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Microsoft SQL Server™ 7.0
Jim Gray
Senior Researcher
Microsoft Research
Microsoft Corporation
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Organizations Are Going Online
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Building a digital nervous system.
Inexpensive hardware means huge
databases are possible.
But, we are drowning in data.
Databases help organize information.
Microsoft’s goal:
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Information at your fingertips.
Make it easy to capture,
manage, and
analyze information.
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Microsoft SQL Server 7 Goals
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Reduce cost of ownership:
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Scaleable
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Easy to build applications
Easy to administer
Easy to scaleup applications
Scale down to portables
Scale to many nodes (manage, replicate)
Scale to huge nodes
Data warehousing
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Data capture
Data analysis
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Microsoft SQL Server
Enterprise
Standard
DeskTop
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Gigabytes
100s users
Megabytes
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Terabytes
1,000s users
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Large Memory
Clusters
Partitioned cubes
Full featured
< 5 users
simple replication
+
Microsoft Data
Engine in Office 2000
Need
W2K
logo
Easy
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Easy
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Scalability
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Data Warehousing 
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Dynamic self management
Multi-site management
Operation Scripting
Job scheduling and execution
Alert/response management
DBA profiling/tuning tools
Installation and upgrade
Unicode
Integrated with NT Security
Integrated with NT files
Made It
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(Even)
Easier!
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Desktop
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Workgroups
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Auto Configure
Self-Configuring Engine / Dynamic Disk/memory
Reduce Learning Curve, Increase Productivity
Self-Managing SQLAgent, Wizards, “Task Pads”
Large Organizations
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Deploy/manage “100’s” of SQL Servers
Lower TOC for Large Environments
Multi-Server Operations/ Remote Operation
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Multi-Site Management
Common Console
 Multi-site management
through groups, agents
 Route events from all
servers to one master
 Script any set of
operations for all servers
 Job Scheduling and
Workflow
 Shared sub-set of UI for
web administration
 Graphical tools for data
 Import/export
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Distributed Management Framework
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Administration shell
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Database
Profiler
SQL Namespace Object (SQL-NS)
DTS
SQL-Distributed Management Objects)
In-Process COM Server
40+ Objects, 1600+props/methods
ActiveX™ Scripting
Agents
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MMC - SQL Server Snap-in
Navigation + UI
For namespace shells
COM administration
interfaces
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Microsoft Management Console
Namespace objects
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MMC snap-in
Supports all
operations
Self-managing
component
Activity
monitoring/filters
Events


Queries/traffic
State changes
in engine
SQL Server Agent
Replication
Task Execution
Event Mgt
Alerting/Paging
SNMP
Events
Actions
SQL Server
Engine
Trace
Events/
Perf
Mon
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Dynamic Self Management
Dynamic memory management
48M Memory, 100 locks
1 GB Memory, 10K locks
Dynamic File Space Management with Auto-Statistics
1/97, Sales history table
128 MB on disk
12/97, Sales history table
4 GB on disk, auto-grow
1/98, Sales history table
128 MB on disk, auto-shrink
Auto-Statistics
2 a.m., 5 users
Noon, 700 users
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Wizards and GUIs
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Many Wizards - over 50 at last count
MS Access as a query interface
Query tool built into SQL, Visual Studio,...
Graphical show plan
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DBA and Developer Tools
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SQL Server Profiler
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Select server events and trace criteria
“Capture” output to screen or replay
Index Tuning Wizard
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Analyzes actual server usage
history
Makes recommendations to
improve performance
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Demo: 5 minutes
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Tour of the wizards wizard
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(touch on create index, DTS, maintenance plan)
Show database layout (auto schema)
Show index tuning wizard
(using pre-canned trace file)
Let it define the indices
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Index Wizard is Good
but we will make it better
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On a complex query set
wizard is 90% of best expert.
Extending it to other aspects of DB
design
Scalability
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Easy
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Scalability
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Data Warehousing 
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Win9x/NT4/Win2000 version
Dynamic row-level locking
VLDB improvements
Improved query optimizer
Intra-query parallelism
VLM support
Replication improvements
Distributed query
High Availability Clusters
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Query Processor Enhancements
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Focus on Complex Queries
Parallelism
Improved scan, fetch, & sort
Smart hash & merge join
Large joins & grouping
Better query optimization
Multi-index operations
Automatic statistics maintenance
Distributed Query
Heterogeneous Query
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Parallel Query
SMP & Disk Parallelism
Global Agg.
