This file reviews materials in
Exercises 9, 10, 11 and it prepares
students for the coming lab test.
Ex. 9 (Appendicular skeleton)
Ex. 10 (Fetal skeleton)
Ex. 11 (Articulations and body movements)
by Dr. Shaw, Zoology 251 Lab Coordinator, x7176; donalds@utm.edu
1
Ex. 9:
Appendicular skeleton
2
Required bones and markings are
highlighted in 3 different colors-1. Individual bones in green
2. Articulations, extensions, and projections in
yellow (condyle, crest, facet, process, etc.)
3. Depressions, passages, and cavities in red
(fissure, foramen, fossa, sinus, etc.)
3
Right vs. Left--In order to determine if a scapula is right or left, orient it so the glenoid cavity
(articulating surface) faces laterally (outward) and the spine is posterior (toward back) and superior
(upper). The coracoid process should be anterior and superior. The spine points at 2 o’clock (Right
side of the clock) for the right scapula, and at 10 o’clock (Left side of the clock) for the left scapula.
Superior
border
Suprascapular
notch
Superior angle
Acromion
Acromion
Supraspinous
fossa
Coracoid
process
Lateral
angle
Spine
Glenoid
Cavity (Fossa)
Posterior surface
Anterior surface
Lateral
border
Medial
border
Inferior angle
The right scapula;
Anterior view
The right scapula;
Posterior view
4
• left or right side of body? ________;
Practice 01
Right scapula
• Name the bone above: _________;
5
Right vs. Left-- Orient the clavicle so the smooth (no grooves and ridges) superior surface faces up.
Then, the rounded sternal (medial) end should face medially while the broad and flat acromial
(lateral) end faces laterally. Finally, the medial half of the clavicle should bulge OUT (convex
anteriorly) first followed by its lateral half bulges IN (concave posteriorly).
Sternal end
Is the above clavicle from the left or right
side of the body?
Right
Acromial
(lateral) end
6
A right clavicle or left clavicle (as shown above)?
Practice 02
Right scapula
and left clavicle
A right scapula or left scapula (as shown below)?
7
Greater
tubercle
Greater
tubercle
Head
Lesser
tubercle
Anatomical
neck
Surgical
neck
Intertubercular
sulcus
Nutrient
foramen
Deltoid
tuberosity
Deltoid
tuberosity
Medial
supracondylar
ridge
Coronoid
fossa
Radial
fossa
Lateral
supracondylar
ridge
Medial
epicondyle
Lateral
epicondyle
Lateral
epicondyle
Capitulum
Olecranon
fossa
Trochlea
Humerus;
anterior view
Humerus;
posterior view
8
Practice 03
Name the bone above. ____________
9
Right vs. Left-- First orient the bones so that the rounded head is superior (up) and pointing
medially (toward the body's midline). Then you will need to determine the anterior vs. posterior
side. On the humerus, look for the deep olecranon fossa on the posterior side (where the olecranon
process of the ulna fits in when the elbow is straightened). The specimen below is from the right side.
