Chapter 11
A World in Flames
1
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2
3
Treaty of Versailles
Rise of Italian fascism
Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Great Depression
Japanese expansionism
Anti-communism
Appeasement
Militarism
Nationalism
U.S. isolationism
Maps
4
Treaty of
Versailles
Rise of
Hitler
Nationalism
Rise of
fascism in
Italy
Major Causes
of
World War II
Japanese
expansionism
Economic
depression
Militarism
Appeasement
Anticommunism
5
Worldwide Economic Depression
After WWI many European
economies were unstable.
The boom in the U.S.
throughout the 1920s helped
sustain worldwide trade.
The 1929 stock market crash
in the U.S. and the resulting
Great Depression spread
throughout the world. U.S.
restrictive tariff policies
worsened the depression.
As economies plummeted and
unemployment rose, many
people turned to powerful
leaders and governments who
promised success through
military buildup and the
conquest of territory.
German breadlines
Japanese children eating
6
radish roots during famine
Appeasement
Appeasement is the act of
giving in to an enemy’s
demands in hopes of
avoiding further conflict.
In 1938, Hitler demanded
that Czechoslovakia cede the
Sudetenland to Germany. He
claimed that the German
population living there was
being mistreated.
The British and French
prime ministers agreed to
Hitler’s demands without
consulting Czechoslovakian
leaders, in the hopes that
this would avoid a war in
Europe.
7
• ITALY
• GERMANY
• JAPAN
8
Militarism
The glorification of
war, in which a nation
strengthens its military
and stockpiles weapons
in preparation for war.
An important
aspect of militarism is
that the glorification of
war is incorporated into
all levels of society,
including education of
the nation’s youth.
Hitler Youth group
Militaristic societies
have existed
throughout human
history.
Ancient Sparta is an example of a
militaristic society
9
Nationalism
Nationalism is the
belief in the
superiority of one’s
own nation over all
others.
In the extreme, it
can lead to major
conflicts between
nations.
Nazi flag, Italian fascist logo,
Japanese flag
Hitler, Mussolini,
and Japan’s Tojo each
touted their nation’s
ability to dominate all
others in the years
leading up to WWII.
10
AXIS POWERS
11
FASCISM WOULD
BRING DEATH,
DESTRUCTION AND
TORTURE TO
MILLIONS AROUND
THE WORLD
12
AXIS
POWER:
ITALY
13
14
15
The Rise of Fascism in Italy
Fascism is a totalitarian
form of government
which:
Glorifies the state
Has one leader and
one party
All aspects of society
are controlled by the
government
No opposition or
protests are tolerated
Propaganda and
censorship are widely
practiced
Benito Mussolini came to
power in 1922 and helped
found the political ideology of
fascism. He sided with the Axis
16
powers in 1940.
17
18
ANTIFASCIST
ART BY
THE
MEXICAN
PAINTER
DIEGO
RIVERA
19
FEAR OF COMMUNISM
20
Anti-Communism
Under communism, all
means of production are
controlled by the
government, as are property,
the media, and all other
aspects of society.
The 1930s saw the rise of
many totalitarian regimes;
but most people chose
fascism over communism.
Hitler exploited people’s
fear of a communist takeover
in Germany to rise to power
in 1933.
A Battle for Germany: Nazi
anti-communist book from
1933
21
RUSSIA BECOMES THE USSR, A COMMUNIST
NATION, IN 1917
22
COMMUNIST PROPAGANDA
LENIN
STALIN
23
STALIN, RUTHLESS DICTATOR OF THE USSR: 1923-1953
24
25
AXIS
POWER:
GERMANY
26
GERMANY, 1933
27
WHY WAS ADOLF HITLER SUCCESSFUL
IN TAKING OVER GERMANY?