Result 50 rows
+
4 x 50 rows
Local Agg.
Disks
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+
+
+
+
50,000 rows
•# of emp. per group
•total inc. per group
Plus Distributed
Plus Hash Join (fanciest on the planet)
Plus Optimized Partitioned views
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Distributed Heterogeneous Queries
Data Fusion / Integration
Join spread sheets,
databases,
directories,
Text DBs
etc.
Any source that
exposes OLE DB
interfaces
SQL Server as
gateway,
even on the
desktop
Directory
Service
Database
(DB2, VSAM,
Oracle, …)
Spreadsheet
SQL 7.0
Query
Processor
Photos
Mail
Maps
Documents
and the Web
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Replication
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Transactional and Merge
Remote update
ODBC and OLE DB subscribers
Wizards
Performance
OS 390
DB2
Publisher
2PC,
RPC
Distributor
DB2
VSAM
Subscriber CICS
Subscriber Subscriber Subscriber Updating Subscriber
(immediate updates)
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Utilities
The Key to LARGE Databases
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Backup
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Recovery
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Fuzzy
Parallel
Incremental
Restartable
Fast
File granularity
Reorganize
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shrinks file
reclusters file
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Auto-Repair
Index creation
~2x faster than 6.5
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DBCC
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not required,
a good practice
5x - 100x faster
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SQL Server 7.0 Backup
Transaction Throughput
during online backup
Parallel Backup Throughput (MBps)
3000
Transactions
2500
2000
1500
NO backup
avg = 2475 tpm
Backup
avg = 2349 tpm
1000
500
0
0
Scaling at
device speed
500
1000
1500
Time (secs)
2000
2500
95% of throughput
maintained during
full on-line backup
(8 drives)
Max tape backup speed: ~ 600GB/hr
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Recovery Speed Comparison
4x faster!
60
Recovery time (secs)
50
40
SQL Server 6.5
30
SQL Server 7.0
20
10
0
1
2
3
# of indices
4
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SQL Server 7.0 Scalability
5700
SQL Server 6.5
3537
SQL Server 7.0
95% of
customer
needs
2400
1011
<1500
<300
Application:
Benchmark:
SAP R/3
SD Users
3-Tier
BAAN IV
Baan
Reference
Users
PeopleSoft
HRMS
Users
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Best Single Node NT TPC-C
25,000
20,000
15,000
23,143
Published
TPC-C results
as of 1/20/99
www.tpc.org
16,273
10,000
6,393
6,842
7,650
5,000
0
DBMS Oracle Informix Sybase
System:-- 4X Pent-Pro, 200 MHz -$/tpmC $108
$100
$82
6.5
7.0
4X PII, Xeon
$56
$26
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The TPC Report
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621,784 $
for 5 years
1.7 Tera Byte Disk
4 CPU
4 GB RAM
18,850 users
Affordable &
Manageable
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Price Performance Leadership
250%/year on Price,
100%/year performance
Best performance:
Best price/performance:
$1,000
$/tpmC vs time
100,000
23,143 tpmC, $26/tpmC
17715,
$22tpmC
tpmC vs time
tpmC
$/tpmC
10,000
$100
1,000
1.5
2.755676
100 %/year
improvement lately!
250 %/year improvement!