10
Olecranon (process)
Olecranon (process)
Trochlear notch
Radial notch
of ulna
Head of
radius
Neck of
radius
Coronoid process
Ulnar tuberosity
Head of
radius
Neck of
radius
Radial
tuberosity
Ulna
Radius
Interosseous
borders
Interosseous
membrane
Ulnar notch
of radius
Head of ulna
Styloid process
Styloid
process
Articular facets
(a) Anterior view
Styloid
process
(b) Posterior view
11
Practice 04
(a) Anterior view
(b) Posterior view
12
The right wrist and hand, anterior (palmar, ventral) view
Distal phalanx II
Middle phalanx II
Key to carpal bones
Distal row
Proximal row
Phalanges
(fingers)
Proximal phalanx II
Distal
phalanx I
Head
Pollex
Body
Proximal
phalanx I
Base
Head
Metacarpals
(palms) I-V
Body
Base
Hamulus of hamate
Carpals
(wrist)
bones
Hamate
V
IV
III
II
I
First
metacarpal
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Pisiform
Triquetrum
Capitate
Scaphoid
Carpal
bones
Lunate
Mnemonic for carpal bones– Sally Left The Party (proximal row);
To Take Charlie Home (distal row)
13
Practice 05
The right wrist and hand, anterior (palmar, ventral) view
Key to carpal bones
Distal row
Proximal row
14
The pelvis (two coxal/hip bones and the sacrum); anterosuperior view
Iliac
crest
Iliac
fossa
Base of
sacrum
Ilium
Sacroiliac joint
Anterior
superior
iliac spine
Pelvic surface
of sacrum
Anterior inferior
iliac spine
Pelvic inlet
Coccyx
Ischial spine
Ischium
Acetabulum
Body
Interpubic
disc
Ischial ramus
Pubis
Obturator
foramen
Superior ramus
Inferior ramus
Body
Pubic symphysis
Pubic crest
Each coxal/hip bone is formed by three bones: the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
15
The pelvis (two coxal/hip bones and the sacrum); anterosuperior view
ID this bone—
ID this bone—
Practice 06
16
Male
Female
Pelvic brim
Pelvic inlet
Obturator foramen
50-60
Pubic arch
80-90
17
Right vs. Left-- In order to determine if a hip bone is right or left, place the bone on yourself with
the iliac crest superior, hold it with acetabulum facing laterally (outward), and the obturator
foramen inferior (down). Now all you need to do is determine which side is anterior vs. posterior,
which can be done by looking for the rough pubic symphysis (anterior) that is at the midline to meet
its fellow hip bone of the other side.
Right hip bone
A right or left
hip bone (as
shown)?
Practice 07
18
Ilium
Ischium Pubis
Iliac crest
Anterior gluteal
line
Inferior gluteal line
Anterior superior
iliac spine
Posterior gluteal line
Posterior superior
iliac spine
Posterior inferior
iliac spine
Anterior inferior
iliac spine
Greater sciatic notch
Body of ilium
Acetabulum
Superior ramus
of pubis
Ischial spine
Body of pubis
Lesser sciatic notch
Inferior ramus
of pubis
Body of ischium
Obturator foramen
Ischial tuberosity
Ischial ramus
Right coxal bone, lateral view
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Ilium
Ischium Pubis
Right coxal bone, lateral view
Practice 08
20
Iliac crest
Iliac fossa
Anterior superior
iliac spine
Posterior superior
iliac spine
Arcuate line
Auricular surface
Anterior inferior
iliac spine
Posterior inferior
iliac spine
Greater sciatic notch
Ischial spine
Pubic crest
Location of
pubic symphysis
Obturator foramen
Ischial ramus
Right coxal bone, medial view
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Right coxal bone, medial view
Practice 09
22
Fovea capitis
Greater
trochanter
Greater
trochanter
Head
Neck
Lesser
trochanter
Intertrochanteric line
Intertrochanteric crest
Spiral line
Gluteal tuberosity
Linea aspera
Shaft
Medial supracondylar line
Popliteal surface
Lateral epicondyle
Medial epicondyle
Lateral supracondylar
line
Lateral epicondyle
Patellar surface
Lateral condyle
Medial
condyle
Patella
Intercondylar fossa
Articular facets
Apex of patella
(a) Anterior view
(b) Posterior view
23
Right vs. Left-- In order to distinguish right from left, first orient the bones so that the rounded
head is superior (up) and pointing medially (toward the body's midline). Then you will need to
determine the anterior vs. posterior side. On the femur, look for the patellar surface, which is
anterior. Also note how the articulating surfaces of the condyles extends far back on the posterior
side (since the knee bends back but not forward). The specimen below is from the right side.
