MCCDC-MRD
COMBAT LOAD REPORT
LCDR Demetri Economos USN
Marine Corps Combat Development Command
Materiel Requirements Division
Quantico, Virginia
31 DEC 2003
1. Purpose. To provide Director, Materiel Requirements
Division the current anthropometrical data for height and
weight, the optimum combat load in assault, march, and existence
scenarios (as a function of % body weight for the average
Marine), and recommend a combat load weight and balance figure
for future combat systems based on the optimum loads calculated
for the USMC.
2. Background. Overloading causes fatigue, heat stress,
injury, and performance degradation.
Figure 1. Estimated load weights carried on the march by various
infantry units throughout history (modified from Knapik et. al.,
Ref #21).
a. The problem of overloading the infantryman with
equipment can been seen throughout history (Figure 1). Although
not indicated in figure 1, the armies of antiquity traveled with
loads equivalent to modern day armies; however, they offset
their loads utilizing auxiliary transport (carts, animals,
porters) in order to maximize combat effectiveness. Despite
modern technologies (aircraft, wheeled vehicles), the
infantryman continues to carry ever-increasing loads.
Identifying the correct load for the infantryman to carry is
essential for optimum performance effectiveness and mission
success.
b. SLA Marshall’s book “Soldier’s Load and the Mobility of
a Nation” is the most often cited document regarding combat
loading of the infantryman. The premise of his analysis combines
1
average body weight of soldiers and the percentage of that mean
weight for the optimum load to be carried by the soldier. At the
time of his book (1950) he estimated the average soldier weighed
153.6 pounds and (from his analysis, moderate experimentation,
and experience) concluded that 33% of the body weight of an
average soldier could be carried optimally (equates to 50.7
pounds).
c. More scientific anthropometrical studies have been
performed and indicate that military personnel have increased in
size and weight since the time of Marshall’s book. The last
known study of this type for the Marine Corps was the 1971 MCDEC
(Marine Corps Development and Education Command) evaluation of
components of the 1970 MARCES (Marine Combat Electronic System)
Report (Project 30-69-07). In parts of its conclusions, it
stated that the mean average body weight and height for the USMC
as 158 pounds and 68.7 inches, respectively.
d. Up-to-date anthropometrical values become an important
factor when contemplating the development of future combat
systems where weight and occupancy volume become essential
variables in the design and lift capabilities of these future
systems. To that end, the MCCDC-MRD commissioned a study to:
(1) determine the current 50%-ile body weight and height
the Marine Corps.
(2) review the current load scenario definitions for
accuracy.
(3) recommend load weights for the load scenarios.
(4) recommend a combat load weight and balance figure
for combat development.
3.
Study Method.
a. Exhaustive literature review covering DoD publications,
military standards, military doctrine publications, scientific
research publications, and commercial periodicals on the issue
of combat loading.
b. Collect height and weight data from the Marsh Center
USMC Manpower database, Quantico, VA and crosscheck with PFT
rosters from commands in Quantico, Virginia, and the School of
Infantry-East Coast, Camp LeJeune, N.C.
2
c.
Calculate the USMC mean average for height and weight.
d. Calculate the optimum load weight for the load
scenarios.
e.
Calculate load weight and balance figure.
4. Results. All literature reviewed arrived at the same
conclusion: the infantryman is overloaded.
a. Current Army doctrinal publications FM 21-18 (Foot
Marches) and FM 7-10 (Infantry Rifle Company) prescribe weights
of 48 and 72 pounds for the fighting and approach march loads,
respectively. In a scenario defined as Emergency Approach March
Load, higher loads of up to 120 pounds are allowed in conditions
where approach marches are through terrain impassable to
vehicles, or ground/air transport are not available, or when the
mission demands that soldiers be employed as porters (note:
enemy contact should be avoided at the higher load). Although
the rationale behind the numbers was not indicated, it can be
assumed that either Army science or published military standards
influenced the Army’s doctrine.
b. In order to identify the source of the Army’s numbers,
the Department of Defense Design Criteria Standard: Human
Engineering (MIL-STD-1472F) was reviewed. This standard
establishes general human engineering criteria for design and
development of military systems, equipment and facilities. It
recommends no more than 30% of body weight for close combat, and
no more than 45% for marching. Comparing the percentage of body
weight recommended for the load scenarios versus the actual
loads recommended by the Army leads to the conclusion that the
Army based its loads from the MIL-STD and that it assumed an
average soldier weight of 160 pounds (160 x 30% = 48; 160 x 45%
= 72). The MIL-STD-1472F does not define a standard for the
emergency approach march load scenario, but it can be calculated
from the Army’s publication as 75% of the soldier’s body weight,
assuming the 160 pound solider as the average.
