ENhanced Geothermal Innovative
Network for Europe: the state of the art
Ledru P., Bruhn D., Calcagno P., Genter A., Huenges E.,
Kaltschmitt M., Kohl T., Le Bel L., Manzella A., Thorhalsson S.
Engine Mid-term Conference
10-12 January 2007
GFZ Potsdam, Germany
Opening Session
A project is a living body…
> Welcome to the participants to the Mid-term
conference
> A thought to those who moved out…
> Welcome to those who join the crew…
> In memoriam to those who passed away…
Mid-term conference, 10-12 January 2007, Potsdam
>2
Why a co-ordination action about
Enhanced Geothermal Systems ?
> An expression of interest from the EC
FP6: A need for building an innovative
research network for Europe
> A renewed interest for the geothermal
energy from deep sources
Mid-term conference, 10-12 January 2007, Potsdam
>3
Challenges
> Scientific challenge to understand the distribution of
heat and permeability at depth in the uppermost
crust.
> Technological and economic challenge to improve
and render cost-efficient investigation and
development technology
> Integration of different research paths that currently
exist
> Communication to rally the support of policy makers
and investors and increase the social acceptance of
a broader community
Mid-term conference, 10-12 January 2007, Potsdam
>4
Objectives of the coordination action
> to motivate the scientific community to face
up to the above-mentioned challenges
> to capitalise the know-how acquired in the
framework of the EGS Soultz experiment
but also from the exploration and
exploitation of Italy, Bouillante and Iceland
geothermal fields
> to define new integrated projects that will
federate the scientific community working in
the "geothermal field", in partnership with
industry, in order to achieve the strategic
objectives of the European Community
Mid-term conference, 10-12 January 2007, Potsdam
>5
Conditions defined in 02/2006 for a
successful coordination action
> Following the Document Work
> An efficient network
> The production of the deliverables
> A good co-ordination with the FP6 projects
(Soultz, I-GET, Low Bin, HITI…)
> One Year After?
Mid-term conference, 10-12 January 2007, Potsdam
>6
Following the Document Work
ENGINE: ENhanced
Geothermal Innovative
Network for Europe
A scientific and technical European Reference Manual for
the development of Unconventional Geothermal Resources
and Enhanced Geothermal Systems
An updated framework of activities concerning
Unconventional Geothermal Resources and Enhanced
Geothermal Systems in Europe
>
>
>
>
A document work
available on the web
site
An intermediate report
in progress
No major changes in
the planning and
responsabilities
The beginning of the
Synthesis phase of the
project
WP3
Investigation of
Unconventional
Geothermal
Resources and EGS
- The scientific and
technological
challenges of the
exploration phase
- Gaps, barriers and
cost effectiveness
WP4
Drilling, stimulation
and reservoir
assessment
Publications
- state-of-the-art
- proceedings of
conferences
- definition and
analysis of
bottlenecks and
solutions
Publications
- state-of-the-art
- proceedings of
conferences
- definition and
analysis of
bottlenecks and
solutions
- Drilling technology,
reservoir modelling
and management
- Gaps, barriers and
cost effectiveness
WP5
Exploitation,
economic,
environmental and
social impacts
- Integrated economic
approach for costeffectiveness
- Policy makers and
public awareness
- Gaps and barriers
holding back
development
Publications
- state-of-the-art
- proceedings of
conferences
- definition and
analysis of bottlenecks
and solutions
FP6
Project Officer:
J. Schuppers
Best Practice Handbook
and innovative concepts
WP9 Risk evaluation for the
development of geothermal energy
Report on the integration of results in a
Decision Support system
WP8 Expertise on
exploitation, economic,
environmental and social impacts
Synthesis on best practices,
barriers holding back development and
possible solutions
WP7 Expertise on drilling, stimulation
and reservoir assessment
Synthesis on best practices,
barriers holding back development and
possible solutions
Co-ordination
Steering Committee
President: E. Huenges
Vice President: A. Manzella
WP1, BRGM, P. Ledru
WP2, BRGM, P. Calcagno
WP3, IGG, A. Manzella
WP4, OS, S. Thorhallsson
WP5, IE, M. Kaltschmitt
WP6, GEOWATT, T. Kohl
WP7, GFZ, E. Huenges
WP8, CRES, C. Karytsas
WP9, TNO-NITG, A.