ID the bone—
Practice 10
Posterior view
24
Intercondylar eminence
Medial
condyle
Apex
Head of fibula
Tibial
tuberosity
Proximal tibiofibular
joint
Lateral surface
Lateral condyle
Interosseous
membrane
Anterior border
(crest)
Tibia
Mnemonic for location of
tibia and fibula:
The fibuLA is LAteral.
Fibula
Distal tibiofibular joint
Medial
malleolus
Lateral malleolus
Lateral malleolus
(a) Anterior view
(b) Posterior view
25
Right vs. Left-- You need to tell right from left for the tibia. To do so, first orient the tibia so that
the larger flatter end is superior (up). The anterior border (crest or shin) should of course be
anterior (front). Finally, the medial side can be determined by the medial malleolus (remember that
the malleoli bracket the ankle and since the tibia is the medial bone of the lower limb, its malleolus
must be medial). A right tibia is shown below.
Anterior view
Practice 11
26
Superior (dorsal) view
Distal
phalanx I
Hallux
Distal
phalanx V
Proximal
phalanx I
Middle
phalanx V
Metatarsal
I
II
Proximal
phalanx V
III
IV
V
Medial cuneiform
Intermediate cuneiform
Lateral cuneiform
Cuboid
Navicular
Talus
Calcaneus
Trochlear surface
of talus
Tarsal bones
Key to tarsal bones
Distal group
Tuberosity of calcaneus
Proximal group
Mnemonic for tarsal bones– CAn TALented NAVal MEDIcs
INTERest LAzy CUBscouts?
27
Superior (dorsal) view
Key to tarsal bones
Distal group
Proximal group
Practice 12
28
Ex. 10:
Fetal skeleton
29
Coronal
suture
Frontal
bone
Sphenoid
fontanel
Parietal bone
Lambdoid
suture
Nasal
bone
Squamous
suture
Maxilla
Occipital bone
Zygomatic
bone
Mastoid
fontanel
Temporal bone
Mandible
Sphenoid
bone
(a) Lateral view
30
Metopic suture
Anterior fontanel
Sagittal suture
Parietal
bone
Posterior (occipital)
fontanel
(b) Superior view
31
(a) Lateral view
Practice 13
(b) Superior view
32
Ex. 11:
Articulations and
body movements
Required structures are
highlighted.
33
Proximal
phalanx
Ligament
Joint cavity
containing
synovial fluid
Articular
cartilages
Fibrous
capsule
Periosteum
Bone
Joint
capsule
Synovial
membrane
Middle
phalanx
34
Femur
Patellar surface
Medial condyle
Lateral
condyle
Posterior cruciate
ligament
Fibular
collateral
ligament
Anterior cruciate
ligament
Lateral
meniscus
Medial meniscus
Tibial collateral
ligament
Transverse
ligament
Patellar ligament
(cut)
Fibula
Tibia
(a) Anterior view
35
Practice 14
(a) Anterior view
36
Femur
Medial
condyle
Anterior cruciate
ligament
Tibial
collateral
ligament
Fibular collateral
ligament
Medial
meniscus
Lateral meniscus
Articular cartilage
of tibia
Posterior
cruciate
ligament
Fibula
Tibia
(b) Posterior view
37
Quadriceps
femoris
Quadriceps
femoris tendon
Femur
Suprapatellar
bursa
Bursa under lateral
head of gastrocnemius
Prepatellar bursa
Joint capsule
Patella
Articular cartilage
Synovial membrane
Meniscus
Joint cavity
Infrapatellar fat pad
Superficial
infrapatellar bursa
Patellar ligament
Tibia
Deep
infrapatellar bursa
(c) Sagittal section
38
Lateral meniscus
Posterior cruciate
ligament
Medial meniscus
Synovial
membrane
Medial condyle
of tibia
Lateral condyle
of tibia
Anterior cruciate
ligament
(d) Superior view of tibia and menisci
39
1. Ball-and-socket joints–
•
•
Features: Smooth hemispherical head fits within a cuplike
depression
Examples:
– (shoulder) head of humerus into glenoid cavity of scapula (shown
below)