c. The next question is how did the Army arrive to its
conclusion that the average soldier weighs 160 pounds? Review of
the Military Handbook: Anthropometry of U.S. Military Personnel
(DOD-HDBK-743A) found a listing of every conceivable
anthropometrical measurement for military personnel of which
stature and body weights are included. Table 1 highlights the
last known weight and height measurements for the military:
3
Table 1. Highlight of weight and height averages for the
services (modified from the DOD-HDBK-743A).
SERVICE
Year Data Sample
(n=)
USA
1988 1,774
1966 6,677
USMC
1966 2,006
USAF flyers 1967 2,420
USN recruits 1966 4,091
Avg WT
(lbs)
172.7*
158.9
159.8†
173.2
157.4
Data Sample
(n=)
1,596
6,669
2,008
2,382
4,095
Avg HT
(in)
69.8
69.8
70.2
69.6
69.9
(*) Note that the 1988 average soldier weighed 173 lbs yet in
the Army’s FM 21-18 it assumes a 160 lbs weight. It is concluded
that the pub actually reflects 1966 data but other sections of
the pub have been updated as of 1990.
(†) The MCDEC evaluation indicated 158 lbs for the USMC in
1971, but in actuality it derived its data from the same 1966
study that composed this section of the DOD-HDBK.
d. As can be seen in Table 1, there is a need to update the
weight and height data for all the services. The current study
updated the body weight and stature parameters for the Marine
Corps by collecting data from the Marsh Center Manpower database
and by cross-checking that data with a smaller sample from the
local commands of Quantico, VA and the School of Infantry, Camp
LeJeune, N.C. The results in Table 2 show the averages by gender
and rank and the results from the cross-check.
Table 2. USMC Weight and Height Data.
RANK
USMC (Females Only)
USMC (Males Only)
O-1,O-2 (“)
E-9
(“)
E-8
(“)
E-7
(“)
E-6
(“)
E-5
(“)
E-4
(“)
E-3
(“)
E-2
(“)
E-1
(“)
DATA SAMPLE
(N=)
4,186
56,513
108
68
174
385
1,200
3,371
7,567
26,632
12,185
4,823
4
WT (X=)
Pounds
130.3
169.0
172.6
184.2
182.5
182.0
172.0
167.1
167.2
169.2
169.3
169.1
+SD
Lbs.
15.7
24.4
22.8
20.9
19.8
20.5
23.7
22.9
23.3
24.4
25.0
25.6
HT (X=)
Inches
64.5
69.6
70.1
70.1
69.7
69.7
69.9
69.7
69.6
69.2
69.6
69.7
+SD
In.
2.6
2.9
3.9
2.9
2.7
2.7
2.8
2.7
2.8
3.0
2.8
3.0
OTHER
OCS
TBS (predominantly O-1 & O-2)
H&S BN(predominantly >E-5 & >O-3)
SOI (MOS 03XX, E-1 & E-2)
SAMPLE (N=)
162
562
1,555
223
WT (X=)
173.4
175.1
175.2
168.2
+SD
HT (X=)
19.5
68.7
21.3
69.9
23.0
69.8
19.4
69.5
+SD
2.8
3.2
2.7
2.1
e. With an objective of defining optimum loads for the USMC
in the various scenarios, the current study evaluated the
current load scenario definitions for the USMC. USMC definitions
of assault load, approach march load, and existence load are
defined in the Improved Load Bearing Equipment (ILBE) ORD:
(1) Assault Load - The assault load is the load needed
during the actual conduct of the assault. It will include
minimal equipment beyond water and ammunition. From the human
factors perspective, the maximum assault load weight will be
that weight at which an average infantry Marine will be able to
conduct combat operations indefinitely with minimal degradation
in combat effectiveness.
(2) Approach March Load - The approach march load is
defined as that load necessary for the prosecution of combat
operations for extended periods with access to daily re-supply.
The approach march load is intended to provide the individual
infantry Marine with the necessities of existence for an
extended period of combat. From the perspective of human
factors, the maximum weight of the approach march load will be
such that the average infantry Marine will able to conduct a 20mile hike during a time frame of eight hours with the reasonable
expectation of maintaining 90% combat effectiveness.