Lokhorst/J.D. van Wees
President: C. Fouillac
BRGM, C. Fouillac
VUA, S. Cloetingh
GFZ, R. Emmermann
OS, O. Flovenz
GEOWATT, L. Rybach
Shell, J. Maas
TNO, E. Elewaut
FEDCO, Z. Sarmiento
LAGEO, M. Monterrosa
P. Ledru
E. Huenges, A. Manzella
WP 9
WP 2...
Deliverables
- a web site
- access to databases,
models and opensource software
- on-line access to
articles and reviews
WP1
Project Management
- 1 co-ordinator and
secretary
- follow up time / quality
/ cost
- 1 executive Group
- 1 steering committee
- Connection with
international agencies,
national programmes,
industrial partners
Deliverables
- quarterly reports to
EU
- stronger links with
potential partners for
new projects
WP6 Expertise on investigation of
unconventional Geothermal
resources and EGS
Synthesis on best practices,
barriers holding back development and
possible solutions
Executive Group
Project management
BRGM, P. Ledru, A. Genter
WP2
Information and
dissemination system
- General information
- Information on
training and education
- Reports and results,
publications
- Data management
- Publication policy
- Connection with
media
Stakeholder
committee
Axpo Holding, N. Zepf
BUND, U. Bruchmann
DALKIA, D. Givois
EnBW, T. Koelbel
ENEL, F. Batini, P. Romagnoli
EDF, D. Fritsch
EGS, G. Santucci
IGA, K. Popovsky
KCA DEUTAG, M. Beyer
MINEFI, P. Dupuis
RWE-DEA, C. Bücker
Schlumberger, J. Cook
SenterNovem, H. Schreurs
Stichting Platform Geothermie,
H. van Heekeren
SUNCOR, A. Thompson
TURBODEN, M. Gaia
US expert panel, D. Blackwell
International Energy Agency
Geothermal Implementing
Agreement
National research and
development projects
Work Package 1
Mid-term conference, 10-12 January 2007, Potsdam
Other EU research projects
>7
Coordination action breakdown structure
ENGINE: ENhanced
Geothermal Innovative
Network for Europe
A scientific and technical European Reference Manual for
the development of Unconventional Geothermal Resources
and Enhanced Geothermal Systems
An updated framework of activities concerning
Unconventional Geothermal Resources and Enhanced
Geothermal Systems in Europe
WP3
Investigation of
Unconventional
Geothermal
Resources and EGS
- The scientific and
technological
challenges of the
exploration phase
- Gaps, barriers and
cost effectiveness
WP4
Drilling, stimulation
and reservoir
assessment
Publications
- state-of-the-art
- proceedings of
conferences
- definition and
analysis of
bottlenecks and
solutions
Publications
- state-of-the-art
- proceedings of
conferences
- definition and
analysis of
bottlenecks and
solutions
- Drilling technology,
reservoir modelling
and management
- Gaps, barriers and
cost effectiveness
WP5
Exploitation,
economic,
environmental and
social impacts
- Integrated economic
approach for costeffectiveness
- Policy makers and
public awareness
- Gaps and barriers
holding back
development
Publications
- state-of-the-art
- proceedings of
conferences
- definition and
analysis of bottlenecks
and solutions
Best Practice Handbook
and innovative concepts
WP9 Risk evaluation for the
development of geothermal energy
Report on the integration of results in a
Decision Support system
WP8 Expertise on
exploitation, economic,
environmental and social impacts
Synthesis on best practices,
barriers holding back development and
possible solutions
WP7 Expertise on drilling, stimulation
and reservoir assessment
Synthesis on best practices,
barriers holding back development and
possible solutions
WP6 Expertise on investigation of
unconventional Geothermal
resources and EGS
Synthesis on best practices,
barriers holding back development and
possible solutions
WP2
Information and
dissemination system
- General information
- Information on
training and education
- Reports and results,
publications
- Data management
- Publication policy
- Connection with
media
Deliverables
- a web site
- access to databases,
models and opensource software
- on-line access to
articles and reviews
WP1
Project Management
- 1 co-ordinator and
secretary
- follow up time / quality
/ cost
- 1 executive Group
- 1 steering committee
- Connection with
international agencies,
national programmes,
industrial partners
Deliverables
- quarterly reports to
EU
- stronger links with
potential partners for
new projects
Extension of the network to Third countries (Mexico, El Salvador, Philippines)
WP1, Project Management
WP2, Information and dissemination system
WP3. Investigation of UGR and EGS
Launching
Conf.
