Federal Funding
The Process
The New Directions
Terry A. Ring
The Argument for Science
• Good for the
Workforce
Life
Life Sciences
Sciences and
and Chemicals
Chemicals Are
Are
Science-driven
Science-driven Technologies:
Technologies:
Science
ScienceLinkage
LinkageIs
IsIncreasing
Increasing for
forUS-invented
US-invented Chemicals
ChemicalsPatents
Patents
– Higher Pay
Life Sci
10
Avg Sci en ce Refs / Patent
• Good for
Quality of Life
• Good for the
Economy
12
8
Chemicals
6
4
Electronics
2
Info Tech
0
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
Issue Year
©2000 The Council for Chemical Research
1995
1997
1999
Economic Growth
Gross domestic product
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
2020
US R&D Funding
• Reasons for Concern
– Corporate Migration
• Clothing
• Manufacturing
• Research Labs
– Balance of Payments
– International Competitiveness
• Funding New Businesses
– Venture Capital
» Startup $ drying up after the dot com bubble burst
• Government Regulation
– EPA
– Homeland security
• Energy Costs
Doctoral Sciences & Engineering Degrees
18000
Asians in Asian Institutions
16000
Number of Degrees Granted
14000
12000
All nationalities in US Institutions
10000
8000
US citizens in US Institutions
6000
4000
Asians in US Institutions
2000
0
1985
1990
1995
2000
Year
Source: Science and Engineering Doctorate Awards, 1996 and 2000, NSF; Science and Engineering Indicators,
NSB, 2002
Sciences = Physics, chemistry, astronomy, earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences
Engineering = Aeronautical, astronautical, chemical, civil, electrical, industrial, material, metallurgical, and mechanical.
SOME WORRISOME
INDICATORS
•
•
•
•
•
When asked in spring 2005 what is the most attractive place in the world in
which to “lead a good life”1, respondents in only one of the 16 countries
polled (India) indicated the United States.
For the cost of one chemist or one engineer in the United States, a
company can hire about five chemists in China or 11 engineers in India.2
For the first time, the most capable high-energy particle accelerator on
Earth will, beginning in 2007, reside outside the United States.3
The United States is today a net importer of high-technology products. Its
share of global hightechnology exports has fallen in the last 2 decades from
30% to 17%, and its trade balance in hightechnology manufactured goods
shifted from plus $33 billion in 1990 to a negative $24 billion in 2004.4
Chemical companies closed 70 facilities in the United States in 2004 and
have tagged 40 more for shutdown. Of 120 chemical plants being built
around the world with price tags of $1 billion or more, one is in the United
States and 50 in China.
SOME WORRISOME
INDICATORS
•
•
Fewer than one-third of US 4th grade and 8th grade students performed at
or above a level called “proficient” in mathematics; “proficiency” was
considered the ability to exhibit competence with challenging subject matter.
Alarmingly, about one-third of the 4th graders and one-fifth of the 8th graders
lacked the competence to perform basic mathematical computations.6
US 12th graders recently performed below the international average for 21
countries on a test of general knowledge in mathematics and science. In
addition, an advanced mathematics assessment was administered to US
students who were taking or had taken precalculus, calculus, or Advanced
Placement calculus and to students in 15 other countries who were taking
or had taken advanced mathematics courses. Eleven nations outperformed
the United States, and four countries had scores similar to the US scores.
No nation scored significantly below the United States
SOME WORRISOME
INDICATORS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
In 1999, only 41% of US 8th grade students received instruction from a mathematics
teacher who specialized in mathematics, considerably lower than the international
average of 71%.
In one recent period, low-wage employers, such as Wal-Mart (now the nation’s
largest employer) and McDonald’s, created 44% of the new jobs, while high-wage
employers created only 29% of the new jobs.
In 2003, only three American companies ranked among the top 10 recipients of
patents granted by theUnited States Patent and Trademark Office.
In Germany, 36% of undergraduates receive their degrees in science and
engineering. In China, the figure is 59%, and in Japan 66%. In the United States, the
corresponding figure is 32%.
The United States is said to have 10.5 million illegal immigrants, but under the law the
number of visas set aside for “highly qualified foreign workers” dropped to 65, 000 a
year from its 195,000 peak.
