
ī
a
ēs
ūs
ua
ēs
Gen.
ārum
ōrum
Dat.
īs
Acc.
Abl.
Cases:
---
(i)a
ōrum
(i)um
(i)um
īs
īs
ibus
ibus
ās
ōs
a
ēs
īs
īs
īs
ibus
4th M/F
us
uum
4th Neu
5th
ū
ēs
uum
ērum
ibus
ibus
ēbus
(i)a
ūs
ua
ēs
ibus
ibus
ibus
ēbus
1 Nominative:
-subject and predicate nominative
2 Genitive:
-possession (of, ‘s, s’); you don’t need to know other uses for the NLE!
3 Dative:
-indirect object (to/for) with verbs of giving, saying, showing, telling, entrusting
4 Accusative:
-direct object
-duration of time: e.g. sex diēs = for six days duōs annōs- for two years
-extent of space: e.g. 10 feet deep, 100 feet high
-accusative- infinitive construction (Indirect statement) See this section below
-object of the following prepositions:
ad –to, toward, near
ante –before, in front of
in –into, onto, against
per -through
contra -against
inter-between, among
trāns –across
ob – on account of
circum -around
post –after, behind
prope -near
propter – because of
5 Ablative:
-ablative of means -no Latin preposition= by means of, with, by- we just learned this in 28!
gladiō vulneratum- wounded by a sword via, plaustrō clausa- the street, blocked by a cart
-ablative of time - no Latin preposition; e.g. in the summer, at dawn
tertiō diē- on the third day
mediā nocte- in the middle of the night
-ablative of agent – w/passive verbs or participles- use ā/ab = by
servus, ā dominō verberatus- the slave, beaten by the master
nuntius, ā Agricolā missus- the messenger, sent by Agricola
- The ablative of comparison is a replacement for comparative clauses with quam The ablative of
comparison patterns with (and modifies) a comparative adjective (or adverb). Here are some
examples: puella prudentior est puero, "the girl is wiser than the boy".
Following the comparative "prudentior", "puella prudentior est quam puer" would be the
equivalent using a quam comparative clause rather than the ablative of comparison
Quintus diutius Athenis mansit Marco, "Quintus waited longer in Athens than Marcus."
Melior est canis vivus leone mortuo, "a living dog is better than a dead lion".
-object of the following prepositions (SID SPACE)
6 Vocative:
Sub -under
Sine -without
In –in, on
Prō- on behalf of, for
Dē- about, down from Ab/ā – away from, from
Cum- with
Ex/ē –out of, out from
-direct address –used in questions and commands; often punctuated with “ ”, ! or ?
-only changes in 2nd declension singular nouns that end in ‘us’ or ‘ius’
Marcus Marce (et tu, Brute)
Cornelius Cornelī (et tu, Cornelī)
Apposition (appositives)- restates another noun- put into same case as the noun it describes
e.g. My sister, the doctor, is famous. Mea soror, medica, famosa est.
e.g. The Romans hated Tarquin, the 7th king- Romanī Tarquinium, septimum regem, odērunt
Comparison with quam (= than): when comparing 2 nouns, put 2nd noun in same case as the first
e.g. I am taller than you.
Ego sum altior quam tū.
e.g. Augustus was a better emperor than Tiberius- Augustus erat melior imperator quam Tiberius
Pronouns: There are a lot of pronoun questions on the Latin II NLE. You need to review!
For pronouns, you want to examine the patterns- for example, cuius, huius, illlius-personal: ego, tū, nōs, vōs
I/me
You/you
hanc, quam, illam
We/us
You/you
Nom
ego
tū
nōs
vōs
Gen
meī
tuī
nōstrum
vestrum
Dat
mihi
tibi
nōbīs
vōbīs
Acc
mē
tē
nōs
vōs
Abl
mē
tē
nōbīs
vōbīs
relative: quī, quae, quod – who, which, whose, whom
Nom S
quī
quae
quod
Nom pl
Gen S
cuius
cuius
cuius
Gen pl
quōrum
quārum
quōrum
Dat S
cui
cui
cui
Dat pl
quibus
quibus
quibus
Acc S
quem
quam
quod
Acc pl
quōs
quās
quae
Abl S
quō
quō
Abl pl
quibus
quibus
quibus
quā
quī
quae
quae
-interrogative: quis, quid (uses ? mark) – Who? what? declined the same way as the relative pronoun above
-reflexive: meī, tuī, nostrum, vestrum, suī- self (refers back to subject)
meī
tuī
mihi
tibi
mē
mē
nostrum
vestrum
suī
of … self
nōbīs
vōbīs
sibi
to/for …self
tē
nōs
vōs
sē
…self
tē
nōbīs
vōbīs
sē
by/with/from…self
-demonstratives: hic, ille, is
REVIEW THE PATTERNS!
