Energy Everywhere Explained:
Importance of Energy Conservation and
Renewable and Alternative Energy Resources
NIU SET House
April 19, 2007 & April 23, 2008; updated 2013
Prof. M. Kostic
Mechanical Engineering
NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY
www.kostic.niu.edu
Humanity’s Top Ten Problems
for next 40 years
1. ENERGY (critical for the rest nine)
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Water
Food
Environment
Poverty
Terrorism & War
Disease
Education
Democracy
Population
2011:
7+ Billion People
2050: ~ 10 Billion ( 1010 +) People
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Slide 2
The two things are certain
even if man-made Global Warming is debatable
• (1) the world population and
their living-standard expectations
will substantially increase
(over 7 billion people now,
in 50 years 10-11 billion - energy may double)
• (2) fossil fuels’ economical reserves,
particularly oil and natural gas,
will substantially decrease
(oil may run out in 30-50 years???)
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Slide 3
Energy and Environmental
Landscape …
… could be substantially enhanced with
improved efficiency and diversification
of energy sources, devices and processes.
We are now in transitional era where further progress
cannot be continued with existing technology. The
difficulties that will face every nation and the world in
meeting energy needs over the next several decades will
be more challenging than what we anticipate now.
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Slide 4
Challenges are many …
… but so are potentials for innovative solutions
based on further development of science and
technology.
As new paradigms are to be developed, the
thermoscience (thermodynamics and heat
transfer), being “the heart and soul” of all energy
sciences, holds the key to provide vision and
check-and-balance methods for optimizations and
further innovations.
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Slide 5
From Fundamentals
to Innovations
The fundamental Laws of Thermodynamics
and comprehensive analysis and
optimization are the most effective way for
the improvements and could lead to
innovative development.
… our
objective is to motivate young
researchers/students to be excited and
be persistent to reason and value
fundamentals in order to innovate
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Slide 6
Phenomenological Laws
• Furthermore, the phenomenological Laws
of Thermodynamics, and in general, have much wider,
including philosophical significance and implication, than
their simple expressions based on the experimental
observations – they are the Fundamental Laws of Nature.
• They are defining and unifying our comprehension of all
existence in universe and all changes in time (all processes,
including life).
Einstein stated that,
“After mathematicians invaded (and
explained) my Theory of Relativity, I do not
understand it any more.”
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Slide 7
“From the Sovereign Sun …
…to the deluge of photons
out of the astounding compaction
and increase of power-density
in computer chips …”
One hour of solar energy
falling on Earth
could power the World for a year
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Slide 8
What is Energy ?
“From the sovereign Sun to the deluge of photons
out of the astounding compaction and increase of
power-density in computer chips …
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Slide 9
What is Energy ?
“From the Sovereign Sun to the deluge of photons
out of the astounding compaction and increase of
power-density in computer chips …
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Slide 10
What is Energy ?
If one could expel all energy out of a physical system …
… then empty, nothing will be left …
… so ENERGY
is EVERYTHING … E=mc2
Mass (m) and energy (E) are manifestation of each other and are equivalent;
they have a holistic meaning of “mass-energy”
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Slide 11
The Fundamental Laws of Nature:
The Laws of Thermodynamics have much wider, including philosophical
significance and implication, than their simple expressions based on the experimental
observations, they are:
The Fundamental Laws of Nature:
• The Zeroth (equilibrium existentialism),
• The First (conservational transformationalism),
• The Second (forced-directional, irreversible transformationalism),
• The Third (unattainability of emptiness).
The Laws are defining and unifying our comprehension of all existence and
transformations in the universe.
Solving practical problems helps "really" understand theory, so that one can then solve other
problems more effectively. If we can not solve a problem, that "proves" we do not "truly"
understand theory -- the key is integration/synergy of theory and practice, the
"true" UNDERSTANDING! If one thinks theory is boring, that means one is not really interested
in understanding to solve practical problems.
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Slide 12
ENERGY Property and
Transfer/Exchange
• "... Energy is the ‘‘building block’’ and
fundamental property of matter and space
and, thus, the fundamental property of
existence.
• Energy exchanges or transfers are
associated with all processes (or changes)
and, thus, are indivisible from time."
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YES! Miracles are possible !