28
HITLER AS A SOLDIER IN WWI
29
HITLER ADDRESSING AN EARLY NAZI PARTY GATHERING
30
Cover page of German editions of Mein Kampf, written in
1924 while Hitler was imprisoned for staging a revolt
31
32
NAZI
PROPAGA
NDA
DEPICTIN
G THE
IDEAL
GERMAN
ARYAN
NAZI
PROPAGANDA
DEPICTING
THE IDEAL
ARYAN
MEMBER OF
THE MASTER
RACE
33
EXAMPLES OF NAZI ANTI-SEMITISM
FINAL SOLUTION TO THE
JEWISH PROBLEM
34
35
In Germany, depression, unemployment and
hard times led to a dramatic increase in votes
for Hitler and the Nazi Party.
Election date
Votes in
millions
Share
May 20, 1928
0.81
2.6%
September 14, 1930
6.41
18.3%
July 31, 1932
13.75
37.3%
November 6, 1932
11.74
33.1%
March 5, 1933
17.28
43.9%
Voting for Hitler’s party increased as
unemployment rates rose
36
37
HITLER ELECTED CHANCELLOR OF GERMANY 1933
38
VOLKSWAGEN: A CAR FOR ALMOST EVERY GERMAN FAMILY
39
STATEMENTS FROM MEIN KAMPF
40
41
KRISTALLNACHT: HITLER BEGINS HIS EXTERMINATION
CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE JEWS
42
AXIS
POWER:
JAPAN
43
44
MILITARISTS TAKE OVER JAPANESE
GOVERNMENT
45
46
JAPANESE TROOPS INVADING MANCHURIA,
1931
HITLER CLOSELY WATCHED THE
WORLD’S LACK OF RESPONSE
TO JAPAN’S INVASION
47
CHINESE BABY BURNED AFTER JAPANESE
BOMBERS STRIKE SHANGHAI IN 1937
48
49
LEAGUE OF NATIONS
50
THREE REASONS BEHIND U.S.
NON-INVOLVEMENT IN
EUROPEAN AFFAIRS IN THE
1920-1930s
• TRADITION OF ISOLATIONISM
• HORRORS OF WORLD WAR I
• NYE COMMITTEE
51
American Isolationism
The failure of peace
efforts such as the Kellogg
Briand Treaty during the
1920s disillusioned many
Americans about
international involvement.
The U.S. was in a major
depression throughout the
1930s and was mostly
concerned with its own
problems.
Conflict in Europe
seemed distant, and the
U.S. tried to remain
neutral. This policy
weakened the European
democracies.
The Nye Committee held
congressional hearings in the
mid-1930s, concluding that the
U.S. was tricked into entering
WWI by arms manufacturers
and Allied propaganda.
52
• THREE REASONS FOR NONINVOLVEMENT IN EUROPEAN
AFFAIRS
• FOREIGN POLICY IN LATIN
AMERICA
• FEAR OF COMMUNISM
53
TRADITIONAL U.S. FOREIGN POLICY
WAS TO AVOID FOREIGN
ENTANGLEMENTS
“It is our true policy to
steer clear of permanent
alliances with any
portion of the foreign
world”
PRESIDENT GEORGE
WASHINGTON, 1796
54
REASON FOR ISOLATIONISM
FROM EUROPEAN AFFAIRS
55
56
TESTING GROUND:
THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR, 1936 - 1939
REPUBLICAN
DEMOCRATIC
GOVERNMENT
SUPPORTED BY:
FRANCO FASCIST
NATIONALISTS
USSR
NAZI GERMANY
INTERNATIONAL
BRIGADES
FASCIST ITALY
SUPPORTED BY:
57
58
FRANCO PROPAGANDA
POSTER
HITLER & FRANCO
59
THE DEMOCRACIES REACT
BRITAIN, FRANCE AND THE
UNITED STATES REMAINED
NEUTRAL AND REFUSED TO
AID EITHER SIDE BECAUSE
THEY DID NOT WANT TO
FIGHT ANOTHER WAR
THIS ACTUALLY HELPED FRANCO
WIN BECAUSE HITLER &
MUSSOLINI GAVE
SUBSTANTIAL MILITARY AID
60
AMERICAN
INTERNATIONAL
BRIGADE
VOLUNTEERS OF
THE ABRAHAM
LINCOLN
BRIGADE IN
SPAIN IN 1937
61
HORRORS OF WWI: Made America
Unwilling to Become Entangled
in Europe’s Conflicts
62
1925 WHITE HOUSE CONFERENCE ON CAUSES
AND CURE FOR WAR: PRESIDENT COOLIDGE
63
ATTEMPTS AT DISARMAMENT IN THE 1920S
CHARLES EVANS
HUGHES
64
U.S. FOREIGN POLICY IN LATIN
AMERICA
65
THE U.S. PROTECTS ITS
INTERESTS IN THE WESTERN
HEMISPHERE
66
67
U.S. INTERVENTION IN NICARAGUA: 1912-1933
AUGUSTO SANDINO
ANASTASIO SOMOZA
AND FRANKLIN D.