(France
2/2006)
Mid-term
Germany
(11/2206) Conference
Italy
WP6. Expertise on
investigation of UGR
and EGS
WP4. Drilling, stimulation and reservoir assessment
Mid-term
Switzerland
Conference
(06/2006)
Iceland
WP7. Expertise on drilling,
stimulation and reservoir
assessment
WP9. Risk evaluation
for the development of
geothermal energy
Final
Conference
The Netherlands
WP5. Exploitation, economic, environmental and social impacts
Mid-term
France Conference
(9/2006)
(Germany
01/2007)
Greece
WP8. Expertise on
exploitation, economic,
environmental, social
impacts
Specialised workshops
Beginning of contacts with the Stakeholder Committee
An efficient network
FP6
Project Officer:
J. Schuppers
Executive Group
Co-ordination
Project management
BRGM, P. Ledru, A. Genter
Steering Committee
President: E. Huenges
Vice President: A. Manzella
WP1, BRGM, P. Ledru
WP2, BRGM, P. Calcagno
WP3, IGG, A. Manzella
WP4, OS, S. Thorhallsson
WP5, IE, M. Kaltschmitt
WP6, GEOWATT, T. Kohl
WP7, GFZ, E. Huenges
WP8, CRES, C. Karytsas
WP9, TNO-NITG, A.
Lokhorst/J.D. van Wees
President: C. Fouillac
BRGM, C. Fouillac
VUA, S. Cloetingh
GFZ, R. Emmermann
OS, O. Flovenz
GEOWATT, L. Rybach
Shell, J. Maas
TNO, E. Elewaut
FEDCO, Z. Sarmiento
LAGEO, M. Monterrosa
P. Ledru
E. Huenges, A. Manzella
WP 9
WP 2...
Stakeholder
committee
Axpo Holding, N. Zepf
BUND, U. Bruchmann
DALKIA, D. Givois
EnBW, T. Koelbel
ENEL, F. Batini, P. Romagnoli
EDF, D. Fritsch
EGS, G. Santucci
IGA, K. Popovsky
KCA DEUTAG, M. Beyer
MINEFI, P. Dupuis
RWE-DEA, C. Bücker
Schlumberger, J. Cook
SenterNovem, H. Schreurs
Stichting Platform Geothermie,
H. van Heekeren
SUNCOR, A. Thompson
TURBODEN, M. Gaia
US expert panel, D. Blackwell
International Energy Agency
Geothermal Implementing
Agreement
National research and
development projects
Work Package 1
Other EU research projects
Mid-term conference, 10-12 January 2007, Potsdam
> 10
The production of the deliverables: http://engine.brgm.fr/
Visits on the ENGINE meetings Web pages
1800
1600
1400
> 12 000 visits so far
Visits
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
déc-05 janv-06 févr-06 mars-06 avr-06
mai-06 juin-06
juil-06 août-06 sept-06 oct-06
nov-06 déc-06
Time
Mid-term conference, 10-12 January 2007, Potsdam
> 11
Publication policy
> Next issue
#6 February 2007
>
#1 01/2006
>
#2 04/2006
>
#3 07/2006
>
#4 10/2006
>
Mid-term conference, 10-12 January 2007, Potsdam
#5 12/2006
> 12
Publication policy and Meeting management
>
Launching Conference
Orléans, France
>
>
Workshop 3
Zurich, Switzerland
Workshop 1
Potsdam, Germany
>
>
Workshop 5
Strasbourg, France
Mid-Term Conference
Potsdam, Germany
Mid-term conference, 10-12 January 2007, Potsdam
> 13
A good co-ordination with the FP6 projects
CAMELIA: Multigeneration
Energy Systems with
Locally Integrated
Applications
GroundHit: Ground Coupled
Heat Pumps of High
Technology
Low Bin:
Binary
systems
>
>
ENGINE Coordination Action
>
I-GET: Integrated
Geophysical
Exploration
Technology
EGS (STREP): Soultz
Joint
meetings
Presentation
of on going
activities
A total
budget of
46,6M€ over
4 years,
17,6M€ from
EU
HITI (STREP): High-Temperature
Equipment
Mid-term conference, 10-12 January 2007, Potsdam
>
A significant
base line
activity
> 14
One Year After: A framework for some of the R&D
issues that will result from the ENGINE project
>
>
An illustration of the
bottom-up approach
to capitalise the knowhow and to define new
integrated projects
•
•
•
Investigation of
Unconventional
Geothermal Resources
and Enhanced
Geothermal Systems
Drilling, stimulation and
reservoir assessment
Economic,
environmental and
social impacts
An updated framework of activities concerning
Unconventional Geothermal Resources and Enhanced
Geothermal Systems in Europe
WP3
Investigation of
Unconventional
Geothermal
Resources and EGS
- The scientific and
technological
challenges of the
exploration phase
- Gaps, barriers and
cost effectiveness
WP4
Drilling, stimulation
and reservoir
assessment
Publications
- state-of-the-art
- proceedings of
conferences
- definition and
analysis of