It may look ‘perpetuum mobile’ but miracles are real too …
Things and Events are both, MORE but also LESS complex
than how they appear and we ‘see’ them -- it is
natural simplicity in real complexity
… we could not comprehend energy conservation
until 1850s:
(mechanical energy was escaping “without being noticed how”)
… we may not comprehend now new energy conversions
and wrongly believe they are not possible:
(“cold fusion” seems impossible for now … ?)
…….Let us keep our eyes
and our minds ‘open’ ………..
… but,
the miracles are until they are comprehended and understood !
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Slide 14
Global Energy and Future:
Importance of Energy Conservation and
Renewable and Alternative Energy Resources
Solar 1.37 kW/m2, but only 12% over-all average 165 W/m2
2000 kcal/day100 Watt
World over 7 billion
2,200 Watt/c
300 Wel /c
USA over 0.3 billion
11,500 Watt/c
1,500 Wel /c
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Slide 15
What Are We Waiting For?
• (1) An Energy Crisis ?
• (2) A Global Environmental Problem?
• (3) An Asian Technology Boom?
• or
Leadership
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The biggest single challenge
for the next few decades by 2050
• (1) ENERGY for 1010 people
• (2) At MINIMUM we need additional
10 TeraWatts (150 Mill. BOE/day)
from some new clean energy source
• We simply can not do this
with current technology!
• We need
Leadership
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Population & Energy:
Unrestricted Exponential Growth
• About one million years ago our
own species, homo sapiens, first
appeared, strived most of the
history and boomed with
agricultural and industrial
revolution. We are over 6 billion
now.
• Standard of living and energy use
have been growing almost
exponentially due to abundance of
resources.
• The growth will be naturally
restricted with overpopulation
and resource depletion as we
know it.
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Time in
history
Population
in millions
Most of
BC
history
10
due to
hardship
AD 1
300
1750
760
1800
1,000
1950
2,500
2000
6,000
Earth Energy Balance:
• All energy to Earth surface is 99.98 % solar,
0.02% geothermal, and 0.002% tidal-gravitational.
• About 14 TW world energy consumption rate now
(0.008% of solar striking Earth) is about 6 times
smaller than global photosynthesis (all life), the latter is
only 0.05% of total solar, and global atmospheric water
and wind are about 1% of solar.
Source: Basic Research Needs To Assure A Secure Energy Future, ORNL Report, 2003
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Slide 19
%
W/m2
144%
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EEE-Global & Physics articles
• More Encyclopedia Articles
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Slide 24
Material system structure and
related forces and energies
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Hubber’s Peak:
A short history of fossil fuels’ abundance and use
(a bleep on a human history radar screen),
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Some Headlines…:
• It took World 125 years to consume the
first trillion barrels of oil – the next trillion
will be consumed in 30 years.
• The World consumes two barrels of oil
for every barrel discovered.
• Only “Human Power” can deliver
MORE energy with LOWER emission
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www.energybulletin.net
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The challenges facing us…
Growing
Petroleum
Consumption
Environmental
Pollution
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Economic
Competitiveness
Oil consumption by U.S. transportation
continues to grow
1970
Projected
Actual
Domestic
Production
Shipping
Rail
Off-Road
Air
Heavy
Trucks
Light Trucks
Automobiles
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
Source: EIA Annual Energy Outlook 2002, DOE/EIA-0383(2002), Dec 2001
Military
Passenger
Vehicles
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Million barrels per day
2020
• Transportation accounts for 2/3 of the 20 million barrels of oil our nation uses each day.
• The U.S. imports 55% of its oil, expected to grow to 68% by 2025 under the status quo.
• Nearly all of our cars and trucks currently run on either gasoline or diesel fuel.
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Major fraction of the world’s oil reserves is in
the OPEC countries
Consumption
26%
US
12%
Production
2%
Reserves
7%
OPEC
41%
77%
67%
Rest of
World
47%
21%
0
20
40
60
Percentage of Total
80
100
Source: DOE/EIA, International Petroleum Statistics Reports, April 1999; DOE/EIA 0520, International Energy
Annual 1997, DOE/EIA0219(97), February 1999.