ROOSEVELT
68
GOOD NEIGHBOR POLICY
…the United States could best serve the
cause of a peaceful humanity by setting an
example. That was why on the 4th of March,
1933, I made the following declaration:
In the field of world policy I would dedicate
this nation to the policy of the good
neighbor--the neighbor who resolutely
respects himself and, because he does so,
respects the rights of others--the neighbor
who respects his obligations and respects
the sanctity of his agreements in and with a
world of neighbors.
FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT, MARCH 1933
69
70
HORRORS OF WORLD WAR I
71
TREATY OF VERSAILLES:
ISSUES TO BE SETTLED
----------------------------------------• TERRITORIAL ADJUSTMENTS
• REPARATIONS
• ARMAMENT RESTRICTIONS
• WAR GUILT
• LEAGUE OF NATIONS
72
Treaty of Versailles
After Germany lost WWI, the winning nations drafted a
treaty to address issues such as territorial adjustments,
reparations, armament restrictions, war guilt and the
League of Nations.
The treaty punished Germany and left bitter feelings.
Germany was forced to accept all the blame for the war
and pay millions in reparations to Britain and France.
Italy was disappointed that it was denied territory
promised by Britain and France.
British
Prime
Minister
George
1914
1919
Italian
Prime
Minister
Orlando
French Prime
Minister
Clemenceau
“Big Four”
U.S.
President
Wilson
73
TREATY OF VERSAILLES,
EUROPE
1914
1919
74
TREATY OF VERSAILLES,
GERMANY
75
TREATY OF VERSAILLES,
ITALY
•
•
Italy declared war on
Germany during WWI
in 1915 after the
secret Treaty of
London. In the treaty,
France and Britain
agreed that Italy
would be given the
Adriatic coast at the
end of the war.
Instead, Italy only got
the pink areas shown
in map. (The darker
green is Yugoslavia.)
This planted the seed
of bitterness; many
Italians felt betrayed
by the Treaty of
Versailles.
76
TREATY OF VERSAILLES,
REPARATIONS
77
TREATY OF VERSAILLES,
GERMAN ARMAMENT LIMITATIONS
TYPE
AMOUNT
ALLOWED
PLANES
0
WARSHIPS
6
SOLDIERS
100,000
CONSCRIPTION
BANNED
78
TREATY OF VERSAILLES,
GERMAN WAR GUILT
79
TREATY OF VERSAILLES,
LEAGUE OF NATIONS: Created to
Prevent War
80
GERMAN ECONOMIC PROBLEMS AFTER WORLD WAR I
1.In January 1921, German currency was worth 64 marks to the dollar.
2.By November 1923 this had changed to 4,200,000,000,000 marks to the
dollar….
PRICE OF A LOAF OF BREAD
1. In 1918 a loaf of bread cost just over half a mark.
2. By 1922 the cost had risen to 163 marks for a loaf of bread.
3. By November of 1923 a loaf of bread cost 201,000 million marks
81
WAR DEBTS AS A CAUSE OF
WORLD WAR II
•U.S. HAD LOANED THE ALLIES
MONEY DURING WWI, AND
DEMANDED REPAYMENT
•ALLIES NEEDED TO GET MONEY
FROM GERMANY TO PAY THE U.S.