bottlenecks and
solutions
Publications
- state-of-the-art
- proceedings of
conferences
- definition and
analysis of
bottlenecks and
solutions
- Drilling technology,
reservoir modelling
and management
- Gaps, barriers and
cost effectiveness
Mid-term conference, 10-12 January 2007, Potsdam
WP5
Exploitation,
economic,
environmental and
social impacts
- Integrated economic
approach for costeffectiveness
- Policy makers and
public awareness
- Gaps and barriers
holding back
development
Publications
- state-of-the-art
- proceedings of
conferences
- definition and
analysis of bottlenecks
and solutions
> 15
One Year After: A framework for some of the R&D
issues that will result from the ENGINE project
>
to capitalise the knowhow and to define new
integrated projects
• Investigation of
•
•
Unconventional
Geothermal
Resources and
Enhanced
Geothermal
Systems
Drilling, stimulation and
reservoir assessment
Economic,
environmental and
social impacts
An updated framework of activities concerning
Unconventional Geothermal Resources and Enhanced
Geothermal Systems in Europe
WP3
Investigation of
Unconventional
Geothermal
Resources and EGS
- The scientific and
technological
challenges of the
exploration phase
- Gaps, barriers and
cost effectiveness
Publications
- state-of-the-art
- proceedings of
conferences
- definition and
analysis of
bottlenecks and
solutions
Mid-term conference, 10-12 January 2007, Potsdam
> 16
Considerations about EGS (G. Cappetti, 2006)
>
What does it means to enhance a geothermal
system ?
•
•
•
>
to improve the knowledge of the system
to enhance the permeability of the formation
to enhance the heat production through water circulation
Taking this definition, Larderello can be considered
the largest worldwide example of an Enhanced
Geothermal System
•
•
•
Larderello has been the first geothermal system developed
and exploited in the world (over 100 years history…)
First period of intensive explotation with “conventional”
strategies, typical of hydrothermal systems
The exploitation strategies are based on the “Heat
Production” and are aimed at the “Production Sustainability”
Mid-term conference, 10-12 January 2007, Potsdam
> 17
Strategy for defining targets for Geothermal energy
Water/vapor
Temperature
Permeability
the geodynamic context
•the hydrosystems
•the geology
Geological knowledge
in 3D
Investigation of Unconventional
Geothermal Resources and Enhanced
Geothermal Systems
> Geological knowledge
•
•
•
Architecture, geometry and nature of the target
deduced from geological context and structural
analysis: a 3D model
Geophysical methods are suitable but existing
methods must be improved and used in combination
with different, highly sensitive techniques in order to
meet the specific requirements of modern geophysical
exploration for geothermal purposes: links with IGET
A strategy of exploration of a 3D domain common to
all researches dedicated to underground engineering
Mid-term conference, 10-12 January 2007, Potsdam
> 20
Finding heat at depth
Temperature
Investigation of Unconventional
Geothermal Resources and Enhanced
Geothermal Systems
> Geological knowledge
> Finding heat at depth
•
•
•
Extension of large-wavelength heat-flow anomalies at
depth is often inaccurate (insufficient knowledge of the
causes of heat-flow anomaly and of thermal properties
of the main lithologies)
Several physical parameters are coupled with
temperature and can be imaged by different
geological, geophysical and geochemical methods
The definition of possible targets for EGS could be
improved by the use of a 3D modelling platform, in
which all solutions from geological, geochemical and
geophysical modelling, direct and inverse, could be
combined and analysed
Mid-term conference, 10-12 January 2007, Potsdam
> 22
The use of a 3D modelling platform
From the 3D
geometrical model
to the thermal
tomography
Mid-term conference, 10-12 January 2007, Potsdam
> 23
Stress field and hydro-fracturing
Water/vapor
Permeability
Mid-term conference, 10-12 January 2007, Potsdam
> 24
Investigation of Unconventional