$10
Jan-94 Jan-95 Jan-96 Jan-97 Jan-98 Dec-98
100
Jan-94
Jan-95
Jan-96
Jan-97
Jan-98
Dec-98
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VLDB Improvements
Terabyte Support
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File Groups for easier management
Exabyte Database Size (theoretical max)
Tested to 2.5 Terabytes
64-bit support (up to 32 GB with NT5)
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Demo
http://www.TerraServer.com
Microsoft
BackOffice
SPIN-2
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Site Configuration
StorageTek
9710 TimberWolf
Enterprise Storage Array
Alpha
8400
4 NTFS Stripe Sets (600 gb)
28 11-Disk Raid 5 Stripe sets
324 9 GB Seagate Disks
10 x
DLT
7000
(8x440)
10GB
Ram
7 HSZ70 Ultra-SCSI
Dual redundant Controllers
Compaq
Compaq
Compaq
Compaq
Compaq
Compaq
Proliant 5500
Proliant 5500
Proliant 5500
Proliant 5500
Proliant 5500
Proliant 5500
4x200mhz
512mb RAM
20GB Raid5
4x200mhz
512mb RAM
20GB Raid5
4x200mhz
512mb RAM
20GB Raid5
4x200mhz
512mb RAM
20GB Raid5
4x200mhz
512mb RAM
20GB Raid5
4x200mhz
512mb RAM
20GB Raid5
To the Web
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File System Configuration
28 hardwareRAID5 sets
Each raid set has 11 disks (16 spare drives)
4 595 GB NTFS volumes
Each striped over 7 Raid sets on 7 controllers
26 20 GB files on F:, G:, H:, I:
DB is File Group of 104 files (2 TB)
F:
G:
H:
I:
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TerraServer Statistics
TerraServer June 22 1998 to Jan 18 1999
35000000
30000000
Count
25000000
20000000
Billion SQL queries served
99.98% of scheduled availability
New data loaded in background
Sessions
Hit
Page View
DB Query
Image
15000000
10000000
5000000
0
Date
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High Availability
Microsoft Clusters
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Automatic failover in less than a minute
Browser
Server 1
Server 2
Web
site
Web
site
Web site files
Database files
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Data Warehousing
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Warehousing Framework
Visual data modeler
Microsoft repository
Data
transformation
services
Scalability
(DTS)
 Plato & Dcube - Multi
Dimensional Data Cubes
Data Warehousing  Integration with Office2000
Easy
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Microsoft Data Warehousing Framework
Building
Operational
Data
(ODBC,
OLE-DB)
DB Schema*
Data
Transformation
Services
(DTS)
Transformation
Data Mart Design
(Cubes/Star schema)
Data
Marts
(RDBMS,
OLAP)
End-User Tools
(Excel,
Access,
English Query,
3rd parties)
OLE DB
Managing
Data Warehouse Design
(logical/physical schema/ data flow)
Using
Scheduling
data**
OLAP
Metadata**
Microsoft Repository (Persistent Shared Meta-Data)
Data Warehouse Management
(Console*, Scheduling, Events,Topology*)
Data Flow
* Only partially available in SQL 7
** Implemented after SQL 7
Meta-Data Flow
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Data Warehouse / Data Analysis
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Data Transformation Services
to get data into the warehouse
CUBE (OLE/DB OLAP)
to analyze data
Operational
Data
Extact
& Load
Data Warehouse
Storage
OLAP
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Data Transformation Services
Job steps
+ Workflow &
Scheduler
+ Repository
Metadata
IDTSDataPump
IUnknown
Data Pump
Source
OLE DB
ODBC
Fixed Field
ASCII Delimited
Examples:
Oracle, DB/2,
VSAM, flat files
Steps
Xforms
DTS Data Pump
In
Out
Destination
OLE DB
ODBC
Fixed Field
ASCII Delimited
HTML Page
Repl. Publication
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Warehouses of Data Cubes
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Warehouse is a collection of cubes
Cubes have
Star and Snow Flake Schemas
 Data Attributes
 Dimensions
Geography
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Regions
Districts
Dealers
By Year
By Make
By Make & Year
Sales
Days
Quarters
Years
Time
RED
WHITE
Colors
Models
Lines
Products
BLUE
By Color & Year
Sum
By Color
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RelationalOLAP+MultidmensionalOLAP
HybridOLAP
Source table
Europe
Partition 1
“Plato”
User 1
ROLAP
Designer
USA
Partition 2
Dcube
SQL
MD SQL
Client
app
Asia
Partition 3
ROLAP
Dcube
“Plato”
server
Client
app
User 2
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OLAP + Office 2000 demo
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Readiness
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300 applications now days;
3,000 within 18 months
System Integrators and ISVs
52,000 trained DBAs
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Internet Platform
Visual Studio
and FrontPage
Site Server
IIS
MTS
Web
client
MSMQ
Windows NT Server
Office
client
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Microsoft SQL Server 7.0
all these features in one product
workstation, server, enterprise
Easy
Scalable
Data
Warehousing
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