(3) Existence Load - The existence load is defined as
that load taken from the point of origin into the assembly area.
The existence load, for planning purposes, will be intended to
support the individual from their pack when immediate re-supply
is impossible. From the perspective of human factors, the
maximum weight of the existence load will be such that the
average infantry Marine will be able to conduct limited movement
within the confines of Naval shipping, embark and debark
aircraft or amphibious craft, and limited marching from the
landing zone into a secured area.
f. To obtain the correct load weights to be carried in the
load scenarios mentioned in 4.e., the current study searched for
the optimum percentage of body weight recommended for the
various load scenarios. All the literature (pubs, standards, and
scientific research) indicates 30% and 45% of body weight as
5
optimums in the assault and approach march load scenarios. There
was no defined % for existence load in the literature:
Table 3. Optimum load carriage percentages versus load
scenarios.
REFERENCE (Ref #)
MIL-STD-1472F (4)
DOD-HDBK-743A (8)
MIL-HDBK-759C (7)
FM 21-18 (9)
FM 7-10 (3)
Science (15-27)
ASSAULT LOAD
30%
30%
30%
30%
30%
30%
APPROACH MARCH LOAD
45%
45%
45%
45%
45%
45%
5. Discussion and Conclusions. The object of the current study
was to: update USMC anthropometrical measurements for weight and
height and derive a 50%-ile (mean) weight and height from the
measurements, review the current load scenario definitions for
relevancy, determine the optimum weight the average Marine
should carry for the various load scenarios, and recommend a
load weight and balance for future lift assets. These objectives
were accomplished by data collection, review of standards,
discussions with military scientists, and data calculation. The
conclusions drawn from the results of the study reflect:
a. The average weight of a Marine is 169.0 pounds (male
only), and 130.3 pounds (female only).
b. The average height of a Marine is 69.6 inches (male
only), and 64.5 inches (female only).
c. Careful review of the literature and contact with
military scientists for determining the optimum percentage of
body weight the infantryman should carry in the various load
scenarios have resulted in the conclusion of 30% and 45% of body
weight for the Assault Load and the Approach March Load.
d. The Marine Corps definition of Assault Load is current
and accurately reflects the load scenario.
e. The Marine Corps definition of Approach March Load is
current and accurately reflects the load scenario.
f. The US Army FM 21-18 (Foot Marches) doctrinal
publication indicates an Emergency Approach March Load scenario
for mission coverage over a 72-hour period where air/ground
transport is not available. There is no Marine Corps definition
6
for the Emergency Approach March Load. This is a potential
deficiency. It is suggested that the Marine Corps consider
adopting a modified version of the Army concept. The following
definition for a Sustained March Load is offered as an
intermediate between Approach March Load and Existence Load:
(1) Sustained March Load - that load which may be
necessary to accomplish the mission, including items necessary
to sustain or protect over a period of approximately 72 hrs when
air and ground transport are not available. Larger packs must be
carried and contact with the enemy should not be expected as the
heavier packs could negatively affect combat effectiveness. From
the human factors perspective, well-conditioned Marines can
easily carry the Sustained March Load.
g. Assuming the addition of a Sustained March Load
definition, it is suggested the Marine Corps modify the current
definition of Existence Load to the following (modification is
italicized and bolded):
(1) Existence Load - defined as that load taken from the
point of origin into the assembly area. The existence load, for
planning purposes, will be intended to support the individual
from their pack when immediate re-supply is impossible. Due to
the heavier loads carried, enemy contact should be avoided. From
the perspective of human factors, the maximum weight of the
existence load will be such that the average infantry Marine
will be able to conduct limited movement within the confines of
Naval shipping, embark and debark aircraft or amphibious craft,
and limited marching from the landing zone into a secured area.
h. Careful review of the literature and contact with
military scientists gave no indication that an optimum
percentage of body weight had been defined for a Sustained March
Load or an Existence Load. This is a deficiency. In lieu of
concrete experimentation, it is suggested that the Marine Corps
consider 60% and 75% as the optimum percentage of body weight
for carriage in the Sustained March Load and Existence Load
(respectively). These numbers are based on data extrapolation
from Army load carriage experiments and derivative conclusions
from the Army doctrinal publications.