Geothermal Resources and Enhanced
Geothermal Systems
> Geological knowledge
> Finding heat at depth
> Stress field
•
•
•
Ability of fault and fracture systems to channel fluids is
directly dependant on the stress field. Stress field and
hydro-fracturing are linked
Mechanisms of rupture and propagation of an existing
fault system and related displacement remain debated
as well as the permeability associated with
Favourable and unfavourable stress field conditions
must be evaluated, depending of the different
stimulation methods
Mid-term conference, 10-12 January 2007, Potsdam
> 25
Investigation of Unconventional
Geothermal Resources and Enhanced
Geothermal Systems
>
>
>
>
Geological knowledge
Finding heat at depth
Stress field
Defining integrated conceptual models
•
•
•
Need to refer to conceptual models of the main geothermal sites,
available on 3D modelling platform, enabling modelling and test
of new highly sensitive techniques
A significant improvement of knowledge is expected from natural
analogues on which hypotheses could be tested, for example
circulation of fluids in relation to seismicity and lithology
heterogeneity, or the thermal imprint of fluid circulation
Links with other investigation programmes, such as nuclear
waste storage, capture and geological storage of CO2 and oil and
gas field development, could be also developed as a way to
benefit from existing installations and experiences
Mid-term conference, 10-12 January 2007, Potsdam
> 26
One Year After: A framework for some of the R&D
issues that will result from the ENGINE project
>
to capitalise the knowhow and to define new
integrated projects
•
Investigation of
Unconventional
Geothermal Resources
and Enhanced
Geothermal Systems
• Drilling,
•
stimulation and
reservoir
assessment
Economic,
environmental and
social impacts
An updated framework of activities concerning
Unconventional Geothermal Resources and Enhanced
Geothermal Systems in Europe
WP4
Drilling, stimulation
and reservoir
assessment
- Drilling technology,
reservoir modelling
and management
- Gaps, barriers and
cost effectiveness
Publications
- state-of-the-art
- proceedings of
conferences
- definition and
analysis of
bottlenecks and
solutions
Mid-term conference, 10-12 January 2007, Potsdam
> 27
Tomographic analysis
Stimulation of GPK2 in 2000 and 2003
(Cuenot et al. 2006)
Mid-term conference, 10-12 January 2007, Potsdam
> 28
Faulting mechanisms and stress regime
(Cuenot et al. 2006)
Mid-term conference, 10-12 January 2007, Potsdam
> 29
Drilling, stimulation and reservoir
assessment
>
>
>
>
Enhancing or engineering the reservoir is a key
issue for EGS
Mechanical and chemical stimulations are commonly
used to enhance their hydraulic properties.
Induced microseismicity, geochemical tracing and
thermal evolution of the system is an exceptional
opportunity to characterize the reservoir and its
dynamics
The success of these experiences is still a matter of
trial and error, depending on the variety of geological
contexts and site conditions. More detailed reviews
are needed about some stimulation methods, and
exchanges with hydrocarbon industry and
underground nuclear waste and CO2 storage
platforms are likely
Mid-term conference, 10-12 January 2007, Potsdam
> 30
Drilling, stimulation and reservoir
assessment
>
As it is already partly expressed in the FP7 work
program, researches should
•
•
•
•
>
define conceptual models for irreversible enhancement of
permeability of the reservoirs (relationships between stress
field and strain mechanisms, fluid-rock interaction, fluid
pressure development…),
analyse the distribution in time and space of the magnitude of
seismic events in order to improve the 3D imaging of the
fracture system and stress field (interaction between tectonic,
lithostatic and fluid pressure),
set requirements for seismic monitoring (modelling and
metrology) and recommend management strategies for
prolonged field operation,
provide a methodology for the estimation of site-specific
seismic hazard prior to development of potential sites for
EGS.
