WRF Modifications (Goddard Suite) and Applications at Goddard
Cloud/Aerosol
Direct Effect
Aerosol Indirect
Effect
GOCART
Goddard Radiative
Transfer Packages
Cloud Optical
Properties
Goddard Microphysical Tao et al. (2007)
Packages
WRF
Satellite Data
CloudSat, TRMM
Cloud-Mesoscale
Dyanmics (Circulation)
Thermodynamic (Stability)
Precipitation
Radiation
Kumar et al. (2007)
Field Campaigns
(MAP, GPM)
•Semi-Real and Real Time at
GPM Super sites and TC4
•Hurricane/Typhoon (Impact of
microphysics and land surface
on intensity - fine resolution
simulation - diurnal cycle?)
•Regional Climate (i.e.,
Monsoon)
Sfc Fluxes
Land Information System (LIS)
Land Surface Model
•Water/energy cycle against
data from field programs
Water Cycle
(NEWS)
Urband Heat
Island Effect
Blue Boxes: Goddard Physical Packages
Tao, W.-K., J. Shi, S. Chen, S. Lang, S.-Y. Hong, G. Thompson, C. Peters-Lidard, A. Hou, S. Braun, and J.
Simpson, 2007: Revised bulk-microphysical schemes for studying precipitation processes: Part I:
Comparison with different microphysical schemes, Mon. Wea. Rev., (submitted).
Kumar, S. V., C. D. Peters-Lidard, J. E. Eastman, W.-K. Tao, 2007: An integrated high resolution
hydrometeorological modeling system using LIS and WRF, Environmental Modeling & Software, (in
press).
•Cloud-Aerosol Interactions
(transport/precipitation - Asia
and USA)
W. Lau,
K. Pickering, A. Hou, C. Mian, S. Braun,
W. Lapenta, S. Kumar,
T. Matsui, R. Shi
C. Peters-Lidard, W.-K. Tao
WRF Cases (high-resolution runs)
GPM C3VP (2007)
Katrina (2005)
Forest Fire (2007)
India - Monsoon (2005-2006)
IHOP (2002)
TC4 2007
Goddard Microphysics (>12 Different Schemes)
Characteristics
References
Warm Rain
2 Ice
qc, qr
Kessler (1969), Soong and Ogura (1973)
qc, qr, qi, qg
3Ice - 1
qc, qr, qi, qs, qh
3Ice - 2
3Ice - 3
3Ice - 4
3Ice - 5
4Ice - 1
qc, qr, qi, qs, qg
Cotton et al (1982), Chen (1983),
McCumber et al (1991)
Lin et al (1983), Tao and Simpson (1989,
1993)
Rutledge and Hobbs (1984), Tao and
Simpson (1989, 1993)
Lin et al (1983), Rutledge and Hobbs
(1984), Ferrier at al (1995)
Lin et al (1983), Scott et al (2000)
4Ice - 2
One-Moment
Spectral - Bin
Multi-component
Spectral - Bin
qc, qr, qi, qs, qh
qc, qr, qi, qs, qg or qh
Saturation Technique
qc, qr, qi, qs, qg, qh
Ni, Ns, Ng, Nh
qc, qr, qi, qs, qg, qh
Ni, Ns, Ng, Nh
Water Vapor
Cloud
Water
Snow
Tao et al (1989), Tao et al (2000)
Ferrier (1994)
Tao, Ferrier et al (2000)
33 bins for 6 types ice, liquid water
and cloud condensation nuclei
Khain and Sednev (1996) and Khain et al.
(1998)
Liquid:46 bins for water mass, 25
for solute mass
Ice: water mass, solute mass, aspect
ratio
Chen and Lamb (1994, 1999)
Aqueous-phase chemistry (NH3,
H2SO4, HNO3, SO2, O3, H2O2, CO2)
CSU RAMs’ 2-Moment: Cloud-Aerosol/Precipitation
Interactions (D. Posselt, A. Hou, G. Stephens)
NCAR 2-moment: H. Morrison
Three-moments: Milbrandt and Yau (2005)
Cloud
Ice
Rain
Graupel
Hail
Precipitation on Ground
No Microphysical Scheme is perfect !
Goddard Bulk Microphysical Scheme
•
•
•
Warm Rain (Soong and Ogura 1973)
Ice-Water Saturation Adjustment (Tao et al. 1989)
3ICE-Graupel and 3ICE-Hail (Tao and Simpson 1989, 1993; MuCumber et al. 1990)
Option 3ICE-Graupel (Rutledge and Hobb 1984) or 3ICE -Hail (Lin et al. 1983)
The sum of all the sink processes associated with one species will not exceed its mass - (Water budget balance)
All transfer processes from one type of hydrometeor to another are calculated based on one thermodynamic state (ensure all processes are
equal)
MM5
Tao, W.-K., and J. Simpson, 1993: The Goddard Cumulus Ensemble Model. Part I: Model description. Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, 4, 35-72.
•
•
•
3ICE Modification (Tao et al. 2003)
Saturation adjustment
Conversion from Ice to Snow
2ICE scheme (Tao et al. 2003)
Ice and Snow
3ICE-Graupel Modification (Lang et al. 2007)
Conversion from cloud to snow
Dry growth of graupel
WRF <-- GCE
Tao, W.-K., J. Simpson, D. Baker, S. Braun, M.-D. Chou, B. Ferrier, D. Johnson, A. Khain, S. Lang, B. Lynn, C.-L. Shie, D. Starr, C.-H. Sui, Y. Wang and P. Wetzel, 2003: Microphysics,
radiation and surface processes in the Goddard Cumulus Ensemble (GCE) model, A Special Issue on Non-hydrostatic Mesoscale Modeling, Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 82, 97-137.