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World automobile population
is expected to grow substantially
Source: OTT Analytic Team
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Vehicle Energy Distribution
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World Energy Use
2100: 46 TW
2050: 30 TW Hoffert et al Nature 395, 883,1998
25.00
World Energy Demand
total
15.00
industrial
10.00
developing
5.00
ee/fsu
0.00
1970
50
US
1990
2010
40
2030
oil
30
%
TW-yrs
20.00
World Fuel Mix
gas
2001
coal
20
nucl
10
0
1 TWyr=31.56 EJ=5.89 bbl
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renew
85% fossil
EIA Intl Energy Outlook 2004
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About 20%
About 0.2 %
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 100 (%)
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Slide 45
about 50%
efficiency
about 20%
efficiency
about 33%
efficiency
about 75%
efficiency
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46% of 6%
=2.8 %
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Energy Challenges: Supply
Hubbert’s Peak
when will production peak?
bbl/yr
50
40
World Oil
Production
30
2% demand growth
2037
production peak
supply falls short
of demand
2016
ultimate recovery:
3000 bbl
20
oil becomes precious
price increases
global tension
10
1900
1950
2000
2050
2100
EIA:
http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/FTPROOT/
presentations/long_term_supply/index.htm
1 TWyr = 31.56 EJ = 5.89 bbl
Oil: 30-50 yrs?
gas: beyond oil?
coal: > 200 yrs?
find alternate sources
nuclear
renewable
Distinguish between “Estimated” (above) and “Proven” reserves (next slide)
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World now:
13 TWyr /yr
 410 EJ/yr
About 88 years:
60 coal,
14 oil,
and 14 gas.
Distinguish between “Proven” (above) and “Estimated” reserves
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Energy Challenges: Local/Regional Pollution
the six principal air pollutants
(not including CO2)
origin
secondary
effect
hazard
SOx
impurities in fuel
acid rain
particilates
health,
crops
corrosion
NOx
high T combustion
in air
particulates
ozone,
acid rain
health
CO
incomplete
combustion
health,
reduced O2
delivery
Particulates
combustion
sunlight +
NOx/SOx
health
Pb
chemical industry
health
ground
ozone
sunlight + NOx
+ organics
respiratory
vegetation
acid rain
pollution zones near sources
urban areas, power plants
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So, what are we going to do?
Do we need CASH
for ALCOHOL
research?
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The energy “difficulties” …
• (1) will be more challenging
than what we anticipate now
• (2) NO traditional solutions
• (3) New knowledge, new technology,
and new living habits and expectations
will be needed
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Nanotechnology potentials …
• Enabling Nanotech Revolution(s)
Nanotech to the rescue …
(1) Nano multifunctional materials
(2) Nano electronics & super-computers
(3) Nano sensors & actuators
(4) Nano devices & robotics
(5) Nano photovoltaics & photocatalitics
(6) Nano super-conductors (adv. transmission and el. motors)
(7) Nano energy-storage (adv. batteries & hydrogen)
(8) Nano bio-materials (synthetic fuels, pharmaceuticals, …)
Some examples:
Armchair Wire Project: electrical conductivity of copper at 1/6 the weight with
negligible eddy currents
Single Crystal Fullerene Nanotube Arrays … (Etc.)
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The renewable biomass energy
and development of
synthetic hydro-carbons …
• The renewable biomass energy (BM) and
development of synthetic hydro-carbons (SynHC)
will be very important if not critical
for substitution of fossil fuels…
• … since they are natural extensions of fossil fuels, the
existing energy infrastructure could be easily adapted
• global CO2 emission will be balanced during
renewable biomass production.
• BM&SynHC particularly promising for
energy storage and use in transportation
to replace fossil fuels,
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Hydrogen versus Renewable biomass
and synthetic hydro-carbons …
… especially considering the Hydrogen facts:
• (1) hydrogen does not exist in nature
as primary energy source
• (2) hydrogen production (from hydrocarbons or water)
is energy inefficient (always net-negative,
energy storage only)
• (3) hydrogen storage and distribution are facing
a host of problems that cannot be economically
resolved with present state of knowledge
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Hydrogen versus Renewable biomass and
synthetic hydro-carbons (2)
Instead of going ‘against’ the nature
with hydrogen …
H-H
H
H-C-…
H
… we should go ‘along’ with nature
with biomass energy and
development of synthetic hydro-carbons.
www.kostic.niu.edu
The Hydrogen Economy:
Challenges and Opportunities
George Crabtree
Senior Scientist and Director
Materials Science Division
the hydrogen economy
requires breakthrough
research
Northern Illinois basic
University
to find new materials
processes
November and
5, 2004
incremental advances in the present state of the art
Argonne
Laboratory
willNational
not meet
the challenge
U.S. Department of Energy
A U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Science Laboratory
Operated by The University of Chicago
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Hydro and Biomass & Waste
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Biomass and Biorefinery Summary:
• Biomass is the only sustainable source of
hydrocarbon-based fuels, petrochemicals,
and plastics
• Large national and world-wide biomass
resource base
• Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.
