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Usability Analysis of 3D Rotation
Techniques
January 1, 1997
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BibTex
Authors

Dennis Proffitt

Joe Tullio

Ken Hinckley

Neal Kassell

Randy Pausch
Publication Type
Inproceedings
Publisher
Association for Computing Machinery, Inc.
Copyright © 1997 by the Association for Computing Machinery, Inc. Permission to make
digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without
fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that
copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this
work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy
otherwise, to republish, to post on servers, or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific
permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from Publications Dept, ACM Inc., fax +1 (212)
869-0481, or permissions@acm.org. The definitive version of this paper can be found at
ACM’s Digital Library –http://www.acm.org/dl/.

Abstract

Related Info
Abstract
We report results from a formal user study of interactive 3D rotation using the mouse-driven
Virtual Sphere and Arcball techniques, as well as multidimensional input techniques based on
magnetic orientation sensors. Multidimensional input is often assumed to allow users to work
quickly, but at the cost of precision, due to the instability of the hand moving in the open air. We
show that, at least for the orientation matching task used in this experiment, users can take
advantage of the integrated degrees of freedom provided by multidimensional input without
necessarily sacrificing precision: using multidimensional input, users completed the experimental
task up to 36% faster without any statistically detectable loss of accuracy. We also report
detailed observations of common usability problems when first encountering the techniques. Our
observations suggest some design issues for 3D input devices. For example, the physical formfactors of the 3D input device significantly influenced user acceptance of otherwise identical
input sensors. The device should afford some tactile cues, so the user can feel its orientation
without looking at it. In the absence of such cues, some test users were unsure of how to use the
device.
Related Info
Related Files
 uistrotation-final.doc
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 Microsoft Research Lab - Redmond
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