hic, haec, hoc this, these
ille, illa, illud- that/those
Is, Ea, Id- He/She/It/They
Nom S
hic
haec
hoc
ille
illa
illud
is
ea
id
Gen S.
huius
huius
huius
illius
illius
illius
eius
eius
eius
Dat S
huic
huic
huic
illī
illī
illī
eī
eī
eī
Acc S
hunc
hanc
hoc
illum
illam
illud
eum
eam
id
Abl S.
hōc
hāc
hōc
illō
illā
illō
eō
eā
eō
Nom. Pl
hī
hae
haec
illī
illae
Gen Pl
hōrum hārum
Dat. Pl
hīs
Acc Pl
hōs
Abl Pl
hīs
hōrum
hīs
illa
eī
illōrum illārum illōrum
eae
ea
eōrum eārum eōrum
hīs
illīs
illīs
illīs
eīs
eīs
eīs
hās
haec
illōs
illās
illa
eōs
eās
ea
hīs
hīs
illīs
illīs
illīs
eīs
eīs
Adjectives: Declensions 1st ,2nd, 3rd (masculine, feminine and neuter) –positive form
Fem
Mas
Neu
Mas
Fem
Neu
Nom S
a
us/r
um
-/is/e
-/is/e
-/e
Gen S
ae
ī
ī
is
is
is
Dat S
ae
ō
ō
ī
ī
ī
Acc S.
am
um
um
em
em
-/e
Abl S
ā
ō
ō
ī
ī
ī
Nom. Pl
ae
ī
a
ēs
ēs
ia
Gen. Pl
ārum
ōrum
ōrum
ium
ium
ium
Dat. Pl
īs
īs
īs
ibus
ibus
ibus
Acc. Pl
ās
ōs
a
ēs
ēs
ia
Abl Pl
īs
īs
īs
ibus
ibus
ibus
eīs
-noun and adjective agreement = number, gender and case (don’t have to match declensions)
-interrogative:
quot =how many
-degrees: positive, comparative, superlative in all 3 declensions
positive: (tall) --altus, a, um (1st/2nd Decl) or (brave,strong)-- fortis,is, e (3rd Decl)
comparative: (taller, more tall, rather tall) ----altior, altioris (all comparatives are 3rd declension) (M/F)
----altius, altioris (neuter)
look for the “ior”
---fortior, fortioris
superlative: (tallest, very tall, most tall) altissimus, a um; fortissimus, a, um (all in 1st/2nd declension)
look for the issimus
variant superlatives: words which end in ‘r’ – errimus instead of issimus (celerrimus)
words which end in ‘l’ – illimus instead of issimus (facillimus)
Irregular Adjectives
bonus, -a, -um
malus, -a, -um
magnus, -a, -um
parvus, -a, -um
multus, -a, -um
melior, ior, ius
peior, peior, peius
maior, ior, maius
minor, minor, minus
plūs, plūris
optimus, a, um (good, better, best)
pessimus, a, um (bad, worse, worst)
maximus, a, um (big, bigger, biggest)
minimus, a, um (small, smaller, smallest)
plurimus, a, um (much, more, very much)
Numbers:
Cardinal numbers 1-10; unus, duo, tres/tria, quattuor, quinque, sex, septem, octo, novem, decem
100 –centum and 1000- mille
Roman numerals 1-100: I (1), V(5), X(10), L(50), C(100), D(500), M(1000)
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Ordinals: 1st-10th: primus, secundus, tertius, quartus, quintus, sextus, septimus, octavus, nonus, decimus
Adverbs: degrees: positive, comparative, superlative
-positive forms made from first and second declension adjectives (usually ly in English)
-formation 1st/2nd Decl: pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum=beautiful:
remove the ‘A’ from feminine, replace with ē = pulchrē = beautifully
tacitus, a, um—quiet replace us with ē = tacitē- quietly
-formation 3rd Decl: add –‘ter’ or ‘iter’ to the stem. e.g. celer ----celeriter; fortis -----fortiter
- comparative: add –ius to the base (any declension) e.g. fortius –more bravely
celerius- more swiftly
pulchrius- more beautifully
suavius- more sweetly
-superlative: add –issimē, errimē or illimē to the base e.g. fortissimē = most/very bravely
pulcherrimē= most/very beautifully
suavissimē= most/very sweetly
-interrogatives: cur, (why?) ubi (where?) quomodo (how?) quando (when?)