•GERMANY WAS IMPOVERISHED AS
A RESULT OF WWI AND BORROWED
MONEY FROM U.S. BANKS TO GIVE
TO ALLIES
82
FRENCH TROOPS ENTERING GERMAN RUHR,
1923
83
HITLER BEGINS HIS MARCH TO WORLD
CONQUEST LEADING TO WORLD WAR II
•1935: HITLER DECLARES THAT GERMANY WILL REARM, IN
VIOLATION OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES
•MARCH 1936: HITLER SENDS GERMAN SOLDIERS TO REOCCUPY
THE RHINELAND, NEXT TO FRANCE, VIOLATING THE TREATY OF
VERSAILLES
•MARCH 1938: HITLER TAKES OVER AUSTRIA AND TURNS IT INTO A
GERMAN PROVINCE KNOWN AS OSTMARK
•SEPTEMBER 1938: HITLER DEMANDS AND IS GIVEN THE
STRATEGIC CZECHOSLOVAKIAN SUDETENLAND WITHOUT A FIGHT
•MARCH 1939: HITLER TAKES OVER THE REST OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA
•SEPTEMBER 1, 1939: HITLER INVADES POLAND
•SEPTEMBER 3, 1939: BRITAIN AND FRANCE DECLARE WAR ON
GERMANY, AND WORLD WAR TWO BEGINS
84
European leaders at the Munich Conference that gave the
Sudetenland to Hitler. A prime example of appeasement. No
representative from Czechoslovakia was invited to attend.
NEVILLE CHAMBERLAIN
EDOUARD DALADIER
85
CZECHOSLOVAKIA’S MAIN DEFENSES WERE IN THE SUDETENLAND
86
87
REACTIONS OF GERMANS LIVING IN THE
SUDETENLAND TO HITLER’S TAKEOVER
88
ITALY CONQUERS ALBANIA, 1939
89
THE WORLD IS SHOCKED WHEN TWO BITTER ENEMIES, GERMANY
AND THE USSR, SIGN A NONAGGRESSION PACT IN AUGUST 1939
PROMISING NOT TO ATTACK EACH OTHER
90
Hitler wanted to avoid fighting on two fronts at one time
91
92
HITLER INVADES POLAND:
SEPTEMBER 1, 1939
93
THE
POLISH
ARMY
WAS NO
MATCH
FOR THE
GERMANS
94
Military strength comparison between Germany
and Poland in 1939
MILITARY UNIT
GERMANY
POLAND
INFANTRY
DIVISIONS
46
38
MOTORIZED
DIVISIONS
4¾
11 CALVALRY
BRIGADES (HORSES)
TANK
DIVISIONS
7
NONE
TANKS
3200
600
BOMBERS
1176
146
FIGHTERS
771
315
OTHER PLANES
1337
381
95
•CONQUEST OF POLAND
•ENGLAND AND FRANCE DECLARE WAR ON GERMANY
AND ITALY
•TOOLS OF THE BLITZKRIEG
•HITLER INVADES DENMARK, NORWAY, NETHERLANDS,
THEN BELGIUM, LUXEMBOURG, AND FRANCE
•BATTLE OF BRITAIN
96
TIMELINE:1939
Sept.
German Army invades Poland
1
Sept.
Britain and France declare war on Germany
3
Sept. Red Army invades Poland in accordance with
17
Nazi-Soviet Pact
Sept.
Warsaw falls to the Nazis
27
Nov.
30
Red Army attacks Finland
Dec.
14
Soviet Union kicked out of League of Nations
97
Population and industrial production at start of WWII
(*France was conquered by Germany in 1940
**Germany includes Austria)
NATION
POPULATION IN 1939
TONS OF STEEL
PRODUCED
UK
48,000,000
13,000,000
USSR
190,000,000
19,000,000
USA
132,000,000
51,000,000
FRANCE*
42,000,000
6,000,000
GERMANY**
76,000,000
23,000,000
ITALY
44,000,000
2,000,000
JAPAN
71,000,000
6,000,000
98
Tools of the
Blitzkrieg
99
Motorized
vehicles
allowed
German
infantry to
keep up with
the tanks
giving the
panzer
(tank)
divisions
infantry
support when
needed
100
German tanks were used
in mass formations in the
beginning of the war,
while Allied tank units
were often divided into
smaller units to support
infantry.
