Scaleable Computing Jim Gray Microsoft Corporation Gray@Microsoft.com ™ Thesis: Scaleable Servers Scaleable Servers Commodity hardware allows new applications New applications need huge servers Clients and servers are built of the same “stuff” Servers should be able to Commodity software and Commodity hardware Scale up (grow node by adding CPUs, disks, networks) Scale out (grow by adding nodes) Scale down (can start small) Key software technologies Objects, Transactions, Clusters, Parallelism 1987: 256 tps Benchmark 14 M$ computer (Tandem) A dozen people False floor, 2 rooms of machines Admin expert Hardware experts A 32 node processor array Simulate 25,600 clients Network expert Manager Performance expert DB expert A 40 GB disk array (80 drives) Auditor OS expert 1988: DB2 + CICS Mainframe 65 tps IBM 4391 Simulated network of 800 clients 2m$ computer Staff of 6 to do benchmark 2 x 3725 network controllers Refrigerator-sized CPU 16 GB disk farm 4 x 8 x .5GB 1997: 10 years later 1 Person and 1 box = 1250 tps 1 Breadbox ~ 5x 1987 machine room 23 GB is hand-held One person does all the work Cost/tps is 1,000x less 25 micro dollars per transaction Hardware expert OS expert Net expert DB expert App expert 4x200 Mhz cpu 1/2 GB DRAM 12 x 4GB disk 3 x7 x 4GB disk arrays What Happened? Moore’s law: Things get 4x better every 3 years (applies to computers, storage, and networks) New Economics: Commodity class price/mips software $/mips k$/year mainframe 10,000 100 minicomputer 100 10 microcomputer 10 1 time GUI: Human - computer tradeoff optimize for people, not computers What Happens Next Last 10 years: 1000x improvement Next 10 years: ???? 1985 1995 2005 Today: text and image servers are free 25 m$/hit => advertising pays for them Future: video, audio, … servers are free “You ain’t seen nothing yet!” Kinds Of Information Processing Point-to-point Immediate Timeshifted Broadcast Conversation Money Lecture Concert Network Mail Book Newspaper Database It’s ALL going electronic Immediate is being stored for analysis (so ALL database) Analysis and automatic processing are being added Low rent min $/byte Shrinks time now or later Shrinks space here or there Automate processing knowbots Immediate OR time-delayed Why Put Everything In Cyberspace? Point-to-point OR broadcast Network Locate Process Analyze Summarize Database Magnetic Storage Cheaper Than Paper File cabinet: cabinet (four drawer) 250$ paper (24,000 sheets) 250$ space (2x3 @ 10$/ft2) 180$ total 700$ 3¢/sheet Disk: Image: disk (4 GB =) ASCII: 2 mil pages 800$ 0.04¢/sheet (80x cheaper) 200,000 pages 0.4¢/sheet Store everything on disk (8x cheaper) Billions Of Clients Every device will be “intelligent” Doors, rooms, cars… Computing will be ubiquitous Billions Of Clients Need Millions Of Servers All clients networked to servers May be nomadic or on-demand Fast clients want faster servers Servers provide Shared Data Control Coordination Communication Clients Mobile clients Fixed clients Servers Server Super server Thesis Many little beat few big $1 million 3 1 MM $100 K $10 K Pico Processor Micro Mini Mainframe Nano 1 MB 10 pico-second ram 10 nano-second ram 100 MB 10 GB 10 microsecond ram 1 TB 14" 9" 5.25" 3.5" 2.5" 1.8" 10 millisecond disc 100 TB 10 second tape archive Smoking, hairy golf ball How to connect the many little parts? How to program the many little parts? Fault tolerance? 