• Will diversify and reinvigorate rural economy
• Bio-refineries utilize residue from existing industry
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Energy Future Outlook:
…a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’
abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen),
the following energy future outlook is possible…
1. Creative adaptation and innovations, with change
of societal and human habits and expectations
(life could be happier after fossil fuels’ era)
2.
Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy management in wide sense
(to reduce waste, improve efficiency and quality of environment and life)
3.
Energy conservation and regeneration have unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large potentials,
particularly in industry
(also in transportation, commercial and residential sectors)
4.
Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of stationary energy needs
5.
Cogeneration and integration of power generation and new industry at global scale
(to close the cycles at sources thus protecting environment and increasing efficiency)
6.
Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for fossil fuel replacement
(mobile energy, transportation, and chemicals)
7.
Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels, advanced batteries, hydrogen,…)
8.
Redistributed solar-related and other renewable energies (to fill in the gap…)
www.kostic.niu.edu
Energy Future Outlook:
…a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’
abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen),
the following energy future outlook is possible…
1.
Creative adaptation and innovations, with change of societal and human habits
and expectations (life could be happier after fossil fuels’ era)
2. Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy
management in wide sense
(to reduce waste, improve efficiency and quality of
environment and life)
3.
Energy conservation and regeneration have unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large potentials,
particularly in industry
(also in transportation, commercial and residential sectors)
4.
Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of stationary energy needs
5.
Cogeneration and integration of power generation and new industry at global scale
(to close the cycles at sources thus protecting environment and increasing efficiency)
6.
Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for fossil fuel replacement
(mobile energy, transportation, and chemicals)
7.
Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels, advanced batteries, hydrogen,…)
8.
Redistributed solar-related and other renewable energies (to fill in the gap…)
www.kostic.niu.edu
Energy Future Outlook:
…a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’
abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen),
the following energy future outlook is possible…
1.
Creative adaptation and innovations, with change of societal and human habits
and expectations (life could be happier after fossil fuels’ era)
2.
Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy management in wide sense
(to reduce waste, improve efficiency and quality of environment and life)
3. Energy conservation and regeneration have
unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large
potentials, particularly in industry
(also in transportation, commercial and residential sectors)
4.
Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of stationary energy needs
5.
Cogeneration and integration of power generation and new industry at global scale
(to close the cycles at sources thus protecting environment and increasing efficiency)
6.
Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for fossil fuel replacement
(mobile energy, transportation, and chemicals)
7.
Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels, advanced batteries, hydrogen,…)
8.
Redistributed solar-related and other renewable energies (to fill in the gap…)
www.kostic.niu.edu
Energy Future Outlook:
…a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’
abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen),
the following energy future outlook is possible…
1. Creative adaptation and innovations, with change of societal and human habits
and expectations (life could be happier after fossil fuels’ era)
2. Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy management in wide sense
(to reduce waste, improve efficiency and quality of environment and life)
3. Energy conservation and regeneration have unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large
potentials, particularly in industry
(also in transportation, commercial and residential sectors)
4. Nuclear energy and re-electrification
for most of stationary energy needs
5. Cogeneration and integration of power generation and new industry at global scale
(to close the cycles at sources thus protecting environment and increasing efficiency)
6. Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for fossil fuel replacement
(mobile energy, transportation, and chemicals)
7. Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels, advanced batteries, hydrogen,…)
8. Redistributed solar-related and other renewable energies (to fill in the gap…)
www.kostic.niu.edu
Energy Future Outlook:
…a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’
abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen),
the following energy future outlook is possible…
1.
Creative adaptation and innovations, with change of societal and human habits
and expectations (life could be happier after fossil fuels’ era)
2.
Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy management in wide sense
(to reduce waste, improve efficiency and quality of environment and life)
3.
Energy conservation and regeneration have unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large potentials,
particularly in industry
(also in transportation, commercial and residential sectors)
4.
Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of stationary energy needs
5. Cogeneration and integration of power generation
and new industry at global scale
(to close the cycles at sources thus protecting
environment and increasing efficiency)
6.
Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for fossil fuel replacement
(mobile energy, transportation, and chemicals)
7.
Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels, advanced batteries, hydrogen,…)
8.
Redistributed solar-related and other renewable energies (to fill in the gap…)
www.kostic.niu.edu
Energy Future Outlook:
…a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’
abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen),
the following energy future outlook is possible…
1.
Creative adaptation and innovations, with change of societal and human habits
and expectations (life could be happier after fossil fuels’ era)
2.
Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy management in wide sense
(to reduce waste, improve efficiency and quality of environment and life)
3.
Energy conservation and regeneration have unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large potentials,
particularly in industry
(also in transportation, commercial and residential sectors)
4.
Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of stationary energy needs
5.
Cogeneration and integration of power generation and new industry at global scale
(to close the cycles at sources thus protecting environment and increasing efficiency)
6. Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons
for fossil fuel replacement
(mobile energy, transportation, and chemicals)
7.
Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels, advanced batteries, hydrogen,…)
8.
Redistributed solar-related and other renewable energies (to fill in the gap…)
www.kostic.niu.edu
Energy Future Outlook:
…a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’
abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen),
the following energy future outlook is possible…
1. Creative adaptation and innovations, with change of societal and human habits
and expectations (life could be happier after fossil fuels’ era)
2. Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy management in wide sense
(to reduce waste, improve efficiency and quality of environment and life)
3. Energy conservation and regeneration have unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large
potentials, particularly in industry
(also in transportation, commercial and residential sectors)
4. Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of stationary energy needs
5. Cogeneration and integration of power generation and new industry at global scale
(to close the cycles at sources thus protecting environment and increasing efficiency)
6. Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for fossil fuel replacement
(mobile energy, transportation, and chemicals)
7. Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels,
advanced batteries, hydrogen,…)
8. Redistributed solar-related and other renewable energies (to fill in the gap…)
www.kostic.niu.edu
Energy Future Outlook:
…a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’
abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen),
the following energy future outlook is possible…
1. Creative adaptation and innovations, with change of societal and human habits
and expectations (life could be happier after fossil fuels’ era)
2. Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy management in wide sense
(to reduce waste, improve efficiency and quality of environment and life)
3. Energy conservation and regeneration have unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large
potentials, particularly in industry
(also in transportation, commercial and residential sectors)
4. Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of stationary energy needs
5. Cogeneration and integration of power generation and new industry at global scale
(to close the cycles at sources thus protecting environment and increasing efficiency)
6. Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for fossil fuel replacement
(mobile energy, transportation, and chemicals)
7. Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels, advanced batteries, hydrogen,…)
8. Redistributed solar-related and other renewable
energies (to fill in the gap…)
www.kostic.niu.edu
Energy Future Outlook:
…a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’
abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen),
the following energy future outlook is possible…
1. Creative adaptation and innovations, with change of societal and human habits
and expectations (life could be happier after fossil fuels’ era)
2. Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy management in wide sense
(to reduce waste, improve efficiency and quality of environment and life)
3. Energy conservation and regeneration have unforeseen (higher order of magnitude)
and large potentials, particularly in industry
(also in transportation, commercial and residential sectors)
4. Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of stationary energy needs
5. Cogeneration and integration of power generation and new industry at global scale
(to close the cycles at sources thus protecting environment and increasing efficiency)
6. Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for fossil fuel replacement
(mobile energy, transportation, and chemicals)
7. Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels, advanced batteries, hydrogen,…)
8. Redistributed solar-related and other renewable energies (to fill in the gap…)
www.kostic.niu.edu
www.kostic.niu.edu
Thanks (for sharing their presentations with me) to:
Dr. George Crabtree, Materials Science Division
Dr. Romesh Kumar, Chemical Engineering Division
Argonne National Laboratory
A number of Data Slides are taken from:
Energy in World History by V. Smil (Westwiew Press, Inc., 1994)
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More information at:
www.kostic.niu.edu/energy
Solar 1.37 kW/m2, but only 12% over-all average 165 W/m2
2000 kcal/day100 Watt
World Prod.
2,200 Watt/p
275 Welec/p
USA Prod.
12,000 Watt/p
1500 Welec/p
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Thank you! Any Question ?
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