101
German panzer
divisions were
equipped with
mobile artillery
and assault guns
providing both
direct and indirect
fire on a mobile
battlefield
102
STUKA
DIVEBOMBERS
PROVIDED DIRECT
ARTILLERY SUPPORT
FOR ADVANCING
TROOPS. IT WAS
SLOW AND NEEDED
PROTECTION FROM
GERMAN FIGHTER
PLANES TO AVOID
BEING SHOT DOWN.
103
HITLER CONQUERED DENMARK, NORWAY,
NETHERLANDS, BELGIUM, AND LUXEMBOURG
104
HITLER’S INVASION OF NORTHWESTERN
EUROPE
ONE
THREE
TWO
105
MAGINOT LINE
106
CUTAWAY
VIEW OF THE
MAGINOT
LINE
107
FRENCH AND BRITISH TROOPS TRAPPED AT DUNKIRK
108
ALLIED TROOPS ESCAPE THE
ADVANCING GERMAN FORCES.
HUNDREDS OF SHIPS FROM
GREAT BRITAIN CAME TO TAKE
THEM OFF THE DUNKIRK
BEACHES AND BACK TO
ENGLAND.
109
AFTER THE GERMANS LEFT DUNKIRK, THEY TURNED SOUTH
AND DEFEATED THE REMAINING FRENCH ARMIES
110
GERMAN TROOPS ENTER PARIS
111
112
HITLER
VISITS
PARIS FOR
THE FIRST
AND LAST
TIME
113
114
FRANCE
UNDER
GERMAN
CONTROL
115
FRENCH RESISTANCE
FIGHTERS AGAINST
GERMAN OCCUPIERS
OF FRANCE
116
August 1940: Which nation will be Hitler's next target for
conquest?
117
GREAT BRITAIN GETS A NEW PRIME
MINISTER: WINSTON CHURCHILL
118
To conquer Great Britain, Hitler would have to cross the English
Channel. First he would have to destroy the Royal Air Force
(RAF) and gain control of the air.
119
STATISTICS OF THE BATTLE OF BRITAIN
PLANE TYPE AT
START OF AIR
BATTLE,
AUGUST 1940
GERMAN
LUFTWAFFE
ROYAL
AIRFORCE
BOMBERS
960
500
FIGHTERS
760
700
PLANE LOSSES
AT END OF
BATTLE, MARCH
1941
2840 PLANES
915 PLANES
120
121
RAF PLANES OF THE BATTLE OF BRITAIN
Spitfire
fighter
plane
HAWKER HURRICANE
122
123
German warplanes
JU88 BOMBER
DORNIER BOMBER
ME 109 Fighter
ME110
FIGHTER
BOMBER
124
RADAR PLAYED AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN
DEFEATING THE GERMAN AIR FORCE AND
PREVENTING HITLER FROM INVADING
BRITAIN
125
THE LONDON BLITZ:
GERMANS TURN
THEIR BOMBERS
AGAINST LONDON
AND OTHER BRITISH
CITIES
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
MAP FROM UNITED STATES
HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
138
HITLER BEGINS HIS PROPAGANDA OF ANTISEMITISM
Sign reads: "City of Hersbruck.
This lovely city of Hersbruck,
this glorious spot of earth, was
created only for Germans and
not for Jews. Jews are therefore
not welcome." Hersbruck,
Germany, May 4, 1935.
Illustration from an antiSemitic children's primer. The
sign reads "Jews are not
wanted here." Germany, 1936.
139
HITLER’S NEXT
STEP WAS TO ISSUE
IDENTIFICATION
CARDS TO ALL
PEOPLE LIVING IN
GERMAN
TERRITORIES.
JEWISH CARDS HAD
A YELLOW STAR TO
EASILY IDENTIFY
THEM.