1 M SPECmarks, 1TFLOP 106 clocks to bulk ram Event-horizon on chip VM reincarnated Multiprogram cache, On-Chip SMP Future Super Server: 4T Machine Array of 1,000 4B machines 1 bps processors 1 BB DRAM 10 BB disks 1 Bbps comm lines 1 TB tape robot A few megabucks Challenge: Manageability Programmability CPU 50 GB Disc 5 GB RAM Cyber Brick a 4B machine Security Availability Scaleability Affordability As easy as a single system Future servers are CLUSTERS of processors, discs Distributed database techniques make clusters work Performance = Storage Accesses not Instructions Executed In the “old days” we counted instructions and IO’s Now we count memory references Processors wait most of the time Where the time goes: clock ticks used by AlphaSort Components Disc Wait Disc Wait Sort Sort OS Memory Wait B-Cache Data Miss 70 MIPS “real” apps have worse Icache misses so run at 60 MIPS if well tuned, 20 MIPS if not I-Cache Miss D-Cache Miss Storage Latency: How Far Away is the Data? Clock Ticks 10 9 Andromeda Tape /Optical Robot 10 6 Disk 100 10 2 1 Memory On Board Cache On Chip Cache Registers 2,000 Years Pluto Sacramento 2 Years 1.5 hr This Campus 10 min This Room My Head 1 min The Hardware Is In Place… And then a miracle occurs ? SNAP: scaleable network and platforms Commodity-distributed OS built on: Commodity platforms Commodity network interconnect Enables parallel applications Thesis: Scaleable Servers Scaleable Servers Commodity hardware allows new applications New applications need huge servers Clients and servers are built of the same “stuff” Servers should be able to Commodity software and Commodity hardware Scale up (grow node by adding CPUs, disks, networks) Scale out (grow by adding nodes) Scale down (can start small) Key software technologies Objects, Transactions, Clusters, Parallelism Scaleable Servers BOTH SMP And Cluster SMP super server Departmental server Personal system Grow up with SMP; 4xP6 is now standard Grow out with cluster Cluster has inexpensive parts Cluster of PCs SMPs Have Advantages Single system image easier to manage, easier to program threads in shared memory, disk, Net 4x SMP is commodity SMP super Software capable of 16x server Problems: Departmental >4 not commodity server Scale-down problem (starter systems expensive) Personal There is a BIGGEST one system Tpc-C Web-Based Benchmarks Order Invoice Query to server via Web page interface Web server translates to DB SQL does DB work Net: easy to implement performance is GREAT! HTTP Client is a Web browser (7,500 of them!) Submits IIS = Web ODBC SQL TPC-C Shows How Far SMPs have come Performance is amazing: 2,000 users is the min! 30,000 users on a 4x12 alpha cluster (Oracle) Peak Performance: 30,390 tpmC @ $305/tpmC (Oracle/DEC) Best Price/Perf: 8,040 tpmC @ $54/tpmC (MS SQL/Compaq) graphs show UNIX high price & diseconomy of scaleup tpmC & Price Performance (only "best" data shown for each vendor) DB2 400 Informix MS SQL Server 350 Oracle 300 Sybase 250 $/tpmC 200 150 100 50 0 0 5000 10000 tpmC 15000 20000 TPC C SMP Performance • SMPs do offer speedup but 4x P6 is better than some 18x MIPSco tpm C vs CPS SUN Scaleability 20,000 20,000 18,000 SUN Scaleability 16,000 15,000 SQL Server 14,000 tpmC tpmC 12,000 10,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 2,000 0 0 0 5 10 CPUs 15 20 0 5 10 cpus 15 20 What Happens To Prices? No expensive UNIX front end (20$/tpmC) No expensive TP monitor software (10$/tpmC) => 65$/tpmC 164 188 TPC Price/tpmC 100 93 90 Informix on SNI Oracle on DEC Unix Oracle on Compaq/NT Sybase on Compaq/NT Microsoft on Compaq with Visigenics Microsoft on HP with Visagenics Microsoft on Intergraph with IIS Microsoft on Compaq with IIS 80 70 66 64 66 60 50 40 54 45 44 38 35 44 40 39 39 35 30 27 30 20 44 42 40 38 41 39 31 22 18 19 21 16 8 10 3 0 27 processor disk software net What’s TeraByte? 1 Terabyte: 1,000,000,000 business letters 150 miles of book shelf 100,000,000 book pages 15 miles of book shelf 50,000,000 FAX images 7 miles of book shelf 10,000,000 TV pictures (mpeg) 10 days of video 4,000 LandSat images 16 earth images (100m) 100,000,000 web page 10 copies of the web HTML Library of Congress (in ASCII) is 25 TB 1980: $200 million of disc $5 million of tape silo 1997: 200 k$ of magnetic disc 30 k$ nearline tape Terror Byte ! 