i. Given the conclusions from 5a. – 5h. that the average
Marine weighs 169 pounds and the optimum percentage of body
weight for the loading scenarios are 35, 45, 60, and 75%, the
following table is recommended for approval for combat loading
in the in the defined loading scenarios:
7
Table 4. Optimum load weights for the load scenarios
Average Marine
Body Weight (Male)
Assault
(30%)
169 pounds
50.7 lbs
Approach
March
(45%)
76.1 lbs
Sustained
March (60%)
Existence
(75%)
101.4 lbs
126.8 lbs
j. Using the figures from the table above, the following is
suggested as the representative load list in the defined
scenarios as adopted and modified from the FEB 2003 ILBE ORD
(numbers are derived from actual weight of gear projected to be
carried by the Marine in those scenarios and are not necessarily
prescriptive):
Static Weight*
Uniform, Utility, Camouflage
Uniform, Utility, Belt,
Khaki, Web
T-shirt, Green
Under Shorts, Boxer
Boots, Combat with Laces
Socks, Combat with Liners (2)
Watch, Wrist
Card, Identification
Dog Tags
Uniform, Utility, Cap
Total Static WT (LBS.)
Weight (Lbs.) Quantity Total Weight
02.970
1
2.970
00.300
1
0.300
00.180
00.250
04.100
00.160
00.100
00.028
00.100
00.220
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.180
0.250
4.100
0.160
0.100
0.028
0.100
0.220
8.408
* Considered as part of the tear weight and not included in the
weight of combat load.
8
Assault Load
Clothing Worn & Packed
Weight (Lbs) Quantity Total Weight
Helmet, Personnel Armor System, 03.600
1
3.600
w/ Cover and Band
Gloves, Black Leather
00.330
1
0.330
Glove Inserts (Wx specific)
00.150
1
0.150
4.080
Total
Weight (Lbs) Quantity Total Weight
Load-Carrying Equipment
Fighting Load Carrier (FLC)
02.000
1
2.000
Interceptor Body Armor (Outer 08.400
1
8.400
Tactical Vest)
3 Double Magazine Pockets, 2
01.900
1
1.900
Grenade Pockets, 1
Utility/Canteen Pouch
Patrol Pack
02.425
1
2.425
14.725
Total
Weight (Lbs) Quantity Total Weight
Weapons, Ammunition, and
Optics
Service Rifle, M16A2
Sling, M16A2
Ammo Magazines, M16 (7) (.027
lbs/rd; .24 lbs/mag)
Bayonet, M7 with Scabbard
Grenade, Hand, Fragmentation,
M67 (2)
Sustainment and Other
Equipment
Paint, Face, Camouflage Stick
Flashlight with Red/Blue Lens
and Extra Bulb
Goggles, Sun, Wind, and Dust
Ear Plugs with Case
1st Aid Kit
Chow and Water
100 Oz Hydration System
(Filled)
MRE
07.900
00.420
01.050
1
1
7
7.900
0.420
7.350
01.300
02.000
1
1
1.300
2.000
18.970
Total
Weight (Lbs) Quantity Total Weight
00.140
0.500
1
1
00.150
00.100
01.000
0.140
0.500
1
1
1
Total
Weight (Lbs) Quantity
6.906
1
0.150
0.100
1.000
1.890
Total Weight
6.906
01.300
1.300
8.206
47.871
50.70
Total Assault Load WT (LBS.)
Obj. WT (Combat Load Report)
9
1
Total
Approach March Load
Clothing Worn & Packed
Weight (Lbs.) Quantity
Extra Socks, Combat
00.160
2
Poncho
01.600
1
Poncho Liner
01.600
1
Total
Weight (Lbs.) Quantity
Load-Carrying Equipment
Main Pack and Frame to include 8.075
1
shoulder suspension system &
hip belt
Total
Weight (Lbs.) Quantity
Sustainment and Other
Total Weight
0.320
1.600
1.600
3.520
Total Weight
8.075
8.075
Total Weight
Equipment
Entrenching Tool w/case
Tooth Brush with Tooth Paste
Chap Stick
Chow and Water
Canteen, 1 Quart (Filled) w/
MOLLE Compatible
MRE
02.500
00.300
00.010
1
1
1
Total
Weight (Lbs.) Quantity
02.475
2
2.500
0.300
0.010
2.810
Total Weight
4.950
01.300
3.900
8.850
23.225
47.871
71.126
76.126
Approach March Load
+ Assault Load
Total Approach March Load WT (LBS.)
Objective WT (Combat Load Report)
10
3
Total
Sustained March Load
Load Carrying Equipment
SAPI Plates (Front and Back)*
Sustainment and Other
Equipment
Weight
(Lbs.)