The induced earthquake in Basel on the 8th
December reveals the urgent necessity to fill the gap
in knowledge about this matter
Mid-term conference, 10-12 January 2007, Potsdam
> 31
One Year After: A framework for some of the R&D
issues that will result from the ENGINE project
>
to capitalise the knowhow and to define new
integrated projects
•
•
An updated framework of activities concerning
Unconventional Geothermal Resources and Enhanced
Geothermal Systems in Europe
Investigation of
Unconventional
Geothermal Resources
and Enhanced
Geothermal Systems
Drilling, stimulation and
reservoir assessment
• Economic,
environmental
and social
impacts
Mid-term conference, 10-12 January 2007, Potsdam
WP5
Exploitation,
economic,
environmental and
social impacts
- Integrated economic
approach for costeffectiveness
- Policy makers and
public awareness
- Gaps and barriers
holding back
development
Publications
- state-of-the-art
- proceedings of
conferences
- definition and
analysis of bottlenecks
and solutions
> 32
Geothermal electricity generation in Europe
Dry Steam
Plants
in MWel
Flash Plants
in MWel
Austria
Total
Capacity
in MWel
Capacity by
2010
in MWel
1.4
1.4
7.4
14.7
20.7
0.2
0.2
25.2
10.4
172.1
392.1
790.5
890.5
16
35
110
228
14.7a
France
Germany
Iceland
Italy
Binary
Plants
in MWel
161.7
770.5
Portugal
20
3.0
13.0b
110c
Russia
Switzerland
6
Turkey
Europe
20.4
770,5
329.8
20.4
24.3
1,125.3
1,650.3
Compiled by Kaltschmitt & Frick, 2006 from WGC05
a Guadeloupe; b
Azores; c thereof 9 MWel flash-binary unit
Mid-term conference, 10-12 January 2007, Potsdam
> 33
The EGS challenge
RESOURCE USE
COST
RISK
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
exploration
resource assessment
resource management
advanced drilling
advanced stimulation
efficient power cycles
environmental impact
Mid-term conference, 10-12 January 2007, Potsdam
> 34
Phases of an EGS life cycle by GEOWATT AG
Concept
Exploration
Development
Production
Abandonment
?
General regional
planning:
• technical
• political
• financial
• environmental
• Pilot borehole
• Stimulation tests
• Production modelling
• Inj./Prod boreholes
• Intensive stimulation
• Production tests
• Surface installations
• Power/Heat production
• Maintenance
If no re-investment
for this site:
Deconstruction
Milestones
Site
selected
Feasibility of
EGS at site
demonstrated
Installations and
reservoir ready for
production
Mid-term conference, 10-12 January 2007, Potsdam
Production
lifetime reached
> 35
Economic, environmental and social
impacts
>
>
>
Electricity production from low enthalpy resources in Europe: a
fairly young technology which lacks wide experience, both for
the development of geothermal resources and power plant
systems
Nevertheless, quite a lot of projects are planned and
considerably more experience will be available in the years to
come
Discussion about the pros and cons of
•
•
•
•
ORC vs. Kalina cycle,
air vs. water cooling
fancy vs. proven technology
power vs. Combined Heat Power
is of no interest in terms of a further development of geothermal
energy use
> The main task of project developers is the optimisation
potential in terms of the design of the working fluid, the cycle
and turbine designs as well as the cooling systems
Mid-term conference, 10-12 January 2007, Potsdam
> 36
EGS activity in the German part of the
Upper Rhine graben
>
>
>
The Renewable Energy Source Act (EEG) was
introduced in Germany to facilitate sustainable
development of energy supply in the interest of
managing global warming, conserving nature and
protecting the environment
The EEG entered into force in 2000 and was
amended on 1st of August 2004.
Fees paid for electricity produced from geothermal
energy:
•
•
•
•
At least 15 cents per KWh up to and including a capacity of 5
MW,
At least 14 cents per KWh up to and including a capacity of
10 MW,
At least 8.95 cents per KWh up to and including a capacity of
20 MW
At least 7.16 cents per KWh for a capacity of 20 MW and
over
• From Bestec, 2006
Mid-term conference, 10-12 January 2007, Potsdam
> 37
EU-wide Feed-in tariffs for geothermal energy
Austria: 7,00 ct/kWh
Germany: up to 15,00 ct/kWh
Belgium: 2,50 ct/kWh
Greece: 7,31 ct/kWh
Czech Republic: 15,56 ct/kWh
Slovakia: 9,04 ct/kWh
Estonia: 5,10 ct/kWh
Slovenia: 5,85 + 2,52 ct/kWh
France: 10 ct/kWh (overseas: 12)
Spain: 6,49 + 2,94 ct/kWh
•From Kaltschmitt, 2006
Mid-term conference, 10-12 January 2007, Potsdam
> 38
Economic, environmental and social
impacts
>
>
>
>
Efficiency of a power plant cycle can be improved with an
increasing technical effort and innovative ideas. Before
being able to break into the market these technologies
need to be tested, which is generally not possible on a
purely commercial basis as technical and financial risks
are induced
Governments, national agencies and Europe must support
the market access of such new and innovative
technologies
The choice of a Turboden-Cryostar binary power plant for
the Soultz-sous-Forêts : an application of optimisation
potential and the choice of an innovative technology
Combining different energy options supplying heat on
different temperature levels can result in a higher overall
efficiency and thus profitability and hence be decisive for
realising geothermal based electricity production
Mid-term conference, 10-12 January 2007, Potsdam
> 39