HITLER THEN MADE
JEWS WEAR THE
YELLOW STAR ANY
TIME THEY LEFT
THEIR HOMES
140
JEWS ARE ROUNDED UP AND DEPORTED TO EXTERMINATION
CAMPS
MAP FROM
UNITED
STATES
HOLOCAUST
MEMORIAL
MUSEUM
141
JEWS REBEL IN THE WARSAW
GHETTO IN POLAND
WARSAW GHETTO
142
AS HITLER CONQUERS NEW TERRITORIES, HE EXPANDS THE
LOCATION OF CONCENTRATION CAMPS OUTSIDE OF
GERMANY
MAP FROM UNITED STATES HOLOCAUST
MEMORIAL MUSEUM
143
ZYKLON B POISON
GAS
STARVATION
DEATH
CAME
IN
MANY
FORMS
GAS CHAMBER
EINSATZGRUPPEN
144
145
• 3RD TERM ELECTION
• LEND-LEASE
• ATLANTIC CHARTER
• U-BOATS: SUBMARINE WARFARE
• ISOLATIONISM VS. INTERVENTIONISM
• AMERICA ATTACKED
146
147
3RD TERM
PRESIDENT
FRANKLIN
DELANO
ROOSEVELT
148
THE UNITED STATES BECAME INVOLVED BY SUPPLYING
WAR MATERIALS FOR THE ALLIES
149
U.S. INDUSTRY GEARS UP FOR WAR AND
PRODUCES GREAT QUANTITIES OF ARMS AND
EQUIPMENT FOR ALL THE ALLIES
150
DEFENSE SPENDING INCREASED AS THE U.S. REALIZED
IT MUST PREPARE FOR EVENTUAL WAR AGAINST THE
AGGRESSORS
6
5
4
3
billions of
dollars
2
1
0
1940
1941
151
CHURCHILL AND FDR MEET AND AGREE ON THE
POSTWAR WORLD: THE ATLANTIC CHARTER
152
ATLANTIC CHARTER
President of the United States of America and the Prime Minister, Mr. Churchill, representing His Majesty's
Government in the United Kingdom, being met together, deem it right to make known certain common principles in
the national policies of their respective countries on which they base their hopes for a better future for the world.
First, their countries seek no aggrandizement, territorial or other;
Second, they desire to see no territorial changes that do not accord with the freely expressed wishes of the peoples
concerned;
Third, they respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live; and they
wish to see sovereign rights and self government restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of them;
Fourth, they will endeavor, with due respect for their existing obligations, to further the enjoyment by all States,
great or small, victor or vanquished, of access, on equal terms, to the trade and to the raw materials of the world
which are needed for their economic prosperity;
Fifth, they desire to bring about the fullest collaboration between all nations in the economic field with the object of
securing, for all, improved labor standards, economic advancement and social security;
Sixth, after the final destruction of the Nazi tyranny, they hope to see established a peace which will afford to all
nations the means of dwelling in safety within their own boundaries, and which will afford assurance that all the
men in all lands may live out their lives in freedom from fear and want;
Seventh, such a peace should enable all men to traverse the high seas and oceans without hindrance;
Eighth, they believe that all of the nations of the world, for realistic as well as spiritual reasons must come to the
abandonment of the use of force. Since no future peace can be maintained if land, sea or air armaments continue to
be employed by nations which threaten, or may threaten, aggression outside of their frontiers, they believe,
pending the establishment of a wider and permanent system of general security, that the disarmament of such
nations is essential. They will likewise aid and encourage all other practicable measure which will lighten for peaceloving peoples the crushing burden of armaments.
•Franklin D. Roosevelt
Winston S. Churchill
153
154
MERCHANT SHIPS SUNK BY GERMAN
SUBMARINES (U-BOATS) FROM 1939 TO
1945
4000
3500
3000
2500
SHIPS SINK
2000
U-BOATS SUNK
1500
1000
500
TA
L
TO
19
45
19
44
19
43
19
42
19
41
19
40
19
39
0
155
156
THE ROBIN MOOR WAS CLEARLY MARKED AS
MERCHANT VESSEL FROM THE USA
157
CONVOYS
INCREASED THE
MERCHANT SHIPS’
CHANCES OF
SURVIVING THE
OCEAN VOYAGE
158
159
160
USS RUEBEN
JAMES -Sunk
by a Uboat
161
TWO DR. SEUSS CARTOONS AGAINST U.S.