-irregulars:
bene (well), optimē (best) male (badly) pessimē (worst)
Conjunctions: aut, (or) et (and)
quod (because)
sed (but) ubi (when)
neque, (and not/neither/nor)
et...et, (both… and) neque...neque (neither…nor); aut…aut; (either…or) postquam; (afterwards)
quamquam; (although) nec…nec (neither…nor)
Enclitic: -ne (indicates a yes/no question –do not use with question word like how, when, who, etc)
-que- and (attach on the second of the 2 words/phrases; puerī puellaeque (boys and girls)
- cum with (attach to pronouns-e.g. tēcum = with you, sēcum= with himself)
Verbs: Translations: Present, (3) Imperfect, (4) Future, (1) Perfect (3) Pluperfect (1), Future Perfect (1)
Present:
I verb
Imperfect:
I was verbing
Future:
I shall/will verb
Perfect:
I have verbed
Pluperfect:
I had verbed
Future Perfect: I shall/will have verbed
I do verb
I am verbing
I used to verb
I did verb
I verbed
I verbed
I did verb
we have not seen the future perfect yet- it is rare page 263
Passive Verbs: Translations: Present, Imperfect, Future, Perfect, Pluperfect , Future Perfect
Present:
I am verbed
I am being verbed
Imperfect:
I was being verbed
I used to be verbed
Future:
I shall/will be verbed
Perfect:
I have been verbed
Pluperfect:
I had been verbed
I was verbed
Future Perfect: I shall/will have been verbed
I was verbed
Conjugations 1st – 4th
-six tenses of the indicative mood: present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, future pf (active voice)
Formed from the Present Stem (2nd P.P – re)
present
imperfect
future
Present
Imperfect
Future 1/2
Formed from the Perfect Stem (3rd P.P- ī)
Perfect
Pluperfect
Future Perfect
3/4
Perfect
add these endings to the Present Stem
Pluperfect
Future Perfect
Add these endings to the perfect stem
I
-ō
-bam
-bō
-am
-ī
-eram
-erō
You
-s
-bās
-bis
-ēs
-istī
-erās
-eris
He, she, it
-t
-bat
-bit
-et
-it
-erat
-erit
We
-mus
-bāmus
-bimus
-ēmus
-imus
-erāmus
-erimus
You pl
-tis
-bātis
-bitis
-ētis
-istis
-erātis
-eritis
They
-nt
-bant
-bunt
-ent
-ērunt
-erant
-erint
How to Form the Passive Voice: (see pages 196, 199, 281 in the book)
Present, Imperfect and Future all add passive endings to the present stem
Perfect, Pluperfect and Future Perfect all use the 4th Principal Part and a form of the verb ‘to be’
present
imperfect
-(o)r
-bar
-ris
future 1/2
3/4
perfect,
pluperfect,
future pf
-bor
-ar
4th pp + sum
4th pp + eram
4th pp + erō
-bāris
-beris
-ēris
4th pp + es
4th pp + erās
4th pp + eris
-tur
-bātur
-bitur
-ētur
4th pp + est
4th pp + erat
4th pp + erit
-mur
-bāmur
-bimur
-ēmur
4th pp + sumus
4th pp + erāmus
4th pp + erimus
-minī
-bāminī
-biminī
-ēminī
4th pp + estis
4th pp + erātis
4th pp + eritis
-ntur
-bantur
-buntur
-ēntur
4th pp + sunt
4th pp + erant
4th pp + erunt
-present active imperative: singular and plural
1st
2nd
ā āte
ē ēte
portā/portāte
vidē/vidēte
: = verb!
