Chemistry
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Elements of life: C, H, N, O, P, S
Atoms, subatomic particles
Isotopes – importance to research
Bonds:
– Covalent
• Polar covalent
• Nonpolar covalent
– Ionic
– hydrogen
Importance of these Bonds
• Hydrogen bond:
– Water
– DNA
– Secondary protein structure
Water
• Polarity leads to H-bonding and other
• Properties that result:
– Adhesion and cohesion – relate to transpiration
– High specific heat – Helps keep Earth’s surface
mostly water
– Evaporative cooling
– Ice is less dense than liquid water
– Versatile solvent
• Biological fluids exist in aqueous solutions
– pH scale due to dissociation of water
• Biological fluids contain buffers to combat this
Organic Molecules
• Dehydration synthesis
• Hydrolysis
Condensation Synthesis
Hydrolysis
Summary of the Organic
Molecules:
Digestion
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Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Importance of Proteins
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4 Structural levels gives them function
Enzymes:
Transcription and Translation
Cell communication
Immune Defense
ProkaryoticRegulation of Gene Expression
Eukaryotic Regulation of Gene Expression
Viral Infection
Importance of Lipids
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Insulation
Stores Energy
Membranes
Examples of Transport across membranes:
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Nervous system
Endocrine and Excretory System
Circulatory System
Respiratory System
Digestive system
Importance of Nucleic Acids
• Science as a Process:
– Griffith
– Avery McCarthy et al
– Hershey and Chase
– Messelson and Stahl
– Watson, Crick, Franklin and Wilkins
• Role in Protein Synthesis
• Replication / Cell Cycle
• Genetics
DNA Technology
• Human Genome Project
• PCR Technnique
– Isolate DNA from source
– Copy with PCR
– Run a Gel to identify Genotype
• Sequencing
• Southern Blot
• Recombinant DNA, Restriction Enzymes
Importance of Carbohydrates
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Synthesis of biomass
Used for energy storage
Energy & ATP
Consumption of Carbohydrates
Plant Biology
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Plant Cell
Evolution
Life Cycles
Structures
Transport
Hormones
Tropisms
Photoperiodism
Ecology
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Biomes
Behavior
Populations
Community
– Symbiosis
– Competition
– Succession
• Ecosystems
Meiosis
• Meiosis
• Gametogenesis
– Spermatogenesis
– Oogenesis
• Fertilization/ Development
• Genetic Variation
– Bacteria
– Sexual Reproduction
Cell Parts
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Prokaryote
Animal / Plant Cells
Endosymbiotic Hypothesis,
Structures and Functions
Evolution
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Lamarck/ vs. Darwin
Evidence
Homologous vs. Analogous
Mechanisms
– Natural Selection
– Genetic drift
– Gene Flow
– Mutations
– Non-Random Mating
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Populations (Hardy Weinberg)
Speciation, Reproductive isolation
Adaptive Radiation
Modes of Natural Selection
Genetics
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Monohybrid and Dihybrid crosses
Incomplete dominance
Co dominance
Multiple alleles
Epistasis
Sex linked
pedigrees
Diversity of Life
• 5 Kingdoms vs. 3 Domains
Enzyme Activity
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Temperature
pH
Enzyme Concentration
Substrate
Concentration
The bacteria
that causes
cholera
releases a
poison that
modifies the
G-protein so
that GTP is
unable to
convert back
to GTP. This
leads to
infection
• Muscle
contraction
• Fertilization
membrane
• Neurotransmitter
release
The Cell Cycle
DNA Strands
are
antiparallel
Non-cyclic photophosphorylation
The Calvin Cycle
A?
B?
C?
So far the ATP’s have been generated via substrate level
phosphorylation, now it’s time for chemiosmosis:
ATP
Where is the energy stored?
Regeneration of ATP
• FAP seen in goose
• Releaser/sign
stimulus signals the
pattern
• Behavior is innate
Induction
The Prokaryotic Cell:
General Eukaryotic Cells:
• DNA Sequencing uses defective
nucleotides to sequence the DNA.
In what way
are these
organisms
displaying
examples of
convergent
evolution?