In 2004, China graduated over 600,000 engineers, India 350,000, and America about
70,000.
In 2001 (the most recent year for which data are available), US industry spent more
on tort litigation than on R&D.
The Issue
Organizations Doing Things About
This
•
•
•
•
•
•
AAAS
ACS
APS
MRS
AIChE
CCR
Types of Bills in Congress
• Authorization Bills – establish programs
and polities
– Can also set recommended budget levels
• E.G. NIH Doubling Bill (Contract with America),
NSF Doubling Bill
• Appropriation Bills – Actual Funding
Process for FY-X
•
June – Memo to Agency Heads from Administration
– From OMB and OSTP
– Outlines Administration Directions for the future of Science and Technology
Funding
•
•
•
July to Dec - Agency Discussions with OMB
February – Presidents Budget sent to Congress
March to June – Congressional Committee Hearings
– Statement of Administration Policy
– House & Senate Guidelines decided by Leadership
•
July to October 1 – Appropriations Bills (12) passed by House and Senate,
– Conference committee to iron out differences
•
•
Signed into Law by President
If not passed by Oct. 1
– Continuing Resolution(s)
• Continue to spend at last year’s level
– Limited Funding Actions and No New Starts
• Wait for new funding until Appropriation Bill is signed by President
– Agency shuts down
Process for FY-X
•
June – Memo to Agency Heads from Administration
•
•
•
July to Dec - Agency Discussions with OMB
February – Presidents Budget sent to Congress
March to June – Congressional Committee Hearings
CCR White Paper
– From OMB and OSTP
– Outlines Administration Directions for the future of Science and Technology
Funding
– Statement of Administration Policy
– House & Senate Guidelines decided by Leadership
Agency Visits
CCR White Papers
(NSF, DOE, NIH, etc)
Congressional Visits
•
July to October 1 – Appropriations Bills (12) passed by House and Senate,
Action Alerts
– Conference committee to iron out differences
•
•
Signed into Law by President
If not passed by Oct. 1
– Continuing Resolution(s)
• Continue to spend at last year’s level
– Limited Funding Actions and No New Starts
• Wait for new funding until Appropriation Bill is signed by President
– Agency shuts down
Info on Funding Status http://www.aaas.org/spp/rd/ or
http://thomas.loc.gov/home/approp/app06.html
Table 2. Estimated Research by Agency
Senate Action on R&D in the FY 2006 Budget (as of September 30, 2005)
(budget authority in millions of dollars)
Action by Senate
FY 2005
FY 2006
FY 2006
Chg. from Request
Chg. from FY 2005
Est. *
Request
Senate
Amount
Percent
Amount
Percent
15,114
15,235
15,759
524
3.4%
646
4.3%
15,111
15,235
15,759
524
3.4%
649
4.3%
National Science Foundation
3,416
3,464
3,474
9
0.3%
58
1.7%
Department of Defense *
1,513
1,319
1,445
126
9.6%
-69
-4.5%
Department of Energy
2,824
2,712
2,906
194
7.1%
82
2.9%
Office of Science
2,787
2,682
2,872
190
7.1%
84
3.0%
2,289
2,199
2,214
16
0.7%
-75
-3.3%
851
788
874
86
10.9%
23
2.7%
Department of the Interior **
36
30
34
4
13.9%
-1
-3.4%
Department of Homeland Security **
85
112
112
0
0.0%
27
31.8%
115
121
120
-1
-0.4%
5
4.7%
Environmental Protection Agency **
66
70
67
-3
-3.9%
1
1.2%
Department of Commerce (NIST)
61
74
63
-11
-14.9%
2
3.9%
392
411
406
-5
-1.1%
14
3.7%
________
________
________
________
26,762
26,536
27,476
940
3.5%
714
2.7%
28,702
28,960
29,719
759
2.6%
1,017
3.5%
27,487
27,805
28,622
817
2.9%
1,135
4.1%
3,695
3,741
3,751
10
0.3%
56
1.5%
Basic Research:
Health and Human Services
National Institutes of Health
National Aeronautics & Space Admin.*
Department of Agriculture
Smithsonian **
All Other
Total Est. Basic Research
________
RESEARCH (basic and applied):
Health and Human Services
National Institutes of Health
National Science Foundation