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Managerial Use and Emerging Norms:
Effects of Activity Patterns on Software
Design and Deployment
January 1, 2004
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Authors
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Jonathan Grudin
Publication Type
Inproceedings
Publisher
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
© 2004 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to
reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new
collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or to reuse any copyrighted
component of this work in other works must be obtained from the IEEE.
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Abstract
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Abstract
Software use in many organizations has spread vertically. I present evidence that applications
that are widely used in organizations have at least three distinct patterns of use: one for
individual contributors, one for managers, and one for executives. Use within each of these
groups is shaped by its particular activity and incentive structures. Interaction among group
members promotes shared social conventions and feature use. When designing, acquiring, or
supporting such an application, the best approach could be to treat it as three distinct
applications. The applications discussed include shared calendars, email, application-sharing,
shared workspaces, browsers and desktop videoconferencing.
Related Info
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 paper.doc
Research Areas
 Programming languages and software engineering
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 Microsoft Research Lab - Redmond
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