08.000
Weight
(Lbs.)
Mask, M40 w/Hood, Carrier &
04.190
Water Proof Bag, Canister Filter
C2A1
Weapons, Ammunition, and
Optics
Weight
(Lbs.)
Infantry Weapon Night Targeting 00.800
Device, AN/PAQ-4C w/ Batteries *
Night Vision Monocle, AN/PVS-14 01.000
w/Batteries *
Chow and Water
Canteen, 1 Quart (Filled) w/
MOLLE Compatible
MRE
Weight
(Lbs.)
02.475
01.300
Emergency Approach March Load
Items
+Assault Load
+Approach March load
Total Sustained March Load WT
Objective WT(Combat Load Report)
Quantity
Total Weight
1
Total
Quantity
8.000
8.00
Total Weight
1
4.190
Total
Quantity
4.190
Total Weight
1
0.800
1
1.000
Total
Quantity
1.800
Total Weight
2
4.950
3
Total
3.900
8.850
22.84
47.871
23.225
93.936
101.400
* These items could be listed in any of the aforementioned load
scenarios as the mission dictates.
11
Existence Load
Clothing Worn & Packed
100 Weight Fleece Jacket
300 Weight Fleece Jacket
Gortex Top
Gortex Bottoms
Polypropylene Top
Polypropylene Bottom
Cold Weather Gloves & Mittens
Sustainment and Other
Equipment
Watch, Cap
Insect Repellant
Sewing Kit
Mat, Isopor
Bivy Sack
Modular Sleeping Bag
Two Man Tent
Shaving Gear, Towel, Facecloth
J-List Suit (MOPP Suit)
Complete with boots and gloves
Batteries, AA (4)
Chow and Water
Canteen, 2 Quart (Filled)
w/MOLLE Compatible
Weight (Lbs.) Quantity Total Weight
00.661
1
0.661
01.322
1
1.322
02.200
1
2.200
02.200
1
2.200
00.440
1
0.440
00.462
1
0.462
01.325
1
1.325
8.610
Total
Weight (Lbs.) Quantity Total Weight
00.550
00.750
00.100
01.500
02.200
04.500
08.500
02.000
10.000
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.550
0.750
0.100
1.500
2.200
4.500
8.500
2.000
10.000
00.375
2
0.750
30.850
Total
Weight (Lbs.) Quantity Total Weight
04.600
1
4.600
Total
EXISTENCE LOAD ITEMS weight
+Assault Load
+Approach March Load
+Sustained March Load
Total Existence Load WT
Objective WT (Combat Load Report)
12
4.600
44.060
47.871
23.225
22.840
137.996
126.800
6. Recommendations. Based on the conclusions and calculations
of this study, it is recommended:
a. Marine Corps accept the body weight and height of the
average Marine as 169 pounds and 70” (respectively) and use
these figures in current matrices for combat development.
b. Marine Corps adopt the Sustained March Load and the
modified Existence Load definitions.
c. Marine Corps adopt the body weight percentage of 30%,
45%, 60%, and 75% of body weight as the percentage of load to be
carried by the average sized Marine in the Assault, Approach
March Load, Sustained March Load and Existence Load scenarios.
d. Based on recommendations from 6.a. and 6.c., Marine
Corps adopt the calculated conclusions for loading Marines in
the Assault, Approach March, Sustained March, and Existence load
scenarios as 51, 76, 101, and 127 pounds (respectively).
e. Based on the average Marine weight of 169 pounds and an
Existence Load weight of 129 pounds, Marine Corps adopt a combat
load volumetric of 322 pounds (169 + 24 = 193 + 129 = 322) as a
weight and balance load per Marine boarding a lift asset.
f.
Update the weight and height data every five years.
g. Not all commands populate the Height/Weight portions of
the PFT records and we lost data points. Recommend all commands
fill-in this section of the PFT in order to allow future updates
to the system regarding height and weight.
7.
Future work.
a. Experiment with the optimum body weight percentages for
the Sustained March Load and the Existence Load. The Naval
Health Research Center (NHRC), San Diego, CA has a Human
Performance section in their Physiology Department that can
perform this study. Camp Pendleton could conceivably be the test
bed.
b. Develop a Marine Corps doctrinal publication in which a
Combat Load chapter is included; concurrently, develop a pocket
field guide on methods for packing the load bearing equipment
according to the various load scenarios.
c.
Validate report results in an operational setting.
13
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14
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