Lang, S., W.-K. Tao, R. Cifelli, W. Olson, J. Halverson, S. Rutledge, and J. Simpson, 2007: Improving simulations of convective system from TRMM LBA: Easterly and Westerly regimes.
J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 1141-1164.
Observation
H(km)
dBz
CFAD - Radar Reflectivity
Improved (WRF)
Microphysical Schemes
•
WRF WSM6 (Hong et al. 2004)
•
WRF Purdue Lin (Chen and Sun 2002)
•
WRF Thompson (Thompson et al. 2007 - V3)
•
Goddard 3ICE - Graupel (Tao et al. 2003a; Lang et al. 2007)
Tropical Oceanic
•
Goddard 3ICE - Hail (Tao and Simpson 1993; McCumber et al. 1990) - Midlatitude Continental
•
Goddard 2ICE (Tao et al. 2003b) - Winter Snow Storm/Frontal
Thompson
Lin
3ice/graupel
2ICE
WSM6
3ice/hail
Observation
GCE 3ICE-Hail simulated a very thin convective
line and is in better agreement with observation
IHOP 2002 - WRF 1 km grid
qs: snow
qg: graupel
qs
qs
WRF Thompson
3ICE-graupel
qg
(a)
(d)
qs
qg
WRF WSM6
(b)
2ICE
(e)
qs
qg
WRF Purdue-Lin
3ICE-hail
(c)
(f)
Tao, W.-K., J. Shi, S. Chen, S. Lang, S.-Y. Hong, G. Thompson, C. Peters-Lidard, A. Hou, S. Braun, and J. Simpson, 2007: Revised bulk-microphysical schemes for studying
precipitation processes: Part I: Comparison with different microphysical schemes, Mon. Wea. Rev., (submitted).
Minimum sea level pressure (MSLP)
Hurricane Katrina (2005) - 1.67 km grid
Minimum sea level pressure (MSLP) from the
observation and five different WRF experiments
using different microphysical schemes (00Z
8/27/2005 to 00Z 8/30/2005).
Similar temporal variation between model
simulated and observed MSLP.
All schemes over-estimated MSLP,
especially Lin scheme.
Lin
Lin
Tracks for Hurricane Katrina
Tracks for Hurricane Katrina (2005) from the
observation and five different WRF experiments using
different microphysical schemes (from 00Z 8/27/2005 to
00Z 8/30/2005).
Good track forecast in 1st 24 h model
integration
All schemes’ simulated track is far west after
landfall
Thompson
2ice
WSM6
Lin
3ice/hail
Goddard 3Ice-graupel appears to agree
with observation in eye and outer rain
band structure
3ice/graupel
Hurricane Isabel (2003)
Goddard microphysics
warm
cold
3ice/hail 3ice/graupel 2ice
44.2%
33.7%
24.0%
55.8%
66.3%
76.0%
WSM6
LIN
Thompson
47.5%
52.5%
63.2%
36.8%
47.4%
52.6%
IR-TRMM
WRF Simulated Radar Reflectivity (1 km grid)
06 Z 1/20 2007
07 Z 1/22 2007
00 Z 1/21 2007
09 Z 1/22 2007
Two Major Snow Events - 1-2 feet snow: A lake (local) effect event (top two) and a synoptic event
Vertical profiles of domain- and 1st 24-hour time-average cloud species (i.e., cloud
water, rain, cloud ice, snow and graupel) for the 3ICE (cloud ice, snow and graupel)
and 2ICE (cloud ice and snow)
3ICE
2ICE
Large precipitating particles (rain and graupel) did not form for both experiments <--weak vertical velocity (~50 cm/s).
O Similar profiles for cloud water, cloud ice and snow for both experiments.
O Goddard 3ICE microphysical scheme did response the cloud dynamic well without
producing large size precipitating ice (graupel).
O Cloud water presence during snow event has been observed and simulated (also found
many other snow events)
O
Sensitivity of microphysical schemes on the vertical profiles of domain and time-average cloud species
(1st 2hh hour integration and for lake snow event)
Lin
Goddard
No cloud ice, little cloud water
Snow and graupel at ground
WSM6
Snow and graupel at ground
Cloud ice is dominant species, little cloud water
Thompson
No cloud ice
Goddard WRF
In-Line Cloud Statistics - Cloud water and energy budget
(convective vs stratiform)
Tracer Calculation - Trace gases redistribution by convective
updraft and downdraft
Microphysics
New 3Ice-Graupel
2-Moment (cloud-aerosol interactions) - Testing
Multi-moment (mass, concentration, shape)
Hybrid (Spectral bin and bulk microphysics)
Satellite (Earth) simulators (microwave, dual frequency
precipitation radar, lidar, cloud radar, IR…) - Need to improve
computational performance - documentation.
Ocean Model(s)
Thanks
More on GCE model microphysics improvement
Impact on Global Cloud-Resolving Model
fvGCM
F
M
al
n
tio
di
on
C
M
iti
In
Observation
Initial Condition
GCE Model
WRF
LIS
Physical Packages
New
Microphysics
Radiation
Reducing the
overestimate of 40
dBz at higher altitude
WRF