3rd
e ite
scribe/scribite
4th
ī īte
audī/audīte
-negative imperative with noli, nolite + infinitive = don’t verb!
e.g. nōlī amāre = don’t love!
nōlīte amāre = don’t love (plural)
Infinitives:
-present active infinitive= to verb
-present passive infinitive=to be verbed
see page 278
generally, replace the “re” with “rī”
except in 3rd conjugation, which replaces
the entire “ere” with ī
-āre
spectāre
to watch
-ēre
deridēre
to mock
-ere
capere
to take
-īre
audīre
to hear
-ārī
-ērī
-ī
spectārī
deridērī
capī
to be watched to be mocked to be taken
portarī
viderī
ponī
to be carried to be seen to be placed
oppugnārī
augērī
reducī
to be attacked to be increased to be led back
-īrī
audīrī
to be heard
sentirī
to be felt
punīrī
to be punished
-perfect active infinitive= to have verbed use the 3rd principal part (perfect stem) + sse e.g. amāvisse
(think the stem of the pluperfect subjunctive!)
spectāvisse
to have watched
portāvisse
to have carried
-perfect passive infinitive=to have been verbed
derisisse
cepisse
audivisse
to have mocked to have taken to have heard
vidisse
posuisse
sensisse
to have seen
to have placed to have felt
use the 4th principal part + esse
e.g. amātus esse
spectatus esse
to have been watched
derisus esse
to have been mocked
captus esse
to have been taken
auditus esse
to have been heard
portata esse
to have been carried
visa esse
to have been seen
posita esse
to have been placed
sensa esse
to have been felt
-future active =to be about to verb use the 4th principal part + ūrus + esse
e.g. amatūrus esse
spectaturus esse- to be about to watch
derisurus esse to be about to mock
capturus esse to be about to take
auditurus esse to be about to hear
-infinitives in indirect statement (with accusative subject)
lots of questions about this at the end of the packet
I. Occurs after verbs of saying, thinking, knowing, and perceiving.
II. Verb becomes infinitive.
Example: Ego laudo. I praise.
III. Subject of verb becomes accusative.
Scio me laudare. I know that I praise.
IV. Tense of infinitive.
a. Present infinitive: happens the same time as the main verb.
Scio me laudare. I know that I praise.
Caesar dicit sē elephantōs vidēre. Caesar says that he sees the elephants
b. Perfect infinitive: happened before the main verb.- go one step back in time
Scio me laudavisse. I know that I praised
Caesar dicit sē elephantōs vīdisse. Caesar says that he has seen the elephants
c. Future infinitive: happens after the main verb. one step in the future
Scio me laudaturum esse. I know that I will praise.
Caesar dicit sē elephantōs visurum esse. Caesar says that he will see the elephants.
-participles:
present
-ns, ntis = verbing
e.g. amans, monens, veniens (3rd Decl)
perfect
4th pp + us, a, um = having been verbed amatus, monitus,ventus, verberatus etc (1st/2nd Decl)
future
4th pp + ūrus, a, um = about to verb/going to verb (1st/2nd Decl)
amaturus, moniturus, venturus, moriturus
irregular verb sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (to be): and possum, posse, potuī—(to be able)
Present Imperfect Future Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect
sum
eram
erō
fuī
fueram
fuerō
I am, was, will be, have been, had been ,will have been
es
erās
eris
fuistī
fuerās
fueris
You are, were, will be, have been, had been,will have been
est
erat
erit
fuit
fuerat
fuerit
He, is, was, will be, has been, , had been, will have been
sumus erāmus
erimus fuimus fuerāmus fuerimus We are,were, will be,have been,had been,will have been
estis
erātis
eritis
fuistis
sunt
erant
erunt
fuērunt
Present
I am able/can
fuerātis
fuerant
fueritis You are, were, will be, have been, had been,will have been
fuerint They are,were,will be, have been , had been,will have been
Imperfect
Future
I was able/could I will be able
Perfect
Pluperfect
Future Perfect
I have been able I had been able I shall have been able
possum
poteram
poterō
potuī
potueram
potuerō
potes
poterās
poteris
potuistī
potuerās
potueris
potest
poterat
poterit
potuit
potuerat
potuerit
posumus
poterāmus
poterimus
potuimus
potuerāmus
potestis
poterātis
poteritis
potuistis
potuerātis
potueritis
possunt
poterant
poterunt
potuērunt
potuerant
potuerint
I have wanted
I had wanted
potuerimus
I want
I wanted
I will want
volō
volēbam
volam
voluī
volueram
voluerō
vīs
volēbās
volēs
voluistī
voluerās
volueris
vult
volēbat
volet
voluit
voluerat
voluerit
volumus
volēbāmus
volēmus
voluimus
voluerāmus
voluerimus
vultis
volēbātis
volētis
voluistis
voluerātis
volueritis
volunt
volēbant
volent
voluērunt
voluerant
voluerint
I have gone
I shall have wanted
I go
I was going
I shall go
I had gone
I shall have gone
eō
ībam
ībō
iī
ieram
ierō
is
ībās
ībis
īstī
ierās
ieris
it
ībat
ībit
iit
ierat
ierit
imus
ībāmus
ībimus
iimus
ierāmus
ierimus
itis
ībātis
ībitis
īstis
ierātis
ieritis
eunt
ībant
ībunt
iērunt
ierant
ierint
Present Imperatives: (Sing) ī (go!)