– (hip) head of femur into acetabulum of hip bone
Head of humerus
Scapula
40
2. Condylar joints–
•
•
Features: Oval convex surface on one bone fits into a similarly
shaped depression on the next
Examples:
– radiocarpal joint of the wrist
– metacarpophalangeal joints at the bases of the fingers
(shown below)
Metacarpal
bone
Phalanx
41
3. Saddle joints–
• Features: Each articular surface is shaped like a saddle, concave
in one direction and convex in the other bone (like a sitting rider)
• Example:
– trapeziometacarpal joint at the base of the thumb (as shown
below)
Trapezium
Metacarpal bone
42
4. Gliding (plane) joints—
• Features: Flat articular surfaces in which bones slide over each
other
• Examples:
– between the carpal bones of the wrist (shown below)
– the tarsal bones of the ankle
– articular processes of the vertebrae
Carpal bones
43
5. Hinge joints—
• Features: One bone with convex surface that fits into a concave
depression on other bone
• Examples:
– ulna and humerus at elbow joint (trochlea of the humerus fits
into the trochlear notch of the ulna) (shown below)
– femur and tibia at knee joint (tibiofemoral)
Humerus
Ulna
44
6. Pivot joints–
• Features: One bone rotates on its longitudinal axis relative to the
other
• Examples:
– proximal radioulnar joint; the radius pivots during pronation
and supination (as shown below)
– atlantoaxial joint (dens of axis to atlas)
Ulna
Radius
45
Hyperextension
Flexion
Extension
Extension
Flexion
(a)
(b)
Flexion
Hip
flexion
Hyperextension
(c)
Knee
flexion
Extension
(d)
46
Identify the body movements below.
(a) Abduction
Practice 15
(b) Adduction
47
Identify the body movements below.
(a)
Practice 16
Medial (internal) rotation
(b) Lateral (external) rotation
48
Identify the body movements below.
Circumduction
Practice 17
49
Identify the body movements below.
(a) Supination
Practice 18
(b) Pronation
50
Identify the body movements below.
Dorsiflexion
Zero
position
(b) Inversion
(c) Eversion
Plantar flexion
(a) Flexion of ankle
Practice 19
51
Models with KEYS
52
KEY CARD (Synovial joint of left knee)-- ALL are required terminologies.
Educational + Scientific Products (ESP) in England (ZJY-940-J)
1. (in blue)– Articular cartilage; 2. (in white)-- Synovial membrane
3. Femur;
4. Tibia
5. Medial meniscus;
6. Lateral meniscus
7. (in green)-- Fibrous capsule (outside synovial membrane; together
synovial membrane and fibrous capsule are called joint capsule)
8. (in red)-- Tibial collateral ligament
9. Sponge (cancellous) bone showing patterning of the bony trabeculae
10. Marrow cavity
53
Knee (Anterior view)—All are required terminologies.
1. Femur; 2a. Lateral condyle of femur; 2b. Medial condyle of femur; 3. Fibular (lateral)
collateral ligament; 4a. Lateral meniscus; 4b. Medial meniscus; 5. Tibial (medial)
collateral ligament; 6. Anterior cruciate ligament; 8. Patellar ligament; 9. Tibia; 10.
Fibula; 11. Tendon of the quadriceps muscle; 12. location of patella (covered by tendon)
54
Knee (Posterior view)– All are required terminologies
1. Femur; 2a. Medial condyle of femur; 2b. Lateral condyle of femur; 3. Fibular (lateral)
collateral ligament; 4a. Lateral meniscus; 4b. Medial meniscus; 5. Tibial (medial)
collateral ligament; 9. Tibia; 10. Fibula; 13a. Medial articular cartilage of tibia; 13b. Lateral
articular cartilage of tibia; 14. Posterior cruciate ligament
55