NEUTRALITY
162
ANTI-WAR
PROPAGANDA
PRO-WAR
PROGAGANDA
163
America First Committee -- Original Four Principles:
1.The United States must build an impregnable defense
for America
2. No foreign power, nor group of powers, can
successfully attack a prepared America
3. American democracy can be preserved only by
keeping out of the European war
4. "Aid short of war" weakens national defense at
home and threatens to involve America in war abroad
“World War I had been fought to save the skins of
American bankers who had bet too boldly on the
outcome of the war and had two billions of dollars of
loans to the Allies in jeopardy.”
•Report of Sen. Gerald Nye’s Committee
164
ANTI-LINDBERGH/
AMERICA FIRST
COMMITTEE
POLITICAL
CARTOONS
BY DR. SEUSS
165
GOERING
LINDBERGH
166
COMMITTEE TO DEFEND AMERICA BY AIDING THE ALLIES
167
EUROPE: JUNE 1941
168
JAPAN CHOOSES WAR
169
JAPANESE TROOPS INVADING MANCHURIA,
1931
HITLER CLOSELY WATCHED THE
WORLD’S LACK OF RESPONSE
TO JAPAN’S INVASION
170
Japanese Expansionism
In 1931 Japan invaded
Manchuria for raw
materials.
The same year, Japan
began to attack China,
with full-scale war
breaking out in 1937 in
the Sino-Japanese War.
In 1938, war broke
out between Japan and
the Soviet Union in what
were known as the
Soviet-Japanese Border
Wars.
171
JAPAN OCCUPIES FRENCH INDOCHINA
172
INDOCHINA TODAY
173
THE U.S. PUT AN OIL EMBARGO ON JAPAN.
SINCE JAPAN RECEIVED 80% OF ITS OIL
FROM THE U.S., THE JAPANESE WERE
FORCED TO MODIFY THEIR CONSUMPTION.
USING COAL TO FUEL CARS
USING HORSE CARTS FOR
DELIVERIES TO SAVE GAS
174
JAPAN’S WAR MINISTER, HIDEKI TOJO
TOJO BEFORE THE WAR
TOJO AFTER THE WAR, ON
TRIAL FOR WAR CRIMES
175
•JAPANESE ATTACK ON PEARL HARBOR
•JAPAN’S CONQUESTS IN ASIA
176
177
178
179
Roosevelt asks Congress for a declaration of war
180
MILITARY STRENGTH AT THE START OF THE WAR IN THE
PACIFIC
Numbers do not include Allied military forces elsewhere in the
world
MILITARY
JAPAN
BATTLESHIPS
10
ALLIED
(US, BRITAIN,
NETHERLANDS)
10
CARRIERS
11
3
CRUISERS
41
37
DESTROYERS
129
93
SUBMARINES
67
70
ARMY
DIVISIONS
51
14
AIRPLANES
4300
1000
181
The war in the Pacific from Pearl Harbor to Midway
JAPANESE DECEMBER 1941 CONQUESTS
US FLEET AT PEARL HARBOR DEVASTATED BY
JAPANESE ATTACK ON DEC. 7TH
INVASION OF MALAYA DEC. 7-25
US AIR FORCES IN THE PHILIPPINES DESTROYED
ON DEC. 7TH AND 8TH
US ISLAND OF GUAM CAPTURED BY JAPANESE
TROOPS DEC. 11TH
TARAWA AND MAKIN ISLANDS ATTACKED, DEC.
9TH AND 10TH
BORNEO INVADED DEC. 20TH
182
183
Japan goes on the offensive in southeast Asia
184
History Online
Self-Check Quiz
Visit the American Vision: Modern Times
Web site at tav.mt.glencoe.com
and click on Self-Check Quizzes-Chapter
11 to access your knowledge of chapter
content.
185