(Plural) īte (go!)
I carry
ferō
I carried
ferēbam
I shall carry
feram
I have carried
tulī
I had carried
tuleram
I shall have carried
tulerō
fers
ferēbās
ferēs
tulistī
tulerās
tuleris
fert
ferēbat
feret
tulit
tulerat
tulerit
ferimus
ferēbāmus
ferēmus
tulimus
tulerāmus
tulerimus
fertis
ferēbātis
ferētis
tulistis
tulerātis
tuleritis
ferunt
ferēbant
ferent
tulērunt
tulerant
tulerint
PASSIVE:
I am carried
feror
I was carried I will be carried I have been carried I had been…… I will have been carried
ferēbar
ferar
lātus sum
lātus eram
lātus erō
ferris (re)
ferēbāris (re)
fertur
ferēbātur
ferimur
ferēris (re)
lātus es
lātus erās
lātus eris
ferētur
lātus est
lātus erat
lātus erit
ferēbāmur
ferēmur
lātus sumus
lātus erāmus
lātus erimus
feriminī
ferēbāminī
ferēminī
lātus estis
lātus erātis
lātus eritis
feruntur
ferēbantur
ferentur
lātus sunt
lātus erant
lātus erunt
Present Imperatives: (sing) fer (bear!)
(Plural) ferte (bear!)
impersonal verbs: licet = it is permitted; placet – it is pleasing (usually plus a dative)
Indirect Statement
(1980) Jason tells us that the gods lived on Mt. Olympus. a) deī b) deum c) deīs d)deōs
(1983) Dea dixit sē nautās would help. a) iuvāre b) iuturam esse c) iuvisse d) iutam esse
(1984) The historian said that Ostia was the most outstanding example of harbor building
in the Roman world. a) Ostia
b) Ostiae
c) Ostiam d) Ostiīs
(1986) Caesar dixit ___ esse in Galliā. a) decimam legionem b) decimae legionis
c) decimae legionī
d) decima legio
(1987) Cicero said that the safety of the people is the highest law. a) salus b) salute
c) salutis d) salutem
(1988) The Romans believed that their souls would descend to the underworld.
a) descendere b) descensurās esse c) descendisse d) descensās esse
(1990) Hannibal did not think that the men and animals would have had such hardships on the Alpine
crossing. a) viros animaliaque
b) viri animaliaque
c) virorum animaliumque
d) viris animalibusque
(1990) They thought that Cicero had prepared an excellent defense for his client.