10,000 discs 10,000 tapes 48 discs 20 tapes Building the Largest NT Node Build a 1 TB SQL Server database Demo it on the Internet Show off NT and SQL Server Scaleability Stress test the product WWW accessible by anyone So data must be 1 TB Unencumbered Interesting to everyone everywhere AND not offensive to anyone anywhere The Plan DEC Alpha + 324 StorageWorks Drives (1.4 TB) 30K BTU, 8 KW, 1.5 metric tons. SQL 7.0 USGS data (1 meter) Russian Space data (2 meter) SPIN-2 DEC 4100 4 x 400 Mhz Alpha Processors 4GB DRAM Microsoft BackOffice Image Data Sources 300 GB Src: USGS & UCSB UCSB missing some DOQs DOQ Spin-2 500 GB WorldWide LoB App New Data Coming DOQ coverage of the US 1 Meter images of many places Problems: most of data not yet published interesting places missing (LA, Portland, SD, Anchorage,…) Loaded published 130 GB. CRDA for unpublished 3 TB SPIN-2 Coverage The rest of the world The US Government can’t help, but.... The Russian Space Agency is eager to cooperate. 2 Meter Geo Rectified imagery of anywhere More data coming, Earth has ~ 500 TeraMeters2 => ~30 Tera Bytes of Land at 2x2 Meter => we need 3% of the land (Urban World = the red stuff) Demo Interface Grow UP and OUT 1 Terabyte DB SMP super server Departmental server Personal system Cluster: •a collection of nodes •as easy to program and manage as a single node 1 billion transactions per day Clusters Have Advantages Clients and servers made from the same stuff Inexpensive: Fault tolerance: Spare modules mask failures Modular growth Built with commodity components Grow by adding small modules Unlimited growth: no biggest one Billion Transactions per Day Project Built a 45-node Windows NT Cluster (with help from Intel & Compaq) > 900 disks All off-the-shelf parts Using SQL Server & DTC distributed transactions DebitCredit Transaction Each node has 1/20 th of the DB Each node does 1/20 th of the work 15% of the transactions are “distributed” How Much Is 1 Billion Transactions Per Day? 1 Btpd = 11,574 tps (transactions per second) Millions of transactions per day ~ 700,000 tpm 1,000. (transactions/minute) 400 M customers 250,000 ATMs worldwide 7 billion transactions / year (card+cheque) in 1994 0.1 NYSE Visa ~20 M tpd 1. BofA 185 million calls (peak day worldwide) AT&T 10. Visa AT&T Mtpd 100. 1 Btpd Billion Transactions Per Day Hardware 45 nodes (Compaq Proliant) Clustered with 100 Mbps Switched Ethernet 140 cpu, 13 GB, 3 TB. Type Workflow MTS SQL Server Distributed Transaction Coordinator TOTAL nodes CPUs DRAM ctlrs disks 20 Compaq Proliant 2500 20 Compaq Proliant 5000 5 Compaq Proliant 5000 45 20x 20x 20x 20x RAID space 20x 2 128 1 1 2 GB 20x 20x 20x 20x 4 512 4 20x 36x4.2GB 7x9.1GB 130 GB 5x 5x 5x 5x 5x 4 256 1 3 8 GB 140 13 GB 105 895 3 TB 1.2 B tpd 1 B tpd ran for 24 hrs. Sized for 30 days Linear growth 5 micro-dollars per transaction Out-of-the-box software Off-the-shelf hardware AMAZING! Parallelism The OTHER aspect of clusters Clusters of machines allow two kinds of parallelism Many little jobs: online transaction processing TPC-A, B, C… A few big jobs: data search and analysis TPC-D, DSS, OLAP Both give automatic parallelism Kinds of Parallel Execution Pipeline Any Sequential Program Partition outputs split N ways inputs merge M ways Jim Gray & Gordon Bell: VLDB 95 Parallel Database Systems Survey Any Sequential Program Any Sequential Program Any Sequential Program Data Rivers Split + Merge Streams N X M Data Streams M Consumers N producers River Producers add records to the river, Consumers consume records from the river Purely sequential programming. River does flow control and buffering does partition and merge of data records River = Split/Merge in Gamma = Exchange operator in Volcano. Jim Gray & Gordon Bell: VLDB 95 Parallel Database