a) pararī
b) paravisse
c) paratum esse
d) paraturum esse
(1993) Theseus scit monstrum in Labyrintho habitare. a) lives b) will live c) had lived
d) was living
(1994) Hannibal putat se Romam victurum esse. a) had conquered b) would conquer
c) was conquering d) is being conquered
(1995) Mater dicit villam esse pulcherrimam. a) was b) is c) will be d) had been
(1995) Adulescens dicit se montem accensurum esse. a) climbs b) to be climbed
c) climbed
d) will climb
(1997) Nauta dicit se epistulam cras scripturum esse. a) is writing b) will write
c) wrote
d) had written
(1998) Caesar ad familiam scripsit se a piratīs captum esse. a) that he would capture pirates
b) that he had captured pirates c) that the pirates were his captives
d) that he had been captured by the pirates
(1999) Consules dixerunt rem publicam defensam esse. a) will defend b) had been defended
c) is defended d) was defended
(1999) Scio ___ bene regere. a) Romanorum b) Romanōs c) Romanīs d) Romanae
(2000) Putō mē Ciceronem in forō vidisse. a) sees b) will see c) saw d) can see
(2001) Omnēs scimus Hannibalem multīs proeliīs Romanōs superavisse. a) defeats
b) will defeat c) defeated d) had been defeated
(2002) Puella stulta putat se texturam esse melius quam deam. a) if she should weave
b) that she wove c) that she will weave d) if anyone can weave
(2003) Marcus dicit epistulam a patre missam esse. a) is sending b) will be sent
c) was sent
d) had sent
(2006) Cornelia dixit ___ habitāre in illā insulā. a) frater b) fratris c) fratrem d) fratre
(2006) Nuntius dixit se multās navēs in portū vidisse. a) had seen b) was being seen
c) has been seen d) sees
Passive Voice
(1981) Igne Vestae manente, Roma numquam will be conquered. a) vincent b) vicit
c) vincētur
d) vincitur
(1988) Multae fabulae de Iasone a poetīs relatae sunt. a) will have been told
b) have been told
c) have told
d) had told
(1990) In ancient Rome, public records used to be placed inside the Tabularium.
a) ponebantur b) posuerant
c) posuerunt
d) ponentur
(1993) Cena optima a servīs parata est. a) prepares b) was prepared
c) did prepare d) had prepared
(1994) Puerī Romanī a servīs in ludum ducuntur. a) were being led b) will be led
c) have been led d) are being led
(1994) Spartacus dixit, “Multī servī oppressī sunt.” a) had been subdued
b) have been subdued c) will be subdued d) will have been subdued
(1995) Roma a multīs amata est. a) will be loved b) will have been loved
c) had been loved
d) has been loved
(1995) Stolae a feminīs geruntur. a) will be worn b) have been worn c) are being worn
d) were being worn
(1997) Multī senatorēs ad forum carrīs portabantur. a) had carried b) were being carried
c) will carry d) are being carried
(1998) Sol per caelum currō Apollonis trahebatur. a) pulled b) will be pulled
c) was pulling d) was being pulled
(1999) Urbs a fidelibus civibus servabitur? a) will save b) can be saved
c) was saving d) will be saved
(2000) Olim terra a Saturnō recta erat. a) ruled b) was being ruled c) had been ruled
d) is ruled
(2001) Omnēs librī de Vesuviō a discipulīs lectī sunt. a) were reading b) will be read
c) have been read d) had been read
(2006) Statua oratoris fracta est. a) The orator’s staue is breaking
b) The orator broke the statue c) The statue of the orator has been broken
d) The orator will break the statue
Future Tense
(80)Horatius pontem Sublicium defendet. a) is defending b) has defended c) was defending d) will defend
(1981) Igne Vestae manente, Roma numquam will be conquered. a) vincent b) vicit
c) vincētur
d) vincitur
(1983) Cras militēs castra ponere will be able. a) poterunt b) poterant c) potuerunt d) posse
(1984) All the actors will go out of the theater at the same time. a) exeunt b) exibant
c) exibunt
d) exiērunt
(1986) Regulus will decide to return to Carthage. a) constituit b) constituet
c) constituēbat d) constitutus est
(1990) I will try to remember your excellent advice. a) conor b)conabar c) conabor
d) conatus sum
(1995) Phaethon carrum patris aget. a) was driving b) did drive c) will drive d) had driven
(1997) Dux Romanus ad magnam navem mox perveniet. a) will arrive b) was arriving
c) had arrived d) arrived
(1998) Audiesne meam vocem, si clamabo? a) do you hear? b) are you heard?
c) will you hear? d) did you hear?
(1999) Urbs a fidelibus civibus servabitur? a) will save b) can be saved
c) was saving d) will be saved
(2000) In Forō audiēs verba egregī senatoris. a) you hear b) you will hear
c) you have heard d) you will have heard
(2001) Gallī pacem cum Romanīs facient. a) have made b) will make c) had made
d) were making
(2002) Quis ad ludōs veniet? a) is coming b) came c) will come d) used to come
(2003) Multōs et celerēs equōs in campō videbis. a) you were seeing b) you will see
c) you have seen
d) you will have seen