Systems Survey Partitioned Execution Spreads computation and IO among processors Count Count Count Count Count Count A Table A...E F...J K...N O...S T...Z Partitioned data gives NATURAL parallelism Jim Gray & Gordon Bell: VLDB 95 Parallel Database Systems Survey N x M way Parallelism Merge Merge Merge Sort Sort Sort Sort Sort Join Join Join Join Join A...E F...J K...N O...S T...Z N inputs, M outputs, no bottlenecks. Partitioned Data Partitioned and Pipelined Data Flows Jim Gray & Gordon Bell: VLDB 95 Parallel Database Systems Survey Clusters (Plumbing) Single system image Fault Tolerance naming protection/security management/load balance Wolfpack Hot Pluggable hardware & Software Windows NT clusters Key goals: Easy: to install, manage, program Reliable: better than a single node Scaleable: added parts add power Microsoft & 60 vendors defining NT clusters Almost all big hardware and software vendors involved No special hardware needed but it may help Enables Commodity fault-tolerance Commodity parallelism (data mining, virtual reality…) Also great for workgroups! Initial: two-node failover Beta testing since December96 SAP, Microsoft, Oracle giving demos. File, print, Internet, mail, DB, other services Easy to manage Each node can be 4x (or more) SMP Next (NT5) “Wolfpack” is modest size cluster About 16 nodes (so 64 to 128 CPUs) No hard limit, algorithms designed to go further So, What’s New? When slices cost 50k$, you buy 10 or 20. When slices cost 5k$ you buy 100 or 200. Manageability, programmability, usability become key issues (total cost of ownership). PCs are MUCH easier to use and program MPP Vicious Cycle No Customers! New New MPP & App NewOS New New MPP & App NewOS New New MPP & App NewOS Apps CP/Commodity Virtuous Cycle: Standards allow progress and investment protection New New MPP & App NewOS Standard platform Customers Thesis: Scaleable Servers Scaleable Servers Commodity hardware allows new applications New applications need huge servers Clients and servers are built of the same “stuff” Servers should be able to Commodity software and Commodity hardware Scale up (grow node by adding CPUs, disks, networks) Scale out (grow by adding nodes) Scale down (can start small) Key software technologies Objects, Transactions, Clusters, Parallelism The BIG Picture Components and transactions Software modules are objects Object Request Broker (a.k.a., Transaction Processing Monitor) connects objects (clients to servers) Standard interfaces allow software plug-ins Transaction ties execution of a “job” into an atomic unit: all-or-nothing, durable, isolated Object Request Broker Objects Meet Databases The basis for universal data servers, access, & integration object-oriented (COM oriented) programming interface to data Breaks DBMS into components Anything can be a data source Optimization/navigation “on top of” other data sources A way to componentized a DBMS Makes an RDBMS and O-R DBMS (assumes optimizer understands objects) DBMS engine Database Spreadsheet Photos Mail Map Document A new programming paradigm Develop object on the desktop Better yet: download them from the Net Script work flows as method invocations All on desktop Then, move work flows and objects to server(s) Gives desktop development three-tier deployment Software Cyberbricks Transactions & Objects Application requests transaction identifier (XID) XID flows with method invocations Object Managers join (enlist) in transaction Distributed Transaction Manager coordinates commit/abort Thesis: Scaleable Servers Scaleable Servers Built from Cyberbricks Servers should be able to Allow new applications Scale up, out, down Key software technologies Clusters (ties the hardware together) Parallelism: (uses the independent cpus, stores, wires Objects (software CyberBricks) Transactions: masks errors.